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assault</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: sexual assault"> <meta name="keywords" content="sexual assault"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="sexual assault"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 819</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: sexual assault</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">819</span> Attitudes toward Sexual Assault: The Role of Religious Affiliation, Alcohol, and Gender</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ignacio%20Luis%20Ramirez">Ignacio Luis Ramirez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brittney%20Holcomb"> Brittney Holcomb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines attitudes toward sexual assault based on religious affiliation, religiosity, religious beliefs, attitude about sexual assault education, alcohol, and drug use. This study found respondents who identified themselves as Catholics had more negative attitudes toward sexual assault and were more likely to support victim-blaming statements than Baptists or Protestants. Respondents who indicated a greater problem with alcohol had more negative attitudes toward sexual assault and were more likely to support victim-blaming statements. In reference to gender, males had more negative attitudes toward sexual assault and were more likely to support victim-blaming statements than females. The respondent’s religiosity and religious beliefs did not affect their attitudes toward sexual assault. Additionally, attitudes about sexual assault education and drug use did not affect attitudes toward sexual assault. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title="sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religion" title=" religion"> religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alcohol" title=" alcohol"> alcohol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drugs" title=" drugs"> drugs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101067/attitudes-toward-sexual-assault-the-role-of-religious-affiliation-alcohol-and-gender" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101067.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">818</span> The Sociological and Legal Study of Sexual Assault in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeshina%20Francis%20Akindutre">Adeshina Francis Akindutre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adebolarin%20Adekanle"> Adebolarin Adekanle </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sexual assault is often considered as the most extreme form of violence that degrades and humiliates women in society. It is a widespread public health and psychological problem in Nigeria. Criminologically, sexual assaults have been considered as one of the several violent crimes targeted specifically at women and perpetrated by men. This paper attempts to examine the types of sexual assaults in Nigeria, the strategies used by the offenders, the causes, the psychological effects on the victims and the possible solutions of sexual assaults. This work also, examines the law prohibiting sexual assault in Nigeria. The authors made use of three theories: the victim precipitation approach, the feminist approach, and the psychological approach which explain why sexual assault takes place in society. Finally, it takes the Stockholm Syndrome into consideration (the treatment of victims). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feminist" title="feminist">feminist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=victims" title=" victims"> victims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=offenders" title=" offenders"> offenders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological" title=" psychological"> psychological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stockholm%20Syndrome" title=" Stockholm Syndrome"> Stockholm Syndrome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43793/the-sociological-and-legal-study-of-sexual-assault-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">560</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">817</span> Gender Norms and Psychological Mechanisms that Make Sexual Assault Possible</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moor%20Avigail">Moor Avigail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research examines gender norms that underlie the propensity to commit sexual assault and to carry it out. Factors that have been shown to relate to such propensity will be enumerated and tied to their ramifications. These include sexual objectification of women, endorsement of gender-based rape myths blaming the victim, masculine entitlement, low empathy to victims, along with elevated empathy towards rapists. Heavy use of pornography as well as a misconstruing of the meaning of refusal to sex, have also been implicated. Additionally, a cutting-edge investigation, which we have just completed, examined what seems to occur in the perpetrator's mind during the assault. No research to date has ventured to uncover what essentially allows the rape to be carried out in real time, in the sense of what mental mechanisms go into operation in rapists during the assault itself. Our findings demonstrate that dehumanization and rationalization are pivotal. On the one hand, the perpetrator apparently allows himself to disregard the victim's humanity while simultaneously justifying his actions in relation to the victim's behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20norms" title="gender norms">gender norms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20psychology" title=" gender psychology"> gender psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168816/gender-norms-and-psychological-mechanisms-that-make-sexual-assault-possible" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">816</span> Effective Sexual Assault Treatment as Viewed by Survivors and Expert Therapists</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avigail%20Moor">Avigail Moor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rape and sexual assault have been widely linked to severe psychological sequelae, the recovery from which often requires professional help. Thanks to the current shift in societal attitudes towards sexual violence, the victim's perspective is increasingly being heard. The present study is yet another step in that direction. Through the investigation of what recovered survivors of sexual assault identify as the therapeutic interventions that most assisted them in overcoming their trauma, guidelines for optimal sexual assault treatment are established. These receive further support from a comparison with expert therapists as to what they view as being most conducive to recovery from rape. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 survivors who have experienced a successful course of therapy and 15 therapists with extensive expertise in the field. The results document considerable agreement between the two perspectives, which share much in common. First, irrespective of the specific techniques involved, both survivors and therapists placed the greatest importance on a respectful and validating therapeutic relationship, that operates to counter the dehumanization and degradation entailed in the assault. In addition, specific interventions were identified, which include the reprocessing of all rape-specific peri-traumatic reactions coupled with the intentional countering of their consequences within the therapeutic relationship. Together, these reports provide a detailed account of post-rape treatment needs and the interventions required for their effective resolution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title="sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape" title=" rape"> rape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment%20efficacy" title=" treatment efficacy"> treatment efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survivors" title=" survivors"> survivors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105999/effective-sexual-assault-treatment-as-viewed-by-survivors-and-expert-therapists" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">815</span> Disclosure in the Defence of Sexual Assault</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tony%20Zipp">Tony Zipp</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper will identify developments in the law in British Columbia, Canada, to disclosure to be provided to the defense in cases of sexual misconduct and sexual assault. Disclosure is the keystone to providing a full and robust defense to such charges. The investigation of sexual misconduct and sexual assault involving children usually involves multiple government agencies. This includes child welfare agencies, police and other social service participants. This paper will examine situations in which Courts have ordered disclosure of material from non-police agencies in criminal cases of charges of sexual assault when that material is ‘obviously relevant’ to the charges to enable the defense to present full answer and defense to the charges. The methodology of the oral presentation/paper will be a case analysis of decisions of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, the British Columbia Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada in the area of disclosure to the defense in criminal trials, including those for sexual assault and sexual misconduct. The emphasis will be on the decisions that expand the disclosure available. The robust defense of these charges is significant to the rule of law as it engenders public confidence in the Judicial system by remembering to protect the innocent while prosecuting these allegations. As such, disclosure is fundamental to human rights and human security. Human rights and human security cannot exclusively be confined to alleged victims but must also protect the rights of those charged to a fair Judicial process. This oral presentation/paper will illustrate that fulsome disclosure enhances the rule of law and law enforcement rather than hinders the prosecution of charges. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defence" title="defence">defence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20misconduct" title=" sexual misconduct"> sexual misconduct</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189376/disclosure-in-the-defence-of-sexual-assault" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189376.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">814</span> Systematic Review of Sexual Assault Prevention Methods for Older Adults: Exploring the Hidden Needs of a Growing Population</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Hand">Michelle Hand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brieanne%20Beaujolais"> Brieanne Beaujolais</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rape stereotypes have long involved the assault of young females by strangers desiring sex. As such, older adult women and men have largely been excluded from research, policies, and awareness raising initiatives to address sexual violence. Moreover sexual assault accounts for the most underreported type of abuse experienced by older adults, highlighting a need to expand our knowledge base in this area. Thus a systematic review of peer-reviewed scholarly articles and reports was conducted to explore the ways sexual assault has been prevented among older adults in recent years and to identify implications for researchers and practitioners as they aim to meet the needs of this population. Articles and reports published during or after 2007 were eligible if their focus included methods to address sex abuse among older adults as well as practice or research implications. Forty-four articles met this criteria and were included in this systematic review. The findings from this review will provide an in-depth understanding of the under-researched issue of sexual violence among older adult women and men as well as current prevention strategies. In addition, implications and recommendations will be provided for practitioners, educators and researchers as they aim to meet the hidden needs of this growing yet under-researched population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elder" title="elder">elder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape" title=" rape"> rape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20violence" title=" sexual violence"> sexual violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68310/systematic-review-of-sexual-assault-prevention-methods-for-older-adults-exploring-the-hidden-needs-of-a-growing-population" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">813</span> Psychosocial Correlates of Sexual Violence Among Students in Higher Institutions in Cameroon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agbor%20Ekama%20Prisca%20Anne">Agbor Ekama Prisca Anne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current data on the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of sexual violence in the Cameroon is lacking, with the most recent sexual abuse and violence survey dating back to 2001. The current study sought to identify what proportion of University students have experienced sexual violence, if there are sex differences in exposure to different forms of sexual violence, and to what extent different forms of sexual violence are associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes. A nationally representative sample of University students (N = 1,020) completed self-report measures of history of sexual violence and mental health. Approximately one-in-three (34.4%) students experienced some form of sexual violence, including 14.8% who were sexually assaulted (raped) and 31.1% who were sexually harassed. Female students were significantly more likely than men to have experienced all forms of sexual violence (ps < .001), with the exception of sexual assault by teachers or guardian. All forms of sexual violence were associated with an increased likelihood of serious mental health problems, with sexual assault by a teacher associated with several other psychosocial outcomes in life, including education achievement, and behavior disorder. Sexual violence is a common experience in the general population and female students are disproportionately affected (1-in-2 girls versus 1-in-5 boys). Additional resources to increase mental health care among survivors of sexual violence is urgently needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychosocial" title="psychosocial">psychosocial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects%20sexual" title=" effects sexual"> effects sexual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=females" title=" females"> females</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students" title=" students"> students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164467/psychosocial-correlates-of-sexual-violence-among-students-in-higher-institutions-in-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">812</span> Refining Sexual Assault Treatment: Recovered Survivors and Expert Therapists Concur on Effective Therapy Components</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avigail%20Moor">Avigail Moor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Otmazgin"> Michal Otmazgin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hagar%20Tsiddon"> Hagar Tsiddon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avivit%20Mahazri"> Avivit Mahazri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of the present study was to refine sexual assault therapy through the examination of the level of agreement between survivor and therapist assessments of key recovery-promoting therapeutic interventions. This is the first study to explore the level of agreement between those who partake in the treatment process from either position. Semi structured interviews were conducted in this qualitative study with 10 survivors and 10 experienced therapists. The results document considerable concurrence between them regarding relational and trauma processing treatment components alike. Together, these reports outline key effective interventions, both common and specific in nature, concomitantly supported by both groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title="sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape%20treatment" title=" rape treatment"> rape treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapist%20training" title=" therapist training"> therapist training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychotherapy" title=" psychotherapy"> psychotherapy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184877/refining-sexual-assault-treatment-recovered-survivors-and-expert-therapists-concur-on-effective-therapy-components" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184877.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">811</span> Male Versatile Sexual Offenders in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huang%20Yueh%20Chen">Huang Yueh Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng%20Ang%20Shen"> Sheng Ang Shen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Sexual assault has always been a highly anticipated crime in Taiwan. People assume that the career of sexual offenders tends to be highly specialized. This study hopes to analyze the crime career and risk factors of offenders by means of another classification. Methods: A total of 145 sexual offenders were sentenced on the parole or expiration date from 2009 to 2011, through analysis of official existing documents such as ‘Re-infringement risk assessment report’ and ‘case assessment report’. Results: The section ‘Various Types of Crimes ‘ of criminal career is analyzed. The highest number of ‘ versatile sexual offender’ followed by ‘adult sexual offender’ is about 2.5, representing more than 1.5 kinds of non-sex crimes besides sexual crimes. Different specialized sexual offenders have had extensive experience in the ‘Sexual Assault Experiences in Children and School’, ‘Static 99 Levels’, ‘Pre-Commuted Substance Use’, ‘Excited Deviant Sexual Behavior’, ‘Various Types of Crimes,’ and ‘Sexual Crime in Forerunner’ , ‘Type of Index Crime’ and other projects to achieve significant differences. Conclusions: Resources continue to be devoted to specialized offenders, the character of first-time sexual offender depends on further research and makes the public aware of the different assumptions of diversified offenders from traditional professional offenses that reduce unnecessary panic in society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=versatile%20sexual%20offender" title="versatile sexual offender">versatile sexual offender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specialized%20sexual%20offender" title=" specialized sexual offender"> specialized sexual offender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20career" title=" criminal career"> criminal career</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factor" title=" risk factor"> risk factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103629/male-versatile-sexual-offenders-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">810</span> A Critique of Contemporary Sexual Liberation: A Third Way Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sydelle%20Barreto">Sydelle Barreto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sexual liberation has been thought of as a movement, an idea, and an antithesis of material oppression. Within feminism it has consistently resisted definition - different feminist schools of thought had entirely different constructions of what liberated feminine sexuality could look like and how we might get there. This paper will critique the current definition of sexual liberation as being limited and carceral in its perspectives of sexual assault and extremely reductive in its imaginings of sexual liberation. The ultimate goal of this assessment is to potentially outline what true sexual liberation might look like in a way that is inclusive but not ignorant of the realities of the