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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>WWW to .onion gateways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WWW_to_.onion_gateways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-.exit_(defunct_pseudo-top-level_domain)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.exit_(defunct_pseudo-top-level_domain)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>.exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.exit_(defunct_pseudo-top-level_domain)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_designation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_designation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Official designation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTPS_support" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_(.onion)" title="نطاق أنيون (.onion) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نطاق أنيون (.onion)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/.%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title=".অনিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title=".অনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppdom%C3%A4n#Generiska_toppdomäner" title="Toppdomän – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toppdomän" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion" title=".onion – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title=".onion" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">.onion</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/220px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/330px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/440px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">Host suffix</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Not in root, but used by Tor clients, servers, and proxies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">Registry</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Intended use</th><td class="infobox-data">To designate an onion service reachable via Tor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Actual use</th><td class="infobox-data">Used by Tor users for services in which both the provider and the user are anonymous and difficult to trace</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data">Addresses are "registered" automatically by Tor client when an onion service is set up</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data">Names are opaque strings generated from public keys</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686">RFC 7686</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn-archive.torproject.org/svn/projects/design-paper/tor-design.html">Tor design document</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spec.torproject.org/address-spec">Special Hostnames in Tor specification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dispute policies</th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>.onion</b> is a special-use <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> name designating an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)#Onion_services" title="Tor (network)">onion service</a>, which was formerly known as a "hidden service",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reachable via the <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> network. Such addresses are not actual <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS names</a>, and the .onion TLD is not in the <a href="/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">Internet DNS root</a>, but with the appropriate proxy software installed, Internet programs such as <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> can access sites with .onion <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">addresses</a> by sending the request through the Tor network. </p><p>The "onion" name refers to <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">onion routing</a>, the technique used by Tor to achieve a degree of <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a>. </p><p>The purpose of using such a system is to make both the information provider and the person accessing the information more difficult to trace, whether by one another, by an intermediate network host, or by an outsider. Sites that offer dedicated .onion addresses may provide an additional layer of identity assurance via <a href="/wiki/Extended_Validation_Certificate" title="Extended Validation Certificate">EV HTTPS Certificates</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Provision of an onion site also helps mitigate <a href="/wiki/SSL_stripping" class="mw-redirect" title="SSL stripping">SSL stripping</a> attacks by <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Exit_node_eavesdropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">malicious exit nodes</a> on the Tor network upon users who would otherwise access traditional HTTPS <a href="/wiki/Clearnet_(networking)" title="Clearnet (networking)">clearnet</a> sites over Tor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addresses in the onion TLD are generally opaque, non-<a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a>, alpha-numerical strings which are automatically generated based on a <a href="/wiki/Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public key</a> when an <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Onion_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">onion service</a> is configured. Formerly 16 characters long prior to V2 onion services being made obsolete by V3 services, which are 56 characters long.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These strings can be made up of any letter of the alphabet, and decimal digits from 2 to 7, representing in <a href="/wiki/Base32" title="Base32">base32</a> either an 80-bit <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">hash</a> ("version 2", or 16-character) or a 256-bit <a href="/wiki/EdDSA#Ed25519" title="EdDSA">ed25519</a> public key along with a version number and a checksum of the key and version number ("version 3", "next gen", or 56-character). As a result, in the past all combinations of sixteen base32 characters could potentially be valid version 2 addresses (though as the output of a cryptographic hash, a randomly selected string of this form having a corresponding onion service should be <a href="/wiki/Preimage_attack" title="Preimage attack">extremely unlikely</a>), while in the current version 3 only combinations of 56 base32 characters that correctly encoded an ed25519 public key, a checksum, and a version number (i.e., 3) are valid addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible to set up a partially human-readable .onion URL (e.g. starting with an organization name) by generating massive numbers of <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">key pairs</a> (a computational process that can be <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallelized</a>) until a sufficiently desirable URL is found.