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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_roots_and_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_roots_and_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Common roots and ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_roots_and_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Differentiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Linguistic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length,_accent,_and_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length,_accent,_and_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Length, accent, and tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length,_accent,_and_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_cognates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_cognates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Selected cognates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_cognates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_neighboring_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_neighboring_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on neighboring languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_neighboring_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on neighboring languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_neighboring_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Germanic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Finnic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Detailed list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawiese_tale" title="Slawiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slawiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawische_Sprachen" title="Slawische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Slawische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ስላቫዊ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስላቫዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavisca_spr%C7%A3ca" title="Slavisca sprǣca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Slavisca sprǣca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аславиан бызшәақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аславиан бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات سلافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات سلافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_eslavas" title="Luengas eslavas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas eslavas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_eslaves" title="Llingües eslaves – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües eslaves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Славяниял мацӀал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Славяниял мацӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavyan_dill%C9%99ri" title="Slavyan dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Slavyan dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایسلاو دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلاو دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="স্লাভীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্লাভীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_g%C3%BA-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Slav gú-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Slav gú-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Славян телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Славян телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Славянскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Славянскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Славянскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Славянскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Славянски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Славянски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawische_Sprochn" title="Slawische Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Slawische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavenski_jezici" title="Slavenski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slavenski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_slavek" title="Yezhoù slavek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù slavek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_eslaves" title="Llengües eslaves – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües eslaves" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Славян чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Славян чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovansk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Slovanské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovanské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Slafonaidd" title="Ieithoedd Slafonaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Slafonaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviske_sprog" title="Slaviske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaviske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A1vala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Slávalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Slávalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawische_Sprachen" title="Slawische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slawische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owja%C5%84ske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Słowjańske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Słowjańske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaavi_keeled" title="Slaavi keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Slaavi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σλαβικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σλαβικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Славянонь кельть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Славянонь кельть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_eslavas" title="Lenguas eslavas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas eslavas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slava_lingvaro" title="Slava lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Slava lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslaviar_hizkuntzak" title="Eslaviar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eslaviar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های اسلاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اسلاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_bhasa" title="Slavic bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Slavic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavisk_m%C3%A1l" title="Slavisk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Slavisk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_slaves" title="Langues slaves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues slaves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavyske_talen" title="Slavyske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slavyske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghis_slavis" title="Lenghis slavis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghis slavis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Slavacha" title="Teangacha Slavacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Slavacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Slavagh" title="Çhengaghyn Slavagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Slavagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanan_Sl%C3%A0bhach" title="Cànanan Slàbhach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanan Slàbhach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_eslavas" title="Linguas eslavas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas eslavas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Slav Ngî-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Slav Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="슬라브어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬라브어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սլավոնական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սլավոնական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="स्लावी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्लावी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owjanske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Słowjanske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słowjanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavenski_jezici" title="Slavenski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slavenski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slava_lingui" title="Slava lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Slava lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Slavia" title="Rumpun bahasa Slavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Slavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_slave" title="Linguas slave – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas slave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Славяйнаг æвзæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Славяйнаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavnesk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Slavnesk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slavnesk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_slave" title="Lingue slave – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue slave" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות סלאביות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות סלאביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Slavika" title="Kulawarga basa Slavika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Slavika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სლავური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სლავური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owia%C5%84scz%C3%A9_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABczi" title="Słowiańsczé jãzëczi – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Słowiańsczé jãzëczi" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Славян тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Славян тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_Slavek" title="Yethow Slavek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow Slavek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kislavoni" title="Lugha za Kislavoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kislavoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Славян кывъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Славян кывъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_slav%C3%AE" title="Zimanên slavî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên slavî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Славян тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Славян тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavu_vol%C5%ABdys" title="Slavu volūdys – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Slavu volūdys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Slavicae" title="Linguae Slavicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Slavicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%81vu_valodas" title="Slāvu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slāvu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawesch_Sproochen" title="Slawesch Sproochen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Slawesch Sproochen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Славян чӀалар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Славян чӀалар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Slavų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slavų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavische_taole" title="Slavische taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slavische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_slavica" title="Linguas slavica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas slavica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengov_slav" title="Lengov slav – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengov slav" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szl%C3%A1v_nyelvek" title="Szláv nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szláv nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Словенски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Словенски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_slava" title="Fiteny slava – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny slava" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_Slavi" title="Lingwi Slavi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Slavi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="स्लाव्हिक भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्लाव्हिक भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სლავური ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სლავური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغات سلافيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغات سلافيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="اسلاوی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسلاوی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Slavik" title="Bahasa Slavik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Slavik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavische_talen" title="Slavische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="स्लाभेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्लाभेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="スラヴ語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スラヴ語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Славянийн меттанаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Славянийн меттанаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaawisk_spriaken" title="Slaawisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaawisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaviske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaviske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_Slave" title="Langue Slave – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Langue Slave" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_eslavas" title="Lengas eslavas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas eslavas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Славян йылме-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Славян йылме-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavyan_tillari" title="Slavyan tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Slavyan tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸਲਾਵੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲਾਵੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سلاوی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلاوی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="سلاوي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلاوي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_slave" title="Lenghe slave – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe slave" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_s%C5%82owia%C5%84skie" title="Języki słowiańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki słowiańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_eslavas" title="Línguas eslavas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas eslavas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav%C3%A2n_tilleri" title="Slavân tilleri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Slavân tilleri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_slave" title="Limbi slave – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi slave" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavikane_chhiba" title="Slavikane chhiba – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Slavikane chhiba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaw_rimaykuna" title="Islaw rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Islaw rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Славяньскы языкы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Славяньскы языкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Славянские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Славянские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_islavas" title="Limbas islavas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas islavas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawiske_Sproaken" title="Slawiske Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Slawiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_sllave" title="Gjuhët sllave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët sllave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovansk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Slovanské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovanské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovanski_jeziki" title="Slovanski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovanski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Словѣньсци ѩꙁꙑци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Словѣньсци ѩꙁꙑци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owja%C5%84ske_godki" title="Słowjańske godki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Słowjańske godki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Словенски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Словенски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavenski_jezici" title="Slavenski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slavenski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaavilaiset_kielet" title="Slaavilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Slaavilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaviska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Eslabo" title="Mga wikang Eslabo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Eslabo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிலாவிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலாவிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_tislavin" title="Tutlayin tislavin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tislavin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Славян телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Славян телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F" title="กลุ่มภาษาสลาฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาสลาฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои славянӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои славянӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_dilleri" title="Slav dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Slav dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Славян кылъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Славян кылъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Слов'янські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слов'янські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="سلاوی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلاوی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="سىلاۋىيان تىللىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىلاۋىيان تىللىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi%C5%BEed_keled" title="Slavižed keled – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Slavižed keled" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Slav" title="Ngữ tộc Slav – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Slav" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCks_slavik" title="Püks slavik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Püks slavik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="斯拉夫語族 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="斯拉夫語族" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviesche_toaln" title="Slaviesche toaln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Slaviesche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="斯拉夫语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯拉夫语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9F" title="סלאווישע שפראכן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סלאווישע שפראכן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_S%C3%ADl%C3%A0f%C3%B9" title="Àwọn èdè Sílàfù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Sílàfù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="斯拉夫語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯拉夫語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Slawki" title="Zıwanê Slawki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Slawki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaovische_taelen" title="Slaovische taelen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Slaovische taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavu_kalbas" title="Slavu kalbas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Slavu kalbas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="斯拉夫语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯拉夫语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavjan%C9%99_zyvonon" title="Slavjanə zyvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Slavjanə zyvonon" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slavic language" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Slavic language (disambiguation)">Slavic language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Slavic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Slavonic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 315 million (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Slavic</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sla" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sla">sla</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>53 (phylozone)</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/slav1255">slav1255</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/300px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/450px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/600px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Political map of Europe with countries where a Slavic language is a national language.<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007600; color:white;"> </span> East Slavic languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003333; color:white;"> </span> South Slavic languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#72d97e; color:black;"> </span> West Slavic languages</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Slavic languages</b>, also known as the <b>Slavonic languages</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> spoken primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic peoples</a> and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>, spoken during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic language</a>, linking the Slavic languages to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic group</a> within the Indo-European family. </p><p>The current geographical distribution of natively spoken Slavic languages includes the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, and all the way from <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. Furthermore, the diasporas of many Slavic peoples have established isolated minorities of speakers of their languages all over the world. The number of speakers of all Slavic languages together was estimated to be 315 million at the turn of the twenty-first century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest and most diverse ethno-linguistic group in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisachi2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisachi2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slavic languages are conventionally (that is, also on the basis of extralinguistic features, such as geography) divided into three subgroups: <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West</a>, which together constitute more than 20 languages. Of these, 10 have at least one million speakers and official status as the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> of the countries in which they are predominantly spoken: <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (of the East group), <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> (of the West group), <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> (eastern members of the South group), and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> (western members of the South group). In addition, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dulichenko" title="Aleksandr Dulichenko">Aleksandr Dulichenko</a> recognizes a number of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Slavic microlanguages</a>: both isolated ethnolects and peripheral dialects of more well-established Slavic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDulichenko2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulichenko2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDulichenko1981_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulichenko1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuličenko1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuličenko1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Slavic languages have <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and, with a partial exception of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, they have fully developed <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. In their <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">relational synthesis</a> Slavic languages distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">lexical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a>. In all cases, the lexical suffix precedes the inflectional in an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutination</a> mode. The <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> categorization of Slavic languages is based on grammatic <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a> alone. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefixes">Prefixes</a> are also used, particularly for lexical modification of verbs. For example, the equivalent of English "came out" in Russian is "vyshel", where the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> "vy-" means "out" , the reduced <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> "-sh" means "come", and the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> "-el" denotes <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> of <a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">masculine gender</a>. The equivalent phrase for a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a> <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> is "vyshla". The gender <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a>, as in the preceding example, is another feature of some Slavic languages rarely found in other language groups. </p><p>The well-developed fusional grammar allows Slavic languages to have a somewhat unusual feature of virtually free <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object </a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective-before-noun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjective-before-noun (page does not exist)">adjective-before-noun</a> is the preferred order in the neutral <a href="/wiki/Style_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of speech">style of speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> differs from other Slavic languages, because it almost completely lost <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>, it developed <a href="/wiki/Definite_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite articles">definite articles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronouns">demonstrative pronouns</a> (similar to "the" from "this" in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), and it formed <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renarrative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renarrative (page does not exist)">renarrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Tenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenses">tenses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_languages_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slavic_languages_tree.svg/300px-Slavic_languages_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slavic_languages_tree.svg/450px-Slavic_languages_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slavic_languages_tree.svg/600px-Slavic_languages_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Balto-Slavic language tree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This diagram is based on a self-made work without any references to reliable data sources (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slavic_languages.png/300px-Slavic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slavic_languages.png/450px-Slavic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slavic_languages.png/600px-Slavic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic maps of Slavic languages</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the interwar period, scholars have conventionally divided Slavic languages, on the basis of geographical and genealogical principle, and with the use of the extralinguistic feature of script, into three main branches, that is, East, South, and West (from the vantage of linguistic features alone, there are only two branches of the Slavic languages, namely North and South).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2003p._36,_95–96,_124–125_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2003p._36,_95–96,_124–125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three conventional branches feature some of the following sub-branches: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Slavic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_2:_"The_Slavic_language_group_is_classified_into_three_branches:_(1)_the_South_Slavic_branch,_with_its_two_subgroups_Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-Slovene_and_Bulgarian-Macedonian,_(2)_the_West_Slavic_branch,_with_its_three_subgroups_Czech-Slovak,_Sorbian,_and_Lekhitic_(Polish_and_related_tongues),_and_(3)_the_East_Slavic_branch,_comprising_Russian,_Ukrainian,_and_Belarusian"_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_2:_"The_Slavic_language_group_is_classified_into_three_branches:_(1)_the_South_Slavic_branch,_with_its_two_subgroups_Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-Slovene_and_Bulgarian-Macedonian,_(2)_the_West_Slavic_branch,_with_its_three_subgroups_Czech-Slovak,_Sorbian,_and_Lekhitic_(Polish_and_related_tongues),_and_(3)_the_East_Slavic_branch,_comprising_Russian,_Ukrainian,_and_Belarusian"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a> (often seen as a dialect of Belarusian or Ukrainian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> (seen as Ukrainian dialect by Ukrainian cultural officials)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIRB2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRB2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a> (often seen as a dialect of Kashubian)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Some linguists speculate that a <a href="/wiki/North_Slavic_languages" title="North Slavic languages">North Slavic</a> branch has existed as well. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorod dialect</a> may have reflected some idiosyncrasies of this group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I took a comparative linguistics class, which was heavily focused on Slavic languages (can you tell form my other edits?) as an undergraduate, and I checked more recent sources: none of them mentioned North Slavic branch. Instead I read everywhere, that the original Finnic people in the area near modern Moscow adopted an East Slavic language giving rise to modern Russian (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the Slavic languages diverged from a common <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> later than any other groups of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>, enough differences exist between the any two geographically distant Slavic languages to make spoken communication between such speakers cumbersome. As usually found within other <a href="/wiki/Language_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Language groups">language groups</a>, mutual intelligibility between Slavic languages is better for geographically adjacent languages and in the written (rather than oral) form.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, recent studies of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> between Slavic languages revealed, that their traditional three-branch division does not withstand quantitative scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the grouping of <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> into <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> turned out to be appropriate, Western South Slavic <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> were found to be closer to <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> (West Slavic languages) than to Eastern South Slavic <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. </p><p>The traditional tripartite division of the Slavic languages does not take into account the spoken <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of each language. Within the individual Slavic languages, dialects may vary to a lesser degree, as those of Russian, or to a much greater degree, like those of Slovene. In certain cases so-called transitional dialects and hybrid dialects often bridge the gaps between different languages, showing similarities that do not stand out when comparing Slavic literary (i.e. standard) languages. For example, Slovak (West Slavic) and Ukrainian (East Slavic) are bridged by the <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Transcarpathia" title="Transcarpathia">Transcarpatian Ukraine</a> and adjacent counties of Slovakia and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2002p._274_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2002p._274-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> dialect is more similar to <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> than to the standard Croatian language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> differs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from other Slavic languages in an unusually high percentage<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of words of non-Slavic origin, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Naval" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval">naval</a> terms introduced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I</a>), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (for household and culinary terms during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a>) and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (for medical, scientific and military terminology in the mid-1800's). </p><p>Another difference between the East, South, and West Slavic branches is in the orthography of the standard languages: West Slavic languages (and Western South Slavic languages – <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>) are written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, and have had more <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> influence due to their proximity and speakers being historically <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, whereas the East Slavic and Eastern South Slavic languages are written in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> and, with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches#Uniate" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Uniate</a> faith, have had more <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamusella2005p._77_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamusella2005p._77-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Slavic languages, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, are biscriptal, i.e. written in either alphabet either nowadays or in a recent past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History of the Slavic languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">History of Proto-Slavic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_roots_and_ancestry">Common roots and ancestry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto-Slavic_lng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/260px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/390px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/520px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Area of Balto-Slavic dialectic continuum (<i>purple</i>) with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age (<i>white</i>). <i>Red</i> dots = archaic Slavic hydronyms</figcaption></figure> <p>Slavic languages descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>, their immediate <a href="/wiki/Parent_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent language">parent language</a>, ultimately deriving from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, the ancestor