patriarchy. The first critique of sexual liberation included in the paper centers around the limits of consent, carceral feminism and sexual subjectivity. The argument will build off the traditionally sex-negative critiques of consent as being limited in scope by explaining how a lack of nuance is even more dangerous to victims of sexual violations. The discussion will also expand an interrogant of consent to an interrogation of wantedness and desire. If we understand that critiquing the conditions of consent is important, we must also critique the way patriarchy and compulsory sexuality have affected desire. Using the aforementioned concept of compulsory sexuality, the paper will argue that while sexual liberation has begun to include queer and transgender individuals, it is still overwhelmingly allonormative. Sex positivity and its opponents both fail to include asexuality. This ultimately leads to a conflation of sexual liberation with genuine material liberation. Just as we cannot divorce our constructions of sexual liberation from the realities of the patriarchy and rape culture, we should consider compulsory sexuality as its own system of social regulation. The conclusion will begin to construct an alternative vision of sexual liberation, leveraging concepts of sexual subjectivity, including a rejection of carceral feminism as a response to sexual violence, and finally, leading to the beginnings of a deconstruction of compulsory sexuality. The paper concludes with a vision of sexual liberation that does not confuse itself with material liberation or mere sexual oppression, but rather a key way stops on the road to constructing our most authentic sexual selves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feminism" title="feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20liberation" title=" sexual liberation"> sexual liberation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consent" title=" consent"> consent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136376/a-critique-of-contemporary-sexual-liberation-a-third-way-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136376.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">809</span> Still a Man’s World? Rape Myth Acceptance, Attitudes Towards Women and Traditional Male Gender Role Beliefs in a Sample of British Military Veterans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20Beck">Jessica Beck</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite efforts to address the issue through prevention and education, sexual assault remains an issue within the military. Rape supportive beliefs have been identified as a risk factor linked to sexually aggressive and coercive behaviours. Rape myth acceptance is part of a wider cognitive framework of attitudes which perpetuate negative sociocultural norms about the male role. Notwithstanding the established links between rape myth acceptance, attitudinal variables, and rape proclivity, relatively little research has been conducted with military samples. In this study, 151 British military veterans completed an online survey measuring their rape myth acceptance, attitudes towards women, belief in male role norms and basic personality traits. Consistent with previous research, male veterans had higher levels of rape myth acceptance, more negative attitudes towards women, and subscribed to more traditional notions of masculinity. The types of myths endorsed also varied by gender, with male veterans significantly more likely to blame rape victims or believe women regularly lie about being raped. A relationship between rape myth acceptance, negative attitudes towards women, and adherence to male norms was found, which explained a significant proportion of the variance in rape myth acceptance. Implications for sexual assault prevention programmes are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape%20myths" title="rape myths">rape myths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape%20myth%20acceptance" title=" rape myth acceptance"> rape myth acceptance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20sexual%20assault" title=" military sexual assault"> military sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault%20beliefs" title=" sexual assault beliefs"> sexual assault beliefs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161174/still-a-mans-world-rape-myth-acceptance-attitudes-towards-women-and-traditional-male-gender-role-beliefs-in-a-sample-of-british-military-veterans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">808</span> Attitudes Towards Different Types of Rape</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avigail%20Moor">Avigail Moor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rape by an acquaintance is a prevalent type of sexual assault that is often misperceived and downplayed. To date, there has been no empirical investigation of the prevailing social attitudes towards this type of rape as compared to stranger rape. The present study seeks to address this issue by evaluating widely held attitudes towards these different types of rape. The mediating role of gender and rape myths acceptance is assessed as well. Three hundred and twenty participants, equally divided by gender, completed self-report questionnaires. The results indicate that sexual coercion by strangers is perceived as rape to a significantly greater degree than forced sex by an acquaintance, which in turn is believed to be more harmful than coercion within a steady relationship, particularly by men who view rape in accordance with prevailing rape-supportive attitudes. The same pattern of differentiation emerged in the participants' attitudes toward the psychological harm expected following each, as well as the advisability of reporting the incidents to the police. Implications for preventive efforts are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape%20supportive%20attitudes" title="rape supportive attitudes">rape supportive attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquaintance%20rape" title=" acquaintance rape"> acquaintance rape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20differences" title=" gender differences"> gender differences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107970/attitudes-towards-different-types-of-rape" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">807</span> The Effect of Sexual Assault on Sport Participation Trajectories from Adolescence through Young Adulthood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung%20Gun%20Lee">Chung Gun Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: Certain life change events were shown to have strong effects on physical activity-related behavior, but more research is needed to investigate the longer-term effects of different life change events on physical activity-related behaviors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of experiencing physically or non-physically forced sexual activity on sports participation from adolescence to young adulthood. Methods: This study used the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data. Group-based trajectory modeling was utilized to examine the effect of experiencing sexual assault on trajectories of sports participation from adolescence to young adulthood. Results: Male participants were divided into three trajectory groups (i.e., Low-stable, High-decreasing, and High-stable) and female participants were divided into two trajectory groups (i.e., Low-stable and High-decreasing). The main finding of this study is that women who experienced non-physically forced sexual activity significantly decreases sports participation throughout the trajectory in ‘High-decreasing group.’ The effect of non-physically forced sexual activity on women’s sports participation was considerably weakened and became insignificant after including psychological depression in the model as a potential mediator. Discussion: Special attention should be paid to sport participation among women victims of non-physically forced sexual activity. Further studies are needed to examine other potential mediators in addition to psychological depression when examining the effect of non-physically forced sexual activity on sport participation in women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescent" title="adolescent">adolescent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group-based%20trajectory%20modeling" title=" group-based trajectory modeling"> group-based trajectory modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20adult" title=" young adult"> young adult</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88011/the-effect-of-sexual-assault-on-sport-participation-trajectories-from-adolescence-through-young-adulthood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">806</span> Evaluation of the Relations between Childhood Trauma and Dissociative Experiences, Self-Perception, and Early Maladaptive Schemes in Sexual Assault Convicts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safak%20Akdemir">Safak Akdemir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the relationships between childhood traumas and dissociative experiences, self-perceptions and early maladaptive schemas in male convicts convicted of sexual assault crimes in prison. In our study, male convicts in prison for the crime of sexual assault constitute the experimental group, and the participants matched with this experimental group in terms of education, age and gender constitute the control group. The experimental group of the research consists of 189 male individuals who are convicted in the Ministry of Justice, General Directorate of Prisons, Istanbul/Maltepe L Type Closed Prison. The control group of this study consists of 147 adult males matched with the experimental group in terms of age, gender and education parameters. A total of 336 adult male individuals are included in the sample of this study. 