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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Job title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_software_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_software_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The software industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_software_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_the_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_the_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nature of the work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nature_of_the_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nature of the work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_the_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Types of software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Globalization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Globalization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market_changes_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_changes_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Market changes in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_changes_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_changes_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_changes_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Market changes in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_changes_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_changes_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_changes_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Market changes in Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_changes_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Programmer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeerder" title="Programmeerder – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Programmeerder" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Програмчы – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Програмчы" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC" title="مبرمج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبرمج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqram%C3%A7%C4%B1" title="Proqramçı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proqramçı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কম্পিউটার প্রোগ্রামার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার প্রোগ্রামার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Праграміст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праграміст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Праграміст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Праграміст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Програмист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Програмист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programer" title="Programer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Programer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programador" title="Programador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C3%A1tor" title="Programátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Programátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programm%C3%B8r" title="Programmør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Programmør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeerija" title="Programmeerija – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Programmeerija" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Προγραμματιστής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προγραμματιστής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programador" title="Programador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programisto" title="Programisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Programisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programatzaile" title="Programatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Programatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="برنامه‌نویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه‌نویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programador,_programadora" title="Programador, programadora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programador, programadora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%A8%B8" title="프로그래머 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로그래머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A2_%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Վեբ ծրագրավորող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեբ ծրագրավորող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programer" title="Programer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Programer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programero" title="Programero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Programero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemrogram" title="Pemrogram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemrogram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhlelelisi" title="Umhlelelisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umhlelelisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmatore" title="Programmatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programmatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="מתכנת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכנת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Бағдарламалаушы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бағдарламалаушы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernamesaz" title="Bernamesaz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bernamesaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Программист – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Программист" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programm%C4%93t%C4%81js" title="Programmētājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmētājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programuotojas" title="Programuotojas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Programuotojas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prugramadur" title="Prugramadur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prugramadur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Програмер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Програмер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengatur_cara" title="Pengatur cara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengatur cara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC" title="ကွန်ပျူတာ ပရိုဂရမ်မာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ပျူတာ ပရိုဂရမ်မာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeur_(software)" title="Programmeur (software) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Programmeur (software)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E" title="プログラマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プログラマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmerer" title="Programmerer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programmerer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasturchi" title="Dasturchi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dasturchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਉੱਨਤਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਉੱਨਤਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="پروگرامر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروگرامر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programista" title="Programista – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Programista" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programador" title="Programador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmist_(Ba%C7%B5darlamash%C4%B1)" title="Programmist (Baǵdarlamashı) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Programmist (Baǵdarlamashı)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programator" title="Programator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Проґраматор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Проґраматор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Программист – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программист" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programues" title="Programues – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Programues" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Programmer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C3%A1tor" title="Programátor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Programátor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programer" title="Programer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Programer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پرۆگرامساز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆگرامساز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Програмер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Програмер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programer" title="Programer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Programer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamrogram" title="Pamrogram – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pamrogram" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmerare" title="Programmerare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Programmerare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Программист – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Программист" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="కంప్యూటర్ ప్రోగ్రామర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంప్యూటర్ ప్రోగ్రామర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="นักเขียนโปรแกรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักเขียนโปรแกรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_programc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bilgisayar programcılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar programcılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programist" title="Programist – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Programist" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Програміст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програміст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh_vi%C3%AAn" title="Lập trình viên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lập trình viên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%93%A1" title="編程員 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="編程員" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98" title="程序员 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software industry</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Writing and debugging computer code</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies from apprenticeship to bachelor's degree, or self-taught</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>programmer</b>, <b>computer programmer</b> or <b>coder</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> – someone with skill in <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Professional_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional title">professional titles</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development"><b>software developer</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering"><b>software engineer</b></a> are used for <a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">jobs</a> that require a programmer. </p><p>Generally, a programmer writes code in a <a href="/wiki/Computer_language" title="Computer language">computer language</a> and with an intent to build <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that achieves some <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2></div> <p>Sometimes a programmer or <a href="/wiki/Job_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Job position">job position</a> is identified by the language used or target platform. For example, <b><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly programmer</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developer</a></b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Job_title">Job title</h2></div> <p>The job titles that include programming tasks have differing connotations across the computer industry and to different individuals. The following are notable descriptions. </p><p>A <i>software developer</i> primarily implements software based on <a href="/wiki/Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specifications</a> and fixes <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a>. Other duties may include <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">reviewing code changes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a>. To achieve the required skills for the job, they might obtain a <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> or <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate</a> degree, attend a <a href="/wiki/Coding_bootcamp" title="Coding bootcamp">programming boot camp</a> or be <a href="/wiki/Self-taught" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-taught">self-taught</a>. </p><p>A <i>software engineer</i> usually is responsible for the same tasks as a developer plus broader responsibilities of <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development lifecycle</a> (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading a team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies. </p><p>Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a>, or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called <i>engineer</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-UA210729_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UA210729-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heinz210223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinz210223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacob200316_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacob200316-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/200px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/300px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/400px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> is considered by many to be the first computer programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuegi-Francis-2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuegi-Francis-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>British <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">countess</a> and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> is often considered to be the first computer programmer. She authored an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Note_G" title="Note G">published</a> in October 1842, for calculating <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_number" title="Bernoulli number">Bernoulli numbers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> <a href="/wiki/Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">analytical engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuegi-Francis-2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuegi-Francis-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action. </p><p>In 1941, German <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> was the first person to execute a program on a working, program-controlled, electronic computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuse-IEEE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuse-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1943 to 1945, per <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> Wolfgang K. Giloi and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Rojas" title="Raúl Rojas">Raúl Rojas</a> et al., Zuse created the first, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giloi1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giloi1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rojas2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the 1945 <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> programming team of <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kay McNulty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Wescoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Lichterman</a> have since been credited as the first professional computer programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorials_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorials-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC071204_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC071204-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_software_industry">The software industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software industry</a></div> <p>The first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Usage_Company" title="Computer Usage Company">Computer Usage Company</a> in 1955. Before that time, computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a> expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a commercial basis. Other firms, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">Computer Sciences Corporation</a> (founded in 1959), also started to grow. Computer manufacturers soon started bundling <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_software" title="System software">system software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming environments">programming environments</a> with their machines; the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> came with the 1620 Symbolic Programming System and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> (PC) in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the average office worker. In the following years, the PC also helped create a constantly growing market for games, applications and utility software. This resulted in increased demand for software developers for that period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_the_work">Nature of the work</h2></div> <p>Computer programmers write, test, <a href="/wiki/Debug" class="mw-redirect" title="Debug">debug</a>, and maintain the detailed instructions, called <a href="/wiki/Computer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programs">computer programs</a>, that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-bls-ooh_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programmers work in many settings, including corporate <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) departments, big <a href="/wiki/Software_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Software companies">software companies</a>, small service firms and government entities of all sizes. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as <a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">contractors</a>. <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">Licensing</a> is not typically required to work as a programmer, although <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">professional certifications</a> are commonly held by programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-bls-ooh_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programming is considered a <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coursera_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coursera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indeed_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indeed-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sartore221222_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sartore221222-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">pilots training</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulator</a>. Simple programs can be written in a few hours. More complex ones may require more than a year of work, while others are never considered 'complete' but rather are continuously improved as long as they stay in use. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The source did not support the text. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_software">Types of software</h3></div> <p>Programming editors, also known as <a href="/wiki/Source_code_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code editor">source code editors</a>, are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write the source code of an application or a program. Most of these editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>, auto indentation, <a href="/wiki/Auto-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-complete">auto-complete</a>, bracket matching, <a href="/wiki/Syntax_checker" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax checker">syntax check</a>, and allows <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a>. These features aid the users during coding, <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalization">Globalization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmer&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Programmer" title="Talk:Programmer">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_changes_in_the_UK">Market changes in the UK</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_changes_in_the_US">Market changes in the US</h3></div> <p>After the crash of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> (1999–2001) and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages.<sup id="cite_ref-bls-dotcom-2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-dotcom-2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charette2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charette2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, according to Beaubouef and Mason,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could be attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.<sup id="cite_ref-bls-ooh_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.<sup id="cite_ref-bls-ooh_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for software developers BLS projects for 2019 to 2029 a 22% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with a median base salary of $110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charette2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charette2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers, making outsourcing less of a risk.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason for the decline for programmers is their skills are being merged with other professions, such as developers, as employers increase the requirements for a position over time. Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> might impact the demand for future generations of Software professions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_changes_in_Japan">Market changes in Japan</h3></div> <p>As of 2024 in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly. Numerous programming schools have opened to meet this demand, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=TechAcademy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TechAcademy (page does not exist)">TechAcademy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tech_i.s.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tech i.s. (page does not exist)">Tech i.s.</a> and <a href="/wiki/NinjaCode" title="NinjaCode">NinjaCode</a>. On the other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough IT personnel, including programmers; by 2030, the number of programmers will exceed 1.6 million, but about 800 000 people, including programmers A shortage of engineers is expected to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmers" title="List of programmers">List of programmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_architect" title="Systems architect">Systems architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Video game programmer</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UA210729-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UA210729_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Software+engineers+are+panicking+about+being+replaced+by+AI&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fsoftware-engineers-tech-panicking-golden-age-over-chatgpt-ai-blind-2023-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler" class="citation web cs1">Fowler, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil/2023/03/16/how-will-chatgpt-affect-jobs/">"Council Post: How Will ChatGPT Affect Jobs?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Council+Post%3A+How+Will+ChatGPT+Affect+Jobs%3F&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fforbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil%2F2023%2F03%2F16%2Fhow-will-chatgpt-affect-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto" class="citation web cs1">Ito, Aki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-technology-end-of-coding-software-developers-jobs-2023-4">"ChatGPT spells the end of coding as we know it"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+spells+the+end+of+coding+as+we+know+it&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Aki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchatgpt-ai-technology-end-of-coding-software-developers-jobs-2023-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkulaMok" class="citation web cs1">Zinkula, Jacob; Mok, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-jobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends-2023-02">"ChatGPT may be coming for our jobs. Here are the 10 roles that AI is most likely to replace"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+may+be+coming+for+our+jobs.+Here+are+the+10+roles+that+AI+is+most+likely+to+replace.&rft.aulast=Zinkula&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Mok%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchatgpt-jobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends-2023-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2023" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Mikaela (15 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/15/these-are-the-tech-jobs-most-threatened-by-chatgpt-and-ai.html">"These are the tech jobs most threatened by ChatGPT and A.I."</a> <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=These+are+the+tech+jobs+most+threatened+by+ChatGPT+and+A.I.&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Mikaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F04%2F15%2Fthese-are-the-tech-jobs-most-threatened-by-chatgpt-and-ai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logmi.jp/brandtopics/330138">"2030年に不足する79万人のIT人材は、技術者・専門家だけとは限らない DX推進に欠かせない「3種の人財」の重要性 | ログミーBusiness"</a>. <i>logmi.jp</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=logmi.jp&rft.atitle=2030%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AB%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B79%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AEIT%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%90%E3%81%AF%E3%80%81+%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E8%80%85%E3%83%BB%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E9%99%90%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84+DX%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E3%81%AB%E6%AC%A0%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%80%8C3%E7%A8%AE%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E8%B2%A1%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%80%A7+%7C+%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BCBusiness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flogmi.jp%2Fbrandtopics%2F330138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkotamat2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">kotamat (15 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.agent-bank.com/categories/strategy/itengineer">"ITエンジニアが「人手不足」な理由 – 日本のITエンジニア人口と今後の不足見通し - 人材紹介マガジン"</a>. <i>ITエンジニアが「人手不足」な理由 – 日本のITエンジニア人口と今後の不足見通し - 人材紹介マガジン</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IT%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AA%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1+%E2%80%93+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AEIT%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E3%81%A8%E4%BB%8A%E5%BE%8C%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E8%A6%8B%E9%80%9A%E3%81%97+-+%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%90%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3&rft.atitle=IT%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AA%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1+%E2%80%93+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AEIT%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E3%81%A8%E4%BB%8A%E5%BE%8C%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E8%A6%8B%E9%80%9A%E3%81%97+-+%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%90%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.au=kotamat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.agent-bank.com%2Fcategories%2Fstrategy%2Fitengineer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Weinberg" title="Gerald Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerald M.</a>, <i>The Psychology of Computer Programming</i>, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971</li> <li>An experiential study of the nature of programming work: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Rob (March–April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424111807/http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=2836">"Dreaming in Code"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i> (62): 125–132. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=2836">the original</a> on 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Dreaming+in+Code&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=125-132&rft.date=2010-03%2F2010-04&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newleftreview.org%2F%3Fview%3D2836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2019" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Clive (2019). <i>Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World</i>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735220560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735220560"><bdi>978-0735220560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coders%3A+The+Making+of+a+New+Tribe+and+the+Remaking+of+the+World&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0735220560&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgrammer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a> description of: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm">Computer programmers</a></li> <li><a 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