language of all <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, via a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> stage. During the Proto-Balto-Slavic period a number of exclusive <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> in phonology, morphology, lexis, and syntax developed, which makes Slavic and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> the closest related of all the Indo-European branches. The secession of the Balto-Slavic dialect ancestral to Proto-Slavic is estimated on archaeological and glottochronological criteria to have occurred sometime in the period 1500–1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnáBlažek2007p._185–210:_""Classical_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Czech_Slavist_M._Čejka_in_1974_dates_the_Balto-Slavic_split_to_−910±340_BCE,_Sergei_Starostin_in_1994_dates_it_to_1210_BCE,_and_"recalibrated_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Novotná_&_Blažek_dates_it_to_1400–1340_BCE._This_agrees_well_with_Trziniec-Komarov_culture,_localized_from_Silesia_to_Central_Ukraine_and_dated_to_the_period_1500–1200_BCE"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnáBlažek2007p._185–210:_""Classical_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Czech_Slavist_M._Čejka_in_1974_dates_the_Balto-Slavic_split_to_−910±340_BCE,_Sergei_Starostin_in_1994_dates_it_to_1210_BCE,_and_"recalibrated_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Novotná_&_Blažek_dates_it_to_1400–1340_BCE._This_agrees_well_with_Trziniec-Komarov_culture,_localized_from_Silesia_to_Central_Ukraine_and_dated_to_the_period_1500–1200_BCE"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minority of Baltists maintain the view that the Slavic group of languages differs so radically from the neighboring Baltic group (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>), that they could not have shared a parent language after the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> continuum about five millennia ago. Substantial advances in Balto-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Accentology" title="Accentology">accentology</a> that occurred in the last three decades, however, make this view very hard to maintain nowadays, especially when one considers that there was most likely no "<a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>" language and that <a href="/wiki/Western_Baltic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Baltic languages">West Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Baltic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Baltic languages">East Baltic</a> differ from each other as much as each of them does from Proto-Slavic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapović2008p._94:_"Kako_rekosmo,_nije_sigurno_je_li_uopće_bilo_prabaltijskoga_jezika._Čini_se_da_su_dvije_posvjedočene,_preživjele_grane_baltijskoga,_istočna_i_zapadna,_različite_jedna_od_druge_izvorno_kao_i_svaka_posebno_od_praslavenskoga"_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović2008p._94:_"Kako_rekosmo,_nije_sigurno_je_li_uopće_bilo_prabaltijskoga_jezika._Čini_se_da_su_dvije_posvjedočene,_preživjele_grane_baltijskoga,_istočna_i_zapadna,_različite_jedna_od_druge_izvorno_kao_i_svaka_posebno_od_praslavenskoga"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bascanska_ploca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bascanska_ploca.jpg/220px-Bascanska_ploca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bascanska_ploca.jpg/330px-Bascanska_ploca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bascanska_ploca.jpg/440px-Bascanska_ploca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet" title="Baška tablet">Baška tablet</a>, 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differentiation">Differentiation</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic language</a> originated in the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> mostly overlapping with the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Indoeuropean</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Urheimat</a>, which is within the boundaries of modern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern Federal District</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic language</a> existed until around AD 500. By the 7th century, it had broken apart into large dialectal zones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="based on what I learned in school, that Protoslavic broke down by 0 AD. i.e. 500 years earlier, than what wiki says now (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are no reliable hypotheses about the nature of the subsequent breakups of West and South Slavic. East Slavic is generally thought to converge to one <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> language of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a>, which existed until at least the 12th century. </p><p>Linguistic differentiation was accelerated by the dispersion of the Slavic peoples over a large territory, which in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> exceeded the current extent of Slavic-speaking majorities. Written documents of the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries already display some local linguistic features. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Freising_manuscripts" title="Freising manuscripts">Freising manuscripts</a> show a language that contains some phonetic and lexical elements peculiar to <a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Slovene dialects</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a>, the word <i>krilatec</i>). The Freising manuscripts are the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin-script</a> continuous text in a Slavic language. </p><p>The migration of Slavic speakers into the Balkans in the declining centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> expanded the area of Slavic speech, but the pre-existing writing (notably Greek) survived in this area. The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> in the 9th century interposed non-Slavic speakers between South and West Slavs. <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> conquests completed the geographical separation between these two groups, also severing the connection between Slavs in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moravians_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravians (ethnic group)">Moravians</a>) and those in present-day <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrol" title="East Tyrol">East Tyrol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and in the provinces of modern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, where the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> settled during first colonization. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png/220px-Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png/330px-Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png/440px-Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Map and tree of Slavic languages, according to Kassian and A. Dybo</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2015, Alexei Kassian and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Vladimirovna_Dybo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Vladimirovna Dybo">Anna Dybo</a> published,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassianDybo2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassianDybo2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a part of interdisciplinary study of Slavic ethnogenesis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushniarevich_et_al.2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushniarevich_et_al.2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lexicostatistical classification of Slavic languages. It was built using qualitative 110-word Swadesh lists that were compiled according to the standards of the Global Lexicostatistical Database project<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERSUH2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERSUH2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and processed using modern phylogenetic algorithms. </p><p>The resulting dated tree complies with the traditional expert views on the Slavic group structure. Kassian-Dybo's tree suggests that Proto-Slavic first diverged into three branches: Eastern, Western and Southern. The Proto-Slavic break-up is dated to around 100 A.D., which correlates with the archaeological assessment of Slavic population in the early 1st millennium A.D. being spread on a large territory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006p._19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006p._19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and already not being monolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov1995p._5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov1995p._5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., these three Slavic branches almost simultaneously divided into sub-branches, which corresponds to the fast spread of the Slavs through Eastern Europe and the Balkans during the second half of the 1st millennium A.D. (the so-called Slavicization of Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov1979_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov1979-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001p._500-700_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001p._500-700-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slovenian language was excluded from the analysis, as both Ljubljana koine and Literary Slovenian show mixed lexical features of Southern and Western Slavic languages (which could possibly indicate the Western Slavic origin of Slovenian, which for a long time was being influenced on the part of the neighboring Serbo-Croatian dialects),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> and the quality Swadesh lists were not yet collected for Slovenian dialects. Because of scarcity or unreliability of data, the study also did not cover the so-called Old Novgordian dialect, the Polabian language and some other Slavic lects. </p><p>The above Kassian-Dybo's research did not take into account the findings by Russian linguist <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Zaliznyak" title="Andrey Zaliznyak">Andrey Zaliznyak</a> who stated that, until the 14th or 15th century, major language differences were not between the regions occupied by modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_111:_"…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская_языковая_зона_от_киевско-черниговской_ничем_существенным_в_древности_не_отличалась._Различия_возникли_позднее,_они_датируются_сравнительно_недавним,_по_лингвистическим_меркам,_временем,_начиная_с_XIV–XV_вв_[…the_Rostov-Suzdal-Ryazan_language_area_did_not_significantly_differ_from_the_Kiev-Chernigov_one._Distinctions_emerged_later,_in_a_relatively_recent,_by_linguistic_standards,_time,_starting_from_the_14th-15th_centuries]"_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_111:_"…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская_языковая_зона_от_киевско-черниговской_ничем_существенным_в_древности_не_отличалась._Различия_возникли_позднее,_они_датируются_сравнительно_недавним,_по_лингвистическим_меркам,_временем,_начиная_с_XIV–XV_вв_[…the_Rostov-Suzdal-Ryazan_language_area_did_not_significantly_differ_from_the_Kiev-Chernigov_one._Distinctions_emerged_later,_in_a_relatively_recent,_by_linguistic_standards,_time,_starting_from_the_14th-15th_centuries]"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather between the north-west (around modern Velikiy Novgorod and Pskov) and the center (around modern <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> as well as Belarus) of the East Slavic territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_88:_"Северо-запад_—_это_была_территория_Новгорода_и_Пскова,_а_остальная_часть,_которую_можно_назвать_центральной,_или_центрально-восточной,_или_центрально-восточно-южной,_включала_одновременно_территорию_будущей_Украины,_значительную_часть_территории_будущей_Великороссии_и_территории_Белоруссии_…_Существовал_древненовгородский_диалект_в_северо-западной_части_и_некоторая_более_нам_известная_классическая_форма_древнерусского_языка,_объединявшая_в_равной_степени_Киев,_Суздаль,_Ростов,_будущую_Москву_и_территорию_Белоруссии_[The_territory_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov_was_in_the_north-west,_while_the_remaining_part,_which_could_either_be_called_central,_or_central-eastern,_or_central-eastern-southern,_comprised_the_territory_of_the_future_Ukraine,_a_substantial_part_of_the_future_Great_Russia,_and_the_territory_of_Belarus_…_The_Old_Novgorodian_dialect_existed_in_the_north-western_part,_while_a_somewhat_more_well-known_classical_variety_of_the_Old_Russian_language_united_equally_Kiev," class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_88:_"Северо-запад_—_это_была_территория_Новгорода_и_Пскова,_а_остальная_часть,_которую_можно_назвать_центральной,_или_центрально-восточной,_или_центрально-восточно-южной,_включала_одновременно_территорию_будущей_Украины,_значительную_часть_территории_будущей_Великороссии_и_территории_Белоруссии_…_Существовал_древненовгородский_диалект_в_северо-западной_части_и_некоторая_более_нам_известная_классическая_форма_древнерусского_языка,_объединявшая_в_равной_степени_Киев,_Суздаль,_Ростов,_будущую_Москву_и_территорию_Белоруссии_[The_territory_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov_was_in_the_north-west,_while_the_remaining_part,_which_could_either_be_called_central,_or_central-eastern,_or_central-eastern-southern,_comprised_the_territory_of_the_future_Ukraine,_a_substantial_part_of_the_future_Great_Russia,_and_the_territory_of_Belarus_…_The_Old_Novgorodian_dialect_existed_in_the_north-western_part,_while_a_somewhat_more_well-known_classical_variety_of_the_Old_Russian_language_united_equally_Kiev"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorodian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Novgorodian dialect">Old Novgorodian dialect</a> of that time differed from the central East Slavic dialects as well as from all other Slavic languages much more than in later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_82:_"…черты_новгородского_диалекта,_отличавшие_его_от_других_диалектов_Древней_Руси,_ярче_всего_выражены_не_в_позднее_время,_когда,_казалось_бы,_они_могли_уже_постепенно_развиться,_а_в_самый_древний_период_[…features_of_the_Novgorodian_dialect,_which_made_it_different_from_the_other_dialects_of_the_Old_Rus',_were_most_pronounced_not_in_later_times,_when_they_seemingly_could_have_evolved,_but_in_the_oldest_period]"_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_82:_"…черты_новгородского_диалекта,_отличавшие_его_от_других_диалектов_Древней_Руси,_ярче_всего_выражены_не_в_позднее_время,_когда,_казалось_бы,_они_могли_уже_постепенно_развиться,_а_в_самый_древний_период_[…features_of_the_Novgorodian_dialect,_which_made_it_different_from_the_other_dialects_of_the_Old_Rus',_were_most_pronounced_not_in_later_times,_when_they_seemingly_could_have_evolved,_but_in_the_oldest_period]"-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_92:_"…северо-западная_группа_восточных_славян_представляет_собой_ветвь,_которую_следует_считать_отдельной_уже_на_уровне_праславянства_[…north-western_group_of_the_East_Slavs_is_a_branch_that_should_be_regarded_as_separate_already_in_the_Proto-Slavic_period]"_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_92:_"…северо-западная_группа_восточных_славян_представляет_собой_ветвь,_которую_следует_считать_отдельной_уже_на_уровне_праславянства_[…north-western_group_of_the_East_Slavs_is_a_branch_that_should_be_regarded_as_separate_already_in_the_Proto-Slavic_period]"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zaliznyak, the Russian language developed as a convergence of that dialect and the central ones,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…великорусская_территория_оказалась_состоящей_из_двух_частей,_примерно_одинаковых_по_значимости:_северо-западная_(новгородско-псковская)_и_центрально-восточная_(Ростов,_Суздаль,_Владимир,_Москва,_Рязань)_[…the_Great_Russian_territory_happened_to_include_two_parts_of_approximately_equal_importance:_the_north-western_one_(Novgorod-Pskov)_and_the_central-eastern-southern_one_(Rostov,_Suzdal,_Vladimir,_Moscow,_Ryazan)]"_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…великорусская_территория_оказалась_состоящей_из_двух_частей,_примерно_одинаковых_по_значимости:_северо-западная_(новгородско-псковская)_и_центрально-восточная_(Ростов,_Суздаль,_Владимир,_Москва,_Рязань)_[…the_Great_Russian_territory_happened_to_include_two_parts_of_approximately_equal_importance:_the_north-western_one_(Novgorod-Pskov)_and_the_central-eastern-southern_one_(Rostov,_Suzdal,_Vladimir,_Moscow,_Ryazan)]"-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Ukrainian and Belarusian were continuation of development of the central dialects of East Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…нынешняя_Украина_и_Белоруссия_—_наследники_центрально-восточно-южной_зоны_восточного_славянства,_более_сходной_в_языковом_отношении_с_западным_и_южным_славянством_[…today's_Ukraine_and_Belarus_are_successors_of_the_central-eastern-southern_area_of_the_East_Slavs,_more_linguistically_similar_to_the_West_and_South_Slavs]"_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…нынешняя_Украина_и_Белоруссия_—_наследники_центрально-восточно-южной_зоны_восточного_славянства,_более_сходной_в_языковом_отношении_с_западным_и_южным_славянством_[…today's_Ukraine_and_Belarus_are_successors_of_the_central-eastern-southern_area_of_the_East_Slavs,_more_linguistically_similar_to_the_West_and_South_Slavs]"-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also Russian linguist Sergey Nikolaev, analysing historical development of Slavic dialects' accent system, concluded that a number of other tribes in Kievan Rus came from different Slavic branches and spoke distant Slavic dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyboZamyatinaNikolaev1990_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyboZamyatinaNikolaev1990-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zaliznyak and Nikolaev's points mean that there was a convergence stage before the divergence or simultaneously, which was not taken into consideration by Kassian-Dybo's research. </p><p>Ukrainian linguists (<a href="/wiki/Stepan_Smal-Stotsky" title="Stepan Smal-Stotsky">Stepan Smal-Stotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ohienko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Ohienko">Ivan Ohienko</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a>, Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, <a href="/wiki/Olena_Kurylo" title="Olena Kurylo">Olena Kurylo</a>) deny the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimchuk2001_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimchuk2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to them, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevelov1979_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevelov1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_history">Linguistic history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages#Historical_development_up_to_Proto-Slavic" title="History of the Slavic languages">Historical development of the Slavic languages up to the Proto-Slavic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a></div> <p>The following is a summary of the main changes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Slavic">Common Slavic</a> (CS) period immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic language</a> (PS). </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">Satemisation</a>: <ul><li>PIE *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ → *ś, *ź, *źʰ (→ CS *s, *z, *z)</li> <li>PIE *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ → *k, *g, *gʰ</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki</a> rule: Following *r, *u, *k or *i, PIE *s → *š (→ CS *x)</li> <li>Loss of <a href="/wiki/Voiced_aspirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced aspirate">voiced aspirates</a>: PIE *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ → *b, *d, *g</li> <li>Merger of *o and *a: PIE *a/*o, *ā/*ō → PS *a, *ā (→ CS *o, *a)</li> <li>Law of <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a>: All <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a> (syllables ending in a consonant) are eventually eliminated, in the following stages: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a>: With *N indicating either *n or *m not immediately followed by a vowel: PIE *aN, *eN, *iN, *oN, *uN → *ą, *ę, *į, *ǫ, *ų (→ CS *ǫ, *ę, *ę, *ǫ, *y). (NOTE: *ą *ę etc. indicates a nasalized vowel.)