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<ul id="toc-Mammals_(class_Mammalia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elephant-like_mammals_(order_Proboscidea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elephant-like_mammals_(order_Proboscidea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elephant-like_mammals_(order_Proboscidea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elephants_and_mammoths_(family_Elephantidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elephants_and_mammoths_(family_Elephantidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elephants_and_mammoths_(family_Elephantidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lagomorphs_(order_Lagomorpha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lagomorphs_(order_Lagomorpha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lagomorphs_(order_Lagomorpha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rabbits_and_hares_(family_Leporidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbits_and_hares_(family_Leporidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbits_and_hares_(family_Leporidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pikas_(family_Ochotonidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pikas_(family_Ochotonidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Pikas (family Ochotonidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pikas_(family_Ochotonidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodents_(order_Rodentia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodents_(order_Rodentia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rodents (order Rodentia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodents_(order_Rodentia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hamsters,_voles,_lemmings,_muskrats,_and_New_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Cricetidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamsters,_voles,_lemmings,_muskrats,_and_New_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Cricetidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamsters,_voles,_lemmings,_muskrats,_and_New_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Cricetidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Muridae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Muridae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Muridae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dormice_(family_Gliridae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dormice_(family_Gliridae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Dormice (family Gliridae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dormice_(family_Gliridae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squirrels_(family_Sciuridae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squirrels_(family_Sciuridae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Squirrels (family Sciuridae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squirrels_(family_Sciuridae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-True_insectivores_(order_Eulipotyphla)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_insectivores_(order_Eulipotyphla)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_insectivores_(order_Eulipotyphla)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_shrews_(family_Soricidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_shrews_(family_Soricidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>True shrews (family Soricidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_shrews_(family_Soricidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnivorans_(order_Carnivora)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnivorans_(order_Carnivora)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Carnivorans (order Carnivora)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnivorans_(order_Carnivora)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cats_(family_Felidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cats_(family_Felidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Cats (family Felidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cats_(family_Felidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyenas_(family_Hyaenidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyenas_(family_Hyaenidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Hyenas (family Hyaenidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyenas_(family_Hyaenidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogs_(family_Canidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs_(family_Canidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Dogs (family Canidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs_(family_Canidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martens,_polecats,_otters,_badgers,_and_weasels_(family_Mustelidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martens,_polecats,_otters,_badgers,_and_weasels_(family_Mustelidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martens,_polecats,_otters,_badgers,_and_weasels_(family_Mustelidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odd-toed_ungulates_(order_Perissodactyla)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odd-toed_ungulates_(order_Perissodactyla)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odd-toed_ungulates_(order_Perissodactyla)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horses_and_allies_(family_Equidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses_and_allies_(family_Equidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Horses and allies (family Equidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses_and_allies_(family_Equidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhinoceroses_(family_Rhinocerotidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhinoceroses_(family_Rhinocerotidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhinoceroses_(family_Rhinocerotidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Even-toed_ungulates_(order_Artiodactyla)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Even-toed_ungulates_(order_Artiodactyla)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Even-toed_ungulates_(order_Artiodactyla)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right_and_bowhead_whales_(family_Balaenidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_and_bowhead_whales_(family_Balaenidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Right and bowhead whales (family Balaenidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_and_bowhead_whales_(family_Balaenidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gray_whales_(family_Eschrichtiidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gray_whales_(family_Eschrichtiidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gray_whales_(family_Eschrichtiidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-True_deer_(family_Cervidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_deer_(family_Cervidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>True deer (family Cervidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_deer_(family_Cervidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle,_goats,_antelopes,_and_others_(family_Bovidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle,_goats,_antelopes,_and_others_(family_Bovidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle,_goats,_antelopes,_and_others_(family_Bovidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinct_in_the_wild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4.1</span> <span>Extinct in the wild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4.2</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds_(class_Aves)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds_(class_Aves)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Birds (class Aves)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Birds_(class_Aves)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Birds (class Aves) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Birds_(class_Aves)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rails_and_cranes_(order_Gruiformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rails_and_cranes_(order_Gruiformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rails_and_cranes_(order_Gruiformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rails_(family_Rallidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rails_(family_Rallidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Rails (family Rallidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rails_(family_Rallidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shorebirds_(order_Charadriiformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shorebirds_(order_Charadriiformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shorebirds_(order_Charadriiformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sandpipers_(family_Scolopacidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandpipers_(family_Scolopacidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandpipers_(family_Scolopacidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auks_(family_Alcidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auks_(family_Alcidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Auks (family Alcidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auks_(family_Alcidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buttonquails_(family_Turnicidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buttonquails_(family_Turnicidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Buttonquails (family Turnicidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buttonquails_(family_Turnicidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelicans,_herons,_and_ibises_(order_Pelecaniformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelicans,_herons,_and_ibises_(order_Pelecaniformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelicans,_herons,_and_ibises_(order_Pelecaniformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ibises_and_spoonbills_(family_Threskiornithidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibises_and_spoonbills_(family_Threskiornithidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibises_and_spoonbills_(family_Threskiornithidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawks_and_relatives_(order_Accipitriformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawks_and_relatives_(order_Accipitriformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawks_and_relatives_(order_Accipitriformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawks,_eagles,_kites,_harriers_and_Old_World_vultures_(family_Accipitridae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawks,_eagles,_kites,_harriers_and_Old_World_vultures_(family_Accipitridae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawks,_eagles,_kites,_harriers_and_Old_World_vultures_(family_Accipitridae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owls_(order_Strigiformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owls_(order_Strigiformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Owls (order Strigiformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owls_(order_Strigiformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_owls_(family_Strigidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_owls_(family_Strigidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>True owls (family Strigidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_owls_(family_Strigidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perching_birds_(order_Passeriformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perching_birds_(order_Passeriformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Perching birds (order Passeriformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perching_birds_(order_Passeriformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crows_and_relatives_(family_Corvidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crows_and_relatives_(family_Corvidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crows_and_relatives_(family_Corvidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles_(class_Reptilia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles_(class_Reptilia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reptiles (class Reptilia)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reptiles_(class_Reptilia)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reptiles (class Reptilia) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reptiles_(class_Reptilia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Squamates_(order_Squamata)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squamates_(order_Squamata)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Squamates (order Squamata)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squamates_(order_Squamata)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall_lizards_(family_Lacertidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_lizards_(family_Lacertidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Wall lizards (family Lacertidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_lizards_(family_Lacertidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vipers_(family_Viperidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vipers_(family_Viperidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Vipers (family Viperidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vipers_(family_Viperidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ray-finned_fish_(class_Actinopterygii)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ray-finned_fish_(class_Actinopterygii)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ray-finned_fish_(class_Actinopterygii)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ray-finned_fish_(class_Actinopterygii)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sturgeons_and_paddlefishes_(order_Acipenseriformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sturgeons_and_paddlefishes_(order_Acipenseriformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order Acipenseriformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sturgeons_and_paddlefishes_(order_Acipenseriformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sturgeons_(family_Acipenseridae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sturgeons_(family_Acipenseridae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Sturgeons (family Acipenseridae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sturgeons_(family_Acipenseridae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minnows_and_allies_(order_Cypriniformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minnows_and_allies_(order_Cypriniformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minnows_and_allies_(order_Cypriniformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carps,_minnows,_and_relatives_(family_Cyprinidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carps,_minnows,_and_relatives_(family_Cyprinidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carps,_minnows,_and_relatives_(family_Cyprinidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(order_Salmoniformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(order_Salmoniformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(order_Salmoniformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(family_Salmonidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(family_Salmonidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(family_Salmonidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinct_in_the_wild_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Extinct in the wild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lionfishes_and_sculpins_(order_Scorpaeniformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lionfishes_and_sculpins_(order_Scorpaeniformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lionfishes_and_sculpins_(order_Scorpaeniformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sticklebacks_(family_Gasterosteidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sticklebacks_(family_Gasterosteidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Sticklebacks (family Gasterosteidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sticklebacks_(family_Gasterosteidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartilaginous_fish_(class_Chondrichthyes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartilaginous_fish_(class_Chondrichthyes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cartilaginous_fish_(class_Chondrichthyes)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cartilaginous_fish_(class_Chondrichthyes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shovelnose_rays_and_allies_(order_Rhinopristiformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shovelnose_rays_and_allies_(order_Rhinopristiformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shovelnose rays and allies (order Rhinopristiformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shovelnose_rays_and_allies_(order_Rhinopristiformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sawfishes_(family_Pristidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sawfishes_(family_Pristidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Sawfishes (family Pristidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sawfishes_(family_Pristidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locally_extinct_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locally_extinct_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Locally extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locally_extinct_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lampreys_and_relatives_(class_Hyperoartia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lampreys_and_relatives_(class_Hyperoartia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lampreys and relatives (class Hyperoartia)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lampreys_and_relatives_(class_Hyperoartia)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lampreys and relatives (class Hyperoartia) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lampreys_and_relatives_(class_Hyperoartia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lampreys_(order_Petromyzontiformes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lampreys_(order_Petromyzontiformes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lampreys (order Petromyzontiformes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lampreys_(order_Petromyzontiformes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_lampreys_(family_Petromyzontidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_lampreys_(family_Petromyzontidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Northern lampreys (family Petromyzontidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_lampreys_(family_Petromyzontidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects_(class_Insecta)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects_(class_Insecta)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Insects (class Insecta)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insects_(class_Insecta)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Insects (class Insecta) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Insects_(class_Insecta)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Praying_mantises_(order_Mantodea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praying_mantises_(order_Mantodea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Praying mantises (order Mantodea)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praying_mantises_(order_Mantodea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_Amelidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Amelidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Family Amelidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Amelidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bark_lice,_book_lice_and_parasitic_lice_(order_Psocodea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bark_lice,_book_lice_and_parasitic_lice_(order_Psocodea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice (order Psocodea)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bark_lice,_book_lice_and_parasitic_lice_(order_Psocodea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammal_lice_(family_Trichodectidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammal_lice_(family_Trichodectidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Mammal lice (family Trichodectidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammal_lice_(family_Trichodectidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possibly_extinct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibly_extinct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1</span> <span>Possibly extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibly_extinct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beetles_(order_Coleoptera)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beetles_(order_Coleoptera)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Beetles (order Coleoptera)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beetles_(order_Coleoptera)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predaceous_diving_beetles_(family_Dytiscidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predaceous_diving_beetles_(family_Dytiscidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predaceous_diving_beetles_(family_Dytiscidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butterflies_and_moths_(order_Lepidoptera)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butterflies_and_moths_(order_Lepidoptera)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butterflies_and_moths_(order_Lepidoptera)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metalmark_butterflies_(family_Riodinidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalmark_butterflies_(family_Riodinidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Metalmark butterflies (family Riodinidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalmark_butterflies_(family_Riodinidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmet_moths_(family_Cosmopterigidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmet_moths_(family_Cosmopterigidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Cosmet moths (family Cosmopterigidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmet_moths_(family_Cosmopterigidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caddisflies_(order_Trichoptera)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caddisflies_(order_Trichoptera)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Caddisflies (order Trichoptera)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caddisflies_(order_Trichoptera)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Net-spinning_caddisflies_(family_Hydropsychidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net-spinning_caddisflies_(family_Hydropsychidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Net-spinning caddisflies (family Hydropsychidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net-spinning_caddisflies_(family_Hydropsychidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flies_and_mosquitos_(order_Diptera)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flies_and_mosquitos_(order_Diptera)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Flies and mosquitos (order Diptera)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flies_and_mosquitos_(order_Diptera)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long-legged_flies_(family_Dolichopodidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-legged_flies_(family_Dolichopodidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-legged_flies_(family_Dolichopodidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slugs_and_snails_(class_Gastropoda)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slugs_and_snails_(class_Gastropoda)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slugs_and_snails_(class_Gastropoda)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slugs_and_snails_(class_Gastropoda)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_Littorinimorpha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Littorinimorpha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Order Littorinimorpha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Littorinimorpha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mud_snails_(family_Hydrobiidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mud_snails_(family_Hydrobiidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Mud snails (family Hydrobiidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mud_snails_(family_Hydrobiidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possibly_extinct_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibly_extinct_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1.1</span> <span>Possibly extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibly_extinct_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_Stylommatophora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Stylommatophora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Order Stylommatophora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Stylommatophora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_glass_snails_(family_Zonitidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_glass_snails_(family_Zonitidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>True glass snails (family Zonitidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_glass_snails_(family_Zonitidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possibly_extinct_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibly_extinct_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.1</span> <span>Possibly extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibly_extinct_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_Parmacellidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Parmacellidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Family Parmacellidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Parmacellidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_anemones,_corals,_and_zoanthids_(class_Hexacorallia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_anemones,_corals,_and_zoanthids_(class_Hexacorallia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sea anemones, corals, and zoanthids (class Hexacorallia)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sea_anemones,_corals,_and_zoanthids_(class_Hexacorallia)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sea anemones, corals, and zoanthids (class Hexacorallia) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sea_anemones,_corals,_and_zoanthids_(class_Hexacorallia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_anemones_(order_Actiniaria)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_anemones_(order_Actiniaria)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sea anemones (order Actiniaria)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_anemones_(order_Actiniaria)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_Edwardsiidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Edwardsiidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Family Edwardsiidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Edwardsiidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possibly_extinct_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibly_extinct_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1.1</span> <span>Possibly extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibly_extinct_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants_(kingdom_Plantae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants_(kingdom_Plantae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Plants (kingdom Plantae)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plants_(kingdom_Plantae)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plants (kingdom Plantae) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plants_(kingdom_Plantae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_Asterales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Asterales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Order Asterales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Asterales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunflowers_(family_Asteraceae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunflowers_(family_Asteraceae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunflowers_(family_Asteraceae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Probably_extinct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probably_extinct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1.1</span> <span>Probably extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probably_extinct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_Ericales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Ericales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Order Ericales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Ericales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primroses_(family_Ericales)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primroses_(family_Ericales)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Primroses (family Ericales)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primroses_(family_Ericales)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinct_in_the_wild_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1.1</span> <span>Extinct in the wild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_Poales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Poales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Order Poales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Poales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grasses_(family_Poaceae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grasses_(family_Poaceae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Grasses (family Poaceae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grasses_(family_Poaceae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinct_in_the_wild_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1.1</span> <span>Extinct in the wild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinct_in_the_wild_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/220px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/330px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/440px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This is a <b>list of European species extinct in the Holocene</b> that covers <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinctions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> epoch, a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic epoch</a> that began about 11,650 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">before present</a> (about 9700 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This list includes the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> are included except for <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which is in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene">List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene</a>. The recently extinct animals of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Macaronesian_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of Macaronesian animals extinct in the Holocene">Macaronesian islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> are listed separately. The three <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> republics of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> depending on the <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">definition of Europe</a> considered. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Overseas territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">departments</a>, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> is grouped with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> is grouped with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antillian_and_Bermudan_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene">West Indies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> is grouped with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Madagascar_and_Indian_Ocean_Island_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of Madagascar and Indian Ocean Island animals extinct in the Holocene">Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands</a>, despite all of them being politically part of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mammals_(class_Mammalia)"><span id="Mammals_.28class_Mammalia.29"></span>Mammals (class <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mammals (class Mammalia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elephant-like_mammals_(order_Proboscidea)"><span id="Elephant-like_mammals_.28order_Proboscidea.29"></span>Elephant-like mammals (order <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elephants_and_mammoths_(family_Elephantidae)"><span id="Elephants_and_mammoths_.28family_Elephantidae.29"></span>Elephants and mammoths (family <a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">Woolly mammoth</a> </td> <td><i>Mammuthus primigenius</i> </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Urals">Southern Urals</a> dated to 9650 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Cherepovets" title="Cherepovets">Cherepovets</a>, Russia to 9290-9180 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzmin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg/120px-Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg/180px-Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg/240px-Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2784" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_tiliensis" title="Palaeoloxodon tiliensis">Tilos dwarf elephant</a> </td> <td><i>Palaeoloxodon tiliensis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, Greece </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 3040-1840 BCE, but this dating is regarded as tentative.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lagomorphs_(order_Lagomorpha)"><span id="Lagomorphs_.28order_Lagomorpha.29"></span>Lagomorphs (order <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabbits_and_hares_(family_Leporidae)"><span id="Rabbits_and_hares_.28family_Leporidae.29"></span>Rabbits and hares (family <a href="/wiki/Leporidae" title="Leporidae">Leporidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_hare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don hare (page does not exist)">Don hare</a> </td> <td><i>Lepus timidus tanaiticus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Boeskorov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeskorov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>Gradually replaced by the extant <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hare" title="Mountain hare">mountain hare</a> south to north until becoming extinct during the <a href="/wiki/Subboreal" title="Subboreal">Subboreal</a>, 3050-550 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pikas_(family_Ochotonidae)"><span id="Pikas_.28family_Ochotonidae.29"></span>Pikas (family <a href="/wiki/Ochotonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochotonidae">Ochotonidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pikas (family Ochotonidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ochotona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochotona">Ochotona transcaucasica</a></i> </td> <td>Georgia and Azerbaijan<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_pika" title="Afghan pika">Afghan pika</a>. