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href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Característiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Característiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Característiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Característiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomia_i_filogènesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomia_i_filogènesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomia i filogènesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomia_i_filogènesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Història_evolutiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història_evolutiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Història evolutiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història_evolutiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acantodis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 54 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قرشيات شوكية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرشيات شوكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99ls%C9%99m%C9%99%C3%A7%C9%99n%C9%99lil%C9%99r" title="Qəlsəməçənəlilər - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəlsəməçənəlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Акантоды - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акантоды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnoploutv%C3%AD" title="Trnoploutví - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trnoploutví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akantodulo" title="Akantodulo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akantodulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akantoodid" title="Akantoodid - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akantoodid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آکانتودیان - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکانتودیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikelhaaien" title="Stikelhaaien - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stikelhaaien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantodios" title="Acantodios - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acantodios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אקנתודים - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקנתודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodljikavi_morski_psi" title="Bodljikavi morski psi - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bodljikavi morski psi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6vises_%C5%91sc%C3%A1p%C3%A1k" title="Tövises őscápák - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tövises őscápák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%98%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="棘魚類 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="棘魚類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Акантодтар - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акантодтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%88" title="ಅಕ್ಯಾಂಥೋಡಿಯೈ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕ್ಯಾಂಥೋಡಿಯೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%96%B4%EB%A5%98" title="극어류 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극어류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akantodes" title="Akantodes - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akantodes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Акантоди - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акантоди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88" title="അക്കാന്തോഡൈ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്കാന്തോഡൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekelhaaien_(Acanthodii)" title="Stekelhaaien (Acanthodii) - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stekelhaaien (Acanthodii)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigghaiar" title="Pigghaiar - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pigghaiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigghaier" title="Pigghaier - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pigghaier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%82dop%C5%82etwe" title="Fałdopłetwe - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fałdopłetwe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Акантоды - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акантоды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodljikave_ajkule" title="Bodljikave ajkule - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bodljikave ajkule" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akant%C3%B3dy" title="Akantódy - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akantódy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бодљикаве ајкуле - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бодљикаве ајкуле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%88" title="அக்காந்தோடியை - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அக்காந்தோடியை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikenli_y%C3%BCzge%C3%A7liler" title="Dikenli yüzgeçliler - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dikenli yüzgeçliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Акантоди - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акантоди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_C%C3%A1_m%E1%BA%ADp_gai" title="Lớp Cá mập gai - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Cá mập gai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Acanthodii" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%98%E9%B1%BC%E7%BA%B2" title="棘鱼纲 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="棘鱼纲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%98%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="棘魚綱 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="棘魚綱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%98%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="棘魚綱 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="棘魚綱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130955#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acantodis" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Acantodis&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div 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l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acantodis"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Acantodis" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Acantodis" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&oldid=34174064" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Acantodis&id=34174064&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAcantodis"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAcantodis"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Acantodis"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Acantodis&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acanthodii" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii" hreflang="en"><span>Viquiespècies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130955" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(S'ha redirigit des de: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthodii&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; text-align: center; font-size: 1.35em;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Butterfly_icon_(Noun_Project).