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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia and Middle East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia_and_Middle_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia and Middle East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Oman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North and Central America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_and_Central_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North and Central America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_and_Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Private university</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="جامعة خاصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة خاصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="বেসরকারি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেসরকারি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-li%CC%8Dp_t%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Su-li̍p tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-li̍p tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatni_univerzitet" title="Privatni univerzitet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Privatni univerzitet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_privada" title="Universitat privada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat privada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatuniversit%C3%A4t" title="Privatuniversität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Privatuniversität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era%C3%BClikool" title="Eraülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eraülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_privada" title="Universidad privada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad privada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privata_universitato" title="Privata universitato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Privata universitato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsitate_pribatu" title="Unibertsitate pribatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsitate pribatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C" title="دانشگاه خصوصی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه خصوصی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%BD_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99" title="사립 대학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사립 대학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatno_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te" title="Privatno sveučilište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Privatno sveučilište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_swasta" title="Universitas swasta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas swasta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אוניברסיטה פרטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטה פרטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_privata" title="Universitas privata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas privata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privati_auk%C5%A1toji_mokykla" title="Privati aukštoji mokykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Privati aukštoji mokykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%A1negyetem" title="Magánegyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magánegyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="സ്വകാര്യ സർവകലാശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വകാര്യ സർവകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87" title="جامعه خاصه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعه خاصه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_swasta" title="Universiti swasta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti swasta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="私立大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="私立大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xususiy_universitet" title="Xususiy universitet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xususiy universitet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uczelnia_niepubliczna" title="Uczelnia niepubliczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uczelnia niepubliczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_privada" title="Universidade privada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade privada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Частный университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Частный университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD" title="පෞද්ගලික විශ්වවිද්‍යාල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෞද්ගලික විශ්වවිද්‍යාල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زانکۆی تایبەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی تایبەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Приватни универзитет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приватни универзитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனியார் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனியார் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xosus%C4%B1y_universitet" title="Xosusıy universitet – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xosusıy universitet" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రైవేట్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రైవేట్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="สถาบันอุดมศึกษาเอกชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาบันอุดมศึกษาเอกชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel_%C3%BCniversite" title="Özel üniversite – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özel üniversite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Приватний університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приватний університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81" title="نجی جامعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نجی جامعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_t%C6%B0_th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại học tư thục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học tư thục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="私立大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="私立大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="私立大學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="私立大學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%C3%A8t_partikelir" title="Uniwersitèt partikelir – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uniwersitèt partikelir" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Higher education institution not operated by a government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about private universities and colleges that are academic degree-awarding. For primary or preparatory schools, see <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">Independent school</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_University,._November,_2019._pic.1q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harvard_University%2C._November%2C_2019._pic.1q.jpg/220px-Harvard_University%2C._November%2C_2019._pic.1q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harvard_University%2C._November%2C_2019._pic.1q.jpg/330px-Harvard_University%2C._November%2C_2019._pic.1q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harvard_University%2C._November%2C_2019._pic.1q.jpg/440px-Harvard_University%2C._November%2C_2019._pic.1q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, a private <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> and the first university established in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Private universities</b> and <b>private colleges</b> are <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> institutions not operated, owned, or institutionally funded by <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>. However, they often receive <a href="/wiki/Tax_break" title="Tax break">tax breaks</a>, public student loans, and government grants. Depending on the country, private universities may be subject to government regulations. Private universities may be contrasted with public universities and national universities which are either operated, owned and or institutionally funded by governments. Additionally, many private universities operate as <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>. </p><p>Across the world, different countries have different regulations regarding accreditation for private universities and as such, private universities are more common in some countries than in others. Some countries do not have any private universities at all. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">List of universities in Egypt</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> currently has 21 public universities with about two million students and 23 private universities with 60,000 students. </p><p>Egypt has many private universities including the <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" title="American University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_University_in_Cairo" title="German University in Cairo">German University in Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_British_University_in_Egypt" title="The British University in Egypt">The British University in Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Academy_for_Science,_Technology_and_Maritime_Transport" title="Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport">Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misr_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Misr University for Science and Technology">Misr University for Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misr_International_University" title="Misr International University">Misr International University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_University_in_Egypt" title="Future University in Egypt">Future University in Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Sciences_and_Arts_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Sciences and Arts University">Modern Sciences and Arts University</a>. </p><p>In addition to the state-funded <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">national and private universities in Egypt</a>, international university institutions were founded in the <a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New Administrative Capital</a> and are hosting branches of Universities from abroad. The Knowledge Hub (TKH) and European Universities in Egypt (EUE) are among these institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba,_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_08.jpg/220px-Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_08.jpg/330px-Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_08.jpg/440px-Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ethiopia" title="Higher education in Ethiopia">Higher education in Ethiopia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> doctrine embraces traditional higher institutions in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Modern higher education could be traced back to the regime of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, with the first university, the University College of Addis Ababa (now called the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a> or AAU) formed in 1950. In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Haramaya_University" title="Haramaya University">Haramaya University</a> opened. </p><p>As of 2022, there are 83 private universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 institutions of higher learning. There are 16,305 students enrolled in higher education as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Ghana">Higher education in Ghana</a></div> <p>There were a few private universities in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> before the beginning of the 21st century. However, since then, Ghana has seen a flood of private universities and colleges established – a reflection of the country's stable governance and the pace of economic growth. Most of these universities are not known to be sponsored by foreign corporate organizations or government universities and the aim is to avoid the Ghanaian government's excessive payment of bonds, which is a requirement for all foreign institutions endeavoring to operate businesses in the country. Almost all the private universities in Ghana focus on similar areas of academic study, including business administration, human resources, accounting, information technology, and related fields, which are offered by universities like <a href="/wiki/Ashesi_University" title="Ashesi University">Ashesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regent_University_College_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Regent University College of Science and Technology">Regent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley_View_University" title="Valley View University">Valley View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana_telecom_university_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghana telecom university college">and Ghana Telecom</a>, among others. In addition, the recent discovery of oil and gas in commercial quantities has influenced the development of oil and gas management courses within the private universities' curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Education in Libya</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> has several recognized private education institutions and universities that have been approved by the Ministry of Higher Education. They are ranked and qualified to specialize in academic programs in Business Administration, Computer Science, Law, Medicine, and Humanitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nigeria">Higher education in Nigeria</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Universities_Commission" title="National Universities Commission">National Universities Commission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> holds the responsibility to approve private universities and accredit their courses. This ensures a minimum standard in curriculum and teaching. There are currently 60 approved private universities in Nigeria and many applications are being processed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in South Africa">Higher education in South Africa</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, there are many distinctions between public universities and what are officially termed private higher education institutions. Recognized private higher education institutions include Akademia (<a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia" class="extiw" title="af:Akademia">af</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eduvos" title="Eduvos">Eduvos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varsity_College_(South_Africa)" title="Varsity College (South Africa)">Varsity College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vega_School" title="Vega School">Vega School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milpark" title="Milpark">Milpark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrand_Graduate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrand Graduate Institute">Midrand Graduate Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regenesys_Business_School" title="Regenesys Business School">Regenesys Business School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_Middle_East">Asia and Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia and Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg/220px-NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg/330px-NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg/440px-NSU-Front_View_by_xergone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_South_University" title="North South University">North South University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Bangladesh">Higher education in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>Numerous private universities were established in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> after the <i>Private Universities Act, 1992</i> was instituted, consolidated, and re-enacted as the <i>Private Universities Act, 2010</i>. All private universities must be approved by <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)">University Grants Commission</a> (UGC) before they are given a permit to operate. As of April 2018, there were 97 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh#Private_universities" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">private universities in Bangladesh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brunei" title="List of universities in Brunei">List of universities in Brunei</a></div> <p>Private institutions must confer the students with external programs such as BDTVEC, the largest awarding body in the country, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge International Examinations">Cambridge International Examinations</a> pathways. Accreditation by the Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council (BDNAC) is crucial to establish a private institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cambodia" title="List of universities in Cambodia">List of universities in Cambodia</a></div> <p>Private universities have been established in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> since 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg/220px-Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg/330px-Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg/440px-Shue_Yan_University_oblique_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" title="Hong Kong Shue Yan University">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_China" title="Higher education in China">Higher education in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">List of universities in China</a></div> <p>Since 2003, joint-partnership private universities have been established in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC). Typically, the partners may include a Chinese university and a non-Chinese institution. English is often the only language of instruction at such universities and many focus on providing a comprehensive liberal arts education modeled after research universities in the United States and Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMCH_Vellore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CMCH_Vellore.JPG/220px-CMCH_Vellore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CMCH_Vellore.JPG/330px-CMCH_Vellore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CMCH_Vellore.JPG/440px-CMCH_Vellore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Medical_College_Vellore" title="Christian