</li> <li>In a cluster of <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> (stop or fricative) + another consonant, the obstruent is deleted unless the cluster can occur word-initially.</li> <li>(occurs later, see below) <a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>.</li> <li>(occurs much later, see below) <a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Elimination of liquid diphthongs</a> (e.g. *er, *ol when not followed immediately by a vowel).</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">First palatalization</a>: *k, *g, *x → CS *č, *ž, *š (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> respectively) before a front vocalic sound (*e, *ē, *i, *ī, *j).</li> <li>Iotation: Consonants are <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> by an immediately following *j: <ul><li><ul><li>sj, *zj → CS *š, *ž</li> <li>nj, *lj, *rj → CS *ň, *ľ, *ř (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>lʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲ]</span> or similar)</li> <li>tj, *dj → CS *ť, *ď (probably <a href="/wiki/Palatal_stop" title="Palatal stop">palatal stops</a>, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟ]</span>, but developing in different ways depending on the language)</li> <li>bj, *pj, *mj, *wj → *bľ, *pľ, *mľ, *wľ (the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a> *ľ is mostly lost later on in <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Vowel fronting: After *j or some other palatal sound, back vowels are fronted (*a, *ā, *u, *ū, *ai, *au → *e, *ē, *i, *ī, *ei, *eu). This leads to hard/soft alternations in noun and adjective declensions.</li> <li>Prothesis: Before a word-initial vowel, *j or *w is usually inserted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a>: *ai, *au, *ei, *eu, *ū → *ē, *ū, *ī, *jū, *ȳ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨː]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Second palatalization</a>: *k, *g, *x → CS *c <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>, *dz, *ś before new *ē (from earlier *ai). *ś later splits into *š (West Slavic), *s (East/South Slavic).</li> <li>Progressive palatalization (or "third palatalization"): *k, *g, *x → CS *c, *dz, *ś <i>after</i> *i, *ī in certain circumstances.</li> <li>Vowel quality shifts: All pairs of long/short vowels become differentiated as well by <a href="/wiki/Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">vowel quality</a>: <ul><li><ul><li>a, *ā → CS *o, *a</li> <li>e, *ē → CS *e, *ě (originally a low-front sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> but eventually raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ie]</span> in most dialects, developing in divergent ways)</li> <li>i, *u → CS *ь, *ъ (also written *ĭ, *ŭ; lax vowels as in the English words <i>pit, put</i>)</li> <li>ī, *ū, *ȳ → CS *i, *u, *y</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Elimination of liquid diphthongs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_diphthong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid diphthong">Liquid diphthongs</a> (sequences of vowel plus *l or *r, when not immediately followed by a vowel) are changed so that the syllable becomes <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open</a>: <ul><li><ul><li>or, *ol, *er, *el → *ro, *lo, *re, *le in <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a>.</li> <li>or, *ol, *er, *el → *oro, *olo, *ere, *olo in <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a>.</li> <li>or, *ol, *er, *el → *rā, *lā, *re, *le in <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Possibly, *ur, *ul, *ir, *il → syllabic *r, *l, *ř, *ľ (then develops in divergent ways).</li></ul></li> <li>Development of phonemic tone and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> (independent of vowel quality): Complex developments (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages#Accentual_developments" title="History of the Slavic languages">History of accentual developments in Slavic languages</a>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div> <p>The Slavic languages are a relatively homogeneous family, compared with other families of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>). As late as the 10th century AD, the entire Slavic-speaking area still functioned as a single, dialectally differentiated language, termed <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Slavic">Common Slavic</a></i>. Compared with most other Indo-European languages, the Slavic languages are quite conservative, particularly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (the means of inflecting nouns and verbs to indicate grammatical differences). Most Slavic languages have a rich, <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> morphology that conserves much of the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> morphology of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocabulary of the Slavic languages is also of Indo-European origin. Many of its elements, which do not find exact matches in the ancient Indo-European languages, are associated with the Balto-Slavic community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <p>The following table shows the inventory of consonants of Late Common Slavic:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker2002p._82_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2002p._82-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants of Late Proto-Slavic </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>, (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a></span><sup>1</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>1</sup>The sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʲ/</span> did not occur in West Slavic, where it had developed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>. </p><p>This inventory of sounds is quite similar to what is found in most modern Slavic languages. The extensive series of <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> *ts and *dz, developed through a series of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalizations</a> that happened during the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> period, from earlier sequences either of <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> (e.g. *ke, *ki, *ge, *gi, *xe, and *xi), or of various consonants followed by *j (e.g. *tj, *dj, *sj, *zj, *rj, *lj, *kj, and *gj, where *j is the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, the sound of the English letter "y" in "yes" or "you"). </p><p>The biggest change in this inventory results from a further <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages#General_palatalization" title="History of the Slavic languages">general palatalization</a> occurring near the end of the Common Slavic period, where <i>all</i> consonants became palatalized before front vowels. This produced a large number of new palatalized (or "soft") sounds, which formed pairs with the corresponding non-palatalized (or "hard") consonants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and absorbed the existing palatalized sounds <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">*lʲ *rʲ *nʲ *sʲ</a></span>. These sounds were best preserved in Russian but were lost to varying degrees in other languages (particularly Czech and Slovak). The following table shows the inventory of modern Russian: </p> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Russian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> & <br /> <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>hard</small> </th> <th><small>soft</small> </th> <th><small>hard</small> </th> <th><small>soft</small> </th> <th><small>hard</small> </th> <th><small>soft</small> </th> <th><small>hard</small> </th> <th><small>soft</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">t͡sʲ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">fʲ</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">vʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">zʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕː</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>    </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">xʲ</a></span>   </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This general process of palatalization did not occur in Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian. As a result, the modern consonant inventory of these languages is nearly identical to the Late Common Slavic inventory. </p><p>Late Common Slavic tolerated relatively few <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. However, as a result of the loss of certain formerly present vowels (the weak <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yers</a>), <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">the modern Slavic languages allow quite complex clusters, as in the Russian word <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><b>взбл</b>еск</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vzblʲesk]</a></span> ("flash"). Also present in many Slavic languages are clusters rarely found cross-linguistically, as in Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><b>рт</b>уть</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rtutʲ]</a></span> ("mercury") or Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><b>mch</b>u</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[mxu]</a></span> ("moss", gen. sg.). The word for "mercury" with the initial <i>rt-</i> cluster, for example, is also found in the other East and West Slavic languages, although Slovak retains an <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic">epenthetic</a> vowel (<span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">ortuť</i></span>).</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (October 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson2014p._41_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson2014p._41-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <p>A typical vowel inventory is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">(ɨ)</a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span> occurs only in some languages (e.g. Russian and Belarusian), and even in these languages, it is often unclear whether it is its own <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /i/. Nonetheless, it is a quite prominent and noticeable characteristic of the languages in which it is present. </p> <ul><li>Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">мышь</span></span> <span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b0\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[m\u0268\u0282]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043c\u044b\u0448\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɨʂ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-мышь.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> and Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">mysz</i></span> <span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2a\/Pl-mysz.ogg\/Pl-mysz.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[m\u0268\u0282]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-mysz.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Pl-mysz.ogg/Pl-mysz.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɨʂ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-mysz.ogg" title="File:Pl-mysz.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> "mouse"</li></ul> <p>Common Slavic also had two <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>: *ę <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">[ẽ]</a></span> and *ǫ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">[õ]</a></span>. However, these are preserved only in modern Polish (along with a few lesser-known dialects and microlanguages; see <a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Yus</a> for more details). </p> <ul><li>Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">wąż</i></span> <span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg\/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/v\u0254\u0303\u0290\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-w\u0105\u017c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vɔ̃ʐ/</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg" title="File:Pl-wąż.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">węże</i></span> <span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg\/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/v\u025b\u0303\u0290\u025b\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-w\u0119\u017ce.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vɛ̃ʐɛ/</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg" title="File:Pl-węże.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> "snake, snakes"</li></ul> <p>Other phonemic vowels are found in certain languages (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> in Bulgarian and Slovenian, distinct <a href="/wiki/High-mid" class="mw-redirect" title="High-mid">high-mid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-mid" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-mid">low-mid</a> vowels in Slovenian, and the lax front vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> in Ukrainian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length,_accent,_and_tone"><span id="Length.2C_accent.2C_and_tone"></span>Length, accent, and tone</h3></div> <p>An area of great difference among Slavic languages is that of <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> (i.e. syllabic distinctions such as <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (phonetics)">accent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>). Common Slavic had a complex system of prosody, inherited with little change from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. This consisted of <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> vowel length and a free, mobile <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>: </p> <ul><li>All vowels could occur either short or long, and this was phonemic (it could not automatically be predicted from other properties of the word).</li> <li>There was (at most) a single accented syllable per word, distinguished by higher pitch (as in modern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>) rather than greater dynamic stress (as in English).</li> <li>Vowels in accented syllables could be pronounced with either a rising or falling tone (i.e. there was <i>pitch accent</i>), and this was phonemic.</li> <li>The accent was <i>free</i> in that it could occur on any syllable and was phonemic.</li> <li>The accent was <i>mobile</i> in that its position could potentially vary among closely related words within a single paradigm (e.g. the accent might land on a different syllable between the nominative and genitive singular of a given word).</li> <li>Even within a given inflectional class (e.g. masculine <i>i</i>-stem nouns), there were multiple accent patterns in which a given word could be inflected. For example, most nouns in a particular inflectional class could follow one of three possible patterns: Either there was a consistent accent on the root (pattern A), predominant accent on the ending (pattern B), or accent that moved between the root and ending (pattern C). In patterns B and C, the accent in different parts of the paradigm shifted not only in location but also type (rising vs. falling). Each inflectional class had its own version of patterns B and C, which might differ significantly from one inflectional class to another.</li></ul> <p>The modern languages vary greatly in the extent to which they preserve this system. On one extreme, Serbo-Croatian preserves the system nearly unchanged (even more so in the conservative <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian dialect</a>); on the other, Macedonian has basically lost the system in its entirety. Between them are found numerous variations: </p> <ul><li>Slovenian preserves most of the system but has shortened all unaccented syllables and lengthened non-final accented syllables so that vowel length and accent position largely co-occur.</li> <li>Russian and Bulgarian have eliminated distinctive vowel length and tone and converted the accent into a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a> (as in English) but preserved its position. As a result, the complexity of the mobile accent and the multiple accent patterns still exists (particularly in Russian because it has preserved the Common Slavic noun inflections, while Bulgarian has lost them).