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_pika" title="Sardinian pika">Sardinian pika</a> </td> <td><i>Prolagus sardus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigne_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though hunted by the original human inhabitants of the islands, it likely became extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Roman_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civilization">Roman</a> agricultural practices, the introduction of predators (<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Mustelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelid">mustelids</a>) and ecological competitors (<a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transmission of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> by rabbits and hares could have been another factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa-factsheet_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa-factsheet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survival into <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a>, even as late as 1774 on the smaller island of <a href="/wiki/Tavolara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavolara">Tavolara</a>, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkens-2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkens-2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prolagus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prolagus3.jpg/120px-Prolagus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prolagus3.jpg/180px-Prolagus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prolagus3.jpg/240px-Prolagus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="637" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steppe_pika" title="Steppe pika">Steppe pika</a> </td> <td><i>Ochotona pusilla</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Ponto-Caspian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponto-Caspian region">Ponto-Caspian region</a>, 9550 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Boreal Europe</a>, 9450 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, 8850 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Germany">Northwestern Germany</a>, 8750 BCE in northern Central Europe, 6050 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, the Middle Holocene in the Middle Urals,<sup id="cite_ref-kosintsev_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kosintsev-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1220 BCE in the Southern Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This species avoids human disturbance strictly and is considered an excellent indicator of the health of <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> ecosystems, as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-nemeth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nemeth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ochotona_pusilla.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ochotona_pusilla.tif/lossless-page1-120px-Ochotona_pusilla.tif.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ochotona_pusilla.tif/lossless-page1-180px-Ochotona_pusilla.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ochotona_pusilla.tif/lossless-page1-240px-Ochotona_pusilla.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodents_(order_Rodentia)"><span id="Rodents_.28order_Rodentia.29"></span>Rodents (order <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rodents (order Rodentia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamsters,_voles,_lemmings,_muskrats,_and_New_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Cricetidae)"><span id="Hamsters.2C_voles.2C_lemmings.2C_muskrats.2C_and_New_World_rats_and_mice_.28family_Cricetidae.29"></span>Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family <a href="/wiki/Cricetidae" title="Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Iberomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberomys">Microtus brecciensis</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 8450 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pliomys" title="Pliomys">Pliomys coronensis</a></i> </td> <td>Western Europe </td> <td>Most recent remains in <a href="/wiki/Green_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Spain">Green Spain</a> dated to the Holocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_vole" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenian vole">Tyrrhenian vole</a> </td> <td><i>Tyrrhenicola henseli</i> </td> <td>Corsica and Sardinia </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigne_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_2">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narrow-headed_vole" title="Narrow-headed vole">Narrow-headed vole</a> </td> <td><i>Microtus gregalis</i> </td> <td>Northern Eurasia </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Ponto-Caspian Region, 9550 BCE in Boreal Europe, 8750 BCE in northern Central Europe, 8250 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Cantabrian_region" title="Franco-Cantabrian region">Franco-Cantabrian region</a>, 6050 BCE in Northwestern Germany, 5850 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Carpathian Basin, and Late Holocene in the Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-nemeth_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nemeth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur,_mit_Beschreibungen_(Plate_CLXXXIX)_(8610008124).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CLXXXIX%29_%288610008124%29.jpg/120px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CLXXXIX%29_%288610008124%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CLXXXIX%29_%288610008124%29.jpg/180px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CLXXXIX%29_%288610008124%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CLXXXIX%29_%288610008124%29.jpg/240px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CLXXXIX%29_%288610008124%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1538" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_World_rats_and_mice_(family_Muridae)"><span id="Old_World_rats_and_mice_.28family_Muridae.29"></span>Old World rats and mice (family <a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">Muridae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mus_minotaurus" title="Mus minotaurus">Mus minotaurus</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, Greece </td> <td>Most recent remains at <a href="/wiki/Mochlos" title="Mochlos">Mochlos</a> dated to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. It was outcompeted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">house mouse</a> accidentally introduced by sailors from the eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_house_mouse" title="St Kilda house mouse">St. Kilda house mouse</a> </td> <td><i>Mus musculus muralis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda, Scotland</a> </td> <td>A commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MusMuralisSmit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MusMuralisSmit.jpg/120px-MusMuralisSmit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MusMuralisSmit.jpg/180px-MusMuralisSmit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MusMuralisSmit.jpg/240px-MusMuralisSmit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhagamys" title="Rhagamys">Tyrrhenian field rat</a> </td> <td><i>Rhagamys orthodon</i> </td> <td>Corsica and Sardinia </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigne_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles,_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles%2C_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg/120px-Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles%2C_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles%2C_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg/180px-Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles%2C_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles%2C_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg/240px-Rhagamys_orthodon_lower_hemimandibles%2C_Pleistocene_of_Corsica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dormice_(family_Gliridae)"><span id="Dormice_.28family_Gliridae.29"></span>Dormice (family <a href="/wiki/Gliridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliridae">Gliridae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dormice (family Gliridae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_giant_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan giant dormouse">Majorcan giant dormouse</a> </td> <td><i>Hypnomys morpheus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnesian_Islands" title="Gymnesian Islands">Gymnesian Islands</a>, Spain </td> <td>Most recent remains at <a href="/wiki/Escorca" title="Escorca">Escorca</a>, Mallorca dated to 4840-4690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced <a href="/wiki/Commensal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commensal">commensal</a> mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bover_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bover-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png/120px-Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png/180px-Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png/240px-Hypnomys_by_L.Meslin.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="332" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squirrels_(family_Sciuridae)"><span id="Squirrels_.28family_Sciuridae.29"></span>Squirrels (family <a href="/wiki/Sciuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Squirrels (family Sciuridae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pannonian souslik </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spermophilus_citelloides" title="Spermophilus citelloides">Spermophilus citelloides</a></i> </td> <td>Central Europe to <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to the early Holocene.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spermophilus" title="Spermophilus">Spermophilus severskensis</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desna_(river)" title="Desna (river)">Desna River</a> region </td> <td>Highly specialised for grazing, with the narrowest range of all Pleistocene ground quirrels. The latest possible date is the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">Atlantic</a>, and its extinction was probably related to the local collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">mammoth steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spermophilus" title="Spermophilus">Spermophilus superciliosus</a></i> </td> <td>North Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> to Crimea and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Middle Urals</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains in north Central Europe are dated to 8750 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, remains have been dated to the late Holocene in Ukraine, and one account describes a large, unidentified, "red-cheeked" ground squirrel in the early 20th century of the <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipropetrovsk">Dnipropetrovsk</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_insectivores_(order_Eulipotyphla)"><span id="True_insectivores_.28order_Eulipotyphla.29"></span>True insectivores (order <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_shrews_(family_Soricidae)"><span id="True_shrews_.28family_Soricidae.29"></span>True shrews (family <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">Soricidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: True shrews (family Soricidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_giant_shrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian giant shrew">Sardinian giant shrew</a> </td> <td><i>Asoriculus similis</i> </td> <td>Corsica and Sardinia<sup id="cite_ref-moncunillsole2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moncunillsole2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigne_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg/120px-Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg/180px-Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg/240px-Fossil_jawbones_of_Asoriculus_corsicanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_giant_shrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic giant shrew">Balearic giant shrew</a> </td> <td><i>Nesiotites hidalgo</i> </td> <td>Gymnesian Islands, Spain </td> <td>Most recent remains at <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%BAdia" title="Alcúdia">Alcúdia</a> dated to 3030-2690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bover_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bover-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top, compared to Neomys below."><img alt="Top, compared to Neomys below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg/100px-Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg/150px-Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg/200px-Asoriculus_hidalgo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Top, compared to <i>Neomys</i> below.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnivorans_(order_Carnivora)"><span id="Carnivorans_.28order_Carnivora.29"></span>Carnivorans (order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Carnivorans (order Carnivora)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cats_(family_Felidae)"><span id="Cats_.28family_Felidae.29"></span>Cats (family <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cats (family Felidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">Eurasian cave lion</a> </td> <td><i>Panthera spelaea</i> </td> <td>Northern Eurasia and <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains in the Franco-Cantabrian region dated to 9350 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lion remains from Italy and northern Spain could indicate that a small form survived in mountain areas until the <a href="/wiki/Preboreal" title="Preboreal">Preboreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal (period)">Boreal</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Masseti2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masseti2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg/120px-Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg/180px-Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg/240px-Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_3">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Cheetah</a> </td> <td><i>Acinonyx jubatus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">western Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>Remains were found in <a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, Armenia dating to the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="4th millennium BCE">4th</a>-<a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd millennium BCE">3rd millennium BCE</a>. It is also depicted in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> of the 4th-<a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="1st millennium BCE">1st millennium BCE</a>, where it can be differenciated from the leopard by the shape of its paws and unretracted claws. Possibly survived in Armenia until the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> before disappearing due to <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg/120px-Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg/180px-Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg/240px-Iranian_Cheetah_roars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="488" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_lions_in_Europe" title="History of lions in Europe">Lion</a> </td> <td><i>Panthera leo</i> </td> <td>Africa, western Asia, <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a> </td> <td>According to the alternate hypothesis, the modern lion expanded into southern Europe and replaced the cave lion there already in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial">Late Glacial</a>, surviving in Italy and northern Spain until the Preboreal or Boreal. The most recent remains at Mount Vingiolo, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> were dated to 8293-7064 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Masseti2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masseti2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible second colonization event took place in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">Atlantic</a> and Subboreal periods, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and Greece. In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> the lion strongly declined until it disappeared from these regions, possibly because of hunting and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> caused by increasing human population and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> rearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommer_und_Benecke_2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommer_und_Benecke_2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 370 CE the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> orator <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a> mentioned that lions had disappeared from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, their last Balkan stronghold.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions were also hunted historically across <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>, and were reportedly common in the <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz lowland">Kura-Araz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughan_plain" title="Mughan plain">Mughan plains</a>, up to the <a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a>, until 900 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzler_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzler-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA,_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA%2C_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg/120px-Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA%2C_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA%2C_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg/180px-Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA%2C_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA%2C_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg/240px-Receive_Great_honour_MUFASA%2C_my_Love_%26_the_King_of_our_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">European leopards</a> </td> <td>Populations of <i>Panthera pardus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, southern Europe, and the Caucasus </td> <td>A cold-adapted subspecies of the leopard, <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus_spelaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera pardus spelaea">Panthera pardus spelaea</a></i>, was widespread in Europe during the Pleniglacial and Late Glacial.