Medical College Vellore">Christian Medical College Vellore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">Higher education in India</a></div> <p>Universities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are recognized by the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a> (UGC), which draws its power from the <i>University Grants Commission Act, 1956</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Act_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Act-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private universities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are regulated under the <i>UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per the UGC act and these regulations, private universities are established by acts of <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">state legislative assemblies</a> and listed by the UGC in the <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_of_India" title="The Gazette of India">Gazette</a> upon receiving the relevant act. As confirmed by the ruling of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, recognition by the UGC is required for the university to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, per the 2003 regulations, the UGC sends committees to inspect the private universities and publishes their inspection report. </p><p>The UGC publishes and regularly updates the lists of private universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Lists_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lists-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 23 August 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the UGC lists 421 private universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Private_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Private-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_(Sanda,_Hyogo).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_%28Sanda%2C_Hyogo%29.JPG/220px-Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_%28Sanda%2C_Hyogo%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_%28Sanda%2C_Hyogo%29.JPG/330px-Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_%28Sanda%2C_Hyogo%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_%28Sanda%2C_Hyogo%29.JPG/440px-Cloister_at_Kobe-Sanda_Campus_of_Kwansei_Gakuin_University_%28Sanda%2C_Hyogo%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kwansei_Gakuin_University" title="Kwansei Gakuin University">Kwansei Gakuin University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Japan" title="Higher education in Japan">Higher education in Japan</a></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Japan had 597 private universities, 86 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_universities_in_Japan" title="List of national universities in Japan">national universities</a>, and 95 <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private universities thus account for over 75% of all universities in Japan. A large number of junior colleges in Japan are private and like public and national universities, many private universities use <a href="/wiki/National_Center_Test_for_University_Admissions" title="National Center Test for University Admissions">National Center Test for University Admissions</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Entrance_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrance exam">entrance exam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Jordan">Higher education in Jordan</a></div> <p>There is one private university in Madaba city, the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Madaba_(AUM)" class="mw-redirect" title="American University of Madaba (AUM)">American University of Madaba (AUM)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kuwait">Higher education in Kuwait</a></div> <p>There are 11 private universities and colleges in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Lebanon" title="List of universities in Lebanon">List of universities in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AUB_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AUB_1.jpg/220px-AUB_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AUB_1.jpg/330px-AUB_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AUB_1.jpg/440px-AUB_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>There are 19 private universities in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American_University" title="Lebanese American University">Lebanese American University</a> are internationally acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The languages used for teaching in private universities are mainly <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> is widely used in religious universities and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> university. </p><p>The first university opened in Lebanon was the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 (which became the American University of Beirut in 1921). It was founded by Daniel Bliss, a Protestant missionary. The second university opened in Lebanon was the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Université Saint-Joseph</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> in 1875. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oman">Oman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Oman" title="List of universities and colleges in Oman">List of universities and colleges in Oman</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> is home to several private universities, including <a href="/wiki/Sohar_University" title="Sohar University">Sohar University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nizwa" title="University of Nizwa">University of Nizwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_College" title="Middle East College">Middle East College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German_University_of_Technology_in_Oman" title="German University of Technology in Oman">German University of Technology in Oman</a>. These universities offer a range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs in fields such as business, engineering, and information technology. Private universities in Oman offer a more personalized and interactive learning experience, as the student-teacher ratio is typically lower and there are more opportunities for hands-on learning. Additionally, private universities in Oman often have more flexible curriculums and can respond quickly to changing labor markets and global trends.   </p><p>All private universities in Oman must be recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Oman)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Oman)">Omani Ministry of Higher Education</a> to offer degree programs and receive approval for new degrees. The Ministry has procedures and standards that all universities must meet to receive accreditation and recognition as an institution of higher education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Pakistan">Higher education in Pakistan</a></div> <p>The Higher Education Commission (HEC), formerly the University Grant Commission (UGC), is the primary regulator of higher education in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. It also facilitates the development of the higher educational system in Pakistan. Its main purpose is to upgrade the schools to be world-class centers of education, research, and development. It also plays a leading role in building a knowledge-based economy in Pakistan by giving out hundreds of doctoral scholarships for education abroad every year. </p><p>Despite the criticism of the HEC, its creation had a positive impact on higher education in Pakistan. Its two-year report for 2004 to 2006 states that according to the Institute of Scientific Information, the total number of publications appearing in the 8,000 leading journals indexed in the <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> arising out of Pakistan in 2005 was 1,259 articles, representing a 41% increase over the past two years and a 60% increase since the establishment of HEC in 2002. The HEC digital library now provides access to over 20,000 leading research journals, covering about 75% of the world's peer-reviewed scientific journals. </p><p>Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a>, established in 1983, and <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">Lahore University of Management Sciences</a>, established in 1985. By 1997, there were 10 private universities. From 2001–2002, this number had doubled to 20. Among the first to gain degree awarding status was <a href="/wiki/Hajvery_University,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajvery University, Lahore">Hajvery University, Lahore</a> (HU), established in 1990. From 2003–2004, Pakistan had a total of 83 private degree granting institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Higher education in Saudi Arabia">Higher education in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG/220px-Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG/330px-Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG/440px-Al_Yamamah_University_Main_Campus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Yamamah_University" title="Al Yamamah University">Al Yamamah