46% of the experimental group were convicted of only sexual assault, 54% of them were convicted of both sexual assault and murder, injury and drug crimes. Total of five data collection tools, namely the Personal Information Form created by S. A. & E. O., Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF3), were completed. DES cut-off score of 99 (52.39%) of 189 convicts in the experimental group and 12 (8.17%) of 147 people in the control group was found to be 30 and above, and this result indicates the presence of pathological dissociative experiences. 180 (95.23%) of the sexual assault convicts in the experimental group had at least one childhood trauma, 154 (81.48%) were emotional neglect, 140 (74.07%) were emotional abuse, 121 (64.02%) were physical neglect, 91 (4814%) physical abuse and 70 (37.03%) sexual abuse. 168 (88.88%) of the experimental group reported multiple type of trauma and 12 (6.34%) reported single type of trauma. While the childhood traumas, isolation, abandonment and emotional deprivation schema levels of the convicts with a DES cut-off score of 30 and above are higher than the convicts with a DES cut-off score of 30 and above, their self-esteem is lower than this group. Experimental group while childhood traumas, dissociative experiences and early maladaptive schemas are higher than the control group, their self-esteem levels are lower. Dissociative experiences, abandonment and emotional deprivation early maladaptive schemas are more common in convicts aged between 18-30 years compared to convicts aged 31 and over. In addition, dissociative experiences and early maladaptive schemas of male convicts who reported physical and sexual abuse were higher than those who did not report physical and sexual abuse, while their self-esteem was at a lower level. As a result, in terms of psychotraumatology and clinical forensic psychology, dissociative disorders developed under the influence of chronic childhood traumas, with clinical interviews and psychometric measurements to be made in terms of forensic psychiatry; it is of fundamental importance to evaluate it in terms of neurosis-psychosis distinction, disability retirement, custody, malpractice, criminal and legal capacity criteria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crime" title="crime">crime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminology" title=" criminology"> criminology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape%20crimes" title=" rape crimes"> rape crimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissocitative%20disorders" title=" dissocitative disorders"> dissocitative disorders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maladative%20schemas" title=" maladative schemas"> maladative schemas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173311/evaluation-of-the-relations-between-childhood-trauma-and-dissociative-experiences-self-perception-and-early-maladaptive-schemes-in-sexual-assault-convicts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">805</span> Persistence of DNA on Clothes Contaminated by Semen Stains after Washing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashraf%20Shebl">Ashraf Shebl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bassam%20Garah"> Bassam Garah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radah%20Youssef"> Radah Youssef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sexual assault is usually a hidden crime where the only witnesses are the victim and the assailant. For a variety of reasons, even the victim may be unable to provide a detailed account of the assault or the identity of the perpetrator. Often the case history deteriorates into one person’s word against another. With such limited initial information, the physical and biological evidence collected from the victim, from the crime scene, and from the suspect will play a pivotal role in the objective and scientific reconstruction of the events in question. The aim of work is to examine whether DNA profiles could be recovered from repeated washed clothes after contaminated by semen stains. Fresh semen about 1ml. ( <1 h old) taken from donor was deposited on four types of clothes (cotton, silk, polyester, and jeans). Then leave to dry in room temperature and washed by washing machine at temperature (30°C-60°C) and by hand washing. Some items of clothing were washed once, some twice and others three times. DNA could be extracted from some of these samples even after multiple washing. This study demonstrates that complete DNA profiles can be obtained from washed semen stains on different types of clothes, even after many repeated washing. These results indicated that clothes of the victims must be examined even if they were washed many times. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title="sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title=" DNA"> DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persistence" title=" persistence"> persistence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clothes" title=" clothes"> clothes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86168/persistence-of-dna-on-clothes-contaminated-by-semen-stains-after-washing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">804</span> Violent, Psychological, Sexual and Abuse-Related Emergency Department Usage amongst Pediatric Victims of Physical Assault and Gun Violence: A Case-Control Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Elizabeth%20Bernardin">Mary Elizabeth Bernardin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margie%20Batek"> Margie Batek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Moen"> Joseph Moen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Schnadower"> David Schnadower</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Injuries due to interpersonal violence are a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits amongst the American pediatric population. Gun violence, in particular, is associated with high morbidity, mortality as well as financial costs. Patterns of pediatric ED usage may be an indicator of risk for future violence, but very little data on the topic exists. Objective: The aims of this study were to assess for frequencies of ED usage for previous interpersonal violence, mental/behavioral issues, sexual/reproductive issues and concerns for abuse in youths presenting to EDs due to physical assault injuries (PAIs) compared to firearm injuries (FIs). Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, ED charts of children ages 8-19 years who presented with injuries due to interpersonal violent encounters from 2014-2017 were reviewed. Data was collected regarding all previous ED visits for injuries due to interpersonal violence (including physical assaults and firearm injuries), mental/behavioral health visits (including depression, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, homicidal ideation and violent behavior), sexual/reproductive health visits (including sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy related issues), and concerns for abuse (including physical abuse or domestic violence, neglect, sexual abuse, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence). Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of gun violence based on previous ED visits amongst physical assault injured versus firearm injured youths. Results: A total of 407 patients presenting to the ED for an interpersonal violent encounter were analyzed, 251 (62%) of which were due to physical assault injuries (PAIs) and 156 (38%) due to firearm injuries (FIs). The majority of both PAI and FI patients had no previous history of ED visits for violence, mental/behavioral health, sexual/reproductive health or concern for abuse (60.8% PAI, 76.3% FI). 19.2% of PAI and 13.5% of FI youths had previous ED visits for physical assault injuries (OR 0.68, P=0.24, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.29). 1.6% of PAI and 3.2% of FI youths had a history of ED visits for previous firearm injuries (OR 3.6, P=0.34, 95% CI 0.04 to 2.95). 10% of PAI and 3.8% of FI youths had previous ED visits for mental/behavioral health issues (OR 0.91, P=0.80, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.93). 10% of PAI and 2.6% of FI youths had previous ED visits due to concerns for abuse (OR 0.76, P=0.55, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.86). Conclusions: There are no statistically significant differences between physical assault-injured and firearm-injured youths in terms of ED usage for previous violent injuries, mental/behavioral health visits, sexual/reproductive health visits or concerns for abuse. However, violently injured youths in this study have more than twice the number of previous ED usage for physical assaults and mental health visits than previous literature indicates. Data comparing ED usage of victims of interpersonal violence to nonviolent ED patients is needed, but this study supports the notion that EDs may be a useful place for identification of and enrollment in interventions for youths most at risk for future violence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20abuse" title="child abuse">child abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20department%20usage" title=" emergency department usage"> emergency department usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20gun%20violence" title=" pediatric gun violence"> pediatric gun violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20interpersonal%20violence" title=" pediatric interpersonal violence"> pediatric interpersonal violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20mental%20health" title=" pediatric mental health"> pediatric mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20reproductive%20health" title=" pediatric reproductive health"> pediatric reproductive health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102720/violent-psychological-sexual-and-abuse-related-emergency-department-usage-amongst-pediatric-victims-of-physical-assault-and-gun-violence-a-case-control-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">803</span> 'Naming, Blaming, Shaming': Sexual Assault Survivors' Perceptions of the Practice of Shaming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anat%20Peleg">Anat