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 8850 BCE record from the Franco-Cantabrian region,<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another from the Preboreal or Boreal of Greece, and two from the Sub-Atlantic of western and southern Ukraine could indicate that leopards survived or recolonized the continent in the Holocene. However, later remains from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> sites are attributed to importation from Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommer_und_Benecke_2006_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommer_und_Benecke_2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>In the Caucasus, the leopard was hunted to extinction from most of the region by the 1950s or 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still survives in small areas of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, southern Armenia, and Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These leopards belong to the Persian subspecies <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana" title="Panthera pardus tulliana">Panthera pardus tulliana</a></i>, which also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-catsg2017_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889 an Anatolian leopard was killed in the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> after swimming from Asia. Local <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> suggests that similar events have happened in the island at different times in history.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_(persian)_(15098079852).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leopard_%28persian%29_%2815098079852%29.jpg/120px-Leopard_%28persian%29_%2815098079852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leopard_%28persian%29_%2815098079852%29.jpg/180px-Leopard_%28persian%29_%2815098079852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leopard_%28persian%29_%2815098079852%29.jpg/240px-Leopard_%28persian%29_%2815098079852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4436" data-file-height="3208" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Tiger</a> </td> <td><i>Panthera tigris</i> </td> <td>Tropical and temperate Asia to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> </td> <td>Present permanently in the Caucasus region and along the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Azov_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Sea">Azov</a> coasts, the <a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuban_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban river">Kuban rivers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Don_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Don river">Don river</a> during the 10th-12th centuries CE, with <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">vagrants</a> recorded as far as <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a>, Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Last recorded in <a href="/wiki/Mingrelia" title="Mingrelia">Mingrelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imeretia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imeretia">Imeretia</a> at the beginning of the 17th century, Armenia in the early 19th century, eastern Georgia in 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzler_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzler-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/Talysh_Mountains" title="Talysh Mountains">Talysh Mountains</a> in 1966. Last three were all vagrants intruding after tigers stopped breeding in the respective area.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg/120px-Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg/180px-Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg/240px-Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="429" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyenas_(family_Hyaenidae)"><span id="Hyenas_.28family_Hyaenidae.29"></span>Hyenas (family <a href="/wiki/Hyaenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaenidae">Hyaenidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hyenas (family Hyaenidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cave_hyena" title="Cave hyena">Cave hyena</a> </td> <td><i>Crocuta spelaea</i> </td> <td>Europe and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Franco-Cantabrian region and to 8950 BCE in the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_(mod).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_%28mod%29.jpg/120px-Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_%28mod%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_%28mod%29.jpg/180px-Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_%28mod%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_%28mod%29.jpg/240px-Stamps_of_Moldova_2016_Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea_%28mod%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dogs_(family_Canidae)"><span id="Dogs_.28family_Canidae.29"></span>Dogs (family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dogs (family Canidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_wolf" title="Sicilian wolf">Sicilian wolf</a> </td> <td><i>Canis lupus cristaldii</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy </td> <td>Exterminated by livestock farmers. The last confirmed individual was killed in 1924 near Bellolampo; unconfirmed killings near <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> were reported between 1935 and 1938, and unconfirmed sightings between 1960 and 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png/120px-Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png/180px-Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png/240px-Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="661" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_dhole" title="European dhole">European dhole</a> </td> <td><i>Cuon alpinus europaeus</i> </td> <td>Central, Southern Europe and the Caucasus </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 7050-6550 BCE in Riparo Fredian, Italy (with doubts)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Les Coves de Santa Maira, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims of 21st century presence of dhole in the Caucasus are erroneous.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_(late_Pliocene_to_Holocene)_-_C._a._europaeus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_%28late_Pliocene_to_Holocene%29_-_C._a._europaeus.png/120px-Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_%28late_Pliocene_to_Holocene%29_-_C._a._europaeus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_%28late_Pliocene_to_Holocene%29_-_C._a._europaeus.png/180px-Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_%28late_Pliocene_to_Holocene%29_-_C._a._europaeus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_%28late_Pliocene_to_Holocene%29_-_C._a._europaeus.png/240px-Biochronology_of_Polish_canids_%28late_Pliocene_to_Holocene%29_-_C._a._europaeus.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_dhole" title="Sardinian dhole">Sardinian dhole</a> </td> <td><i>Cynotherium sardous</i> </td> <td>Corsica and Sardinia </td> <td>Most recent remains in Corsica dated to 9910-9710 BCE and Sardinia to 9531-9196 BCE, roughly coinciding with modern human colonization of the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Valenzuela_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valenzuela-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg/120px-Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg/180px-Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg/240px-Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1048" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martens,_polecats,_otters,_badgers,_and_weasels_(family_Mustelidae)"><span id="Martens.2C_polecats.2C_otters.2C_badgers.2C_and_weasels_.28family_Mustelidae.29"></span>Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megalenhydris" title="Megalenhydris">Sardinian giant otter</a> </td> <td><i>Megalenhydris barbaricina</i> </td> <td>Sardinia, Italy </td> <td>Known from a single skeleton found in a cave with no <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphical context</a> but estimated to be Late Pleistocene or early Holocene,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 68050-8050 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Louys_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louys-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg/120px-D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg/180px-D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg/240px-D2627_Megalenhydris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odd-toed_ungulates_(order_Perissodactyla)"><span id="Odd-toed_ungulates_.28order_Perissodactyla.29"></span>Odd-toed ungulates (order <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horses_and_allies_(family_Equidae)"><span id="Horses_and_allies_.28family_Equidae.29"></span>Horses and allies (family <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Horses and allies (family Equidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">Tarpan</a> </td> <td><i>Equus ferus ferus</i> </td> <td>Western Europe to western Siberia,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatolia?<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Historical sources record <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horses</a> living until the 12th century in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, 13th in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-Jezierski_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezierski-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 14th in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, 16th in Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-Nores_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nores-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>; 18th in the northern <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jezierski_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezierski-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and southern Urals,<sup id="cite_ref-Kosintsev2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosintsev2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 19th in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovasz_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovasz-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last in the wild was killed in <a href="/wiki/Askania-Nova" title="Askania-Nova">Askania-Nova</a> in 1879, and the last in captivity died in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Zoo" title="Moscow Zoo">Moscow Zoo</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-Jezierski_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezierski-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources treat them as wild, untameable animals of different nature to horses, and others as <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>, casting doubt on the moment when pure wild horses became extinct in the continent. Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> considers the subspecies <i>E. f. ferus</i> valid. The <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> word "tarpan" was popularized for European wild horses in the 19th century, though today is sometimes limited to horses from central and eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovasz_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovasz-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleogenomics" title="Paleogenomics">Paleogenomics</a> suggest that <a href="/wiki/Horse_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse domestication">horses were domesticated</a> independently in the <a href="/wiki/Ponto-Caspian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponto-Caspian steppe">Ponto-Caspian steppe</a> and expanded to the rest of Europe by the Bronze Age. Early <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> pastoralists likely released their horses to graze freely at night, resulting in feral populations and hybridization with wild horses. Wild mares were also captured to replenish domestic herds, breaking down the social order of wild herds and diminishing their reproduction. Around 600-1100 CE, the original high genetic diversity of domestic horses dropped to current levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovasz_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovasz-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historical times European wild horses were hunted for their meat, hide, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, sport, and to protect crops and livestock <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> deposits during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Nores_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nores-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jezierski_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezierski-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several horse breeds have been claimed to have recent tarpan ancestry including the <a href="/wiki/Konik" title="Konik">Konik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorraia" title="Sorraia">Sorraia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exmoor_pony" title="Exmoor pony">Exmoor pony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hucul_pony" title="Hucul pony">Hucul pony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Mountain_Horse" title="Bosnian Mountain Horse">Bosnian Mountain Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Native">Estonian Native</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gotland_pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotland pony">Gotland pony</a>. However, genetic and historical evidence indicate that all are typical domestic horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovasz_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovasz-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_(23160219639).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarpan drawn by Charles Hamilton Smith from eyewitness testimonies (1841)."><img alt="Tarpan drawn by Charles Hamilton Smith from eyewitness testimonies (1841)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_%2823160219639%29.jpg/120px-Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_%2823160219639%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_%2823160219639%29.jpg/180px-Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_%2823160219639%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_%2823160219639%29.jpg/240px-Mammals-00027_TARPAN_WILD_HORSE_%2823160219639%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="613" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kherson_tarpan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A supposed tarpan or tarpan hybrid photographed in captivity in Russia in 1884. The origins of the image and animal are actually unknown (Lovász et al., 2021)."><img alt="A supposed tarpan or tarpan hybrid photographed in captivity in Russia in 1884. The origins of the image and animal are actually unknown (Lovász et al., 2021)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kherson_tarpan.jpg/120px-Kherson_tarpan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kherson_tarpan.jpg/180px-Kherson_tarpan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kherson_tarpan.jpg/240px-Kherson_tarpan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="683" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_wild_ass" title="European wild ass">Hydruntine</a> </td> <td><i>Equus hemionus hydruntinus</i> </td> <td>Southern Europe to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">northern Iran</a> </td> <td>Remains dated to 8050 BCE in Western Europe, 3550 BCE in Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3300-2700 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo</a>, Bulgaria; 3200-2500 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>, Spain; 2050 BCE in southern <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1500-500 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Keti,_Armenia" title="Keti, Armenia">Keti, Armenia</a>. Questionable remains in Didi-gora, Georgia dated to 1075 BCE. The hydruntine inhabited open steppe habitat that became rarer and fragmented in the Holocene, making it more vulnerable to human exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Crees_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crees-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg/120px-Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg/180px-Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg/240px-Drawing_of_a_hydruntine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_4">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenian_kulan" title="Turkmenian kulan">Turkmenian kulan</a> </td> <td><i>Equus hemionus kulan</i> </td> <td>Ukraine to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Probably present in the deserts between the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ural_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural river">Ural rivers</a> until the 18th or 19th century, when it was extirpated due to increasing hunting with firearms and seizure of waterholes for livestock use. 18th century records from <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Russia are considered unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first reintroduced to Askania-Nova, Ukraine in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_Europe" title="Rewilding Europe">Rewilding Europe</a> released kulan in the <a href="/wiki/Tarutyns%27kyj_steppe" title="Tarutyns'kyj steppe">Tarutyns'kyj steppe</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also announced plans to release kulan in Spain as proxy for the hydruntine.