</li> <li>Czech and Slovak have preserved phonemic vowel length and converted the distinctive tone of accented syllables into length distinctions. The phonemic accent is otherwise lost, but the former accent patterns are echoed to some extent in corresponding patterns of vowel length/shortness in the root. Paradigms with mobile vowel length/shortness do exist but only in a limited fashion, usually only with the zero-ending forms (nom. sg., acc. sg., and/or gen. pl., depending on inflectional class) having a different length from the other forms. (Czech has a couple of other "mobile" patterns, but they are rare and can usually be substituted with one of the "normal" mobile patterns or a non-mobile pattern.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">Old Polish</a> had a system very much like Czech. Modern Polish has lost vowel length, but some former short-long pairs have become distinguished by quality (e.g. <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">[o oː]</a></span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</span>), with the result that some words have vowel-quality changes that exactly mirror the mobile-length patterns in Czech and Slovak.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ASlavic_languages&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Slavic+languages">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavic_languages&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Similarly, Slavic languages have extensive morphophonemic alternations in their derivational and inflectional morphology,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including between velar and postalveolar consonants, front and back vowels, and a vowel and no vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_cognates">Selected cognates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_vocabulary" title="Slavic vocabulary">Slavic vocabulary</a></div> <p>The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Slavic language family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<i lang="sla">uxo</i></span> (ear) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ухо</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">úkho</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">вухо</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">vúkho</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">вуха</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">vúkha</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">ухо</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">úkho</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ucho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">ucho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">ucho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">uho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr">уво</span></span> / <span title="Serbian-language romanization"><i lang="sr-Latn">uvo</i></span> (Serbia only)<br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">ухо</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">uho</i></span> (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia) </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ухо</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ukhó</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">уво</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">úvo</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<span lang="sla">ognь</span></span> (fire) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">огонь</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">ogónʹ</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">вогонь</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">vohónʹ</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">агонь</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">ahónʹ</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">огинь</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language text"><i lang="rue">ohénʹ</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ogień</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">oheň</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">oheň</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">ogenj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">огањ</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">oganj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">огън</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ógǎn</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">оган</span></span>/<span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">огин</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">ógan</i></span>/<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">ógin</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<i lang="sla">ryba</i></span> (fish) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">рыба</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">rýba</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">риба</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">rýba</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">рыба</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">rýba</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">рыба</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">rýba</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ryba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">ryba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">ryba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">riba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">риба</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">riba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">риба</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ríba</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">риба</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">ríba</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<i lang="sla">gnězdo</i></span> (nest) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">гнездо</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">gnezdó</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">гнiздо</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">hnizdó</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">гняздо</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">hnyazdó</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">гнïздо</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">hnʹizdó</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gniazdo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">hnízdo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">hniezdo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">gnezdo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">гнездо</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">gnezdo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">ek.</a>)<br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">гнијездо</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">gnijezdo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">ijek.</a>)<br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">гниздо</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">gnizdo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ikavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikavian">ik.</a>) </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">гнездо</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">gnezdó</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">гнездо</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">gnézdo</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<i lang="sla">oko</i></span> (eye) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">око</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">óko</i></span>) (dated, poetic or in set expressions)<br />modern: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">глаз</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">glaz</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">око</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">óko</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">вока</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">vóka</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">око</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">óko</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">oko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">oko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">oko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">oko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">око</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">oko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">око</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">óko</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">око</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">óko</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<i lang="sla">golva</i></span> (head) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">голова</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">golová</i></span>)<br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">глава</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">glavá</i></span>) "chapter or chief, leader, head" </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">голова</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">holová</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">галава</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">halavá</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">голова</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">holová</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">głowa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">hlava</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">hlava</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">glava</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">глава</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">glava</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">глава</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">glavá</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">глава</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">gláva</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<i lang="sla">rǫka</i></span> (hand) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">рука</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">ruká</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">рука</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">ruká</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">рука</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">ruká</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">рука</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">ruká</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ręka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">ruka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">ruka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">roka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">рука</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">ruka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ръка</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">rǎká</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">рака</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">ráka</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<span lang="sla">noktь</span></span> (night) </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ночь</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">nočʹ</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ніч</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">nič</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">ноч</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">noč</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Rusyn-language text"><span lang="rue">нуч</span></span> (<span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">nuč</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">noc</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">noc</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">noc</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">noč</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">ноћ</span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">noć</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">нощ</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nosht</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">ноќ</span></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">noḱ</i></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_neighboring_languages">Influence on neighboring languages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavicism" title="Slavicism">Slavicism</a></div> <p>Most languages of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and of some neighbouring countries (for example, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Russianism" title="Russianism">significantly influenced by Russian</a>, especially in vocabulary. The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> languages show the influence of the neighboring Slavic nations, especially in vocabulary pertaining to urban life, agriculture, and crafts and trade—the major cultural innovations at times of limited long-range cultural contact. In each one of these languages, Slavic lexical borrowings represent at least 15% of the total vocabulary. This is potentially because Slavic tribes crossed and partially settled the territories inhabited by ancient <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlachs</a> on their way to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: No discussion of areal interactions with Scandinavian languages. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ASlavic_languages&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Slavic+languages">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavic_languages&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Max Vasmer</a>, a specialist in Slavic etymology, has claimed that there were no Slavic loans into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>. However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. For example, the word for "border" (in modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grenze</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">grens</i></span>) was borrowed from the Common Slavic <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">granica</i></span>. There are, however, many cities and villages of Slavic origin in Eastern Germany, the largest of which are <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. English derives <i><a href="/wiki/Quark_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark (cheese)">quark</a></i> (a kind of cheese and <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">subatomic particle</a>) from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Quark</i></span>, which in turn is derived from the Slavic <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">tvarog</i></span>, which means "curd". Many German surnames, particularly in Eastern Germany and Austria, are Slavic in origin. The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic languages">Nordic languages</a> also have <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">torg</i></span>/<i>torv</i> (market place) from Old Russian <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">tъrgъ</span></span> (<span title="Old East Slavic-language romanization"><i lang="orv-Latn">trŭgŭ</i></span>) or Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">targ</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922a_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922a-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">humle</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922b_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">räka</i></span>/<i>reke</i>/<i>reje</i> (shrimp, prawn),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922c_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922c-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, via <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">tolk</i></span> (interpreter) from Old Slavic <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">tlŭkŭ</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922d_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922d-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">pråm</i></span>/<i>pram</i> (barge) from West Slavonic <span title="West Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="zlw">pramŭ</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922e_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922e-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnic_languages">Finnic languages</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> languages have many words in common with Slavic languages. According to Petri Kallio, this suggests Slavic words being borrowed into Finnish languages, as early as Proto-Finnic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallio2006_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallio2006-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many loanwords have acquired a Finnicized form, making it difficult to say whether such a word is natively Finnic or Slavic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMustajokiProtassova2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustajokiProtassova2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> dialects have numerous borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>, particularly for forest terms and geographical names.