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula d'ésser viu"><img alt="Infotaula d'ésser viu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/25px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/38px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/50px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span>Acantodis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; valign: center; padding: 1px;">Acanthodii <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130955?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Acanthodii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Acanthodii.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="102" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130955?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Període</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Siluri%C3%A0_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Silurià inferior">Silurià inferior</a> - <a href="/wiki/Permi%C3%A0_mitj%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Permià mitjà">Permià mitjà</a><sup id="cite_ref-RefPD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RefPD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Taxonomia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Superregne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Holozous" title="Holozous">Holozoa</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Regne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">Animalia</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Subregne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Bilaterals" title="Bilaterals">Bilateria</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Fílum</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Cordats" title="Cordats">Chordata</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Subfílum</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vertebrats">Vertebrata</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Classe</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><b>Acanthodii <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130955?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b><br /><span style="font-style:normal; font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Owen</span></a>, 1846</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold"><a href="/wiki/Ordres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordres">Ordres</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Els <b>acantodis</b> (Acanthodii), també coneguts com a <b>taurons espinosos</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> són una <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologia)" title="Classe (biologia)">classe</a> <a href="/wiki/Extinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinta">extinta</a> de <a href="/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos">peixos</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnatostomats" title="Gnatostomats">amb mandíbules</a>. Actualment es considera que representen un <a href="/wiki/Grau_evolutiu" title="Grau evolutiu">grau</a> <a href="/wiki/Parafiletisme" title="Parafiletisme">parafilètic</a> de diversos llinatges de peixos <a href="/wiki/Basal_(filog%C3%A8nia)" title="Basal (filogènia)">basals</a> fins als <a href="/wiki/Peixos_cartilaginosos" title="Peixos cartilaginosos">condrictios</a> <a href="/wiki/Neontologia" title="Neontologia">existents</a>, que inclou els <a href="/wiki/Taurons" title="Taurons">taurons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bato%C3%AFdeus" title="Batoïdeus">rajades</a> i <a href="/wiki/Quimeres_(peixos)" title="Quimeres (peixos)">quimeres</a>. Els acantodis tenen un mosaic de trets compartits tant amb <a href="/wiki/Peixos_ossis" title="Peixos ossis">peixos ossis</a> com amb peixos cartilaginosos. En la forma general del cos, eren semblants als taurons moderns, però la seva <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> estava coberta de petites plaquetes romboides com les escates dels <a href="/wiki/Holostis" title="Holostis">holostis</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%80mia" title="Àmia">àmies</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El nom popular de <b>taurons espinosos</b> es deu al fet que tenien forma superficial de tauró, amb un cos aerodinàmic, <a href="/wiki/Aleta_(anatomia_animal)" title="Aleta (anatomia animal)">aletes</a> aparellades, una cua fortament cap amunt i espines òssies robustes i en gran part immòbils que suportaven totes les aletes excepte la cua, per tant, «taurons espinosos». Tanmateix, els acantodis no són autèntics taurons; la seva estreta relació amb els peixos cartilaginosos moderns els pot portar a ser considerats «<a href="/wiki/Grups_terminals_i_troncals" title="Grups terminals i troncals">taurons de tija</a>». Els acantodis tenien un <a href="/wiki/Esquelet" title="Esquelet">esquelet</a> <a href="/wiki/Teixit_cartilagin%C3%B3s" title="Teixit cartilaginós">cartilaginós</a>, però les seves aletes tenien una base òssia ampla i estaven reforçades al marge anterior amb una columna vertebral dentina. Com a resultat, les espines i les escates fossilitzades són sovint tot el que queda d'aquests peixos a les antigues <a href="/wiki/Roca_sediment%C3%A0ria" title="Roca sedimentària">roques sedimentàries</a>. Els primers acantodis eren marins, però durant el <a href="/wiki/Devoni%C3%A0" title="Devonià">Devonià</a>, les espècies d'aigua dolça es van convertir en predominants. </p><p>Els acantodis s'han dividit en quatre ordres: Acanthodiformes, Climatiiformes, Diplacanthiformes i Ischnacanthiformes.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrow162_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrow162-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> «<a href="/wiki/Climatiformes" title="Climatiformes">Climatiiformes</a>» és un conjunt parafilètic d'acantodis primerencs com els climatíids, giracàntids i diplacàntids; tenien unes escapulars òssies robustes i espines afilades moltes petites, «intermèdies» o «prepelvianes», entre les aletes pectorals i pèlviques.