Peleg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadar%20Dancig-Rosenberg"> Hadar Dancig-Rosenberg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This interdisciplinary study, to our knowledge the first in this field, is located on the intersection of victimology-law and society-and media literature, and it corresponds both with feminist writing and with cyber literature which explores the techno-social sphere. It depicts the multifaceted dimensions of shaming in the eyes of the survivors through the following research questions: What are the motivations of sexual-assault survivors to publicize the assailants' identity or to refrain from this practice? Is shaming on Facebook perceived by sexual–assault victims as a substitute for the CJS or as a new form of social activism? What positive and negative consequences do survivors experience as a result of shaming their assailants online? The study draws on in-depth semi-structured interviews which we have conducted between 2016-2018 with 20 sexual-assaults survivors who exposed themselves on Facebook. They were sexually attacked in various forms: six participants reported that they had been raped when they were minors; eight women reported that they had been raped as adults; three reported that they had been victims of an indecent act and three reported that they had been harassed either in their workplace or in the public sphere. Most of our interviewees (12) reported to the police and were involved in criminal procedures. More than half of the survivors (11) disclosed the identity of their attackers online. The vocabularies of motives that have emerged from the thematic analysis of the interviews with the survivors consist of both social and personal motivations for using the practice of shaming online. Some survivors maintain that the use of shaming derives from the decline in the public trust in the criminal justice system. It reflects demand for accountability and justice and serves also as a practice of warning other potential victims of the assailants. Other survivors assert that shaming people in a position of privilege is meant to fulfill the public right to know who these privileged men really are. However, these aforementioned moral and practical justifications of the practice of shaming are often mitigated by fear from the attackers' physical or legal actions in response to their allegations. Some interviewees who are feminist activists argue that the practice of shaming perpetuates the social ancient tendency to define women by labels linking them to the men who attacked them, instead of being defined by their own life complexities. The variety of motivations to adopt or resent the practice of shaming by sexual assault victims presented in our study appear to refute the prevailing intuitive stereotype that shaming is an irrational act of revenge, and denote its rationality. The role of social media as an arena for seeking informal justice raises questions about the new power relations created between victims, assailants, the community and the State, outside the formal criminal justice system. At the same time, the survivors' narratives also uncover the risks and pitfalls embedded within the online sphere for sexual assault survivors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20justice" title="criminal justice">criminal justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Facebook" title=" Facebook"> Facebook</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual-assaults" title=" sexual-assaults"> sexual-assaults</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106862/naming-blaming-shaming-sexual-assault-survivors-perceptions-of-the-practice-of-shaming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106862.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">802</span> Transgenders Rights in Pakistan: From an Islamic Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaid%20Haris">Zaid Haris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the beginning of time, transgender people have faced difficult circumstances, particularly in Pakistan. They have experienced discrimination, physical abuse, sexual assault, and murder in their lives. In response to their complaints, the Pakistani Supreme Court established a landmark that enables them to participate in society on an equal base. As a result, transgendered people living all around Pakistan have seen their legal, political, and cultural advocacy blossom since 2009. In order to provide and defend the human rights of Pakistan's transgender persons, this paper aims to identify and analyse the constitutional and legal framework set out there. The Supreme Court's momentous decision sparked legal reform in the nation for these rights, most notably the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of 2017, a bill that was filed in Parliament. The implementation of the rights granted to transgender people in Pakistan, whether it relates to education, health, or any other area, requires close inspection. Additionally, for society to be accepting and inclusive, a significant and radical change in behaviour is required. This paper also includes the interviews of a few transgenders from Pakistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title="discrimination">discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islam" title=" islam"> islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pakistan" title=" pakistan"> pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20abuse" title=" physical abuse"> physical abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transgenders" title=" transgenders"> transgenders</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155316/transgenders-rights-in-pakistan-from-an-islamic-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">801</span> Women Executives: A Panacea to Incessant Sexual Assaults in Higher Institutions, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Imo State Nigeria as a Case Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ujunma%20Nnenna%20Egbuawa">Ujunma Nnenna Egbuawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rape or sexual assault is a hideous crime of violence done predominantly to women and occasionally to men. In institutions of higher learning, it’s mostly experienced within or outside the campus environment due to students who are from different backgrounds socially. These students also have been imbibed with conflicting ethical standards, thus act both morally and amoral with respect to their sexual urges. The most affected among these are the female students who live outside the campus environment that is suitable for any immoral activity. These female students that are victims of rape hardly would want to be identified and this has left them as habitual prey to the unsuspecting predators. The socio-cultural setting has also been a contributory factor to the psychological and physical damage these victims face throughout their time of study as female rape victims. This is an empirical study designed to elicit information from students of Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri Imo State Nigeria on whether they have been sexually assaulted or raped and how they handled it thereafter. This institution was used as a case study because the provost of this tertiary institution is a woman whose name is Dr( Mrs ) C.U Njoku who has made consented efforts to ensure these rape victims rise above the social stigma associated with it. This rector has also put in some measures to bring about a decline in cases of rape within and outside the campus environment. She also granted the researcher an oral interview on how she has been able to achieve these and the challenges she hitherto faced in the process. Three research questions and a hypothesis guided the study. Samples of 119 students were used and stratification was done for sex, age and the academic level of the students. 14 item questionnaires were used and data generated from the survey were analyzed using percentages. This workshop would engage the participants by investigating some courses that may help in declining the rate of rape cases within a campus. Also, necessary measures that would be taken to help in sensitizing the tertiary institutions in areas that can aid the healing procedures of these victims. The need also for guidance and counseling unit is also a necessity for the psychological survival of these rape victims. As a result, the participants would gain an increased awareness of the influence of rape and sexual assault on campus. There ought to be a paradigm shift in institutions of higher learning in policies, administrative decisions and introduction of courses that will uplift ethical standards in order to bring about a change both locally and globally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title="institutions">institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological" title=" psychological"> psychological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault" title=" sexual assault"> sexual assault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-cultural" title=" socio-cultural"> socio-cultural</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87982/women-executives-a-panacea-to-incessant-sexual-assaults-in-higher-institutions-federal-polytechnic-nekede-imo-state-nigeria-as-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">800</span> Factors Associated with Injuries and Trauma Among the Survivors of Gender-Based Violence in Afghanistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Akbar%20Paiman">Mohammad Akbar Paiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasmin%20Nadeem%20Parpio"> Yasmin Nadeem Parpio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naureen%20Akbarali"> Naureen Akbarali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khwaja%20Mir%20Islam%20Saeed"> Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murad%20Moosa%20Khan"> Murad Moosa Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) is widely considered a significant public health problem that is associated with acute morbidity