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is related to the expansion in 7th to the 11th centuries AD of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic people</a> into the areas of Central Russia (near <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>) previously populated by <a href="/wiki/Finnic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnic people">Finnic people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the resulting genetic, cultural and linguistic exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> word <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/robot" class="extiw" title="wikt:robot">robot</a></i></span> is now found in most languages worldwide, and the word <i><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a></i>, probably also from Czech,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitz1922_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitz1922-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is found in many European languages. </p><p>A well-known Slavic word in almost all European languages is <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, a borrowing from Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">водка</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">vodka</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">little water</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), from common Slavic <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">voda</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>', <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to the English word <i>water</i>) with the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> ending <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">-ka</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> with Northern Russia, Pan-European loans from Russian include such familiar words as <i><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sable</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word "<a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>" was borrowed (perhaps via <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vampire</i></span>) from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vampir</i></span>, in turn derived from Serbo-Croatian <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">вампир</span></span> (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language romanization"><i lang="sh-Latn">vampir</i></span>), continuing <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<span lang="sla">ǫpyrь</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWörterbuchnetz2023_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWörterbuchnetz2023-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauzat1938_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauzat1938-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkok1974_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkok1974-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETokarev1982_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETokarev1982-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasmer1953_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasmer1953-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> scholar K. Stachowski has argued that the origin of the word is early Slavic <span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<span lang="sla">vąpěrь</span></span>, going back to Turkic <span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">oobyr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachowski2005_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachowski2005-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several European languages, including <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, have borrowed the word <span title="South Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="zls"><a href="/wiki/Polje" title="Polje">polje</a></i></span> (meaning 'large, flat plain') directly from the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> languages (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>). During the heyday of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in the 20th century, many more Russian words became known worldwide: <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">da</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a></i>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">sputnik</a></i></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a></i></span>, etc. Another borrowed Russian term is <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samovar" title="Samovar">samovar</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">self-boiling</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detailed_list">Detailed list</h2></div> <p>The following tree for the Slavic languages derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> report for Slavic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEthnologue2022_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEthnologue2022-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> codes where available. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_ruso.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/250px-Idioma_ruso.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/375px-Idioma_ruso.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/500px-Idioma_ruso.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Map of all areas where the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> is the language spoken by the majority of the population.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/250px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/375px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/500px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>South Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zapadoslovanske.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zapadoslovanske.jpg/250px-Zapadoslovanske.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zapadoslovanske.jpg/375px-Zapadoslovanske.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zapadoslovanske.jpg/500px-Zapadoslovanske.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>West Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>be</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>bel</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>ru</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>rus</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>rue</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Ruthenian</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>rsk</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>uk</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>ukr</b></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western South Slavic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>bs</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>bos</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>ckm</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>hr</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>hrv</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>cnr</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>sr</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>srp</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>svm</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>sl</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>slv</b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>bg</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>bul</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>cu</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>chu</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>mk</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>mkd</b></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> (also known as <i><b>Lusatian</b></i>): ISO 639-3 code: <b>dsb</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>hsb</b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>csb</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>pl</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>pol</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>: ISO 639-3 code: <b>szl</b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>cs</b>; ISO 639-3 <b>ces</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: ISO 639-1 code: <b>sk</b>; ISO 639-3 code: <b>slk</b></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Para- and supranational languages</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic language</a>, variations of Old Church Slavonic with significant replacement of the original vocabulary by forms from the <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> and other regional forms. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>, and even some Roman Catholic Churches in Croatia continue to use Church Slavonic as a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>. While not used in modern times, the text of a Church Slavonic Roman Rite Mass survives in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDominikánská_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDominikánská-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartoň2018_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartoň2018-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is best known through <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a>'s musical setting of it (the <i><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_Mass" title="Glagolitic Mass">Glagolitic Mass</a></i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic language</a>, a modernized and simplified form of Old Church Slavonic, largely based on material that the modern Slavic languages have in common. Its purpose is to facilitate communication between representatives of different Slavic nations and to allow people who do not know any Slavic language to communicate with Slavs. Because Old Church Slavonic had become too archaic and complex for everyday communication, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> projects have been created from the 17th century onwards in order to provide the Slavs with a common literary language. Interslavic in its current form was standardized in 2011 after the merger of several older projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteenbergen2018p._52–54_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteenbergen2018p._52–54-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slavic_history_and_culture" title="Outline of Slavic history and culture">Outline of Slavic history and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Slavic microlanguages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=vodka">"vodka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vodka&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dvodka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=sable">"sable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sable&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dsable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=vampire">"vampire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vampire&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dvampire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_1:_"The_Slavic_languages,_spoken_by_some_315_million_people_at_the_turn_of_the_21st_century"_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanov2021">Ivanov 2021</a>, section 1: "The Slavic languages, spoken by some 315 million people at the turn of the 21st century".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisachi2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisachi2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisachi2017">Misachi 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulichenko2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDulichenko2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDulichenko2005">Dulichenko 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulichenko1981-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDulichenko1981_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDulichenko1981">Dulichenko 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuličenko1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuličenko1994_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuličenko1994">Duličenko 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siewierska, Anna and Uhliřová, Ludmila. "An overview of word order in Slavic languages". 1 Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe, edited by Anna Siewierska, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, 1998, pp. 105-150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110812206.105">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110812206.105</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Golubović, J., Gooskens, C. (2015). "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages" [Article]. Russian Linguistics, 39(3), 351-373. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2003p._36,_95–96,_124–125-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2003p._36,_95–96,_124–125_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgill2003">Trudgill 2003</a>, p. 36, 95–96, 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_2:_"The_Slavic_language_group_is_classified_into_three_branches:_(1)_the_South_Slavic_branch,_with_its_two_subgroups_Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-Slovene_and_Bulgarian-Macedonian,_(2)_the_West_Slavic_branch,_with_its_three_subgroups_Czech-Slovak,_Sorbian,_and_Lekhitic_(Polish_and_related_tongues),_and_(3)_the_East_Slavic_branch,_comprising_Russian,_Ukrainian,_and_Belarusian"-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanov2021section_2:_"The_Slavic_language_group_is_classified_into_three_branches:_(1)_the_South_Slavic_branch,_with_its_two_subgroups_Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-Slovene_and_Bulgarian-Macedonian,_(2)_the_West_Slavic_branch,_with_its_three_subgroups_Czech-Slovak,_Sorbian,_and_Lekhitic_(Polish_and_related_tongues),_and_(3)_the_East_Slavic_branch,_comprising_Russian,_Ukrainian,_and_Belarusian"_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanov2021">Ivanov 2021</a>, section 2: "The Slavic language group is classified into three branches: (1) the South Slavic branch, with its two subgroups Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-Slovene and Bulgarian-Macedonian, (2) the West Slavic branch, with its three subgroups Czech-Slovak, Sorbian, and Lekhitic (Polish and related tongues), and (3) the East Slavic branch, comprising Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRB2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIRB2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIRB2004">IRB 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fesenmeier, L., Heinemann, S., & Vicario, F. (2014). "The mutual intelligibility of Slavic languages as a source of support for the revival of the Sorbian language" [Sprachminderheiten: gestern, heute, morgen- Minoranze linguistiche: ieri, oggi, domani]. In Language minorities: yesterday, today, tomorrow. Peter Lang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04817-9/11">https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04817-9/11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, A., Jágrová, K., Stenger, I., Avgustinova, T., Klakow, D., & Marti, R. (2016). Orthographic and morphological correspondences between related Slavic languages as a base for modeling of mutual intelligibility. 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, A. K., Jagrova, K., Stenger, I., Avgustinova, T., Klakow, D., & Marti, R. (2016, 2016/05/01). LREC - Orthographic and Morphological Correspondences between Related Slavic Languages as a Base for Modeling of Mutual Intelligibility.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golubović, J. (2016). "Mutual intelligibility in the Slavic language area". Dissertation in Linguistics, 152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Apure.rug.nl%3Apublications%2F19c19b5b-a43e-47bf-af6e-f68c0713342b">https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Apure.rug.nl%3Apublications%2F19c19b5b-a43e-47bf-af6e-f68c0713342b</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/mutual-intelligibility-in-the-slavic-language-area">https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/mutual-intelligibility-in-the-slavic-language-area</a> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/31880568/Title_and_contents_.pdf">https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/31880568/Title_and_contents_.pdf</a> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lens.org/000-445-299-792-024">https://lens.org/000-445-299-792-024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golubovic, J., & Gooskens, C. (2015). "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages". Russian Linguistics, 39(3), 351-373. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyjánek, L., & Haviger, J. (2019). "The Measurement of Mutual Intelligibility between West-Slavic Languages" [Article]. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 26(3), 205-230. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1464546">https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1464546</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay, R. (2014). "Mutual intelligibility of languages in the Slavic family". Academia. Stenger, I., Avgustinova, T., & Marti, R. (2017). "Levenshtein distance and word adaptation surprisal as methods of measuring mutual intelligibility in reading comprehension of Slavic languages". Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies: International Conference ‘Dialogue 2017’ Proceedings, 16, 304-317. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021828413&partnerID=40&md5=c9a8557c3da885eb1be39898bfacf6e4">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021828413&partnerID=40&md5=c9a8557c3da885eb1be39898bfacf6e4</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golubović, J., Gooskens, C. (2015). "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages" [Article]. Russian Linguistics, 39(3), 351-373. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2002p._274-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2002p._274_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsiPop2002">Magocsi & Pop 2002</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamusella2005p._77-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamusella2005p._77_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamusella2005">Kamusella 2005</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnáBlažek2007p._185–210:_""Classical_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Czech_Slavist_M._Čejka_in_1974_dates_the_Balto-Slavic_split_to_−910±340_BCE,_Sergei_Starostin_in_1994_dates_it_to_1210_BCE,_and_"recalibrated_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Novotná_&_Blažek_dates_it_to_1400–1340_BCE._This_agrees_well_with_Trziniec-Komarov_culture,_localized_from_Silesia_to_Central_Ukraine_and_dated_to_the_period_1500–1200_BCE"-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnáBlažek2007p._185–210:_""Classical_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Czech_Slavist_M._Čejka_in_1974_dates_the_Balto-Slavic_split_to_−910±340_BCE,_Sergei_Starostin_in_1994_dates_it_to_1210_BCE,_and_"recalibrated_glottochronology"_conducted_by_Novotná_&_Blažek_dates_it_to_1400–1340_BCE._This_agrees_well_with_Trziniec-Komarov_culture,_localized_from_Silesia_to_Central_Ukraine_and_dated_to_the_period_1500–1200_BCE"_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotnáBlažek2007">Novotná & Blažek 2007</a>, p. 185–210: ""Classical glottochronology" conducted by Czech Slavist M. Čejka in 1974 dates the Balto-Slavic split to −910±340 BCE, Sergei Starostin in 1994 dates it to 1210 BCE, and "recalibrated glottochronology" conducted by Novotná & Blažek dates it to 1400–1340 BCE. This agrees well with Trziniec-Komarov culture, localized from Silesia to Central Ukraine and dated to the period 1500–1200 BCE".