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El subgrup climatiforme Diplacanthida ha estat posteriorment elevat al seu propi ordre, Diplacanthiformes. Els iscnacantiformes eren depredadors amb plaques dentals fusionades a les mandíbules. Els acantodiformes eren filtradors amb una única aleta dorsal, mandíbules sense dents i llargues brànquies. Van ser els últims i més especialitzats entre els acantodis tradicionals, ja que van sobreviure fins al final del <a href="/wiki/Permi%C3%A0" title="Permià">Permià</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Característiques"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADstiques"></span>Característiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Característiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG/220px-Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG/330px-Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG/440px-Mesacanthus_Parexus_Ischnacanthus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Tres acantodis del <a href="/wiki/Devoni%C3%A0" title="Devonià">Devonià</a> primerenc de <a href="/wiki/Gran_Bretanya" title="Gran Bretanya">Gran Bretanya</a>: Mesacanthus, Parexus i Ischnacanthus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Diplacanthus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diplacanthus.jpg/220px-Diplacanthus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diplacanthus.jpg/330px-Diplacanthus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diplacanthus.jpg/440px-Diplacanthus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Impressió fòssil del Diplacanthus, al <a href="/wiki/Museu_d%27Hist%C3%B2ria_Natural_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Museu d'Història Natural de Berlín">Museu d'Història Natural de Berlín</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Acanthodi_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acanthodi_NT.jpg/220px-Acanthodi_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acanthodi_NT.jpg/330px-Acanthodi_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acanthodi_NT.jpg/440px-Acanthodi_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Diversos acantodis, des de dalt a l'esquerra en sentit horari: Cheiracanthus, Acanthodes, Climatius, Ischnacanthus, Parexus, Gyracanthus, i al centre: Diplacanthus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Escata" title="Escata">escates</a> d'acantodis tenen una ornamentació distintiva pròpia de cada ordre. Per això, les escales s'utilitzen sovint per determinar l'edat relativa de la roca sedimentària. Les escates són minúscules, amb una base bulbosa, un coll i una corona plana o lleugerament corbada en forma de diamant. </p><p>Les espècies més primitives no tenien bufeta natatòria, el que significa que no podien romandre suspesos en l'aigua de manera immòbil, sinó que quan no nadaven, havien de descansar al fons tocant a terra. Es van anar adaptant als condicionants, ja que a la primera part del Devonià, en les aigües dolces poc profundes en climes de sequera estacional havien de sobreviure agafant aire a la superfície de l'aigua. De mica en mica van adaptar-se amb pulmons primitius.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tot i ser anomenats «taurons espinosos», els acantodis són anteriors als taurons. S'han trobat escates que s'han identificat provisionalment com a pertanyents a acantodis, o «peixos semblants a taurons» en diversos estrats de l'Ordovicià, però, són ambigües i poden pertànyer a peixos sense mandíbules com <a href="/wiki/Telodonts" title="Telodonts">els telodonts</a>. Els primers fòssils inequívocs daten de l'inici del període <a href="/wiki/Siluri%C3%A0" title="Silurià">Silurià</a>, uns 50 milions d'anys abans de l'aparició dels primers taurons. Més tard, els acantodis van colonitzar les aigües dolces, i van prosperar als rius i llacs durant el <a href="/wiki/Devoni%C3%A0" title="Devonià">Devonià</a> i als pantans de carbó del <a href="/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfer" title="Carbonífer">Carbonífer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En aquest moment<a href="/wiki/Peixos_ossis" title="Peixos ossis">, els peixos ossis</a> ja mostraven el seu potencial per dominar les aigües del món, i la seva competència va resultar massa gran per als taurons espinosos, que es van extingir a l'època <a href="/wiki/Permi%C3%A0" title="Permià">del Permià</a>, fa uns 250 milions d'anys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomia_i_filogènesi"><span id="Taxonomia_i_filog.C3.A8nesi"></span>Taxonomia i filogènesi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Taxonomia i filogènesi"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En un estudi de les primeres relacions de vertebrats amb mandíbula, Davis <i>et al.</i> (2012) van trobar que els acantodis es divideixen entre els dos clades principals <a href="/wiki/Peixos_ossis" title="Peixos ossis">Osteichthyes</a> (peixos ossis) i <a href="/wiki/Peixos_cartilaginosos" title="Peixos cartilaginosos">Chondrichthyes</a> (peixos cartilaginosos). Els coneguts <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acantodes (encara no existeix)">Acanthodes</a></i> acantòdics es van col·locar dins dels Osteichthyes, malgrat la presència de moltes característiques condrítiques a la seva caixa cerebral.<sup id="cite_ref-DFC12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFC12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No obstant això, un <a href="/wiki/Placoderms" title="Placoderms">placoderm</a> <a href="/wiki/Siluri%C3%A0" title="Silurià">silurià</a> recentment descrit, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entelognathus_primordialis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entelognathus primordialis (encara no existeix)">Entelognathus</a></i>, que té una anatomia de la mandíbula compartida amb <a href="/wiki/Peixos_ossis" title="Peixos ossis">peixos ossis</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A0podes" title="Tetràpodes">tetràpodes</a>, ha portat a revisar aquesta filogènia: els acantodis es van passar a considerar un conjunt parafilètic que conduïa a peixos cartilaginosos, mentre que els peixos ossis van evolucionar a partir dels placoderms.<sup id="cite_ref-Barford13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barford13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burrow et al. 2016 proporcionen una reivindicació en trobar condrictis entre Acanthodii, més estretament relacionats amb <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doliodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doliodus (encara no existeix)">Doliodus</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamiobatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamiobatis (encara no existeix)">Tamiobatis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrow16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrow16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un estudi de 2017 de la morfologia de <i>Doliodus</i> assenyala el que sembla mostrar un mosaic de característiques de taurons i acantòdies, cosa que el converteix en un <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B2ssil_de_transici%C3%B3" title="Fòssil de transició">fòssil de transició</a> i reforça encara més aquesta idea.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filogènesi posterior.