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kulan_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Kulan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kulan_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Kulan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kulan_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Kulan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="967" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_onager" title="Persian onager">Persian onager</a> </td> <td><i>Equus hemionus onager</i> </td> <td>Iran and the eastern Caucasus </td> <td>Most recent remains at the <a href="/wiki/Baku_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku fortress">Baku fortress</a> dated to the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Crees_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crees-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubbo_Zoo_(3149120827).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dubbo_Zoo_%283149120827%29.jpg/120px-Dubbo_Zoo_%283149120827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dubbo_Zoo_%283149120827%29.jpg/180px-Dubbo_Zoo_%283149120827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dubbo_Zoo_%283149120827%29.jpg/240px-Dubbo_Zoo_%283149120827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1510" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhinoceroses_(family_Rhinocerotidae)"><span id="Rhinoceroses_.28family_Rhinocerotidae.29"></span>Rhinoceroses (family <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">Rhinocerotidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">Woolly rhinoceros</a> </td> <td><i>Coelodonta antiquitatis</i> </td> <td>Northern Eurasia </td> <td>Most recent remains in the Southern Urals dated to 9450 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg/120px-Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg/180px-Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg/240px-Coelodonta_antiquitatis_by_Benjamin_Langlois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Even-toed_ungulates_(order_Artiodactyla)"><span id="Even-toed_ungulates_.28order_Artiodactyla.29"></span>Even-toed ungulates (order <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">Artiodactyla</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_and_bowhead_whales_(family_Balaenidae)"><span id="Right_and_bowhead_whales_.28family_Balaenidae.29"></span>Right and bowhead whales (family <a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">Balaenidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Right and bowhead whales (family Balaenidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_5">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale</a> </td> <td><i>Eubalaena glacialis</i> </td> <td>North Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea </td> <td>Possibly calved in the Mediterranean in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All few confirmed individuals in Europe since 1999 were identified as vagrants from the North American population, and known calving areas in Africa appear to be depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-eubalaena_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eubalaena-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg/120px-Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg/180px-Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg/240px-Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="726" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gray_whales_(family_Eschrichtiidae)"><span id="Gray_whales_.28family_Eschrichtiidae.29"></span>Gray whales (family <a href="/wiki/Eschrichtiidae" title="Eschrichtiidae">Eschrichtiidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_6">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">Gray whale</a> </td> <td><i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> </td> <td>North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Most recent remains at <a href="/wiki/Ijmuiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijmuiden">Ijmuiden</a>, Netherlands were dated to 550 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vagrant from the Pacific population dispersed over the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> and was seen in Europe in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg/120px-Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg/180px-Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg/240px-Eschrichtius_robustus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="533" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_deer_(family_Cervidae)"><span id="True_deer_.28family_Cervidae.29"></span>True deer (family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: True deer (family Cervidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_moose" title="Caucasian moose">Caucasian moose</a> </td> <td><i>Alces alces caucasicus</i> </td> <td>North Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea </td> <td>Hunted to extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia later colonized the North Caucasus naturally over the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elch.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elch.PNG/100px-Elch.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elch.PNG/150px-Elch.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elch.PNG/200px-Elch.PNG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_elk" title="Irish elk">Irish elk</a> </td> <td><i>Megaloceros giganteus</i> </td> <td>Europe and Southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains in <a href="/wiki/Maloarkhangelsk,_Oryol_Oblast" title="Maloarkhangelsk, Oryol Oblast">Maloarkhangelsk</a>, Russia dated to 5766-5643 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Lister_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lister-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the South Urals dated to 2320 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alleged Holocene remains from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, and Ukraine are poorly dated or erroneous. <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> from 600-500 BCE that appear to depict <i>Megaloceros</i> could have been based on <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Lister_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lister-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaloceros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Megaloceros.jpg/100px-Megaloceros.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Megaloceros.jpg/150px-Megaloceros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Megaloceros.jpg/200px-Megaloceros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Praemegaceros_cazioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Praemegaceros cazioti">Praemegaceros cazioti</a></i> </td> <td>Corsica and Sardinia<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Most recently dated to 8718 BCE in Teppa u Lupinu, Corsica and 5641–5075 BCE in Grotta Juntu, Sardinia. It survived the first human colonization of the islands, but became extinct when <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> peoples arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Valenzuela_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valenzuela-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg/120px-Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg/180px-Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg/240px-Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_7">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wapiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapiti">Wapiti</a> </td> <td><i>Cervus canadensis</i> </td> <td>Northern Eurasia and North America </td> <td>Survived into the early Holocene of <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> and (as the subspecies <i>C. c. palmidactyloceros</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and possibly the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate forest</a>-adapted <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> replaced it in the rest of Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">dwarf</a> subspecies <i>C. c. tyrrhenicus</i> existed in <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a> after the post-glacial sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg/120px-Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg/180px-Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg/240px-Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cattle,_goats,_antelopes,_and_others_(family_Bovidae)"><span id="Cattle.2C_goats.2C_antelopes.2C_and_others_.28family_Bovidae.29"></span>Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_wisent" title="Caucasian wisent">Caucasian wisent</a> </td> <td><i>Bison bonasus caucasicus</i> </td> <td>Caucasus, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Northern Iran </td> <td>Declined after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a> as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cattle">domestic cattle</a> rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootic</a> outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poached</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only captive animal, a male, lived in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="667" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_wisent" title="Carpathian wisent">Carpathian wisent</a> </td> <td><i>Bison bonasus hungarorum</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> </td> <td>Claimed subspecies disappeared in either 1762 or 1790, but there is a lack of differences to justify it. It was described from a single <a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">neurocranium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum" title="Hungarian National Museum">Hungarian National Museum</a> that was subsequently lost in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">Steppe bison</a> </td> <td><i>Bison priscus</i> </td> <td>Northern Eurasia and North America </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 1130-1060 BCE near the <a href="/wiki/Oyat" title="Oyat">Oyat</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Western_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Russia">Western Russia</a>. However this date was not <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_calibration" title="Radiocarbon calibration">calibrated</a> and the remains could be older.<sup id="cite_ref-Plasteeva_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plasteeva-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent calibrated dates include 9450 BCE in the Southern Urals, 8650 BCE in the Middle Urals, and 7550 BCE in Boreal Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg/120px-Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg/180px-Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg/240px-Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_aurochs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian aurochs">Eurasian aurochs</a> </td> <td><i>Bos primigenius primigenius</i> </td> <td>Europe and Western Asia<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Declined as a result of hunting, deforestation for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, competition with livestock for pastures, and diseases transmitted by domestic cattle. The last individual in the <a href="/wiki/Jaktorow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaktorow">Jaktorow</a> forest of <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a>, Poland died in 1627,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria in the late 17th or early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different active <a href="/wiki/Aurochs#Breeding_of_aurochs-like_cattle" title="Aurochs">projects to breed aurochs-like cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">release them in the wild</a> as proxy for the aurochs. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg/120px-Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg/180px-Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg/240px-Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="485" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_water_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="European water buffalo">European water buffalo</a> </td> <td><i>Bubalus murrensis</i> </td> <td>Central, eastern, and southeastern Europe </td> <td>Most recent confirmed remains in <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a>, Russia dated to 10811 BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unique <a href="/wiki/Genetic_introgression" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic introgression">genetic introgression</a> into local <a href="/wiki/Domestic_water_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic water buffalo">domestic water buffaloes</a> and possible remains from the Neolithic of southeastern Europe (9000-7000 BCE) and Atlantic of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (7000-4000 BCE) suggest that the native European species of water buffalo survived into the Holocene.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Rewilding Europe released domestic buffaloes in the Danube Delta as proxy for the European water buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bubalus_murrensis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bubalus_murrensis.JPG/120px-Bubalus_murrensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bubalus_murrensis.JPG/180px-Bubalus_murrensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bubalus_murrensis.JPG/240px-Bubalus_murrensis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_ibex" title="Portuguese ibex">Portuguese ibex</a> </td> <td><i>Capra pyrenaica lusitanica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>-<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galician</a> border </td> <td>Hunted to extinction around 1890. A different subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ibex" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ibex">Spanish ibex</a> naturally colonized the <a href="/wiki/Peneda-Ger%C3%AAs_National_Park" title="Peneda-Gerês National Park">Peneda-Gerês National Park</a> in the Portuguese ibex's former range during the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Acevedo_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acevedo-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alados_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alados-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza,_n_131,_Lisboa,_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza%2C_n_131%2C_Lisboa%2C_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza%2C_n_131%2C_Lisboa%2C_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza%2C_n_131%2C_Lisboa%2C_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza%2C_n_131%2C_Lisboa%2C_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza%2C_n_131%2C_Lisboa%2C_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Ilustra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portugueza%2C_n_131%2C_Lisboa%2C_24-8-1908_0017_Capra_pyrenaica_lusitanica_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="815" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_ibex" title="Pyrenean ibex">Pyrenean ibex</a> </td> <td><i>Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The last individual, a female, died at <a href="/wiki/Ordesa_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordesa National Park">Ordesa National Park</a> in 2000. A single <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloned</a> individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later,<sup id="cite_ref-Folch_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folch-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making this the first case of biological <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> <a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">de-extinction</a> and a taxon becoming extinct twice. In 2014, Spanish ibexes from the <a href="/wiki/Guadarrama_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadarrama Mountains">Guadarrama Mountains</a> were released in the <a href="/wiki/French_Pyrenees" class="mw-redirect" title="French Pyrenees">French Pyrenees</a> as proxy for the Pyrenean ibex.<sup id="cite_ref-Alados_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alados-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrenean_Ibex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyrenean_Ibex.png/100px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyrenean_Ibex.png/150px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyrenean_Ibex.png/200px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands_cave_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic Islands cave goat">Balearic Islands cave goat</a> </td> <td><i>Myotragus balearicus</i> </td> <td>Gymnesian Islands, Spain </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 3969-3759 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, 3649-3379 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Cabrera,_Balearic_Islands" title="Cabrera, Balearic Islands">Cabrera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Turvey_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turvey-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2830-2470 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>. The timeframe allows to confidently exclude <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> as a reason for the extinction and blame it solely on the first human settlers to the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myotragus_balearicus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Myotragus_balearicus.JPG/120px-Myotragus_balearicus.