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović2008p._94:_"Kako_rekosmo,_nije_sigurno_je_li_uopće_bilo_prabaltijskoga_jezika._Čini_se_da_su_dvije_posvjedočene,_preživjele_grane_baltijskoga,_istočna_i_zapadna,_različite_jedna_od_druge_izvorno_kao_i_svaka_posebno_od_praslavenskoga"-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapović2008p._94:_"Kako_rekosmo,_nije_sigurno_je_li_uopće_bilo_prabaltijskoga_jezika._Čini_se_da_su_dvije_posvjedočene,_preživjele_grane_baltijskoga,_istočna_i_zapadna,_različite_jedna_od_druge_izvorno_kao_i_svaka_posebno_od_praslavenskoga"_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapović2008">Kapović 2008</a>, p. 94: "Kako rekosmo, nije sigurno je li uopće bilo prabaltijskoga jezika. Čini se da su dvije posvjedočene, preživjele grane baltijskoga, istočna i zapadna, različite jedna od druge izvorno kao i svaka posebno od praslavenskoga".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mpg.de/20666229/0725-evan-origin-of-the-indo-european-languages-150495-x">https://www.mpg.de/20666229/0725-evan-origin-of-the-indo-european-languages-150495-x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassianDybo2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassianDybo2015_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassianDybo2015">Kassian & Dybo 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushniarevich_et_al.2015-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushniarevich_et_al.2015_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKushniarevich_et_al.2015">Kushniarevich et al. 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERSUH2016-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERSUH2016_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRSUH2016">RSUH 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006p._19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006p._19_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSussexCubberley2006">Sussex & Cubberley 2006</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov1995p._5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov1995p._5_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedov1995">Sedov 1995</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov1979-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov1979_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedov1979">Sedov 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001p._500-700-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001p._500-700_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 500-700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2010">Heather 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_111:_"…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская_языковая_зона_от_киевско-черниговской_ничем_существенным_в_древности_не_отличалась._Различия_возникли_позднее,_они_датируются_сравнительно_недавним,_по_лингвистическим_меркам,_временем,_начиная_с_XIV–XV_вв_[…the_Rostov-Suzdal-Ryazan_language_area_did_not_significantly_differ_from_the_Kiev-Chernigov_one._Distinctions_emerged_later,_in_a_relatively_recent,_by_linguistic_standards,_time,_starting_from_the_14th-15th_centuries]"-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_111:_"…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская_языковая_зона_от_киевско-черниговской_ничем_существенным_в_древности_не_отличалась._Различия_возникли_позднее,_они_датируются_сравнительно_недавним,_по_лингвистическим_меркам,_временем,_начиная_с_XIV–XV_вв_[…the_Rostov-Suzdal-Ryazan_language_area_did_not_significantly_differ_from_the_Kiev-Chernigov_one._Distinctions_emerged_later,_in_a_relatively_recent,_by_linguistic_standards,_time,_starting_from_the_14th-15th_centuries]"_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaliznyak2012">Zaliznyak 2012</a>, section 111: "…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская языковая зона от киевско-черниговской ничем существенным в древности не отличалась. Различия возникли позднее, они датируются сравнительно недавним, по лингвистическим меркам, временем, начиная с XIV–XV вв […the Rostov-Suzdal-Ryazan language area did not significantly differ from the Kiev-Chernigov one. Distinctions emerged later, in a relatively recent, by linguistic standards, time, starting from the 14th-15th centuries]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_88:_"Северо-запад_—_это_была_территория_Новгорода_и_Пскова,_а_остальная_часть,_которую_можно_назвать_центральной,_или_центрально-восточной,_или_центрально-восточно-южной,_включала_одновременно_территорию_будущей_Украины,_значительную_часть_территории_будущей_Великороссии_и_территории_Белоруссии_…_Существовал_древненовгородский_диалект_в_северо-западной_части_и_некоторая_более_нам_известная_классическая_форма_древнерусского_языка,_объединявшая_в_равной_степени_Киев,_Суздаль,_Ростов,_будущую_Москву_и_территорию_Белоруссии_[The_territory_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov_was_in_the_north-west,_while_the_remaining_part,_which_could_either_be_called_central,_or_central-eastern,_or_central-eastern-southern,_comprised_the_territory_of_the_future_Ukraine,_a_substantial_part_of_the_future_Great_Russia,_and_the_territory_of_Belarus_…_The_Old_Novgorodian_dialect_existed_in_the_north-western_part,_while_a_somewhat_more_well-known_classical_variety_of_the_Old_Russian_language_united_equally_Kiev"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_88:_"Северо-запад_—_это_была_территория_Новгорода_и_Пскова,_а_остальная_часть,_которую_можно_назвать_центральной,_или_центрально-восточной,_или_центрально-восточно-южной,_включала_одновременно_территорию_будущей_Украины,_значительную_часть_территории_будущей_Великороссии_и_территории_Белоруссии_…_Существовал_древненовгородский_диалект_в_северо-западной_части_и_некоторая_более_нам_известная_классическая_форма_древнерусского_языка,_объединявшая_в_равной_степени_Киев,_Суздаль,_Ростов,_будущую_Москву_и_территорию_Белоруссии_[The_territory_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov_was_in_the_north-west,_while_the_remaining_part,_which_could_either_be_called_central,_or_central-eastern,_or_central-eastern-southern,_comprised_the_territory_of_the_future_Ukraine,_a_substantial_part_of_the_future_Great_Russia,_and_the_territory_of_Belarus_…_The_Old_Novgorodian_dialect_existed_in_the_north-western_part,_while_a_somewhat_more_well-known_classical_variety_of_the_Old_Russian_language_united_equally_Kiev,">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaliznyak2012">Zaliznyak 2012</a>, section 88: "Северо-запад — это была территория Новгорода и Пскова, а остальная часть, которую можно назвать центральной, или центрально-восточной, или центрально-восточно-южной, включала одновременно территорию будущей Украины, значительную часть территории будущей Великороссии и территории Белоруссии … Существовал древненовгородский диалект в северо-западной части и некоторая более нам известная классическая форма древнерусского языка, объединявшая в равной степени Киев, Суздаль, Ростов, будущую Москву и территорию Белоруссии [The territory of Novgorod and Pskov was in the north-west, while the remaining part, which could either be called central, or central-eastern, or central-eastern-southern, comprised the territory of the future Ukraine, a substantial part of the future Great Russia, and the territory of Belarus … The Old Novgorodian dialect existed in the north-western part, while a somewhat more well-known classical variety of the Old Russian language united equally Kiev, Suzdal, Rostov, the future Moscow and the territory of Belarus]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_82:_"…черты_новгородского_диалекта,_отличавшие_его_от_других_диалектов_Древней_Руси,_ярче_всего_выражены_не_в_позднее_время,_когда,_казалось_бы,_они_могли_уже_постепенно_развиться,_а_в_самый_древний_период_[…features_of_the_Novgorodian_dialect,_which_made_it_different_from_the_other_dialects_of_the_Old_Rus',_were_most_pronounced_not_in_later_times,_when_they_seemingly_could_have_evolved,_but_in_the_oldest_period]"-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_82:_"…черты_новгородского_диалекта,_отличавшие_его_от_других_диалектов_Древней_Руси,_ярче_всего_выражены_не_в_позднее_время,_когда,_казалось_бы,_они_могли_уже_постепенно_развиться,_а_в_самый_древний_период_[…features_of_the_Novgorodian_dialect,_which_made_it_different_from_the_other_dialects_of_the_Old_Rus',_were_most_pronounced_not_in_later_times,_when_they_seemingly_could_have_evolved,_but_in_the_oldest_period]"_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaliznyak2012">Zaliznyak 2012</a>, section 82: "…черты новгородского диалекта, отличавшие его от других диалектов Древней Руси, ярче всего выражены не в позднее время, когда, казалось бы, они могли уже постепенно развиться, а в самый древний период […features of the Novgorodian dialect, which made it different from the other dialects of the Old Rus', were most pronounced not in later times, when they seemingly could have evolved, but in the oldest period]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_92:_"…северо-западная_группа_восточных_славян_представляет_собой_ветвь,_которую_следует_считать_отдельной_уже_на_уровне_праславянства_[…north-western_group_of_the_East_Slavs_is_a_branch_that_should_be_regarded_as_separate_already_in_the_Proto-Slavic_period]"-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_92:_"…северо-западная_группа_восточных_славян_представляет_собой_ветвь,_которую_следует_считать_отдельной_уже_на_уровне_праславянства_[…north-western_group_of_the_East_Slavs_is_a_branch_that_should_be_regarded_as_separate_already_in_the_Proto-Slavic_period]"_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaliznyak2012">Zaliznyak 2012</a>, section 92: "…северо-западная группа восточных славян представляет собой ветвь, которую следует считать отдельной уже на уровне праславянства […north-western group of the East Slavs is a branch that should be regarded as separate already in the Proto-Slavic period]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…великорусская_территория_оказалась_состоящей_из_двух_частей,_примерно_одинаковых_по_значимости:_северо-западная_(новгородско-псковская)_и_центрально-восточная_(Ростов,_Суздаль,_Владимир,_Москва,_Рязань)_[…the_Great_Russian_territory_happened_to_include_two_parts_of_approximately_equal_importance:_the_north-western_one_(Novgorod-Pskov)_and_the_central-eastern-southern_one_(Rostov,_Suzdal,_Vladimir,_Moscow,_Ryazan)]"-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…великорусская_территория_оказалась_состоящей_из_двух_частей,_примерно_одинаковых_по_значимости:_северо-западная_(новгородско-псковская)_и_центрально-восточная_(Ростов,_Суздаль,_Владимир,_Москва,_Рязань)_[…the_Great_Russian_territory_happened_to_include_two_parts_of_approximately_equal_importance:_the_north-western_one_(Novgorod-Pskov)_and_the_central-eastern-southern_one_(Rostov,_Suzdal,_Vladimir,_Moscow,_Ryazan)]"_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaliznyak2012">Zaliznyak 2012</a>, section 94: "…великорусская территория оказалась состоящей из двух частей, примерно одинаковых по значимости: северо-западная (новгородско-псковская) и центрально-восточная (Ростов, Суздаль, Владимир, Москва, Рязань) […the Great Russian territory happened to include two parts of approximately equal importance: the north-western one (Novgorod-Pskov) and the central-eastern-southern one (Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, Moscow, Ryazan)]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…нынешняя_Украина_и_Белоруссия_—_наследники_центрально-восточно-южной_зоны_восточного_славянства,_более_сходной_в_языковом_отношении_с_западным_и_южным_славянством_[…today's_Ukraine_and_Belarus_are_successors_of_the_central-eastern-southern_area_of_the_East_Slavs,_more_linguistically_similar_to_the_West_and_South_Slavs]"-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaliznyak2012section_94:_"…нынешняя_Украина_и_Белоруссия_—_наследники_центрально-восточно-южной_зоны_восточного_славянства,_более_сходной_в_языковом_отношении_с_западным_и_южным_славянством_[…today's_Ukraine_and_Belarus_are_successors_of_the_central-eastern-southern_area_of_the_East_Slavs,_more_linguistically_similar_to_the_West_and_South_Slavs]"_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaliznyak2012">Zaliznyak 2012</a>, section 94: "…нынешняя Украина и Белоруссия — наследники центрально-восточно-южной зоны восточного славянства, более сходной в языковом отношении с западным и южным славянством […today's Ukraine and Belarus are successors of the central-eastern-southern area of the East Slavs, more linguistically similar to the West and South Slavs]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyboZamyatinaNikolaev1990-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyboZamyatinaNikolaev1990_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyboZamyatinaNikolaev1990">Dybo, Zamyatina & Nikolaev 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimchuk2001-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimchuk2001_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimchuk2001">Nimchuk 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevelov1979-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevelov1979_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShevelov1979">Shevelov 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._6_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComrieCorbett2002">Comrie & Corbett 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkorvid2015p._389,_396–397_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkorvid2015">Skorvid 2015</a>, p. 389, 396–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2002p._82-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker2002p._82_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchenker2002">Schenker 2002</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson2014p._41-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson2014p._41_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNilsson2014">Nilsson 2014</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._8-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComrieCorbett2002p._8_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComrieCorbett2002">Comrie & Corbett 2002</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922a-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922a_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922a">Hellquist 1922a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922b-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922b_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922b">Hellquist 1922b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922c-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922c_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922c">Hellquist 1922c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922d-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922d_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922d">Hellquist 1922d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922e-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922e_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922e">Hellquist 1922e</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallio2006-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallio2006_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKallio2006">Kallio 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustajokiProtassova2014-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMustajokiProtassova2014_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMustajokiProtassova2014">Mustajoki & Protassova 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teush, O. À. (2019). "Borrowed names of forest and forest loci in the Russian dialects of the European North of Russia: Lexemes of Baltic-Finnish origin" [Article]. Bulletin of Ugric Studies, 9(2), 297-317. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2019-9-2-297-317">https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2019-9-2-297-317</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teush, O. А. (2019). "Borrowed names of forest and forest loci in the Russian dialects of European North of Russia: Lexemes of Sami and Volga-Finnish origin" [Article]. Bulletin of Ugric Studies, 9(3), 485-498. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2019-9-3-485-49">https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2019-9-3-485-49</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://smarthistories.com/early-russia-2/#:~:text=From%20the%207th%20to%20the,later%20also%20with%20East%20Slavs">http://smarthistories.com/early-russia-2/#:~:text=From%20the%207th%20to%20the,later%20also%20with%20East%20Slavs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETitz1922-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitz1922_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitz1922">Titz 1922</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWörterbuchnetz2023-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWörterbuchnetz2023_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWörterbuchnetz2023">Wörterbuchnetz 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauzat1938-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauzat1938_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDauzat1938">Dauzat 1938</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer2006-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer2006_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifer2006">Pfeifer 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkok1974-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkok1974_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkok1974">Skok 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETokarev1982-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETokarev1982_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTokarev1982">Tokarev 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasmer1953-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasmer1953_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasmer1953">Vasmer 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachowski2005-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachowski2005_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStachowski2005">Stachowski 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEthnologue2022-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEthnologue2022_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEthnologue2022">Ethnologue 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDominikánská-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDominikánská_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDominikánská">Dominikánská</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartoň2018-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartoň2018_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartoň2018">Bartoň 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteenbergen2018p._52–54-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteenbergen2018p._52–54_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteenbergen2018">Steenbergen 2018</a>, p. 52–54.