and mortality. GBV is commonly understood as a physical, sexual, and mental assault from intimate partners, sexual violence by non-partners, sexual assault of girls, and acts like trafficking women for sex. Objective: This study aimed to determine the factors associated with injuries and trauma among victims of GBV in Afghanistan. Method: We conducted a record-based analysis of the data collected by the Gender Department of the Family Protection Centre nationally between November 2013 and October 2019. Cross-tabulation between different variables such as age, sex, marital status, and type of violence and associations between different types of violence, age, gender, and geographical location was determined using the logistic regression model. Results: During the study period, there were a total of 58,160 GBV in Afghanistan. Most of the victims were women 98% with over three-quarters being adults 78%. Most of the victims were married 76%, followed by single 14%, widowed 5%, and engaged 5%. Over three-quarters of the violence, 73% was observed in the victim’s house while nearly one-quarter of the violence 24 % occurred in the perpetrator’s house. Conclusions: GBV is a significant public health problem in Afghanistan that needs to be addressed at multiple levels including policy, state, and community as well as by raising public awareness and education and a strong code of conduct against GBV by all stakeholders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender-based%20violence" title="gender-based violence">gender-based violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20and%20psychological%20violence" title=" physical and psychological violence"> physical and psychological violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injuries" title=" injuries"> injuries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afghanistan" title=" Afghanistan"> Afghanistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184883/factors-associated-with-injuries-and-trauma-among-the-survivors-of-gender-based-violence-in-afghanistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184883.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">54</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">799</span> Developmental Trajectories of Distress and Suicide Risk Following Exposure to Military Sexual Trauma in US Military Service Members</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20K.%20Blais">Rebecca K. Blais</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lindsey%20Monteith"> Lindsey Monteith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hallie%20Tannahill"> Hallie Tannahill</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Military sexual trauma (MST) includes sexual harassment or assault that occurred during military service. Studies conducted to date on the association of MST with mental health and suicide outcomes are generally circumscribed to either active duty or veteran samples, precluding a thorough analysis of developmental trajectories of distress following MST within the context of ongoing (vs. discharged from) military service. The Military Social Science Laboratory has collected data on mixed service samples of men and women service members, addressing this important literature gap. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of MST, suicide risk, PTSD, depression, alcohol use, and posttraumatic cognitions using two separate samples, which collectively allow for a comprehensive examination of the development of distress following MST. The first sample consisted of 1389 men and women service members and veterans with varying levels of MST severity, including no MST, harassment-only MST, and assault MST. The second sample consisted of 400 men and women service members, all reporting the highest severity of MST, assault MST. In both samples, roughly half reported being discharged from service. Participants completed self-report measures of MST exposure severity, suicide ideation, suicide risk, PTSD, depression, alcohol misuse, and posttraumatic cognitions, as well as perceptions of how the military responded to their MST. Relative to those still serving in the US military, veterans were more likely to endorse suicidal ideation, higher PTSD symptoms, and higher depression symptoms if they felt the military mishandled their experience of MST (referred to as perceived institutional betrayal). However, among those reporting the most severe MST, veterans reported lower alcohol misuse and more adaptive posttraumatic cognitions. These findings suggest that those separated from the military experience different posttraumatic aftermath following MST relative to those who are currently serving in the military. Such findings suggest critical differences in the developmental trajectory of distress, necessitating different interventions to successfully reduce distress and dysfunction. Additional analyses will explore the impact of gender on these associations and explore full mechanistic models of distress grouped by discharged status. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20sexual%20trauma" title="military sexual trauma">military sexual trauma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PTSD" title=" PTSD"> PTSD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suicide" title=" suicide"> suicide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developmental%20trajectories" title=" developmental trajectories"> developmental trajectories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title=" depression"> depression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152150/developmental-trajectories-of-distress-and-suicide-risk-following-exposure-to-military-sexual-trauma-in-us-military-service-members" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">798</span> Erotica in Ghana: Gendered Negotiations of Erotic Sexual Pleasure in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Y.%20Fiaveh">Daniel Y. Fiaveh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20P.K.%20Okyerefo"> Michael P.K. Okyerefo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clara%20K.%20Fayorsey"> Clara K. Fayorsey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although sexual pleasure is an important aspect of human sexuality, there is little knowledge on how women and men negotiate pleasure in Ghana. The paper explores women and men’s agency in negotiating sexual pleasure in an urban community in Ghana based on the narratives of 20 women and 16 men. Specifically, we explore meanings of sexual pleasure, the erotic factors that stimulate sexual pleasure, and how women and men negotiate for these factors. Women are active negotiators of stimulants of sexual pleasure based on symbolic meanings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eroticism" title="eroticism">eroticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20pleasure" title=" sexual pleasure"> sexual pleasure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20negotiation" title=" sexual negotiation"> sexual negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21121/erotica-in-ghana-gendered-negotiations-of-erotic-sexual-pleasure-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">611</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">797</span> Sex Positions Decisions and Negotiations of Sexual Pleasure and Gender in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Y.%20Fiaveh">Daniel Y. Fiaveh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chimaraoke%20O.%20Izugbara"> Chimaraoke O. Izugbara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the narratives of 20 women and 16 men, the paper explores how knowing more about the factors that trigger sex positions decisions advance knowledge of male and female sexuality, and how these translate into higher levels of female sexual negotiations in Ghana. Findings demonstrated that the willingness to perform sex positions or not were gendered and derive, at least in part, from differences in demographic profiles (such as age, gender, and marriage), beliefs associated with sexual practices (such as anal sex), the desire to maximize sexual pleasure, and sexual myths and misconceptions e.g. fear of infecundity. The women were not passive to sex positions decisions and engaged in a dialogical sexual encounter with men including threats of sexual refusal in negotiating sex. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20positions" title="sexual positions">sexual positions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20pleasure" title=" sexual pleasure"> sexual pleasure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=masculinity" title=" masculinity"> masculinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=femininity" title=" femininity"> femininity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21119/sex-positions-decisions-and-negotiations-of-sexual-pleasure-and-gender-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21119.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">796</span> More than Words: Literature Review of Sexual Culture for People Who are Deaf</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eliza%20F.%20Dunn">Eliza F. Dunn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scripts are a hypothetical outline or roadmap to life as defined by culture. Sexual scripts are similarly a roadmap for what to expect in dating and sexual experiences. The articles for this review were found by searching three databases and refining 621 articles to 13 that are used in the results section. Some ways deaf sexual scripts vary from Traditional Sexual Scripts (TSS) are in the areas of gendered roles and sexual themes, which were both absent in deaf sexual scripts. Theories for why these differences exist are explored: the presence or absence of sexual education or the effects of intimate partner violence due to being a part of a disabled community. Finally, unique sexual flourishing for people who are d/Deaf found in studies was discussed, suggesting the needed perspective of resilience to be a focus of future research to fully understand deaf sexual scripts. Future research is discussed, noting the need for defining aspects of deaf sexual scripts in detail and studying the differences between these scripts and the TSS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deaf" title="deaf">deaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deafness" title=" deafness"> deafness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20scripts" title=" sexual scripts"> sexual scripts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lift%20scripts" title=" lift scripts"> lift scripts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20flourishing" title=" sexual flourishing"> sexual flourishing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185351/more-than-words-literature-review-of-sexual-culture-for-people-who-are-deaf" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185351.