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无性生殖 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分裂生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分裂生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分裂生殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分裂生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-斷裂生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#斷裂生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>斷裂生殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-斷裂生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出芽生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出芽生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>出芽生殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出芽生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-孢子繁殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#孢子繁殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>孢子繁殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-孢子繁殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-營養器官繁殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#營養器官繁殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>營養器官繁殖</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-營養器官繁殖-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关營養器官繁殖子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-營養器官繁殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古老樹木" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古老樹木"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>古老樹木</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古老樹木-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-組織培養" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#組織培養"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>組織培養</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-組織培養-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">无性生殖</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。71种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تكاثر لاجنسي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكاثر لاجنسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3n_asexual" title="Reproducción asexual – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reproducción asexual" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Енси булмаған үрсеү – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Енси булмаған үрсеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бясполае размнажэнне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бясполае размнажэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Безполово размножаване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безполово размножаване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="অযৌন প্রজনন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অযৌন প্রজনন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespolno_razmno%C5%BEavanje" title="Bespolno razmnožavanje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bespolno razmnožavanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3_asexual" title="Reproducció asexual – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reproducció asexual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepohlavn%C3%AD_rozmno%C5%BEov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Nepohlavní rozmnožování – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepohlavní rozmnožování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C3%B8nnet_formering" title="Ukønnet formering – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ukønnet formering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungeschlechtliche_Vermehrung" title="Ungeschlechtliche Vermehrung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ungeschlechtliche Vermehrung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Αγενής αναπαραγωγή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγενής αναπαραγωγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Asexual reproduction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neseksa_reproduktado" title="Neseksa reproduktado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neseksa reproduktado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3n_asexual" title="Reproducción asexual – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reproducción asexual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugutu_paljunemine" title="Sugutu paljunemine – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sugutu paljunemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugalketa_asexual" title="Ugalketa asexual – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugalketa asexual" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تولیدمثل غیرجنسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولیدمثل غیرجنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvuton_lis%C3%A4%C3%A4ntyminen" title="Suvuton lisääntyminen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suvuton lisääntyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suulda_siginemine" title="Suulda siginemine – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suulda siginemine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_asexu%C3%A9e" title="Multiplication asexuée – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multiplication asexuée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A1irgeadh_%C3%A9ighn%C3%A9asach" title="Atáirgeadh éighnéasach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Atáirgeadh éighnéasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduci%C3%B3n_asexual" title="Reprodución asexual – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reprodución asexual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רבייה אל-זוויגית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רבייה אל-זוויגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="अलैंगिक प्रजनन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलैंगिक प्रजनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Asexual reproduction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nespolno_razmno%C5%BEavanje" title="Nespolno razmnožavanje – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nespolno razmnožavanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repwodiksyon_aseksy%C3%A8l" title="Repwodiksyon aseksyèl – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Repwodiksyon aseksyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivartalan_szaporod%C3%A1s" title="Ivartalan szaporodás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ivartalan szaporodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Անսեռ բազմացում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անսեռ բազմացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction_asexual" title="Reproduction asexual – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reproduction asexual" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksi_aseksual" title="Reproduksi aseksual – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reproduksi aseksual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynlaus_%C3%A6xlun" title="Kynlaus æxlun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynlaus æxlun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riproduzione_asessuata" title="Riproduzione asessuata – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riproduzione asessuata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="無性生殖 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無性生殖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyaraw_arzufan" title="Amyaraw arzufan – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amyaraw arzufan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%8E" title="Жыныссыз көбею – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыныссыз көбею" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಬೀಜೋತ್ಪಾದನೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬೀಜೋತ್ಪಾದನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D" title="무성생식 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성생식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirb%C3%BBna_nezayend%C3%AE" title="Pirbûna nezayendî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirbûna nezayendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelytinis_dauginimasis" title="Nelytinis dauginimasis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nelytinis dauginimasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezdzimumvairo%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Bezdzimumvairošanās – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezdzimumvairošanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Бесполово размножување – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бесполово размножување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiakan_aseks" title="Pembiakan aseks – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiakan aseks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongeslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukj%C3%B8nnet_formering" title="Ukjønnet formering – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ukjønnet formering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhormaata_saal-malee" title="Walhormaata saal-malee – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Walhormaata saal-malee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozmna%C5%BCanie_bezp%C5%82ciowe" title="Rozmnażanie bezpłciowe – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozmnażanie bezpłciowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="غیرجنسي بیا توليد – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غیرجنسي بیا توليد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_assexuada" title="Reprodução assexuada – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reprodução assexuada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducere_asexuat%C4%83" title="Reproducere asexuată – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reproducere asexuată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бесполое размножение – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бесполое размножение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespolno_razmno%C5%BEavanje" title="Bespolno razmnožavanje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bespolno razmnožavanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අලිංගික ප්රජනනය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අලිංගික ප්රජනනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asexual reproduction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepohlavn%C3%A9_rozmno%C5%BEovanie" title="Nepohlavné rozmnožovanie – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nepohlavné rozmnožovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nespolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Nespolno razmnoževanje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nespolno razmnoževanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riprodhimi_aseksual" title="Riprodhimi aseksual – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Riprodhimi aseksual" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespolno_razmno%C5%BEavanje" title="Bespolno razmnožavanje – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bespolno razmnožavanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexuell_f%C3%B6r%C3%B6kning" title="Asexuell förökning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asexuell förökning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலவியற்ற இனப்பெருக்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலவியற்ற இனப்பெருக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8" title="การสืบพันธุ์แบบไม่อาศัยเพศ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสืบพันธุ์แบบไม่อาศัยเพศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksiyong_aseksuwal" title="Reproduksiyong aseksuwal – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reproduksiyong aseksuwal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Feysiz_%C3%BCreme" title="Eşeysiz üreme – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşeysiz üreme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Безстатеве розмноження – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безстатеве розмноження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="غیرجنسی تولید – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غیرجنسی تولید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinssiz_ko%CA%BBpayish" title="Jinssiz koʻpayish – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jinssiz koʻpayish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_s%E1%BA%A3n_v%C3%B4_t%C3%ADnh" title="Sinh sản vô tính – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh sản vô tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="无性生殖 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无性生殖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-asexual_reproduction" title="I-asexual reproduction – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-asexual reproduction" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="無性繁殖 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無性繁殖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&oldid=83235019" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&id=83235019&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2597%25A0%25E6%2580%25A7%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%25AE%2596"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2597%25A0%25E6%2580%25A7%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%25AE%2596"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asexual_reproduction" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173432" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>无性生殖</b>是指<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="生物体">生物体</a>不以透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="生殖细胞">生殖细胞</a>的结合方式,也就是不經由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="減數分裂">減數分裂</a>來產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90" title="配子">配子</a>,直接由母体<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞分裂">細胞分裂</a>後产生出新个体的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖">生殖</a>方式。主要分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分裂生殖">分裂生殖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%8A%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="出芽生殖">出芽生殖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%A3%82%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="斷裂生殖">斷裂生殖</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孢子繁殖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sporogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孢子繁殖(页面不存在)">孢子繁殖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Sporogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sporogenesis</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="營養器官繁殖">營養器官繁殖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" title="組織培養">組織培養</a>等。这种生殖的速度通常都較<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>快很多。但是,這種生殖方式的生物常常會因為其後代無法適應新環境而面臨絕種,這也是無性生殖的缺點之一。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E9%9B%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="孤雌生殖">孤雌生殖</a>(又稱單性生殖)有時也被視為無性生殖的一種,但有別於其他的無性生殖方法,孤雌生殖仍會經過<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="減數分裂">減數分裂</a>產生配子。<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>大多無法行無性生殖,但有些會行孤雌生殖<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分裂生殖"><span id=".E5.88.86.E8.A3.82.E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96"></span>分裂生殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:分裂生殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="分裂 (生物学)">分裂 (生物學)</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:schizogony" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:schizogony">:en:schizogony</a></b>」或「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/schizogony" class="extiw" title="wikt:schizogony">schizogony</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <p>又叫裂殖,通常是<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="單細胞生物">單細胞生物</a>所行的生殖方式。該種生物直接行細胞分裂後就可產生兩個(或更多)新個體。例如:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%A5%E8%99%AB" title="草履虫">草履蟲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E8%9F%B2" title="變形蟲">變形蟲</a>以及多數的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="斷裂生殖"><span id=".E6.96.B7.E8.A3.82.E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96"></span>斷裂生殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:斷裂生殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%A3%82%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="斷裂生殖">斷裂生殖</a></div> <p>通常是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a>受外力作用斷裂成2段或多個片段後發育為新個體。例如:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%9F" title="海星">海星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A1%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="涡虫">渦蟲</a>等等的生物。