University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>There are nine private universities in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Higher education in Sri Lanka">Higher education in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, state-recognized private institutes are allowed to award degrees under Section 25A of the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978. The <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(Sri_Lanka)" title="University Grants Commission (Sri Lanka)">University Grants Commission</a> is responsible for the accreditation of these institutes and degrees. These mostly provide undergraduate degrees with a few providing postgraduate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Informatics Institute of Sri Lanka (IIT),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NSBM Green University (NSBM),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horizon Campus<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sri Lanka Institute for Information Technology (SLIIT)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are examples. Some foreign universities franchise parts of their degree courses in Sri Lanka with local institutes. Students are charged for the study (some of these institutes are state-funded institutions of their home countries) and these charges are often a fraction of the cost of studying in the home countries of these institutions. </p><p>Efforts to establish private universities have been blocked due to protests from state universities' undergraduates and leftist political parties. </p><p>Many private colleges have sprung up since, including the Auston Institute of Management, Singapore. The Sri Lanka campus was established in 2010 and is a Board of Investment or (BOI) company. It retains a similar focus to the home campus and occupies a prime spot along Colombo's famous Galle Road.<sup id="cite_ref-auston.edu.lk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auston.edu.lk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Taiwan">Higher education in Taiwan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Taiwan">List of universities in Taiwan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FJU_Gate01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/FJU_Gate01.jpg/220px-FJU_Gate01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/FJU_Gate01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University" title="Fu Jen Catholic University">Fu Jen Catholic University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Taipei_City" title="New Taipei City">New Taipei City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, private universities are typically not as prestigious as some public (national) universities. They are not ranked as high as public institutions and cost nearly twice as much. This is due to the form of testing in schools in Taiwan, in which students take a national entrance exam to determine their university qualifications. The most well known private university is <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University" title="Fu Jen Catholic University">Fu Jen Catholic University</a>, and the oldest is <a href="/wiki/Tunghai_University" title="Tunghai University">Tunghai University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Vietnam">Higher education in Vietnam</a></div> <p>Since the 1990s, several private universities have opened in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> including Ho Chi Minh City Open University being one of the first. Some characteristics of Vietnamese private universities as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> are high (very high in some cases) tuition fees, poor infrastructure, limited faculty, and human resources. </p><p>Private universities are often named after scholars (<a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a> University Vietnam, Vo Truong Toan University, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" title="Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyen Trai</a> University, <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%E1%BA%BF_Vinh" title="Lương Thế Vinh">Luong The Vinh</a> University, <a href="/wiki/Chu_V%C4%83n_An" title="Chu Văn An">Chu Van An</a> University, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Yersin" title="Alexandre Yersin">Yersin</a> University, <a href="/wiki/Phan_Chau_Trinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Chau Trinh">Phan Chau Trinh</a> University), or heroes/legends (<a href="/wiki/Hung_Vuong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hung Vuong">Hung Vuong</a> University, <a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung" title="Quang Trung">Quang Trung</a> University); although there are exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/FPT_University" title="FPT University">FPT University</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/FPT_Corporation" title="FPT Corporation">FPT Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tan_Tao_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan Tao University">Tan Tao University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tan_Tao_Group" title="Tan Tao Group">Tan Tao Group</a>. </p><p>In Vietnam, there are also "semi-private university"; schools in this category which can receive partial financial support from the government. Almost all private universities have to invite professors and lecturers from state universities. Many lecturers from state-owned universities take up positions in private universities after their retirement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education in Armenia</a></div> <p>There are numerous private universities and independent faculties in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. As of 2022, there are 31 private higher education institutions in the country, most notably the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Armenia" title="American University of Armenia">American University of Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_International_University" title="Eurasia International University">Eurasia International University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Austria">Higher education in Austria</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, educational institutions must be authorized by the country to legally grant <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a>. All state-run universities are governed by the 2002 Austrian Universities' and University Degree Programmes' Organisation Act (Federal Law Gazette No. 120/2002). In 1999, a federal law (<i>Universitäts-Akkreditierungsgesetz</i>) was passed to allow the <a href="/wiki/School_accreditation" class="mw-redirect" title="School accreditation">accreditation</a> of private universities. The <i>Akkreditierungsrat</i> (Accreditation Council)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evaluates applicants and issues recommendations to the responsible Austrian accreditation authority (the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science & Research). </p><p>Accreditation by the council yields a couple of privileges: degrees issued by accredited private universities have the same legal status as those issued by state-run universities. Private universities can appoint or promote <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a>. Their students enjoy the same privileges including social security, foreign law, and state scholarships as students at state universities. Educational services of private universities are not subject to <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a>, and donations are tax-deductible. </p><p>Accreditations must be renewed regularly and can be withdrawn, e.g., in the case of repeated academic misconduct as happened in 2003 when the accreditation of <a href="/wiki/International_University_Vienna" title="International University Vienna">International University Vienna</a> was withdrawn. In 2006, when the accreditation of <a href="/wiki/Imadec_Executive_Education" title="Imadec Executive Education">Imadec University</a> expired, the Accreditation Council rejected any renewal requests. </p><p>Austrian law provides that private universities in Austria must use the term <i>Privatuniversität</i> ("private university") in their <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> names, although their formal names in other languages are not regulated. Thus, there is the possibility of private institutions employing the term "university" as opposed to "private university" in their advertisements in all languages except German while still complying with Austrian law. </p><p>While the legal definition of "private university" prohibits funding by the federal government of Austria, funding by other public bodies is not prohibited. Consequently, some of Austria's private universities are partly or wholly funded by provincial governments, while others are fully privately funded. </p><p>Accreditation of private universities began in 2001. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Austria has 16 private universities. Most are small (fewer than 1000 students) and specialize in only one or two fields of study. Four former private universities are <b>not accredited</b> anymore: the <a href="/wiki/International_University_Vienna" title="International University Vienna">International University Vienna</a>, whose accreditation was withdrawn in 2003 due to academic misconduct; <a href="/wiki/Imadec_Executive_Education" title="Imadec Executive Education">Imadec University</a>, whose first accreditation period ended in January 2006 and was not renewed; TCM Privatuniversität Li Shi Zhen in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, whose accreditation period ended 2009 without renewal students; and <a href="/wiki/PEF_Private_University_of_Management_Vienna" title="PEF Private University of Management Vienna">PEF Private University of Management Vienna</a>, which closed for economic reasons in March 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Belgium">Higher education in Belgium</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> makes a distinction between free institutions (as in free from the State), which are recognized and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities of Belgium</a> (the State until 1990) and follow the same rules and laws as fully public universities, and fully private institutions, which are not recognized nor funded by the authorities, and thus do not issue valid degrees. </p><p>Private (<i>free</i>) institutions are predominantly Catholic: <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">UCLouvain</a>, <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels" title="Saint-Louis University, Brussels">Saint-Louis University, Brussels</a>. On the contrary, the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Free University of Brussels</a> (nowadays split into <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">ULB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">VUB</a>) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">masonic</a> individuals. All of these institutions began to be recognized by the State from 1891 onwards. </p><p>It is forbidden by law to call a fully private institution "university" or "faculty", meaning fully private (non-<i>free</i>) 'universities' have limited visibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Bulgaria">Higher education in Bulgaria</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> has many private universities, among which the most renowned are <a href="/wiki/New_Bulgarian_University" title="New Bulgarian University">New Bulgarian University</a>, located in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Burgas_Free_University" title="Burgas Free University">Burgas Free University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Varna_Free_University" title="Varna Free University">Varna Free University</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Bulgaria" title="American University in Bulgaria">American University in Bulgaria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Finland">Higher education in Finland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> does not officially recognize private universities but does not explicitly forbid them either. <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_School_of_Business" title="Helsinki School of Business">Helsinki School of Business</a> is an example of one such educational institution operating in this market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in France">Higher education in France</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Private_university" title="Special:EditPage/Private university">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Private+university%22">"Private university"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Private+university%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Private+university%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Private+university%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Private+university%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Private+university%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau,_HEC_Paris,_Jouy-en-Josas,_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg/220px-Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg/330px-Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg/440px-Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_Southwest_view_20160501_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5849" data-file-height="3437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jouy-en-Josas" title="Jouy-en-Josas">Jouy-en-Josas</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_catho_entree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lille_catho_entree.JPG/220px-Lille_catho_entree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lille_catho_entree.JPG/330px-Lille_catho_entree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lille_catho_entree.JPG/440px-Lille_catho_entree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Lille" title="Université catholique de Lille">Université catholique de Lille</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> has a dual system with universities and <a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1880, it has been illegal for a private institution to be called "<i>université</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of the universities in France are public. </p><p>In France, <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grandes écoles</a></i> are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French public university system</a>. <i>Grandes écoles</i> can be <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a>, semi-private or private, but the most prestigious ones are public. These institutions operate mostly in engineering studies and business administration. The best-known semi-private <i>grandes écoles</i> are generally business, engineering, and humanities schools; they are generally managed by chambers of commerce and industry, with capital open to other private companies. Other <i>grandes écoles</i> are entirely private, but this is rarer, and they sometimes establish partnerships with public universities. </p><p>Universities and <i>grandes écoles</i> compete in these two fields. Some of them report to the Ministry of Higher Education, such as <a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a> and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École Centrale Paris</a></span></span>, and a few to the Ministry of Defense, such as <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a></span></span>. Several private <i>grandes écoles</i> are members of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%89coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des Grandes Écoles">Conférence des Grandes Écoles</a></i></span>, a lobbying group representing grandes écoles. Most <i>grandes écoles</i> can be joined after following two years of <i><a href="/wiki/Classe_pr%C3%A9paratoire_aux_grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles">classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles</a></i>, an intensive program following the <i><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a></i>. A selective examination after the two additional years is taken to enter a <i>grande école</i>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, this full 5-year course (two years of preparatory classes plus 3 years in engineering or business school) is equivalent to a master's degree. </p><p>For their engineering programs, the <i>grandes écoles</i> award an "<i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Diplôme d'Ingénieur">Diplôme d'Ingénieur</a></i>", similar to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Engineering" title="Master of Engineering">Master of Engineering</a> degree. This <a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">engineer's degree</a>, required to use the engineer title in France, is strictly protected and can only be awarded by state-accredited <i>grandes écoles</i>, via the Engineering Accreditation Commission. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business schools</a> that are <i>grandes écoles</i> (like <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC</a> or <a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP</a>) offer a "<i>Programme Grande École</i>" or "PGE" (generally translated into English as "<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Management" title="Master of Management">Master in Management</a>", or "MiM"), which delivers a <a href="/wiki/Accredited_diploma_(France)" title="Accredited diploma (France)">state-accredited diploma</a> that is considerably more prestigious than a French master's degree in management delivered by <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Administration_des_Entreprises" title="Institut d'Administration des Entreprises">university schools of management</a> (IAE) or faculties in the mainstream French university system. <i>Grandes écoles</i> for studying business administration are usually part of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chambers of commerce</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Paris Chamber of Commerce">Paris Chamber of Commerce</a> and is therefore semi-private.