<sup id="cite_ref-scallion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scallion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-facebook_url_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook_url-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in October 2021, stable releases of Tor software no longer support V2 (16 character) addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="WWW_to_.onion_gateways">WWW to .onion gateways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: WWW to .onion gateways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proxies into the Tor network like <a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a> allow access to onion services from non-Tor browsers and for search engines that are not Tor-aware. By using a gateway, users give up their own anonymity and trust the gateway to deliver the correct content. Both the gateway and the onion service can <a href="/wiki/Browser_fingerprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser fingerprint">fingerprint</a> the browser, and access user IP address data. Some proxies use caching techniques that claim to provide better page-loading<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than the official <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor Browser</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=".exit_(defunct_pseudo-top-level_domain)"><span id=".exit_.28defunct_pseudo-top-level_domain.29"></span>.exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>.exit</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain" title="Pseudo-top-level domain">pseudo-top-level domain</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a> users to indicate on the fly to the Tor software the preferred <a href="/wiki/Exit_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit node">exit node</a> that should be used while connecting to a service such as a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web server</a>, without having to edit the configuration file for Tor (<i>torrc</i>). </p><p>The syntax used with this domain was <i>hostname</i> + <i>.exitnode</i> + <i>.exit</i>, so that a user wanting to connect to http://www.torproject.org/ through node <i>tor26</i> would have to enter the URL <i>http://www.torproject.org.tor26.exit</i>. </p><p>Example uses for this would include accessing a site available only to addresses of a certain country or checking if a certain node is working. </p><p>Users could also type <i>exitnode.exit</i> alone to access the IP address of <i>exitnode</i>. </p><p>The .exit notation was deprecated as of version 0.2.9.8.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is disabled by default as of version 0.2.2.1-alpha due to potential application-level attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the release of 0.3-series Tor as "stable"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may now be considered defunct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_designation">Official designation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official designation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The domain was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain" title="Pseudo-top-level domain">pseudo-top-level domain</a> host suffix, similar in concept to such endings as <a href="/wiki/.bitnet" class="mw-redirect" title=".bitnet">.bitnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/.uucp" class="mw-redirect" title=".uucp">.uucp</a> used in earlier times. </p><p>On 9 September 2015 <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> designated .onion as a 'special use domain', giving the domain an official status following a proposal from <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Appelbaum" title="Jacob Appelbaum">Jacob Appelbaum</a> of the Tor Project and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> security engineer <a href="/wiki/Alec_Muffett" title="Alec Muffett">Alec Muffett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lwn-iana_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-iana-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-official_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTPS_support">HTTPS support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: HTTPS support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the adoption of <a href="/wiki/CA/Browser_Forum" title="CA/Browser Forum">CA/Browser Forum</a> Ballot 144, an <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> certificate for a .onion name could only be acquired by treating .onion as an Internal Server Name.<sup id="cite_ref-ballot144_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballot144-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements, these certificates could be issued, but were required to expire before 1 November 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these restrictions, <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> launched an onion site with a self-signed certificate in July 2013;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> obtained the first SSL Onion certificate to be issued by a Certificate authority in October 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blockchain.info" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockchain.info">Blockchain.info</a> in December 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> in April 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> later joined in October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the adoption of CA/Browser Forum Ballot 144 and the designation of the domain as 'special use' in September 2015, .onion meets the criteria for RFC 6761.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certificate authorities may issue SSL certificates for HTTPS .onion sites per the process documented in the <a href="/wiki/CA/Browser_Forum" title="CA/Browser Forum">CA/Browser Forum</a>'s Baseline Requirements,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced in Ballot 144.<sup id="cite_ref-ballot144_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballot144-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2016, 13 onion domains are https signed across 7 different organisations via <a href="/wiki/DigiCert" title="DigiCert">DigiCert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.tor" title=".tor">.tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.i2p" class="mw-redirect" title=".i2p">.i2p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.bit" class="mw-redirect" title=".bit">.bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">Dark web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tor_onion_services" title="List of Tor onion services">List of Tor onion services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+is+Now+Available+as+a+Tor+Onion+Service&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Sandvik&rft.aufirst=Runa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.nytimes.com%2Fhttps-open-nytimes-com-the-new-york-times-as-a-tor-onion-service-e0d0b67b7482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArkko2015" class="citation news cs1">Arkko, Jari (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/blog/2015/09/onion/">".onion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=.onion&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Arkko&rft.aufirst=Jari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fblog%2F2015%2F09%2Fonion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabforum.org/baseline-requirements-documents/">"Baseline Requirements Documents"</a>. 4 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baseline+Requirements+Documents&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabforum.org%2Fbaseline-requirements-documents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamie_Lewis2016" class="citation news cs1">Jamie Lewis, Sarah (7 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mascherari.press/onionscan-report-july-2016-https-somewhere-sometimes/">"OnionScan Report: July 2016 – HTTPS Somewhere Sometimes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=OnionScan+Report%3A+July+2016+%E2%80%93+HTTPS+Somewhere+Sometimes&rft.date=2016-08-07&rft.aulast=Jamie+Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmascherari.press%2Fonionscan-report-july-2016-https-somewhere-sometimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.onion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/projects/torbrowser.html.en">"Tor Browser"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tor_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Project">Tor Project</a>. <q>Anonymous browsing via Tor, used to access .onion sites</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor+Browser&rft.pub=Tor+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fprojects%2Ftorbrowser.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-onion-service.html">"Tor: Onion Service Configuration Instructions"</a>. Tor Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor%3A+Onion+Service+Configuration+Instructions&rft.pub=Tor+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fdocs%2Ftor-onion-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git?a=blob_plain;hb=HEAD;f=rend-spec.txt">"Tor Rendezvous Specification"</a>. Tor Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor+Rendezvous+Specification&rft.pub=Tor+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitweb.torproject.org%2Ftorspec.git%3Fa%3Dblob_plain%3Bhb%3DHEAD%3Bf%3Drend-spec.