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Myotragus_balearicus.JPG/180px-Myotragus_balearicus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Myotragus_balearicus.JPG/240px-Myotragus_balearicus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extinct_in_the_wild">Extinct in the wild</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Extinct in the wild"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">Lowland wisent</a> </td> <td><i>Bison bonasus bonasus</i> </td> <td>Western Europe to Southern Siberia </td> <td>The last wild population in Poland's <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> was hunted to extinction during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. A captive herd was returned to Bialowieza in 1929; it was made of zoo animals, some of which were hybridized with other subspecies or species of bison. Individuals with <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> ancestry were removed from Bialowieza in 1936, and with Caucasian wisent ancestry in 1950. The Bialowieza herd was fully returned to the wild in 1952 and subsequently used as stock for pure lowland herds in Poland, Lithuania, and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokarska_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokarska-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caucasian-lowland hybrid line was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Kavkazsky_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavkazsky Nature Reserve">Kavkazsky Nature Reserve</a> in 1940, in the Caucasian wisent's former range, and allowed to roam free from 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other hybrid wisent herds were later established in the Carpathians, Ukraine, and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokarska_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokarska-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_bison_(Bison_bonasus)_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg/120px-European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg/180px-European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg/240px-European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="3880" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_8">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo</a> </td> <td><i>Bubalus arnee</i><sup id="cite_ref-Manaseryan2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manaseryan2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Southern Asia </td> <td>Most recent remains at Kosi Choter, Armenia dated to the Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Chahoud_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chahoud-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_(11)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_%2811%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_%2811%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_%2811%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_%2811%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_%2811%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Indian_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_arnee_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_IMG_0347_%2811%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="923" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemitragus" title="Hemitragus">Tahr</a> </td> <td><i>Hemitragus</i> sp. </td> <td>Southern Europe to the Caucasus and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> </td> <td>Most recent remains in the Iberian Peninsula dated to 9600 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzachenko_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzachenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg/120px-Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg/180px-Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg/240px-Tahr_Devils_Peak_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a> </td> <td><i>Ovibos moschatus</i> </td> <td>Northern Eurasia and North America </td> <td>Most recent remains in Sweden were dated to 7050 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first reintroduction attempt was made at <a href="/wiki/Gursk%C3%B8ya" title="Gurskøya">Gurskøya</a>, Norway in 1925, but all animals died because of the unfavorable climate or <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>. Another herd was released at <a href="/wiki/Hjerkinn" title="Hjerkinn">Hjerkinn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dovre" title="Dovre">Dovre</a> mountains in 1932. These animals are presumed to have been exterminated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, though there were unconfirmed sightings of muskoxen at <a href="/wiki/Tafjord" title="Tafjord">Tafjord</a> in 1942 and 1951. The definitive successful reintroduction in Dovre was made in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Lono_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lono-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 a herd left Dovre after being harassed by <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourists</a> and established itself in <a href="/wiki/Harjedalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harjedalen">Harjedalen</a>, Sweden. Norwegians also introduced muskoxen to <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> in 1929, outside of the muskox's natural range, but this population died out by the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskox_(Ovibos_moschatus)_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg/120px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg/180px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg/240px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3649" data-file-height="2433" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birds_(class_Aves)"><span id="Birds_.28class_Aves.29"></span>Birds (class <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Birds (class Aves)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rails_and_cranes_(order_Gruiformes)"><span id="Rails_and_cranes_.28order_Gruiformes.29"></span>Rails and cranes (order <a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rails_(family_Rallidae)"><span id="Rails_.28family_Rallidae.29"></span>Rails (family <a href="/wiki/Rallidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallidae">Rallidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rails (family Rallidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibiza_rail" title="Ibiza rail">Ibiza rail</a> </td> <td><i>Rallus eivissensis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, Spain </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 5295-4848 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shorebirds_(order_Charadriiformes)"><span id="Shorebirds_.28order_Charadriiformes.29"></span>Shorebirds (order <a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sandpipers_(family_Scolopacidae)"><span id="Sandpipers_.28family_Scolopacidae.29"></span>Sandpipers (family <a href="/wiki/Sandpiper" title="Sandpiper">Scolopacidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_curlew" title="Slender-billed curlew">Slender-billed curlew</a> </td> <td><i>Numenius tenuirostris</i> </td> <td>Western Eurasia and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> </td> <td>The species bred in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and southern Siberia and wintered in western <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, being present in Europe during <a href="/wiki/Migration_(ecology)" title="Migration (ecology)">migration</a> or as a vagrant. It likely disappeared as a result of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_alteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat alteration">habitat alteration</a> in Asia and overhunting in Africa. The last confirmed record worldwide was in Hungary, in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Hume_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hume-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg/120px-Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg/180px-Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg/240px-Numenius_tenuirostris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="3366" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auks_(family_Alcidae)"><span id="Auks_.28family_Alcidae.29"></span>Auks (family <a href="/wiki/Alcidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcidae">Alcidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Auks (family Alcidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">Great auk</a> </td> <td><i>Pinguinus impennis</i> </td> <td>Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea </td> <td>Originally hunted for its feathers, meat, fat, and oil; as it grew rare, also to supply collectionists. The last pair on the eastern Atlantic was killed on <a href="/wiki/Eldey_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldey Island">Eldey Island</a>, off Iceland in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-auk_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auk-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PinguinusImpennus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PinguinusImpennus.jpg/120px-PinguinusImpennus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PinguinusImpennus.jpg/180px-PinguinusImpennus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PinguinusImpennus.jpg/240px-PinguinusImpennus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14368" data-file-height="9024" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buttonquails_(family_Turnicidae)"><span id="Buttonquails_.28family_Turnicidae.29"></span>Buttonquails (family <a href="/wiki/Turnicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnicidae">Turnicidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Buttonquails (family Turnicidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_9">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_buttonquail" title="Common buttonquail">Common buttonquail</a> </td> <td><i>Turnix sylvaticus</i> </td> <td>Africa, South Asia, southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily </td> <td>Last confirmed individual in Spain was killed in <a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park" title="Doñana National Park">Doñana National Park</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg/120px-Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg/180px-Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg/240px-Turnix_sylvaticus_64607517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelicans,_herons,_and_ibises_(order_Pelecaniformes)"><span id="Pelicans.2C_herons.2C_and_ibises_.28order_Pelecaniformes.29"></span>Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order <a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibises_and_spoonbills_(family_Threskiornithidae)"><span id="Ibises_and_spoonbills_.28family_Threskiornithidae.29"></span>Ibises and spoonbills (family <a href="/wiki/Threskiornithidae" title="Threskiornithidae">Threskiornithidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_10">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_bald_ibis" title="Northern bald ibis">Northern bald ibis</a> </td> <td><i>Geronticus eremita</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a> </td> <td>Extirpated from Europe before 1650 as a result of habitat loss, climate change, and direct persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohm_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohm-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1738 painting made in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Albin" title="Eleazar Albin">Eleazar Albin</a> was based on a stuffed specimen or an older depiction.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991 a gradual reintroduction project using handreared chicks began at <a href="/wiki/Alpenzoo_Innsbruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpenzoo Innsbruck">Alpenzoo Innsbruck</a> in Austria, and in 2011 a migratory population was established between southern Germany, Austria, and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. A second reintroduction project started in southern Spain in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohm_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohm-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png/120px-Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png/180px-Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png/240px-Hermit_Ibis_in_Vienna_Zoo_on_2013-05-14.png 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawks_and_relatives_(order_Accipitriformes)"><span id="Hawks_and_relatives_.28order_Accipitriformes.29"></span>Hawks and relatives (order <a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawks,_eagles,_kites,_harriers_and_Old_World_vultures_(family_Accipitridae)"><span id="Hawks.2C_eagles.2C_kites.2C_harriers_and_Old_World_vultures_.28family_Accipitridae.29"></span>Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family <a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquila_nipaloides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquila nipaloides (page does not exist)">Aquila nipaloides</a></i> </td> <td>Corsica and Sardinia<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_eagle" title="Steppe eagle">steppe eagle</a>. Most recent remains at Teppa di U Lupinu, Corsica dated to 8718-8300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owls_(order_Strigiformes)"><span id="Owls_.28order_Strigiformes.29"></span>Owls (order <a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigiformes">Strigiformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Owls (order Strigiformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_owls_(family_Strigidae)"><span id="True_owls_.28family_Strigidae.29"></span>True owls (family <a href="/wiki/Strigidae" title="Strigidae">Strigidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: True owls (family Strigidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_fish_owl#Fossil_records" title="Brown fish owl">Mediterranean brown fish owl</a> </td> <td><i>Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae</i> </td> <td>Corsica, Sardinia, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, Crete, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>Described as different separated species including <i>Bubo insularis</i>, before being recognized as a subspecies of the Asian <a href="/wiki/Brown_fish_owl" title="Brown fish owl">brown fish owl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent remains in Corsica date to 7433-7035 BCE. In Corsica-Sardinia it could have been locally adapted to prey on the Sardinian pika, disappearing after human arrival with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigne_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_11">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th>Images </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marsh_owl" title="Marsh owl">Marsh owl</a> </td> <td><i>Asio capensis</i> </td> <td>Africa and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> </td> <td>Occasional winter visitor to southwest <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> until the end of the 19th century, with a single later record of a bird shot in <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asio_capensis,_Tweeling,_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asio_capensis%2C_Tweeling%2C_a.jpg/120px-Asio_capensis%2C_Tweeling%2C_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asio_capensis%2C_Tweeling%2C_a.jpg/180px-Asio_capensis%2C_Tweeling%2C_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asio_capensis%2C_Tweeling%2C_a.jpg/240px-Asio_capensis%2C_Tweeling%2C_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perching_birds_(order_Passeriformes)"><span id="Perching_birds_.28order_Passeriformes.29"></span>Perching birds (order <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Perching birds (order Passeriformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crows_and_relatives_(family_Corvidae)"><span id="Crows_and_relatives_.28family_Corvidae.29"></span>Crows and relatives (family <a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pied_raven" title="Pied raven">Pied raven</a> </td> <td><i>Corvus corax varius</i> morpha <i>leucophaeus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> </td> <td>Last confirmed individual shot in <a href="/wiki/Mykines,_Faroe_Islands" title="Mykines, Faroe Islands">Mykines</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-Robischon_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robischon-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg/120px-Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg/180px-Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg/240px-Corvus_corax_varius_morpha_leucophaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reptiles_(class_Reptilia)"><span id="Reptiles_.28class_Reptilia.29"></span>Reptiles (class <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Reptiles (class Reptilia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Squamates_(order_Squamata)"><span id="Squamates_.28order_Squamata.29"></span>Squamates (order <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Squamates (order Squamata)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wall_lizards_(family_Lacertidae)"><span id="Wall_lizards_.28family_Lacertidae.29"></span>Wall lizards (family <a href="/wiki/Lacertidae" title="Lacertidae">Lacertidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Wall lizards (family Lacertidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratas_Island_lizard" title="Ratas Island lizard">Ratas Island lizard</a> </td> <td><i>Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi</i> </td> <td>Ratas Island off <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a>, Spain </td> <td>Exterminated in 1935<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the island was exploded as part of remodeling works in Mahón harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg/120px-Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg/180px-Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg/240px-Podarcis_lilfordi_rodriquezi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_lizard" title="Santo Stefano lizard">Santo Stefano lizard</a> </td> <td><i>Podarcis siculus sanctistephani</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Island" title="Santo Stefano Island">Santo Stefano Island</a>, Italy </td> <td>Extinct around 1965 as a result of an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> and predation by introduced <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vipers_(family_Viperidae)"><span id="Vipers_.28family_Viperidae.29"></span>Vipers (family <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Vipers (family Viperidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vipera_latastei_ebusitana" title="Vipera latastei ebusitana">Ibizan dwarf viper</a> </td> <td><i>Vipera latastei ebusitana</i> </td> <td>Ibiza, Spain </td> <td>Most recent remains dated to 5295 BCE. The causes of extinction are presumed human-induced due to the lack of climatic changes at the time, such as the introduction of exotic predators like <a href="/wiki/Feral_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral dog">feral dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">pigs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garden_dormouse" title="Garden dormouse">garden dormice</a> by the first human settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ray-finned_fish_(class_Actinopterygii)"><span id="Ray-finned_fish_.28class_Actinopterygii.29"></span>Ray-finned fish (class <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sturgeons_and_paddlefishes_(order_Acipenseriformes)"><span id="Sturgeons_and_paddlefishes_.28order_Acipenseriformes.29"></span>Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order <a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order Acipenseriformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sturgeons_(family_Acipenseridae)"><span id="Sturgeons_.28family_Acipenseridae.29"></span>Sturgeons (family <a href="/wiki/Acipenseridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenseridae">Acipenseridae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Sturgeons (family Acipenseridae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_12">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sturgeon" title="Atlantic sturgeon">Atlantic sturgeon</a> </td> <td><i>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus</i> </td> <td>Eastern coast of North America and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> </td> <td>Last known Baltic specimen was caught in 1996 near <a href="/wiki/Muhumaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhumaa">Muhumaa</a>, Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reintroduced to the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the <a href="/wiki/Narva_(river)" title="Narva (river)">Narva</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg/120px-Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg/180px-Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg/240px-Acipenser_oxyrinchus_PAQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minnows_and_allies_(order_Cypriniformes)"><span id="Minnows_and_allies_.28order_Cypriniformes.29"></span>Minnows and allies (order <a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carps,_minnows,_and_relatives_(family_Cyprinidae)"><span id="Carps.2C_minnows.2C_and_relatives_.28family_Cyprinidae.29"></span>Carps, minnows, and relatives (family <a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chondrostoma_scodrense" title="Chondrostoma scodrense">Skadar nase</a> </td> <td><i>Chondrostoma scodrense</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Lake Skadar</a> </td> <td>Described in 1987 from specimens preserved in the 1900s. Surveys of the lake failed to find any living animals.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanogobio_antipai" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanogobio antipai">Danube delta gudgeon</a> </td> <td><i>Romanogobio antipai</i> </td> <td>Lower Danube </td> <td>Last recorded in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanogobio_antipai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Romanogobio_antipai.jpg/120px-Romanogobio_antipai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Romanogobio_antipai.jpg/180px-Romanogobio_antipai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Romanogobio_antipai.jpg/240px-Romanogobio_antipai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="334" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(order_Salmoniformes)"><span id="Salmon.2C_trout_and_relatives_.28order_Salmoniformes.29"></span>Salmon, trout and relatives (order <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmoniformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salmon,_trout_and_relatives_(family_Salmonidae)"><span id="Salmon.2C_trout_and_relatives_.28family_Salmonidae.29"></span>Salmon, trout and relatives (family <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Coregonus_bezola" title="Coregonus bezola">Coregonus bezola</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_du_Bourget" title="Lac du Bourget">Lac du Bourget</a>, France </td> <td>Last recorded individual caught in the late 19th century, though local testimonies suggest it persisted until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coregonus_fera" title="Coregonus fera">True fera</a> </td> <td><i>Coregonus fera</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> </td> <td>Last recorded in 1920. Became extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_(Matschie_et_al._1909).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg/120px-Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg/180px-Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg/240px-Coregonus_fera_Jurine_1825_Fig_115_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="288" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coregonus_gutturosus" title="Coregonus gutturosus">Lake Constance whitefish</a> </td> <td><i>Coregonus gutturosus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> </td> <td>Not recorded since eutrophication of the lake peaked in the early 1970s, killing all eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kilch.jpg/120px-Kilch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kilch.jpg/180px-Kilch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kilch.jpg/240px-Kilch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravenche" title="Gravenche">Gravenche</a> </td> <td><i>Coregonus hiemalis</i> </td> <td>Lake Geneva </td> <td>Not recorded since the early 1900s. Likely disappeared due to eutrophication and overfishing.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coregonushiemalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coregonushiemalis.jpg/120px-Coregonushiemalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coregonushiemalis.jpg/180px-Coregonushiemalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coregonushiemalis.jpg/240px-Coregonushiemalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="246" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Coregonus_restrictus" title="Coregonus restrictus">Coregonus restrictus</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Morat" title="Lake Morat">Lake Morat</a>, Switzerland </td> <td>Last recorded in 1890, likely because of eutrophication.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_neocomensis" title="Salvelinus neocomensis">Salvelinus neocomensis</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Lake Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland </td> <td>Last recorded in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extinct_in_the_wild_2">Extinct in the wild</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Extinct in the wild"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stenodus_leucichthys" title="Stenodus leucichthys">Beloribitsa</a> </td> <td><i>Stenodus leucichthys</i> </td> <td>Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural and Terek river drainages </td> <td>Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-beloribitsa_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beloribitsa-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced <a href="/wiki/Nelma" title="Nelma">nelma</a> remain threats to its survival.<sup id="cite_ref-beloribitsa_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beloribitsa-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg/120px-Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg/180px-Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg/240px-Stenodus_leucichthys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_13">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Houting" class="mw-redirect" title="Houting">Houting</a> </td> <td><i>Coregonus oxyrinchus</i> </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> Basins up to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, and southeastern <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td> <td>Disappeared around 1940 as a result of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though treated as a different species since about 1700, a genetic study in 2023 found the houting indistinguishable from the <a href="/wiki/Coregonus_lavaretus" title="Coregonus lavaretus">lavaret</a> (<i>Coregonus lavaretus</i>) still extant in Great Britain, the Alpine area, and waterways it was introduced to.<sup id="cite_ref-Kros2023_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kros2023-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phys_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houting-PD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Houting-PD.png/120px-Houting-PD.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Houting-PD.png/180px-Houting-PD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Houting-PD.png/240px-Houting-PD.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lionfishes_and_sculpins_(order_Scorpaeniformes)"><span id="Lionfishes_and_sculpins_.28order_Scorpaeniformes.29"></span>Lionfishes and sculpins (order <a href="/wiki/Scorpaeniformes" title="Scorpaeniformes">Scorpaeniformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sticklebacks_(family_Gasterosteidae)"><span id="Sticklebacks_.28family_Gasterosteidae.29"></span>Sticklebacks (family <a href="/wiki/Gasterosteidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasterosteidae">Gasterosteidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Sticklebacks (family Gasterosteidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gasterosteus_crenobiontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasterosteus crenobiontus">Techirghiol stickleback</a> </td> <td><i>Gasterosteus crenobiontus</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Techirghiol" title="Lake Techirghiol">Lake Techirghiol</a>, Romania </td> <td>Last recorded in the 1960s. Extinct as a result of hybridization with the <a href="/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback" title="Three-spined stickleback">three-spined stickleback</a>; the springs it inhabited were separated from the latter's habitat by a <a href="/wiki/Hypersaline_lake" title="Hypersaline lake">hypersaline lake</a> acting as barrier between the species, until <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> works transformed the lake into a <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> one that was invaded by migratory three-spined sticklebacks.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cartilaginous_fish_(class_Chondrichthyes)"><span id="Cartilaginous_fish_.28class_Chondrichthyes.29"></span>Cartilaginous fish (class <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shovelnose_rays_and_allies_(order_Rhinopristiformes)"><span id="Shovelnose_rays_and_allies_.28order_Rhinopristiformes.29"></span>Shovelnose rays and allies (order <a href="/wiki/Rhinopristiformes" title="Rhinopristiformes">Rhinopristiformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Shovelnose rays and allies (order Rhinopristiformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sawfishes_(family_Pristidae)"><span id="Sawfishes_.28family_Pristidae.29"></span>Sawfishes (family <a href="/wiki/Pristidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristidae">Pristidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Sawfishes (family Pristidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Locally_extinct_14">Locally extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Locally extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th>Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smalltooth_sawfish" title="Smalltooth sawfish">Smalltooth sawfish</a> </td> <td><i>Pristis pectinata</i> </td> <td>Mid-Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea </td> <td>Last caught in <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Vis</a>, Croatia in 1902, and broadly in the Mediterranean before 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg/120px-Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg/180px-Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg/240px-Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="337" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Largetooth_sawfish" title="Largetooth sawfish">Largetooth sawfish</a> </td> <td><i>Pristis pristis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Circumtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumtropical">Circumtropical</a> </td> <td>Last caught in <a href="/wiki/Embiez" title="Embiez">Embiez</a>, France before 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg/120px-Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg/180px-Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg/240px-Pristis_pristis_-_Georgia_Aquarium_Jan_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lampreys_and_relatives_(class_Hyperoartia)"><span id="Lampreys_and_relatives_.28class_Hyperoartia.29"></span>Lampreys and relatives (class <a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Lampreys and relatives (class Hyperoartia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lampreys_(order_Petromyzontiformes)"><span id="Lampreys_.28order_Petromyzontiformes.29"></span>Lampreys (order <a href="/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzontiformes">Petromyzontiformes</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Lampreys (order Petromyzontiformes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_lampreys_(family_Petromyzontidae)"><span id="Northern_lampreys_.28family_Petromyzontidae.29"></span>Northern lampreys (family <a href="/wiki/Petromyzontidae" title="Petromyzontidae">Petromyzontidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Northern lampreys (family Petromyzontidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon" title="Eudontomyzon">Ukrainian migratory lamprey</a> </td> <td><i>Eudontomyzon</i> sp. nov. 'migratory' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dniestr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniestr">Dniestr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a>, and Don River drainages </td> <td>Disappeared in the late 19th century for unknown reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insects_(class_Insecta)"><span id="Insects_.28class_Insecta.29"></span>Insects (class <a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Insects (class Insecta)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praying_mantises_(order_Mantodea)"><span id="Praying_mantises_.28order_Mantodea.29"></span>Praying mantises (order <a href="/wiki/Mantodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantodea">Mantodea</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Praying mantises (order Mantodea)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Amelidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Amelidae" title="Amelidae">Amelidae</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Family Amelidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spined_dwarf_mantis" title="Spined dwarf mantis">Spined dwarf mantis</a> </td> <td><i>Ameles fasciipennis</i> </td> <td>Probably near <a href="/wiki/Tolentino" title="Tolentino">Tolentino</a>, Italy </td> <td>Known only from the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a>, probably collected around 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoyersinia_brevipennis" title="Pseudoyersinia brevipennis">Pseudoyersinia brevipennis</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>, France </td> <td>Only known from the holotype collected in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bark_lice,_book_lice_and_parasitic_lice_(order_Psocodea)"><span id="Bark_lice.2C_book_lice_and_parasitic_lice_.28order_Psocodea.29"></span>Bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice (order <a href="/wiki/Psocodea" title="Psocodea">Psocodea</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice (order Psocodea)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammal_lice_(family_Trichodectidae)"><span id="Mammal_lice_.28family_Trichodectidae.29"></span>Mammal lice (family <a href="/wiki/Trichodectidae" title="Trichodectidae">Trichodectidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Mammal lice (family Trichodectidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possibly_extinct">Possibly extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Possibly extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Felicola_isidoroi" title="Felicola isidoroi">Iberian lynx louse</a> </td> <td><i>Felicola isidoroi</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/And%C3%BAjar" title="Andújar">Andújar</a>, Spain </td> <td>Only known from a male adult and a <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymph</a> found on a dead <a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx</a> in 1997, itself a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> species with low <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunct distribution</a> at the time. Besides difficulties in mixing and exchanging populations, the lice was threatened by the fact that lynxes taken to captive breeding centers were systematically deloused.