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some older private institutions were created in <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a>, under the regime of the Free Higher Education Act of 1875. These institutions have been called Catholic universities since 1880, or formally the "Catholic Institutes". There are five of these: the Catholic universities of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Lyon" title="Catholic University of Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Paris" title="Catholic University of Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Toulouse" title="Catholic University of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_the_West" title="Catholic University of the West">the West</a>. </p><p>These institutions provide courses in all academic fields (engineering, law, medical, economics, arts, business administration, sociology). One may join a university after a high school degree and study there for a <i>licence</i> (bachelor's), master's degree, or doctoral program. By law, private institutions may grant states degrees after agreeing a contract with public universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Germany">Higher education in Germany</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has 83 private universities (called <i>Privathochschule</i>) and 45 church-run universities (called <i>kirchliche Hochschule</i>). Similar to the state-run universities, they are subdivided into <i>Universitäten</i> (research universities), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschulen</a></i></span> (universities of applied science) and <i>Kunst- und Musikhochschulen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">art schools</a>). Private universities in Germany need institutional accreditation by the state. </p><p>The first private university in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University" title="Ukrainian Free University">Ukrainian Free University</a>, was established 16 September 1950 in Munich. <a href="/wiki/EBS_University_of_Business_and_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="EBS University of Business and Law">EBS University of Business and Law</a> opened in 1971. <a href="/wiki/Witten/Herdecke_University" title="Witten/Herdecke University">Witten/Herdecke University</a> opened in 1982 and <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_University" title="Zeppelin University">Zeppelin University</a> in 2003. Though private universities are numerous in Germany, they represent only less than 1% of all students. Some private universities, including <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_University_Rostock" title="Hanseatic University Rostock">Hanseatic University Rostock</a> (2007–2009) and the International University in Germany in <a href="/wiki/Bruchsal" title="Bruchsal">Bruchsal</a>, have gone out of business. </p><p>Most of the church universities are run by the Protestant or Catholic churches; however, there is one Jewish university (<i>Hochschule für Jüdische Studien</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Greece">Higher education in Greece</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, private universities are prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">the constitution</a> (Article 16). However, laboratories of liberal studies (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Εργαστήρια ελευθέρων σπουδών</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ergastiria eleftheron spoudon</i></span>) operate freely in the country and based on a law from the 1930s, they are registered as private for-profit businesses and regulated by the Greek Ministry of Commerce. Their academic degrees, which are not recognised in Greece, are directly provided to students by foreign universities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>, or other countries, usually through <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a> or validation agreements (the franchise agreement usually being considered better). This has limited access to the laboratories, which usually teach in English, to high-income Greeks who for various reasons (usually family matters) did not want to go abroad. </p><p>In 2008, a law was introduced that forced all private institutions collaborating with foreign universities to offer programmes in the country, to register with the Greek Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs as <i><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a></i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κολλέγια</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kollegia</i></span>) by August 2009. Further amendments to the framework in 2010, 2012, and 2013 (4111/2013, 4093/2012) were introduced. Today there are a series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece#Private_colleges" title="List of universities in Greece">private colleges in Greece</a> mostly in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Ireland">Higher education in Ireland</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, a private university (more commonly known as a <i>private college</i>) is a university that is not funded by the state, and therefore not covered by the free-fees initiative. All <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in the Republic of Ireland">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Technical College">institutes of technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Education">colleges of education</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Ireland" title="National College of Ireland">National College of Ireland</a> and some religious institutions are publicly funded and therefore covered by <i>free-fees</i> initiative. There are a few private colleges that are highly specialized such as <a href="/wiki/Griffith_College_Dublin" title="Griffith College Dublin">Griffith College Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset_College" title="Dorset College">Dorset College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Business_School" title="Dublin Business School">Dublin Business School</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Colleges_Association" title="Higher Education Colleges Association">Higher Education Colleges Association</a> is a representative body for private colleges in Ireland. Private colleges in Ireland can seek to have their programmes validated/accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_and_Training_Awards_Council" title="Higher Education and Training Awards Council">Higher Education and Training Awards Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in the Netherlands">Higher education in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg/220px-Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg/330px-Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg/440px-Kasteel_van_Nijenrode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Nyenrode Business University">Nyenrode Business University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Nyenrode Business University">Nyenrode Business University</a> is the only private university in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> at the graduate level. The university was founded in 1946. It serves as a <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a> for business and management. Both programs are taught in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Recently, Nyenrode merged with the Institute for CPA Education and both institutions share their facilities. The Nyenrode Business University also contains a campus and an active student body. </p><p>Other Dutch private universities are universities of applied sciences where one can obtain a bachelor's or master's degree but not a PhD. These include <a href="/wiki/Wittenborg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittenborg University">Wittenborg University</a>, Business School Notenboom (founded in 1958)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and IVA Driebergen for the automotive industry with its earliest beginnings in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Poland" title="Higher education in Poland">Higher education in Poland</a></div> <p>There are 321 accredited private colleges in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They award bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and doctorate degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Portugal" title="Higher education in Portugal">Higher education in Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCP_Lisboa_(Sede).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UCP_Lisboa_%28Sede%29.jpg/220px-UCP_Lisboa_%28Sede%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UCP_Lisboa_%28Sede%29.jpg/330px-UCP_Lisboa_%28Sede%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UCP_Lisboa_%28Sede%29.jpg/440px-UCP_Lisboa_%28Sede%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Portugal" title="Catholic University of Portugal">Catholic University of Portugal</a>, a private university in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest non-state-run university was the <i><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Cat%C3%B3lica_Portuguesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Católica Portuguesa">Universidade Católica Portuguesa</a></i> – UCP (Catholic University of Portugal), a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> private university (<a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordatory</a> status) that was the first to be founded in 1967 and was officially recognized in 1971. UCP offers some well-recognized degrees and is reputed for the economics, law and business management degrees it awards at its Lisbon branch. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of 1974, in the 1980s and 1990s, a boom of educational private institutions was experienced in Portugal, and many private universities started to open. Most had a poor reputation and were known for making it easy for students to enter and also to get high grades. In 2007, several of those private universities, or their heirs, were investigated and faced compulsory closing (for example, the infamous <a href="/wiki/Independente_University" title="Independente University">Independente University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internacional_University" title="Internacional University">Internacional University</a> closings along with the <a href="/wiki/Moderna_University" title="Moderna University">Moderna University</a> scandal) or official criticism with recommendations that the state-managed investigation proposed for improving their quality and avoid termination. </p><p>In the mid-2000s, within the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>, a reorganization of higher education was started which included more stringent regulations for private education and expanded state policies with regard to private education quality assurance and <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">educational accreditation</a>. In general, private higher education institutions were often considered to be the last resort for underachieving applicants who did not score enough points in the admission examinations to enter the main public institutions. </p><p>Nearly open-admission policies have hurt private universities' reputation and the actual quality of their alumni. Without large endowments like those received in universities of other countries – like the U.S. for many of its private universities and colleges that are attractive to the best scholars, researchers, and students – the private <a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_institutions_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of higher education institutions in Portugal">higher education institutions of Portugal</a>, with a few exceptions, do not have either the financial support or the academic profile to reach the highest teaching and research standards of the top Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Public_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public universities">public universities</a>. In addition, most private universities have faced a restrictive lack of collaboration with the major enterprises which, have developed fruitful relationships with many public higher education institutions. Most Portuguese private universities specialise in a limited number of fields, most often in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Serbia">Higher education in Serbia</a></div> <p>There are several private universities and independent <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a> in Serbia, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. They were founded in the 1990s and 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-N1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Switzerland">Higher education in Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland" title="List of universities in Switzerland">List of universities in Switzerland</a></div> <p>In addition to the public <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in Switzerland">Universities in Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> has several private universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Turkey">Higher education in Turkey</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, private universities have to belong to and be run by foundations (non-profit private legal entities) due to the high Education Law, article 3-c and annexed article 2.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These universities have public legal personality according to said law and are defined as a <b>Foundation University</b> (in Turkish: <i>Vakıf Üniversitesi</i>) in the relevant regulation. Therefore, this type of university is commonly referred to in Turkish as a foundation university instead of a private university. Currently, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">66 private universities</a>. Bilkent University, founded in 1984, was the first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in the United Kingdom">Higher education in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Mill,_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Town_Mill%2C_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg/220px-Town_Mill%2C_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Town_Mill%2C_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg/330px-Town_Mill%2C_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Town_Mill%2C_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg/440px-Town_Mill%2C_Buckingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1316769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a>, a private university in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>There are six fully private universities in the United Kingdom: the non-profit <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_University_London" title="Regent's University London">Regent's University London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmond_American_University_London" title="Richmond American University London">Richmond American University London</a>, and the for-profit <a href="/wiki/BPP_University" title="BPP University">BPP University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">University of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arden_University" title="Arden University">Arden University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent160211_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent160211-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All other British universities are partly publicly funded and regulated. The government regulates tuition fees, student funding, and student loans, whilst also commissioning and regulating research assessments and teaching reviews. </p><p>However, unlike in Continental European countries, the British government does not own universities' assets, and university staff are not civil servants: the status as a public body arises from accepting funding from bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a> (OfS) in England; any university can, in principle, choose to leave the publicly funded sector and the associated fee cap (although they would remain subject to OfS regulation, which applies to all higher education providers in England).<sup id="cite_ref-OXCHEPS39_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OXCHEPS39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since September 2012 government funding for teaching and background funding for research has been substantially reduced, with one study from that year indicating that annual government funding for teaching and research would make up just 15% of universities' income by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-PatonJan2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatonJan2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, an institution can only use the title of "University" or "University College" if it has been granted by the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council</a> or (in England) by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a>, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a> as amended by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_and_Research_Act_2017" title="Higher Education and Research Act 2017">Higher Education and Research Act 2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-privy_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-privy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_and_Central_America">North and Central America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: North and Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_universities_in_Canada" title="List of private universities in Canada">List of private universities in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education in Canada</a></div> <p>Canada has several private universities that have been granted the power to award degrees by a provincial authority. However, the majority of degree-granting institutions in the country are <a href="/wiki/Public_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public universities">public universities</a> as a result of the Canadian university system and its historic reliance on government funds for support.