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorychna+fonolohiia+ukrains%27koi+movy+%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.place=Kharkiv&rft.pub=Acta&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Shevelov&rft.aufirst=George+Yurii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Fshevelov%2Fshev.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkorvid2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skorvid, Sergey (2015). <a href="/wiki/Yury_Osipov" title="Yury Osipov">Osipov, Yury</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904000000/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253"><i>Slavyanskie yazyki</i> <bdi lang="ru">Славянские языки</bdi></a> [<i>Slavic Languages</i>] (in Russian). Vol. 30. <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a>. pp. 389, 396–397. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253">the original</a> on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavyanskie+yazyki+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.pages=389%2C+396-397&rft.pub=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Skorvid&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Flinguistics%2Ftext%2F3625253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2002" class="citation book cs1">Schenker, Alexander M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC">"Proto-Slavonic"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a>; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). <i>The Slavonic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 60–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28078-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28078-8"><bdi>0-415-28078-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Slavonic&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60-124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28078-8&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRF9Yiso1OIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrieCorbett2002" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC">"Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a>; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). <i>The Slavonic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28078-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28078-8"><bdi>0-415-28078-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28078-8&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Corbett%2C+Greville.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRF9Yiso1OIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2014" class="citation book cs1">Nilsson, Morgan (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/36304"><i>Vowel–Zero Alternations in West Slavic Prepositions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2077%2F36304">2077/36304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981198-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981198-3-1"><bdi>978-91-981198-3-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowel%E2%80%93Zero+Alternations+in+West+Slavic+Prepositions&rft.pub=University+of+Gothenburg&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2077%2F36304&rft.isbn=978-91-981198-3-1&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgupea.ub.gu.se%2Fhandle%2F2077%2F36304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hellquist, Elof (1922a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/1079.html">"torg"</a>. <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i> (in Swedish) – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=torg&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F1079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hellquist, Elof (1922b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/0334.html">"humle"</a>. <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i> (in Swedish) – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=humle&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F0334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hellquist, Elof (1922c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/0763.html">"räka"</a>. <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i> (in Swedish) – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=r%C3%A4ka&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F0763.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922d" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hellquist, Elof (1922d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/1075.html">"tolk"</a>. <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i> (in Swedish) – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tolk&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F1075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922e" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hellquist, Elof (1922e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/0692.html">"pråm"</a>. <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i> (in Swedish) – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pr%C3%A5m&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F0692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallio2006" class="citation book cs1">Kallio, Petri (2006). Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/files/2019/11/sh27-Kallio.pdf"><i>On the Earliest Slavonic Loanwords in Finnic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9521028521" title="Special:BookSources/9521028521"><bdi>9521028521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Earliest+Slavonic+Loanwords+in+Finnic&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Department+of+Slavonic+and+Baltic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9521028521&rft.aulast=Kallio&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.helsinki.fi%2Fslavica-helsingiensia%2Ffiles%2F2019%2F11%2Fsh27-Kallio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustajokiProtassova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mustajoki, Arto; Protassova, Ekaterina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-finnish-russian-relationships-the-interplay-of-economics-history-psychology-and-language">"The Finnish-Russian Relationships: the Interplay of Economics, History, Psychology and Language"</a>. <i>Russian Journal of Linguistics</i> (4): 69–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Finnish-Russian+Relationships%3A+the+Interplay+of+Economics%2C+History%2C+Psychology+and+Language&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mustajoki&rft.aufirst=Arto&rft.au=Protassova%2C+Ekaterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fthe-finnish-russian-relationships-the-interplay-of-economics-history-psychology-and-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitz1922" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Titz, Karel (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=1876">"Naše řeč – Ohlasy husitského válečnictví v Evropě"</a> [Our Speech – Echoes of Hussite Warfare in Europe]. <i>Československý Vědecký ústav Vojenský</i> (in Czech): 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%BD+V%C4%9Bdeck%C3%BD+%C3%BAstav+Vojensk%C3%BD&rft.atitle=Na%C5%A1e+%C5%99e%C4%8D+%E2%80%93+Ohlasy+husitsk%C3%A9ho+v%C3%A1le%C4%8Dnictv%C3%AD+v+Evrop%C4%9B&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Titz&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnase-rec.ujc.cas.cz%2Farchiv.php%3Fart%3D1876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vodka">"Vodka"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wörterbuchnetz. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+von+Jacob+Grimm+und+Wilhelm+Grimm%2C+digitalisierte+Fassung+im+W%C3%B6rterbuchnetz+des+Trier+Center+for+Digital+Humanities&rft.atitle=Vampyr&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwds.de%2Fwb%2FVampir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauzat1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dauzat, Albert (1938). <i>Dictionnaire étymologique</i> [<i>Etymological Dictionary</i>] (in French). Librairie Larousse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tymologique&rft.pub=Librairie+Larousse&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Dauzat&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeifer2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeifer, Wolfgang (2006). <i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Etymological Dictionary</i>] (in German). p. 1494.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.pages=1494&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pfeifer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkok1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skok, Petar (1974). <i>Etimologijski rjecnk hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika</i> [<i>Etymological dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian language</i>] (in Serbo-Croatian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etimologijski+rjecnk+hrvatskoga+ili+srpskoga+jezika&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Skok&rft.aufirst=Petar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokarev1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tokarev, S. A. (1982). <i>Mify narodov mira</i> <bdi lang="ru">Мифы народов мира</bdi> [<i>Myths of the Peoples of the World</i>] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mify+narodov+mira+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.pub=Sovetskaya+Entsiklopedia&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Tokarev&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasmer1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasmer, Max (1953). <i>Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Russian Etymological Dictionary</i>] (in German). Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russisches+Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.pub=Carl+Winter+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Vasmer&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachowski2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stachowski, Kamil (2005). "Wampir na rozdrożach. Etymologia wyrazu upiór – wampir w językach słowiańskich" [A vampire at the crossroads. The etymology of the word "upiór" - vampire in Slavic languages]. <i>Rocznik Slawistyczny</i> (in Polish). <b>55</b>. Wrocław: 73–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocznik+Slawistyczny&rft.atitle=Wampir+na+rozdro%C5%BCach.+Etymologia+wyrazu+upi%C3%B3r+%E2%80%93+wampir+w+j%C4%99zykach+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skich&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=73-92&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Stachowski&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthnologue2022" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/slavic">"Indo-European, Slavic"</a>. <i>Language Family Trees</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Family+Trees&rft.atitle=Indo-European%2C+Slavic&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Fslavic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominikánská" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knihovna.op.cz/library/olomouc/detail/21270">"Rimskyj misal slověnskym jazykem"</a>. <i>Dominikánská knihovna Olomouc</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dominik%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1+knihovna+Olomouc&rft.atitle=Rimskyj+misal+slov%C4%9Bnskym+jazykem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknihovna.op.cz%2Flibrary%2Folomouc%2Fdetail%2F21270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoň2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartoň, Josef (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323263500">"Miroslav Vepřek: Hlaholský misál Vojtěcha Tkadlčíka"</a> [Miroslav Vepřek: Glagolitic missal by Vojtěch Tkadlčík]. <i>AUC Theologica</i> (in Czech). <b>7</b> (2). Olomouc: Nakladatelství Centra Aletti Refugium Velehrad-Roma: 173–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14712%2F23363398.2017.25">10.14712/23363398.2017.25</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AUC+Theologica&rft.atitle=Miroslav+Vep%C5%99ek%3A+Hlaholsk%C3%BD+mis%C3%A1l+Vojt%C4%9Bcha+Tkadl%C4%8D%C3%ADka&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-178&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14712%2F23363398.2017.25&rft.aulast=Barto%C5%88&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323263500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenbergen2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steenbergen, Jan van (2018). Koutny, Ilona; Stria, Ida (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701104031/http://jki.amu.edu.pl/files/04%20Steenbergen.pdf">"Język międzysłowiański jako lingua franca dla Europy Środkowej"</a> [Interslavic Language as a Lingua Franca for the Central Europe] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Język. Komunikacja. Informacja</i> (in Polish) (13). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Rys: 47–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-65483-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-65483-72-0"><bdi>978-83-65483-72-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1896-9585">1896-9585</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jki.amu.edu.pl/files/04%20Steenbergen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J%C4%99zyk.+Komunikacja.+Informacja&rft.atitle=J%C4%99zyk+mi%C4%99dzys%C5%82owia%C5%84ski+jako+lingua+franca+dla+Europy+%C5%9Arodkowej&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=47-61&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1896-9585&rft.isbn=978-83-65483-72-0&rft.aulast=Steenbergen&rft.aufirst=Jan+van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjki.amu.edu.pl%2Ffiles%2F04%2520Steenbergen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIRB2004" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/403dd2220.html">"Ukraine: Treatment of Carpatho-Rusyns by authorities and society; state protection"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 29 January 2004. UKR42354.E<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+Treatment+of+Carpatho-Rusyns+by+authorities+and+society%3B+state+protection&rft.date=2004-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F403dd2220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Lockwood, W.B. <i>A Panorama of Indo-European Languages</i>. Hutchinson University Library, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-111020-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-111020-3">0-09-111020-3</a> hardback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-111021-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-111021-1">0-09-111021-1</a> paperback.</li> <li>Marko Jesensek, The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-242-0577-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-242-0577-2">83-242-0577-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalima1947" class="citation journal cs1">Kalima, Jalo (April 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.185585/2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64#page/n489/mode/2up">"Classifying Slavonic languages: Some remarks"</a>. <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>25</b> (65).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Classifying+Slavonic+languages%3A+Some+remarks&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=65&rft.date=1947-04&rft.aulast=Kalima&rft.aufirst=Jalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.185585%2F2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64%23page%2Fn489%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2003" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Ronald O. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDFiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-language: The View from Old Hungarian</i></a>. Los Angeles: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974265308" title="Special:BookSources/9780974265308"><bdi>9780974265308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pannonian+Slavic+Dialect+of+the+Common+Slavic+Proto-language%3A+The+View+from+Old+Hungarian&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780974265308&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Ronald+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDFiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavic_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/False_Friends_of_the_Slavist" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:False Friends of the Slavist">False Friends of the Slavist</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Slavic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Slavic Swadesh lists">Appendix:Slavic Swadesh lists</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavicnet.com/">Slavic dictionaries on Slavic Net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117045902/http://www.slavicnet.com/">Archived</a> 17 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavistik-portal.de/en.html">Slavistik-Portal</a> The Slavistics Portal (Germany)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Wiener1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Wiener" title="Leo Wiener">Leo Wiener</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Slavic Languages"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Slavic_Languages">"Slavic Languages" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavic+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Leo+Wiener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tocharian A</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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