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px double black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>«<a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a>» </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Grup dels <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetanopsyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetanopsyrus (encara no existeix)">Tetanopsyrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerepisacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerepisacanthus (encara no existeix)">Nerepisacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischnacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ischnacanthus (encara no existeix)">Ischnacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poracanthodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poracanthodes (encara no existeix)">Poracanthodes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culmacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culmacanthus (encara no existeix)">Culmacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uraniacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uraniacanthus (encara no existeix)">Uraniacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplacanthus (encara no existeix)">Diplacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhadinacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhadinacanthus (encara no existeix)">Rhadinacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassidiceps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassidiceps (encara no existeix)">Cassidiceps</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesacanthus (encara no existeix)">Mesacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lodeacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lodeacanthus (encara no existeix)">Lodeacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triazeugacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triazeugacanthus (encara no existeix)">Triazeugacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promesacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promesacanthus (encara no existeix)">Promesacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthodes (encara no existeix)">Acanthodes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheiracanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheiracanthus (encara no existeix)">Cheiracanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homalacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homalacanthus (encara no existeix)">Homalacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euthacanthus (encara no existeix)">Euthacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptomacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptomacanthus (encara no existeix)">Ptomacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachyacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachyacanthus (encara no existeix)">Brachyacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Climatius" title="Climatius">Climatius</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parexus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parexus (encara no existeix)">Parexus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernicomacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernicomacanthus (encara no existeix)">Vernicomacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupopsyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupopsyrus (encara no existeix)">Lupopsyrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obtusacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obtusacanthus (encara no existeix)">Obtusacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathemacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathemacanthus (encara no existeix)">Kathemacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brochoadmones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brochoadmones (encara no existeix)">Brochoadmones</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyracanthides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyracanthides (encara no existeix)">Gyracanthides</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història_evolutiva"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria_evolutiva"></span>Història evolutiva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Història evolutiva"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les restes més antigues que s'atribueixen condrictians de grau acantòdic són <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanjingshania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanjingshania (encara no existeix)">Fanjingshania</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qianodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qianodus (encara no existeix)">Qianodus</a></i> del Silurià primerenc de la Xina, que es remunten a fa uns 439 milions d'anys.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> En comparació amb altres grups de peixos contemporanis, els acantodis eren relativament conservadors morfològicament i ecològicament. Els acantodis van augmentar en diversitat durant el Silurià tardà, assolint el seu àpex de diversitat durant l'etapa <a href="/wiki/Lochkovi%C3%A0" title="Lochkovià">Lochkoviana</a> del Devonià primerenc,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disminuint durant el <a href="/wiki/Pragui%C3%A0" title="Praguià">Pragià</a>, però tornant a augmentar durant l'<a href="/wiki/Emsi%C3%A0" title="Emsià">Emsià</a>, que va ser seguit per una disminució de la diversitat durant el Devonià tardà. La diversitat del grup va ser constantment baixa però estable durant el Carbonífer, disminuint lleugerament cap al Permià.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els registres més joves del grup són escates aïllades i espines d'aleta dels estrats del Permià mitjà-superior a la <a href="/wiki/Conca_del_Paran%C3%A0" title="Conca del Paranà">conca del Paranà</a> del Brasil.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La seva importància evolutiva radica en el fet que són els primers vertebrats a tenir mandíbula i aletes aparellades. La mandíbula apareix com una modificació del primer esquelet branquial, que es recolza en una modificació del segon esquelet branquial. Les aletes procedeixen dels plegaments ventrals que ja tenien espècies anteriors, i que els permetrà nedar més ràpid sense fer turbulències. També és singular que tenien set parells d'aletes, mentre que la resta de vertebrats en tenen dos parells. Les seves brànquies ja eren filamentoses.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantodis&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RefPD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RefPD_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Entrada «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=377766">Acanthodii (spiny fish)</a>» de la <a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a> (en anglès). [Consulta: 15 juliol 2024].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEngineers2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Engineers</span>, NIIR Board of Consultants &. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=rISuAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA10&dq=acanthodii&hl=ca"><i>Handbook on Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology: How to Start a Fish Culture Business, How to start a successful Fisheries business, How to start farming fish on a small-scale, How to start fish farming, How to Start Fish Farming Business, How to Start Fisheries and aquaculture Industry in India, How to Start Your Own Fish Farming Business</i></a> (en anglès).  ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc., 2003, p. 10. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-7833-079-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-7833-079-2">ISBN 978-81-7833-079-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+Technology%3A+How+to+Start+a+Fish+Culture+Business%2C+How+to+start+a+successful+Fisheries+business%2C+How+to+start+farming+fish+on+a+small-scale%2C+How+to+start+fish+farming%2C+How+to+Start+Fish+Farming+Business%2C+How+to+Start+Fisheries+and+aquaculture+Industry+in+India%2C+How+to+Start+Your+Own+Fish+Farming+Business&rft.aulast=Engineers&rft.aufirst=NIIR+Board+of+Consultants+%26&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.pub=ASIA+PACIFIC+BUSINESS+PRESS+Inc.&rft.pages=10&rft.isbn=978-81-7833-079-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrISuAwAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA10%26dq%3Dacanthodii%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFZhuYuAhlbergChoo2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zhu</span>, Min; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Yu</span>, Xiaobo; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ahlberg</span>, Per Erik; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Choo</span>, Brian; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lu</span>, Jing <i>Nature</i>, 502, 7470, 2013, pàg. 188–193. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.502..188Z">2013Natur.502..188Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12617">10.1038/nature12617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24067611?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:24067611">24067611</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrow162-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burrow162_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBurrowBlaauwenNewmanDavidson2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Burrow</span>, C.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Blaauwen</span>, J.D.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Newman</span>, M.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Davidson</span>, R. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1398-scottish-diplacanthid-fishes">The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland</a>». <i>Palaeontologia Electronica</i>, 19, 1, 2016, pàg. 10A. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.26879%2F601">10.26879/601</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEhrlich2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ehrlich</span>, Hermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=QNSlBQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA18&dq=acanthodii&hl=ca"><i>Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates</i></a> (en anglès).  Springer, 2014-12-01, p. 18-19. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-94-007-5730-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-94-007-5730-1">ISBN 978-94-007-5730-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Materials+of+Marine+Origin%3A+Vertebrates&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.pub=Springer&rft.pages=18-19&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5730-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNSlBQAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA18%26dq%3Dacanthodii%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAyalaAyalaAyalaDobzhansky1974"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ayala</span>, Francisco; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ayala</span>, Francisco José; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ayala</span>, Francisco Jose; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dobzhansky</span>, Theodosius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=NMAf65cDmAQC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA290&dq=acanthodii&hl=ca"><i>Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems</i></a> (en anglès).  University of California Press, 1974, p. 290. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-520-02649-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-520-02649-0">ISBN 978-0-520-02649-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Biology%3A+Reduction+and+Related+Problems&rft.aulast=Ayala&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.date=1974-01-01&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.pages=290&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02649-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMAf65cDmAQC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA290%26dq%3Dacanthodii%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFParkerHaswell1987"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Parker</span>, T. Jeffery; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Haswell</span>, William A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=ly-OEodqzacC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA285&dq=acanthodii&hl=ca"><i>Zoología. Cordados</i></a> (en castellà).  Reverte, 1987, p. 285. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-291-1839-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-291-1839-1">ISBN 978-84-291-1839-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoolog%C3%ADa.+Cordados&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=T.+Jeffery&rft.date=1987&rft.pub=Reverte&rft.pages=285&rft.isbn=978-84-291-1839-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dly-OEodqzacC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA285%26dq%3Dacanthodii%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFC12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DFC12_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDavisFinarelliCoates2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Davis</span>, Samuel P.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Finarelli</span>, John A.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Coates</span>, Michael I. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11080">Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes</a>» (en anglès). <i>Nature</i>, 486, 7402, 6-2012, pàg. 247–250. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11080">10.1038/nature11080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barford13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barford13_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBarford2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Barford</span>, Eliot «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2013.13823">Ancient fish face shows roots of modern jaw</a>» (en anglès). <i>Nature</i>, 25-09-2013. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13823">10.1038/nature.2013.13823</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrow16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burrow16_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBurrowden_BlaauwenNewmanDavidson2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Burrow</span>, Cj; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">den Blaauwen</span>, J; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Newman</span>, Mj; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Davidson</span>, Rg «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1398-scottish-diplacanthid-fishes">The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotlan</a>» (en anglès). <i>Palaeontologia Electronica</i>, 2016. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.26879%2F601">10.26879/601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8074">1094-8074</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMaiseyMillerPradelDenton2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Maisey</span>, John G.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Miller</span>, Randall; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pradel</span>, Alan; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Denton</span>, John S.S.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bronson</span>, Allison «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3875.1">Pectoral Morphology in Doliodus : Bridging the ‘Acanthodian’-Chondrichthyan Divide</a>» (en anglès). <i>American Museum Novitates</i>, 3875, 3875, 10-03-2017, pàg. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1206%2F3875.1">10.1206/3875.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0082">0003-0082</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFChevrinaisSireCloutier2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chevrinais</span>, Marion; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sire</span>, Jean-Yves; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cloutier</span>, Richard «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0174655">From body scale ontogeny to species ontogeny: Histological and morphological assessment of the Late Devonian acanthodian Triazeugacanthus affinis from Miguasha, Canada</a>» (en anglès). <i>PLOS ONE</i>, 12, 4, 12-04-2017, pàg. e0174655. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0174655">10.1371/journal.pone.0174655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389634">5389634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403168?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:28403168">28403168</a> [Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAndreevSansomLiZhao2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Andreev</span>, Plamen S.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sansom</span>, Ivan J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Li</span>, Qiang; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zhao</span>, Wenjin; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wang</span>, Jianhua «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05233-8">Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China</a>» (en anglès). <i>Nature</i>, 609, 7929, 29-09-2022, pàg. 969–974. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05233-8">10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAndreevSansomLiZhao2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Andreev</span>, Plamen S.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sansom</span>, Ivan J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Li</span>, Qiang; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zhao</span>, Wenjin; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wang</span>, Jianhua «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05166-2">The oldest gnathostome teeth</a>» (en anglès). <i>Nature</i>, 609, 7929, 29-09-2022, pàg. 964–968. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05166-2">10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMinelliContrafatto2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Minelli</span>, Alessandro; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Contrafatto</span>, Giancarlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=hZrEDAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA76&dq=acanthodii&hl=ca"><i>BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS - Volume IV</i></a> (en anglès).  EOLSS Publications, 2009-11-10, p. 76. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-84826-189-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-84826-189-1">ISBN 978-1-84826-189-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BIOLOGICAL+SCIENCE+FUNDAMENTALS+AND+SYSTEMATICS+-+Volume+IV&rft.aulast=Minelli&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.pub=EOLSS+Publications&rft.pages=76&rft.isbn=978-1-84826-189-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZrEDAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA76%26dq%3Dacanthodii%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSchnetzButlerCoatesSansom2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schnetz</span>, Lisa; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Butler</span>, Richard J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Coates</span>, Michael I.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sansom</span>, Ivan J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12616">Skeletal and soft tissue completeness of the acanthodian fossil record</a>» (en anglès). <i>Palaeontology</i>, 65, 4, 7-2022. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12616">10.1111/pala.12616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0239">0031-0239</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMutterRichter2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mutter</span>, Raoul J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Richter</span>, Martha «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gj.1081">Acanthodian remains from the Middle‐Late Permian of Brazil</a>» (en anglès). <i>Geological Journal</i>, 42, 2, 4-2007, pàg. 213–224. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgj.1081">10.1002/gj.1081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0072-1050">0072-1050</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAlamoRivas2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Alamo</span>, María Ana Fernández; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rivas</span>, Gerardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=sYwUjaSuK0cC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA348&dq=acanthodii&hl=ca"><i>Niveles de organización en animales</i></a> (en castellà).  UNAM, 2007, p. 348. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-970-32-5041-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-970-32-5041-7">ISBN 978-970-32-5041-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niveles+de+organizaci%C3%B3n+en+animales&rft.aulast=Alamo&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Ana+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.pages=348&rft.isbn=978-970-32-5041-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYwUjaSuK0cC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA348%26dq%3Dacanthodii%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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