<sup id="cite_ref-globeandm_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globeandm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest private universities in Canada operated as <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a> or as religiously affiliated institutions, although several <a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">for-profit</a> and not-for-profit private universities were opened in Canada during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-globeandm_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globeandm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guatemala" title="List of universities in Guatemala">List of universities in Guatemala</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, the only public university is <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala">Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</a>. The rest of the degree-offering institutions in the country are private, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guatemala" title="List of universities in Guatemala">list of universities in Guatemala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Mexico">Higher education in Mexico</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has private and public (government-managed) universities. Public universities are either free or require a very minimum fee, whereas private universities usually charge for an initial enrollment and monthly fees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Higher education in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg/220px-Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg/330px-Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg/440px-Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university and one of the oldest private universities in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Private colleges and universities are generally owned by either a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation" title="Nonprofit corporation">nonprofit corporation</a> or a for-profit corporation, and usually participate in <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">higher education accreditation in the United States</a>. </p><p>Despite the large number of private schools in the U.S. only about 20% of American college students attend private colleges;<sup id="cite_ref-WaMo041712_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaMo041712-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the remainder primarily attend state-supported schools. Universities base their selections on academic performance as well as many secondary factors.<sup id="cite_ref-gladwell_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gladwell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, 4,648 out of 6,606 post-secondary institutions (70%) were private as of 2016–17, of which 1,823 (39%) were non-profit and 2,825 (61%) were for-profit. Among degree-granting four-year institutions, 2,095 were private out of 2,832 (74%), of which 1,581 (75%) were non-profit and 514 (25%) were for-profit.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuition at private universities tends to be higher than at <a href="/wiki/Public_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public universities">public universities</a>, though many private universities offer financial aid as well.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, 45% of students receive some form of financial support from either the university or the federal government, averaging $53,423.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Australia">Higher education in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg/220px-The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg/330px-The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg/440px-The_Abedian_School_of_Architecture_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Robina,_Queensland" title="Robina, Queensland">Robina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are currently three private universities in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a> was established as Australia's first private university in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Serials_Management_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serials_Management-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a>, it runs three semesters per year (correlating exactly with the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' schedules), which allow students to complete a six-semester degree in two years, and an eight-semester degree (e.g., Law) in under three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_to_Studying_Abroad_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_Studying_Abroad-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame Australia</a>, a private Catholic university based in <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, was established two years later in 1989, and the newest of the three, <a href="/wiki/Torrens_University_Australia" title="Torrens University Australia">Torrens University Australia</a>, opened in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Argentina">Higher education in Argentina</a></div> <p>Even though Argentina has a robust network of free public universities it also has over thirty private universities accredited by the national Ministry of Education. All accredited private higher education institutions must be run by <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>. Other for-profit institutions exist but cannot give out official degrees or call themselves universities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Chile">Higher education in Chile</a></div> <p>Chile has 31 completely private universities and an additional 14 universities which are run by private organizations (mostly religious) but receive some state funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Chile_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chile-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_university&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alluniversity.info/ethiopia/">"Universities in Ethiopia"</a>. <i>www.alluniversity.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002121130/https://www.alluniversity.info/ethiopia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Iva-driebergen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425142144/http://www.iva-driebergen.nl/index.php?pageID=30&n=47&s=73">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meer+dan+tachtig+jaar%3B+IVA+Driebergen&rft.pub=Iva-driebergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iva-driebergen.nl%2Findex.php%3FpageID%3D30%26n%3D47%26s%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">„Szkoły wyższe i ich finanse w 2012 r.”, s. 32, 2013-11-13. Główny Urząd Statystyczny. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1506-2163">1506-2163</a> (pol.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/a609040-jankovic-i-teodorovic-trebalo-bi-ukinuti-privatne-univerzitete-u-srbiji/">"Janković i Teodorović: Trebalo bi ukinuti privatne univerzitete u Srbiji"</a>. <a href="/wiki/N1_(TV_channel)" title="N1 (TV channel)">N1 (TV channel)</a>. 11 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217173524/https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/a609040-jankovic-i-teodorovic-trebalo-bi-ukinuti-privatne-univerzitete-u-srbiji/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jankovi%C4%87+i+Teodorovi%C4%87%3A+Trebalo+bi+ukinuti+privatne+univerzitete+u+Srbiji&rft.pub=N1+%28TV+channel%29&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frs.n1info.com%2Fvesti%2Fa609040-jankovic-i-teodorovic-trebalo-bi-ukinuti-privatne-univerzitete-u-srbiji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yüksek Öğretim Kanunu/High Education Law</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent160211-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent160211_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/the-university-debate-what-the-ivy-league-can-teach-britain-2215930.html">"The University Debate: What the Ivy League can teach Britain"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 16 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219043616/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/the-university-debate-what-the-ivy-league-can-teach-britain-2215930.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+University+Debate%3A+What+the+Ivy+League+can+teach+Britain&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Fthe-university-debate-what-the-ivy-league-can-teach-britain-2215930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-23605046">"For-profit college gains full university status"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091904/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-23605046">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=For-profit+college+gains+full+university+status&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-23605046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/profit-rdi-granted-university-status">"For-profit RDI granted university status"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. 5 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707033659/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/profit-rdi-granted-university-status">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/MainSite%20pages/Resources/OxCHEPS_OP39.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2011</span>. <q>Note, however, that any university which does not want funding from HEFCE can, as a private corporation, charge whatever tuition fees it likes (exactly as does, say, the University of Buckingham or BPP University College). Under existing legislation and outside of the influence of the HEFCE-funding mechanism upon universities, Government can no more control university tuition fees than it can dictate the price of socks in Marks & Spencer. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033111/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8992136/Taxpayer-funding-of-universities-to-drop-to-100-year-low.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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