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiryukovPustogarovWeinmann2013" class="citation cs2">Biryukov, Alex; Pustogarov, Ivan; Weinmann, Ralf-Philipp (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee-security.org/TC/SP2013/papers/4977a080.pdf">"Trawling for Tor Hidden Services: Detection, Measurement, Deanonymization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Symposium on Security and Privacy</i>, IEEE</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symposium+on+Security+and+Privacy&rft.atitle=Trawling+for+Tor+Hidden+Services%3A+Detection%2C+Measurement%2C+Deanonymization&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Biryukov&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Pustogarov%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Weinmann%2C+Ralf-Philipp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-security.org%2FTC%2FSP2013%2Fpapers%2F4977a080.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabforum.org/2015/02/18/ballot-144-validation-rules-dot-onion-names/">"Ballot 144"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CA/Browser_Forum" title="CA/Browser Forum">CA/Browser Forum</a>. 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballot+144&rft.pub=CA%2FBrowser+Forum&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabforum.org%2F2015%2F02%2F18%2Fballot-144-validation-rules-dot-onion-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.onion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Tor_—_Onion_routing139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tor (anonymity network)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tor_—_Onion_routing139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> — <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors of <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Haven_Project" title="Free Haven Project">Free Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tor Project, Inc">The Tor Project, Inc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Blaze" title="Matt Blaze">Matt Blaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Seltzer" title="Wendy Seltzer">Wendy Seltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goldberg" title="Ian Goldberg">Ian Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dingledine" title="Roger Dingledine">Roger Dingledine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman" title="Gabriella Coleman">Gabriella Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Cohn" title="Cindy Cohn">Cindy Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Price" title="Megan Price">Megan Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Bruce Schneier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Appelbaum" title="Jacob Appelbaum">Jacob Appelbaum</a> <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">U.S. Agency for Global Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Foundation" title="Knight Foundation">Knight Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency">Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proxifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxifier">Proxifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbot" title="Orbot">Orbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Nyx_status_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Nyx status monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_(software)" title="Vidalia (software)">Vidalia</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser_Bundle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser Bundle">Tor Browser Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB Browser</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonym.OS" title="Anonym.OS">Anonym.OS</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li> <li>Incognito <small>(outdated)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">TAILS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Machine" title="XB Machine">xB Machine</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TorChat" title="TorChat">TorChat</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Tor_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor Messenger</a> <small>(outdated)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Peer-to-peer web hosting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Computer appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(software)" title="Snowflake (software)">Snowflake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Phone">Tor Phone</a><small>(outdated)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_onion_router" title="Wireless onion router">Wireless onion router</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain" title="Pseudo-top-level domain">Pseudo-top-level domains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.exit" class="mw-redirect" title=".exit">.exit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">.onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.tor" title=".tor">.tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Enforcement Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bayonet_(darknet)" title="Operation Bayonet (darknet)">Operation Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dark_Huntor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Dark Huntor">Operation Dark Huntor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-CODE" title="J-CODE">J-CODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Onymous" title="Operation Onymous">Operation Onymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pacifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pacifier">Operation Pacifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torpedo" title="Operation Torpedo">Operation Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lobos_1" title="Operation Lobos 1">Operation Lobos 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Habitance" title="Project Habitance">Project Habitance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Notable_generic_top-level_domains175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generic_top-level_domains" title="Template:Generic top-level domains"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generic_top-level_domains" title="Template talk:Generic top-level domains"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generic_top-level_domains" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generic top-level domains"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notable_generic_top-level_domains175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notable <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domains</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Current175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.bar" title=".bar">.bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.biz" title=".biz">.biz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.blog" title=".blog">.blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.cam" class="mw-redirect" title=".cam">.cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.cloud" title=".cloud">.cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.club" title=".club">.club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.college" title=".college">.college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.fun" title=".fun">.fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gay" title=".gay">.gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gdn" title=".gdn">.gdn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.global" title=".global">.global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.guru" title=".guru">.guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.inc" title=".inc">.inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.info" title=".info">.info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kaufen" title=".kaufen">.kaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lgbt" title=".lgbt">.lgbt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.name" title=".name">.name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.mobi" title=".mobi">.mobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.moe" title=".moe">.moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.monster" title=".monster">.monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.music" title=".music">.music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.net" title=".net">.