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beetles_(order_Coleoptera)"><span id="Beetles_.28order_Coleoptera.29"></span>Beetles (order <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Beetles (order Coleoptera)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predaceous_diving_beetles_(family_Dytiscidae)"><span id="Predaceous_diving_beetles_.28family_Dytiscidae.29"></span>Predaceous diving beetles (family <a href="/wiki/Dytiscidae" title="Dytiscidae">Dytiscidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perrin%27s_cave_beetle" title="Perrin's cave beetle">Perrin's cave beetle</a> </td> <td><i>Siettitia balsetensis</i> </td> <td>France<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butterflies_and_moths_(order_Lepidoptera)"><span id="Butterflies_and_moths_.28order_Lepidoptera.29"></span>Butterflies and moths (order <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metalmark_butterflies_(family_Riodinidae)"><span id="Metalmark_butterflies_.28family_Riodinidae.29"></span>Metalmark butterflies (family <a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Metalmark butterflies (family Riodinidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Large_copper" title="Large copper">British large copper</a> </td> <td><i>Lycaena dispar dispar</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, United Kingdom </td> <td>Last recorded in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg/100px-Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg/150px-Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg/200px-Britishentomologyvolume5Plate12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="3542" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a>-land <a href="/wiki/Silver-studded_blue" title="Silver-studded blue">silver-studded blue</a> </td> <td><i>Plebejus argus masseyi</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, United Kingdom </td> <td>Last recorded in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_alcon_blue" title="Dutch alcon blue">Dutch alcon blue</a> </td> <td><i>Phengaris alcon arenaria</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, Netherlands </td> <td>Last recorded in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Large_blue" title="Large blue">British large blue</a> </td> <td><i>Phengaris arion eutyphron</i> </td> <td>Southern Britain </td> <td>Last recorded in 1979. The subspecies <i>P. a. arion</i> was later introduced from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png/100px-Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png/150px-Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png/200px-Colemans_British_Butterflies_Plate_XIV.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2801" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosmet_moths_(family_Cosmopterigidae)"><span id="Cosmet_moths_.28family_Cosmopterigidae.29"></span>Cosmet moths (family <a href="/wiki/Cosmopterigidae" title="Cosmopterigidae">Cosmopterigidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Cosmet moths (family Cosmopterigidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euclemensia_woodiella" title="Euclemensia woodiella">Manchester moth</a> </td> <td><i>Euclemensia woodiella</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kersal_Moor" title="Kersal Moor">Kersal Moor</a>, United Kingdom </td> <td>Last recorded in the 1820s. Only three museum specimens remain.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg/120px-Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg/180px-Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg/240px-Pancalia_Woodiella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="246" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caddisflies_(order_Trichoptera)"><span id="Caddisflies_.28order_Trichoptera.29"></span>Caddisflies (order <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Caddisflies (order Trichoptera)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Net-spinning_caddisflies_(family_Hydropsychidae)"><span id="Net-spinning_caddisflies_.28family_Hydropsychidae.29"></span>Net-spinning caddisflies (family <a href="/wiki/Hydropsychidae" title="Hydropsychidae">Hydropsychidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Net-spinning caddisflies (family Hydropsychidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobias%27_caddisfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobias' caddisfly">Tobias' caddisfly</a> </td> <td><i>Hydropsyche tobiasi</i> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Main_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Main River">Main River</a> and the Rhine up to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany </td> <td>Last collected in 1938. Both the Main and the Rhine were heavily polluted around that time and all local caddisfly species disappeared. Although other caddisflies returned after water quality improved, this species has not been recorded since.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flies_and_mosquitos_(order_Diptera)"><span id="Flies_and_mosquitos_.28order_Diptera.29"></span>Flies and mosquitos (order <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Flies and mosquitos (order Diptera)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long-legged_flies_(family_Dolichopodidae)"><span id="Long-legged_flies_.28family_Dolichopodidae.29"></span>Long-legged flies (family <a href="/wiki/Dolichopodidae" title="Dolichopodidae">Dolichopodidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Poecilobothrus_majesticus" title="Poecilobothrus majesticus">Poecilobothrus majesticus</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walton-on-the-Naze" title="Walton-on-the-Naze">Walton-on-the-Naze</a>, Essex, United Kingdom </td> <td>Last recorded in 1907. The causes of extinction are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Macadam2022_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macadam2022-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slugs_and_snails_(class_Gastropoda)"><span id="Slugs_and_snails_.28class_Gastropoda.29"></span>Slugs and snails (class <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Littorinimorpha">Order <a href="/wiki/Littorinimorpha" title="Littorinimorpha">Littorinimorpha</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Order Littorinimorpha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mud_snails_(family_Hydrobiidae)"><span id="Mud_snails_.28family_Hydrobiidae.29"></span>Mud snails (family <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiidae" title="Hydrobiidae">Hydrobiidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Mud snails (family Hydrobiidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Graecoanatolica_macedonica" title="Graecoanatolica macedonica">Graecoanatolica macedonica</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doiran_Lake" title="Doiran Lake">Doiran Lake</a> on the Greece-<a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> border </td> <td>Last recorded in 1987 and deemed extinct as a result of water substraction, which peaked in 1988. However, fresh shells collected in 2009 may hint to its continued survival.<sup id="cite_ref-graecoanatolica_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graecoanatolica-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg/120px-Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg/180px-Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg/240px-Graecoanatolica_macedonica_A_Mrkvicka2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ohridohauffenia_drimica" title="Ohridohauffenia drimica">Ohridohauffenia drimica</a></i> </td> <td>Upper <a href="/wiki/Drin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Drin River">Drin River</a> in North Macedonia </td> <td>Last recorded before 1983. Disappeared when the river was drained.<sup id="cite_ref-ohridohauffenia_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohridohauffenia-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possibly_extinct_2">Possibly extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Possibly extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Belgrandia_varica" title="Belgrandia varica">Belgrandia varica</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Var_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Var River">Var River</a> Delta, France </td> <td>Not seen since 1870. The documented area of distribution was greatly urbanized, degraded, and polluted afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Belgrandiella" title="Belgrandiella">Belgrandiella boetersi</a></i> </td> <td>Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria </td> <td>Not seen in surveys since at least 1968. It likely declined due to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> abstraction and habitat degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Stylommatophora">Order <a href="/wiki/Stylommatophora" title="Stylommatophora">Stylommatophora</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Order Stylommatophora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_glass_snails_(family_Zonitidae)"><span id="True_glass_snails_.28family_Zonitidae.29"></span>True glass snails (family <a href="/wiki/Zonitidae" title="Zonitidae">Zonitidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: True glass snails (family Zonitidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zonites_santoriniensis" title="Zonites santoriniensis">Zonites santoriniensis</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, Greece </td> <td>Wiped out by the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zonites_siphnicus" title="Zonites siphnicus">Zonites siphnicus</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sifnos" title="Sifnos">Sifnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikinos" title="Sikinos">Sikinos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folegandros" title="Folegandros">Folegandros</a>, Greece </td> <td>Only known from <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">subfossil</a> remains collected in 1935-1936.<sup id="cite_ref-zsiphnicus_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zsiphnicus-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possibly_extinct_3">Possibly extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Possibly extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zonites_embolium" title="Zonites embolium">Zonites embolium</a></i> </td> <td>Islets of Dyo Adelfoi, Megali Zafrano, Karavonisi, and Divounia, inbetween <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, Greece </td> <td>Known only from subfossil shells in three islets and last recorded in the fourth in 1985. Likely declined due to habitat alteration caused by fire, tourism, and military construction.<sup id="cite_ref-zembolium_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zembolium-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Parmacellidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Parmacellidae" title="Parmacellidae">Parmacellidae</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Family Parmacellidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Parmacella_gervaisii" title="Parmacella gervaisii">Parmacella gervaisii</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Crau" title="La Crau">La Crau</a>, Provence, France </td> <td>Not seen since its description in 1874. The species has been suggested to be the same as, or related to <i>Drusia deshayesii</i> from northern Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, as well as an introduced species.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_anemones,_corals,_and_zoanthids_(class_Hexacorallia)"><span id="Sea_anemones.2C_corals.2C_and_zoanthids_.28class_Hexacorallia.29"></span>Sea anemones, corals, and zoanthids (class <a href="/wiki/Hexacorallia" title="Hexacorallia">Hexacorallia</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Sea anemones, corals, and zoanthids (class Hexacorallia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_anemones_(order_Actiniaria)"><span id="Sea_anemones_.28order_Actiniaria.29"></span>Sea anemones (order <a href="/wiki/Actiniaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actiniaria">Actiniaria</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Sea anemones (order Actiniaria)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Edwardsiidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Edwardsiidae" title="Edwardsiidae">Edwardsiidae</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Family Edwardsiidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possibly_extinct_4">Possibly extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Possibly extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivell%27s_sea_anemone" title="Ivell's sea anemone">Ivell's sea anemone</a> </td> <td><i>Edwardsia ivelli</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Widewater_Lagoon" title="Widewater Lagoon">Widewater Lagoon</a>, West Sussex, United Kingdom </td> <td>Not recorded since 1983, possibly because of water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-edwardsia_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardsia-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg/100px-Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg/150px-Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg/200px-Edwardsia_ivelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants_(kingdom_Plantae)"><span id="Plants_.28kingdom_Plantae.29"></span>Plants (kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Plants (kingdom Plantae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Asterales">Order <a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: Order Asterales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunflowers_(family_Asteraceae)"><span id="Sunflowers_.28family_Asteraceae.29"></span>Sunflowers (family <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Probably_extinct">Probably extinct</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Probably extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieracium_cambricogothicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieracium cambricogothicum (page does not exist)">Hieracium cambricogothicum</a></i> </td> <td>Great Britain </td> <td>Last collected in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Ericales">Order <a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: Order Ericales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primroses_(family_Ericales)"><span id="Primroses_.28family_Ericales.29"></span>Primroses (family <a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: Primroses (family Ericales)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extinct_in_the_wild_3">Extinct in the wild</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=110" title="Edit section: Extinct in the wild"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_minoricensis" title="Lysimachia minoricensis">Lysimachia minoricensis</a></i> </td> <td>Barranc de Sa Vall, <a href="/wiki/Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorca">Minorca</a>, Spain </td> <td>Disappeared from the wild between 1926 and 1950. The causes are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-lysimachia_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lysimachia-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG/120px-Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG/180px-Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG/240px-Lysimachia_minoricensis_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Poales">Order <a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=111" title="Edit section: Order Poales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grasses_(family_Poaceae)"><span id="Grasses_.28family_Poaceae.29"></span>Grasses (family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=112" title="Edit section: Grasses (family Poaceae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extinct_in_the_wild_4">Extinct in the wild</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=113" title="Edit section: Extinct in the wild"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Range </th> <th class="unsortable">Comments </th> <th class="unsortable">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_brome" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrupted brome">Interrupted brome</a> </td> <td><i>Bromus interruptus</i> </td> <td>Wash to <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a> <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, United Kingdom </td> <td>Disappeared from the wild in 1972, probably due to crop sprays and improved seed screening. Reintroduced in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg/100px-Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg/150px-Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg/200px-Bromus_interruptus_and_sainfoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=114" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene">List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_species" title="Lists of extinct species">Lists of extinct species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">List of extinct bird species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=115" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A. corsicanus</i> was originally applied to remains from Corsica and <i>A. similis</i> to Sardinia. It was later recognized that <i>A. corsicanus</i> existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and <i>A. similis</i> in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"...and we are displeased because <a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant" title="North African elephant">elephants</a> have been removed from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a>, because lions have disappeared from Thessaly, because <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamoi</a> have been gotten rid from the marshes of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>."</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=116" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalkerJohnsenRasmussenPopp2009" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf">"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Quaternary_Science" title="Journal of Quaternary Science">Journal of Quaternary Science</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JQS....24....3W">2009JQS....24....3W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.1227">10.1002/jqs.1227</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/165247/5995954">"<i>Bromus interruptus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T165247A5995954. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165247A5995954.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165247A5995954.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Bromus+interruptus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T165247A5995954&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165247A5995954.en&rft.au=Bilz%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F165247%2F5995954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+European+species+extinct+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&action=edit&section=117" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a 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