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">795</span> The Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of College Students from Only-Child Families: A National Survey in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiashu%20Shen">Jiashu Shen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims at exploring the characteristics of sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Chinese college students from the 'one-child' families compared with those with siblings. This study utilized the data from the 'National College Student Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019'. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between the 'only-child' and their sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and risky sexual behaviors (RSB) stratified by sex and home regions, respectively. Compared with students with siblings, the 'only-child' students scored higher in sex-related knowledge (only-child students: 4.49 ± 2.28, students with siblings: 3.60 ± 2.27). Stronger associations between only-child and more liberal sexual attitudes were found in urban areas, including the approval of premarital sexual intercourse (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.50-1.65) and multiple sexual partners (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.72-1.99). For risky sexual behaviors, being only-child is more likely to use condoms in first sexual intercourse, especially among male students (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.58-0.80). Only-child students are more likely to have more sexual knowledge, more liberal sexual attitude, and less risky sexual behavior. Further health policy and sex education should focus more on students with siblings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudes%20and%20behaviors" title="attitudes and behaviors">attitudes and behaviors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=only-child%20students" title=" only-child students"> only-child students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20knowledge" title=" sexual knowledge"> sexual knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students%20with%20siblings" title=" students with siblings"> students with siblings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129475/the-sexual-knowledge-attitudes-and-behaviors-of-college-students-from-only-child-families-a-national-survey-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129475.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">794</span> Examining Child Rape Provisions of Bangladesh in Comparison with Other South Asian Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monira%20Nazmi%20Jahan">Monira Nazmi Jahan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Child rape or child abuse is a serious and fearsome crime against children, which is an epidemic almost in every state of today’s world. However, in the case of Bangladesh, the scenario is terrifying. The objective of this paper is to examine the laws relating to child rape in Bangladesh as according to a renowned Daily Newspaper 'Prothom Alo', nearly 346 children are being raped since January 2019. This paper discusses and draws the difference of child rape provisions of Bangladesh with other South-Asian countries, comprises of India, Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, girls below 18 years are considered to be a child. ‘The Penal Code, 1860’ and a special law ‘Nari O Shishu Nirjatan Daman Ain, 2012’ provides that any person committing child rape will be punished with rigorous life imprisonment and fine. This piece of law also gives provisions for punishment in case of child’s death after the commission of rape and gang rape, and the punishment is the death penalty. In India there is ‘The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012’ (POSCO) which has separate provisions for sexual assault, penetrative sexual assault and aggravated penetrative sexual assault by different categories of person such as relatives, institutional officers and trustees and also for mentally and physically challenged child victims and provides punishment up to death penalty. In Pakistan, there is ‘Pakistan Penal Code Amended Act, 2016’ which has only two provisions for child rape. In case offence committed by one person, the punishment is 10 to 25 years of imprisonment and fine. In case of offence committed by two or more persons, each shall be liable to death or imprisonment for life. Unfortunately, Afghanistan has no laws for the protection of rape victims of women let alone children, whereas there are a lot of child rape cases, including both girls and boys who are used for sexual slavery. The Maldives has a special law named ‘Special Provisions Act to Deal with Child Sex Abuse Offenders.’ This has categorized the offenders like POSCO and has provided punishments accordingly. The punishments are: punishments range from 1 to 25 years accordingly, whereas Bangladesh has lesser provisions, but the gravity and duration of punishments are much higher. The Penal Code of Sri Lanka imposes a minimum sentence of 10 years for those convicted of raping a child under 18 years. In Bhutan, child rape provision is made according to the age of a child. ‘The Penal Code of Bhutan, 2004’, mentions provisions for the rape of a child in case of child rape below and above 12 years, gang rape of a child below and above 12 years and has graded the punishments as first, second and third degree. Though Bangladesh has better provisions for punishments, the ages are not categorized in the laws. In Nepal there is ‘Act relating to Children, 2018’ provisions are made for offenders who use or cause or engage child sexual exploitation, and the punishment is same for rape offenders according to prevailing laws in Nepal. No separate punishments for child offenders are made. The ultimate conclusion that can be drawn is Bangladesh has better punishments than all other South-Asian countries and same punishment as India however, Bangladesh can make or amend the laws and categorize offenders as like POSCO of India, Special provisions of Maldives and Bhutan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20rape" title="child rape">child rape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=death%20penalty" title=" death penalty"> death penalty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20slavery" title=" sexual slavery"> sexual slavery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Asia" title=" South Asia"> South Asia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109473/examining-child-rape-provisions-of-bangladesh-in-comparison-with-other-south-asian-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">793</span> A Case Study of Misinterpretation of Results in Forensic DNA Cases Due to Expression of Y- Chromosome in Females</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garima%20Chaudhary">Garima Chaudhary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The gender of an individual in forensic DNA analysis is normally accessed by using the STR multiplexes with the incorporated gender based marker amelogenin or in other words by presence or absence of Y-Chromosome, but it may not be true in all the cases. We hereby report an interesting case of a phenotypic female carrying a male karyotype (46XY). In the alleged murder case, the deceased female with XY genotype was noticed. The expression of 18 Y-linked genes was studied to measure the extent of expression. Expression at 4 loci was observed that might have caused the misinterpretation in forensic casework. This clinical situation of the deceased in this case was diagnosed as testicular feminization syndrome, which characterize a female phenotype with a male karyotype (46, XY). Most of these cases have SRY (testis determining factor). The genetic explanation of this phenomenon is not very clear. Here, we are discussing the impact of such situations of genetic discrepancy in forensic interpretation of results. In the presented murder case of a phenotypic female, sexual assault was also suspected. For confirmation vaginal swabs and micro slides were also sent to us for DNA examination. After DNA analysis using STR markers, Y-chromosome was detected in the samples which supporting the suspicion of sexual assault before murder. When the reference blood sample of the deceased was analyzed, it was found to be case of testicular feminization syndrome. Interesting inferences were made from the results obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forensic%20case%20study" title=" forensic case study"> forensic case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y%20chromosome" title=" Y chromosome"> Y chromosome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=females" title=" females"> females</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74256/a-case-study-of-misinterpretation-of-results-in-forensic-dna-cases-due-to-expression-of-y-chromosome-in-females" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74256.