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NGO_and_.ONG" class="mw-redirect" title=".NGO and .ONG">.ngo/.ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.one_(domain)" title=".one (domain)">.one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.online" title=".online">.online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.OOO" title=".OOO">.ooo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.pro" title=".pro">.pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.sexy" title=".sexy">.sexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.shop" title=".shop">.shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.site" title=".site">.site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.tech" title=".tech">.tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.top" title=".top">.top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.video" title=".video">.video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.wiki" title=".wiki">.wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.wtf" title=".wtf">.wtf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.xyz" title=".xyz">.xyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.zip_(top-level_domain)" title=".zip (top-level domain)">.zip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sponsored_top-level_domain" title="Sponsored top-level domain">Sponsored</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.aero" title=".aero">.aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.amazon" title=".amazon">.amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.app_(gTLD)" class="mw-redirect" title=".app (gTLD)">.app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.art_(top-level_domain)" title=".art (top-level domain)">.art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.bank" title=".bank">.bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.bible" title=".bible">.bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.cern" class="mw-redirect" title=".cern">.cern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.dev" title=".dev">.dev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.eco" title=".eco">.eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.edu" title=".edu">.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.google" title=".google">.google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gov" title=".gov">.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.hiv" title=".hiv">.hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.int" title=".int">.int</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.jobs" title=".jobs">.jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kids" class="mw-redirect" title=".kids">.kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kiwi" title=".kiwi">.kiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kosher" title=".kosher">.kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.mil" title=".mil">.mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.museum" title=".museum">.museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.post" title=".post">.post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.radio" title=".radio">.radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.realtor" title=".realtor">.realtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.tel" title=".tel">.tel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.travel" title=".travel">.travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.xxx" title=".xxx">.xxx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_top-level_domain" title="Geographic top-level domain">Geographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.africa" title=".africa">.africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.alsace" class="mw-redirect" title=".alsace">.alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.amsterdam" title=".amsterdam">.amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.asia" title=".asia">.asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title=".barcelona">.barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.bcn" title=".bcn">.bcn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.berlin" title=".berlin">.berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.brussels" title=".brussels">.brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.bzh" title=".bzh">.bzh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.cat" title=".cat">.cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.cymru" title=".cymru">.cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.eus" title=".eus">.eus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.frl" title=".frl">.frl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gal" title=".gal">.gal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gent" title=".gent">.gent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.irish" title=".irish">.irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.istanbul" title=".istanbul">.ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.istanbul" title=".istanbul">.istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.koeln" title=".koeln">.koeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.krd" title=".krd">.krd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lat" title=".lat">.lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.london" title=".london">.london</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title=".melbourne">.melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.nyc" title=".nyc">.nyc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.paris" title=".paris">.paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.quebec" title=".quebec">.quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.rio" title=".rio">.rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.saarland" title=".saarland">.saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.scot" title=".scot">.scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.sydney" class="mw-redirect" title=".sydney">.sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.taipei" class="mw-redirect" title=".taipei">.taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.tokyo" title=".tokyo">.tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.vegas" class="mw-redirect" title=".vegas">.vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.vlaanderen" title=".vlaanderen">.vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.wales" title=".wales">.wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.wien" title=".wien">.wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.zuerich" class="mw-redirect" title=".zuerich">.zuerich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.arpa" title=".arpa">.arpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Deleted/retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.nato" title=".nato">.nato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Reserved_domains" title="Top-level domain">Reserved</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.example" title=".example">.example</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.internal" title=".internal">.internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.invalid" title=".invalid">.invalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.local" title=".local">.local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.localhost" title=".localhost">.localhost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">.onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.test" title=".test">.test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Proposed175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_top-level_domain" title="Proposed top-level domain">Proposed</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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