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出芽生殖"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E8.8A.BD.E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96"></span>出芽生殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:出芽生殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%8A%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="出芽生殖">出芽生殖</a></div> <p>某些生物在生長的過程中,本身的個體上會長出一個較小的芽體。這個芽體在經過不斷的細胞分裂後,會形成一個和母體相似的形體,到最後則會脫離母體,成為一個獨立的新個體。例如:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="海綿">海綿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%9E%85" class="mw-redirect" title="水螅">水螅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="酵母菌">酵母菌</a>等。(但水螅還是可以行有性生殖。) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="孢子繁殖"><span id=".E5.AD.A2.E5.AD.90.E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96"></span>孢子繁殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:孢子繁殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有些生物能產生大量的孢子,而孢子經過各種不同的管道散播到適當的環境中後,就能夠萌發成新個體。例如:多數的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%B4%E8%8F%8C" title="黴菌">黴菌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%88%E9%A1%9E" title="蕈類">蕈類</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%8F%8C" title="黏菌">黏菌</a>等。注意孢子繁殖不一定是無性生殖,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%9A%E8%8B%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蘚苔">蘚苔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="蕨類">蕨類</a>以及有些黴菌的孢子為減數分裂而來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="營養器官繁殖"><span id=".E7.87.9F.E9.A4.8A.E5.99.A8.E5.AE.98.E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96"></span>營養器官繁殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:營養器官繁殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg/220px-%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg/330px-%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg/440px-%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>多肉植物利用葉子繁殖</figcaption></figure> <p>大多數<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>的生殖方式之一,植物的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%96" class="mw-redirect" title="莖">莖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉">葉</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="營養器官">營養器官</a>通過分根、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AB%81%E6%8E%A5" title="嫁接">嫁接</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A6%E6%8F%92" title="扦插">扦插</a>等方式與母體脫離後,即能夠發育成一個新的個體。例如:<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E8%96%AF" title="番薯">甘薯</a>利用塊根、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%88%B4%E8%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="馬鈴薯">馬鈴薯</a>利用塊莖、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B9" title="落地生根">落地生根</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8E%B2" title="石莲">石蓮</a>利用葉、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E8%8E%93" title="草莓">草莓</a>利用匍匐莖、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%94%A5" title="洋蔥">洋蔥</a>利用鱗莖以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="萬年青">萬年青</a>利用莖等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古老樹木"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E8.80.81.E6.A8.B9.E6.9C.A8"></span>古老樹木</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:古老樹木"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>發現<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最古老樹木" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="oldest trees"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%8F%A4%E8%80%81%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最古老樹木(页面不存在)">最古老樹木</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oldest_trees" class="extiw" title="en:oldest trees"><span lang="en" dir="auto">oldest trees</span></a></span>)</span></span><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Old Tjikko" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Tjikko"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tjikko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Tjikko(页面不存在)">Old Tjikko</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tjikko" class="extiw" title="en:Old Tjikko"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Tjikko</span></a></span>)</span></span>,已經有9,500年壽命,至2016年仍在生長。外電引述報道,瑞典<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="于默奧大學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Umeå University"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%BB%98%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="于默奥大学">于默奧大學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" class="extiw" title="en:Umeå University"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Umeå University</span></a></span>)</span></span>的科學家,2004年在一個國家公園做樹木普查時,發現這棵4米高<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E6%9D%89" title="雲杉">雲杉</a>,經過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B314" class="mw-redirect" title="碳14">碳14</a>年代測定法檢定,發現樹木的根至少有9,500年歷史,但<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E5%B9%B9" title="樹幹">樹幹</a>相對年輕。科學家指出,這顆樹能存活這麼久,相信因為這種樹可以無性繁殖。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="組織培養"><span id=".E7.B5.84.E7.B9.94.E5.9F.B9.E9.A4.8A"></span>組織培養</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:組織培養"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" title="組織培養">組織培養</a></div> <p>人工的無性繁殖又稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a>。將植物組織放入含植物生長所需的營養和激素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB%E5%9F%BA" title="培养基">培養基</a>容器,組織會行細胞分裂而發育為新個體。此方法常用來培養高價且不易自然繁殖的生物,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E8%8A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="蘭花">蘭花</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%B7%9A%E8%93%AE" title="金線蓮">金線蓮</a>。許多商業栽培的真菌也使用無性繁殖,將菌絲分開後即可長成許多個體。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fields, Andrew T.; Feldheim, Kevin A.; Poulakis, Gregg R.; Chapman, Demian D. Facultative parthenogenesis in a critically endangered wild vertebrate. Current Biology. 2015-06, <b>25</b> (11): R446–R447. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.018"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.018</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&rft.atitle=Facultative+parthenogenesis+in+a+critically+endangered+wild+vertebrate&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Demian+D.&rft.au=Feldheim%2C+Kevin+A.&rft.au=Poulakis%2C+Gregg+R.&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.date=2015-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.pages=R446-R447&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.018&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194845/http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20140126/news_20140126_55_980552.htm">瑞典專家稱發現9500年歷史樹木</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0" title="香港電台">香港電台</a>. 2014年1月26日. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20140126/news_20140126_55_980552.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014年2月1日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&rft.atitle=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E7%A8%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE9500%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fnews%2Fexpressnews%2F20140126%2Fnews_20140126_55_980552.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">(繁體中文)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐688fc9465‐7fj58 Cached time: 20241125162742 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.174 seconds Real time usage: 0.242 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 497/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10973/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 332/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6553/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.078/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2151922/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 179.960 1 -total 42.26% 76.054 1 Template:Reflist 30.18% 54.313 1 Template:Cite_journal 17.58% 31.637 2 Template:Le 15.54% 27.965 1 Template:Wikt 14.35% 25.820 4 Template:Main 12.75% 22.951 1 Template:Sister_project 11.72% 21.097 1 Template:Side_box 7.00% 12.600 1 Template:Zh-hant 6.14% 11.042 1 Template:Language_icon --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key zhwiki:pcache:idhash:202235-0!canonical!zh and timestamp 20241125162742 and revision id 83235019. 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