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">792</span> Efficacy of Single-Dose Azithromycin Therapy for the Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in Patients Evaluated for Child Sexual Abuse in an Urban Health Center 2006-16</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trenton%20Hubbard">Trenton Hubbard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenneth%20Soyemi"> Kenneth Soyemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emily%20Siffermann"> Emily Siffermann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) there are different weight-based recommendations for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in patients who are being evaluated for sexual assault. Current AAP Red Book guidelines recommend that uncomplicated C. trachomatis anogenital infection in prepubertal patients weighing less than =<45 kg be treated with oral erythromycin 50 mg/kg/day QID for 14 days with no alternative therapies, and for patients whose weight => 45 kg are Azithromycin 1 gm PO once. Our study objective was to determine the efficacy of single-dose Azithromycin therapy for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients weighing less than 50 kg who were evaluated for child sexual abuse in an urban setting. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of historical medical records (paper and electronic) patients weighing less than 50 kg who were evaluated for child sexual abuse and subsequently treated for C. trachomatis infection with Azithromycin (20 mg/kg PO once up to a maximum 1 gm) and received a Test of Cure (TOC) from 2006-2016. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean values (+/- standard deviation [SD]) if they followed a normal distribution or as median values (interquartile range[IQR]) if they did not. Wilcoxson two-sample test was used to compare means of Azithromycin Dose, mg/kg, and TOC timing between treatment responders and non-responders. Results: We reviewed records of 34 patients, average age (SD) was 5.4 (2.0) years, 33 (97%) were treated for CT and 1(3%) for both GC and CT. 25 (74%) were females. Urine PCR was the most commonly used test at evaluation and as TOC with 13 (38%) patients completing both tests. The average (SD) dose of Azithromycin at treatment was 470 (136) mg and average (SD) mg/kg dose of 20 (1.9) mg/kg for all patients. Median (IQR) timing for TOC testing was 19 (14-26) days. Of the 33 with complete data 25 (74%) had a negative TOC. When compared with treatment non-responders (TOC failures), treatment responders received higher doses (average dose (SD) received 495 (139) vs 401(110), P 0.06)); similar average (SD) weight base dosing received (20.8(2.0) vs 19.7 (1.5), P 0.15)), and earlier average (SD)TOC test timing (18.8 (5.6) vs 32 (28.6) P 0.02)). Conclusion: Azithromycin dosing appears to be efficacious in the treatment of CT post sexual assault as majority of patients responded. Although treatment responders and non-responders received similar weight based doses, there is need for additional studies to understand variances and predictors of response. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20sexual%20abuse" title="child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlmaydia%20trachmotis%20infection" title=" chlmaydia trachmotis infection"> chlmaydia trachmotis infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-dose%20azithromycin" title=" single-dose azithromycin"> single-dose azithromycin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weight%20less%20than%20or%20equal%20to%2045%20kilograms" title=" weight less than or equal to 45 kilograms"> weight less than or equal to 45 kilograms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67453/efficacy-of-single-dose-azithromycin-therapy-for-the-treatment-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-in-patients-evaluated-for-child-sexual-abuse-in-an-urban-health-center-2006-16" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">791</span> A Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryotaro%20Ishikawa">Ryotaro Ishikawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric label for a collection of psychological symptoms following a traumatic event. PTSD is as a result of a traumatic experience such as rape or sexual assault. A victim may have PTSD if she/he has experienced the following symptoms for at least a month: a) Stressor, b) Intrusion symptoms, c) Avoidance, d) Negative alterations in cognitions and mood, e) Alterations in arousal and reactivity. Studies on the cognitive theory of PTSD emphasized the roles of (a) negative appraisals of trauma memories in maintaining the symptomatology of PTSD, and (b) disorganized trauma memories in the development of PTSD. Mental contamination is primarily caused by experiences involving humans (e.g. violators or perpetrators) as opposed to substances (e.g. dirt or bodily fluids). Feelings of mental contamination may evoke following experiences of ill-treatment, sexual assault, domination, degradation, manipulation, betrayal, or humiliation. Some studies have demonstrated that traumatic thoughts related to sexual assault are particularly strong predictors of mental contamination. Treatment protocols based on cognitive-behavioral therapy appear to be beneficial in reducing the severity of PTSD and mental contamination. Studies on the cognitive theory of PTSD emphasized the roles of (A) negative appraisals of trauma memories in maintaining the symptomatology of PTSD, and (B) disorganized trauma memories in the development of PTSD. We will demonstrate a feasibility study of individual CBT for PTSD and mental contamination in Japanese clinical settings. METHOD: The single-arm trial is a group setting CBT intervention. The primary outcome is the self-rated Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, with secondary measurements of depressive severity and mental pollution questionnaire. Assessments are conducted at baseline, after a waiting period before CBT, during CBT, and after CBT. RESULTS: Participants are eligible for the study and complete the outcome measures at all assessment points. In our hypothesis, receiving CBT would lead to improvements in primary and secondary PTSD severity. CONCLUSION: We will demonstrate a feasibility study of individual CBT for PTSD and mental contamination in Japanese clinical settings. Our treatment would achieve favorable treatment outcomes for PTSD with mental contamination in Japanese clinical settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CBT" title="CBT">CBT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20theory" title=" cognitive theory"> cognitive theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PTSD" title=" PTSD"> PTSD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20pollution" title=" mental pollution"> mental pollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31338/a-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-post-traumatic-stress-disorders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">790</span> The Role of Attachment Styles, Gender Schemas, Sexual Self Schemas, and Body Exposures During Sexual Activity in Sexual Function, Marital Satisfaction, and Sexual Self-Esteem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Shareh">Hossein Shareh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhad%20Seifi"> Farhad Seifi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was to examine the role of attachment styles, gender schemas, sexual-self schemas, and body image during sexual activity in sexual function, marital satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem. The sampling method was among married women who were living in Mashhad; a snowball selected 765 people. Questionnaires and measures of adult attachment style (AAS), Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), sexual self-schema (SSS), body exposure during sexual activity questionnaire (BESAQ), sexual function female inventory (FSFI), a short form of sexual self-esteem (SSEI-W-SF) and marital satisfaction (Enrich) were completed by participants. Data analysis using Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression and case analysis was performed by SPSS-19 software. The results showed that there is a significant correlation (P <0.05) between attachment and sexual function (r=0.342), marital satisfaction (r=0.351) and sexual self-esteem (r =0.292). A correlation (P <0.05) was observed between sexual schema (r=0.342) and sexual esteem (r=0.31). A meaningful correlation (P <0.05) exists between gender stereotypes and sexual function (r=0.352). There was a significant inverse correlation (P <0.05) between body image and their performance during sexual activity (r=0.41). There is no significant relationship between gender schemas, sexual schemas, body image, and marital satisfaction, and no relation was found between gender schemas, body image, and sexual self-esteem. Also, the result of the regression showed that attachment styles, gender schemas, sexual self- schemas, and body exposures during sexual activity are predictable in sexual function, and marital satisfaction can be predicted by attachment style and gender schema. Somewhat, sexual self-esteem can be expected by attachment style and gender schemas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attachment%20styles" title="attachment styles">attachment styles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20and%20sexual%20schemas" title=" gender and sexual schemas"> gender and sexual schemas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20image" title=" body image"> body image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20function" title=" sexual function"> sexual function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marital%20satisfaction" title=" marital satisfaction"> marital satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20self-esteem" title=" sexual self-esteem"> sexual self-esteem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186720/the-role-of-attachment-styles-gender-schemas-sexual-self-schemas-and-body-exposures-during-sexual-activity-in-sexual-function-marital-satisfaction-and-sexual-self-esteem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20assault&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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