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class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/819113/Constructing_validity_Basic_issues_in_objective_scale_development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Psychological assessment</span><span>, Jan 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a72990d8be8c72f630050c37bbcd4db5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819113-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819114"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819114/The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and_negative_affect_schedule_expanded_form"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905801/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819114/The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and_negative_affect_schedule_expanded_form">The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-819114-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-819114-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136249/table-1-the-panas-manual-for-the-positive-and-negative"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136251/table-2-the-panas-manual-for-the-positive-and-negative"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136254/table-1-note-these-data-include-those-reported-in-watson-et"><img alt="Note. These data include those reported in Watson et al. (1988), Table 1. 4Unpublished data reported by Ross Wilkinson, The Australian National University, April, 1993. bThese data are reported in Quinn (1989). Table 3 Means and Standard Deviations for the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales as a Function of Rated Time Frame and Subject Population " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136258/table-2-note-these-data-include-those-reported-in-watson-et"><img alt="Note. These data include those reported in Watson et al. (1988), Table 2. @Unpublished data reported by Ross Wilkinson, The Australian National University, April, 1993. bThese data are reported in Quinn (1989). Table 4 Internal Consistency Reliabilities (Coefficient Alpha) and Intercorrelations of the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136261/table-5-note-cfs-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-see-text-for-more"><img alt="Note. CFS = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. See text for more details. Table 5 Descriptive Statistics for the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales Derived from Mean Daily Mood Scores " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136263/table-4-note-this-is-adapted-from-watson-et-al-see-text-for"><img alt="Note. This table is adapted from Watson et al. (1988, Table 4). See text for details. Table 6 Correlations Between the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales and Regression-Based Scores on the First Two Varimax Factors in Six Samples Assessed with Tellegen's Set of 60 Mood Descriptors " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136267/table-7-correlations-between-the-general-positive-affect-and"><img alt="Table 7 Correlations Between the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales and Regression-Based Scores on the First Two Varimax Factors in Ten Samples Assessed with the 60 PANAS-X Mood Descriptors schedule. The second sample consisted of 248 SMU undergraduates who rated their mood on the full PANAS-X on a daily basis (using Today instructions) over a 1-2 month period (M = 45.7 assessments per subject); as in previous analyses of daily affect, all ratings were made in the evening so that they would provide a reasonable estimate of the subjects' moods over the course of the day. All subjects in both data sets completed a minimum of 35 mood assessments. Convergence with peer ratings. The data we have presented thus far consist entirely of subjects' self-reports. In order to establish construct validity, however, it is important to consider other types of evidence as well. Accordingly, we have conducted two studies in which self-ratings on the two higher order scales (as well as the specific affect scales, to be discussed later) were correlated with corresponding judgments made by well-acquainted peers. All affect ratings in both studies were based on trait (i.e., General) time instructions. The first study (discussed in more detail by Watson & Clark, 1991) involved dormitory residents at SMU. To participate in the study, subjects were required to sign up in five-person groups, with the additional proviso that all group members know each other reasonably well. Each subject rated all five group members, thereby generating one set of self-ratings and four sets of peer- ratings. The results reported here were computed from the data of 89 subjects, each of whom was rated by at least three well-acquainted peers; the peer judgments for each subject were averaged to yield a single overall peer rating score on each scale for that subject. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136272/table-8-correlations-between-the-general-positive-affect-and"><img alt="Table 8 Correlations Between the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales and Regression-Based Scores on the First Two Varimax Factors Emerging in Within-Subject Data each of these data sets included Tellegen's list of 60 mood terms (see Zevon & Tellegen, 1982), differing only in the time frames used to generate the mood ratings (Moment, Today, Past Few Days, Past Few Weeks, Past Year, General). Malloy, 1988; Funder & Colvin, 1988; Funder & Dobroth, 1987; Kenrick & Stringfield, 1980; Norman & Goldberg, 1966; Watson, 1989; Watson & Clark, 1991). Because affective experience is strongly subjective, one cannot expect the convergent correlations to be very high. Furthermore, earlier research has also found that self-peer convergence increases as more peer judges are used (McCrae & Costa, 1987; Watson, 1989; Watson & Clark, 1991). Accordingly, one would predict that convergence would be better in the dormitory study (in which each target was rated by 3-4 well- acquainted peers) than in the dating study (in which each target was rated by only a single peer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136276/table-9-fable-convergence-between-self-and-peer-ratings-on"><img alt="fable 9 Convergence Between Self- and Peer-ratings on the Two Higher Order PANAS-X Scales " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136280/table-10-varimax-rotated-factor-loadings-of-the-tellegen"><img alt="Table 10 Varimax-Rotated Factor Loadings of the 60 Tellegen Mood Terms in the Past Few Weeks Solution (N=586) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136284/table-11-ttem-was-included-as-marker-in-the-preliminary"><img alt="**Ttem was included as a marker in the preliminary version of the scale assessing this factor. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136287/table-12-note-loadings-below-are-omitted"><img alt="Note. Loadings below 1.301 are omitted. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136293/table-13-the-panas-manual-for-the-positive-and-negative"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136299/table-14-these-scales-had-median-internal-consistency-values"><img alt="these scales had median internal consistency values of .78, .76, and .77, respectively. Nevertheless, these median values reflect mean inter-item correlations of .45 or greater, indicating that the scales are appropriately homogeneous; thus, their reliability estimates simply reflect the fact that they have relatively few items. As mentioned earlier with regard to Surprise, the data suggest that these scales could be improved through the inclusion of additional marker terms. Unfortunately, the English language contains few suitable terms in these content domains and we have not been able to identify additional markers for these scales. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136306/table-13-note-ns-by-gender-moment-today-past-few-days-smu"><img alt="Note. Ns by gender: Moment (437 M, 585 W), Today (420 M, 583 W), Past Few Days/SMU (102 M, 182 W), Past Few Days/Iowa (281 M, 221 W), Past Week/SMU (502 M, 769 W), Past Week/Adult (142 M, 186 W), Past Few Weeks (259 M, 409 W), Past Month (391 M, 602 W), Past Year (128 M, 183 W), General (660 M, 989 W). Table 13 Gender-Specific Normative Statistics for the Self-Assurance, Hostility, and Serenity Scales " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136311/table-14-note-total-number-of-observations-see-text-for"><img alt="Note. N = 262. Total number of observations = 11,783. See text for details. Table 14 Descriptive Statistics for the 11 Lower Order Scales Derived from Mean Daily Mood Scores " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136316/table-15-note-mood-ratings-based-on-past-few-weeks"><img alt="Note. N=563. Mood ratings based on Past Few Weeks instructions. Convergent correlations are shown in boldface. All correlations greater than I.10I are significant at p <.01, two-tailed. anata sea Wacad an 4 Arann (°2-jtam wercion Ar thie eealae Table 15 Correlations among the PANAS-X Scales and Corresponding Scales from the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr & Droppleman, 1971) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136320/table-17-note-convergent-rs-in-boldface-rs-of-underlined-jov"><img alt="Note. N= 137. Convergent rs in boldface; rs of >.30 underlined. Jov = Joviality; Assur = Self-Assurance; Atten = Attentiveness; Seren = Serenity; Sad = Sadness; Host = Hostility; Shy = Shyness; Fat = Fatigue; Surp = Surprise. *p < .05, two-tailed. Table 17 Self- versus Peer-Ratings on the 11 Lower Order PANAS-X Scales (Dating Study) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136324/table-16-note-convergent-correlations-are-shown-in-boldface"><img alt="Note. N=89. Convergent correlations are shown in boldface. Correlations of .30 or greater are underlined. 4Data are based on preliminary, 3-item versions of these scales. *p < .05, two-tailed. Table 16 Self- versus Peer-Ratings on Seven Lower Order PANAS-X Scales (Dormitory Study) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136328/table-20-note-ns-moment-and-general-loadings-of-or-greater"><img alt="Note. Ns = 1,027 (Moment) and 1,657 (General). Loadings of |.30I or greater are shown in boldface. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136335/table-21-using-the-panas-scales-as-state-measures-we-have"><img alt="B. Using the PANAS-X Scales as State Measures We have presented various types of evidence that establish the convergent and discriminant validity of the PANAS-X scales. In these final sections we examine more specific validation issues, namely, using the PANAS-X scales as measures of state and trait affect, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136341/table-20-note-all-correlations-significant-at-two-tailed"><img alt="Note. All correlations significant at p < .01, two-tailed. 4Data are based on preliminary, 3-item versions of these scales. Not assessed in this sample. Table 20 Test-Retest Reliabilities of the PANAS-X Scales (2-Month Retest Interval) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136346/table-23-subset-of-these-subjects-completed-the-full-item"><img alt="A subset of these subjects (V = 211) completed the full, 60- item PANAS-X, so that comparable data also were available " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136350/table-4-note-loadings-below-are-omitted-gts-general"><img alt="Note. N = 231. Loadings below I.30I are omitted. GTS = General Temperament Survey; EPQ = Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; PANAS-X = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Expanded Form). Adapted from Watson & Clark, 1997, Table 4). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136352/table-24-varimax-rotated-factor-loadings-of-personality"><img alt="Table 24 Varimax-Rotated Factor Loadings of Personality, Emotionality and Lower-Order PANAS-X Scales (General Instructions) in Sample of SMU Undergraduates Note. N= 325. Loadings above I.40I are shown in boldface. NEO-FFI = NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Adapted from Watson & Clark (1992b, Table 5). Looking at the positive affects, Table 24 demonstrates that Joviality and Self-Assurance both loaded strongly and primarily on Extraversion/Positive Emotionality. In addition, Self-Assurance also had moderate negative loadings on both Neuroticism and Agreeableness. Finally, Attentiveness was primarily a marker of Conscientiousness, but also had a modest loading on Extraversion (.25). Thus, the data reveal evidence of relations between personality and affectivity that are both general (i.e., between the negative affects and Neuroticism, and between the positive affects and Extraversion) and specific (e.g., between Hostility and Agreeableness, and between Attentiveness and Conscientiousness). with corresponding measures of aggregated state affect, and (d) are strongly and systematically related to measures of personality and emotionality. These data clearly demonstrate that --with the possible exception of Surprise- -the PANAS-X scales can be used validly to assess long- term individual differences in affect. 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This manual delineates the structure and functionality of the PANAS-X, including its hierarchical taxonomic scheme for distinct affective states within the broader dimensions. Empirical data from various samples demonstrate the reliability and validity of the PANAS-X scales in self-reported emotional assessments, emphasizing their applicability across different contexts and populations.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1999,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819114/The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and_negative_affect_schedule_expanded_form","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.362-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905801,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905801/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905801/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905801/The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule-libre.pdf?1390839283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=NzNkXt1BmDxtI4kf6kYGUuIxKJm5a4as-8IYqPQGK0WqFZOeGTmLk2vWovwqE2miBG9pfF4D3OOul9JhOOCMB93GNG2aOKVvW~doq9z5zP6KoMSBCRXCkCZ5Sk-z9o2n3kH9mJ5YW2LnRgoeBlBMBMIHhwFHJKB~CJhO79qoY957-cbhHX6uW41vCciDaamydfjRE~WH5myIOsldqQa1J1Edk2WdS5OCSc6fDL-HdmguWQqUJ4K5KpmBJDWDTfLx850Op1yKOjOxAnKz9ItdBCBMuy6OHBmjWqgkmZ~hQdxMfmkgD1bfSNkfLsaUsitF6kdZh3igIISK8V0RihTv0Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and_negative_affect_schedule_expanded_form","translated_slug":"","page_count":28,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905801,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905801/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905801/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905801/The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule-libre.pdf?1390839283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=NzNkXt1BmDxtI4kf6kYGUuIxKJm5a4as-8IYqPQGK0WqFZOeGTmLk2vWovwqE2miBG9pfF4D3OOul9JhOOCMB93GNG2aOKVvW~doq9z5zP6KoMSBCRXCkCZ5Sk-z9o2n3kH9mJ5YW2LnRgoeBlBMBMIHhwFHJKB~CJhO79qoY957-cbhHX6uW41vCciDaamydfjRE~WH5myIOsldqQa1J1Edk2WdS5OCSc6fDL-HdmguWQqUJ4K5KpmBJDWDTfLx850Op1yKOjOxAnKz9ItdBCBMuy6OHBmjWqgkmZ~hQdxMfmkgD1bfSNkfLsaUsitF6kdZh3igIISK8V0RihTv0Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819114-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819115"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819115/Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905796/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819115/Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders">Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Annual review of psychology</span><span>, Jan 1, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ea3f7b51dac76c668d3f3bc6e505f8d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905796,"asset_id":819115,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905796/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819115"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819115"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819115; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819115]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819115]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819115; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819115']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ea3f7b51dac76c668d3f3bc6e505f8d9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819115]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819115,"title":"Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"questia.com","grobid_abstract":"Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1998,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Annual review of psychology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":4905796},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819115/Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.437-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"minekas1998a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905796/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905796/minekas1998a-libre.pdf?1390839271=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=Q5Hv4KWWW4oEwWxF82Vb7-FWhapv99V~SZfoLNS0-kS2tOmkbEKPFlghnTdWBD0IZ9fgNQMRibmhdPSmvZV3pinb9MREvhTIdpsGshSFmNHdsN3qz405iztxnAYgQ0h6Iqdj~NdMAA5QTDUGc6z6Rpdq9rflVbrjQtSUODvu--u9J0wGtTxJht0ygPaU0udEvE42scsiO9bM19iefqc5NUkDrnr9Bzuqm5fjRYru13Ov~S4KPJMLli2dwecgGMD2adN2EwFD7vuLTiXJTpLB7cQAPbhMBVduIZ~egU5mfq6n4WniD2HY3xJcnE8keVWh7I2raHwKczx2~TiQn~imGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders","translated_slug":"","page_count":37,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"minekas1998a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905796/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905796/minekas1998a-libre.pdf?1390839271=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=Q5Hv4KWWW4oEwWxF82Vb7-FWhapv99V~SZfoLNS0-kS2tOmkbEKPFlghnTdWBD0IZ9fgNQMRibmhdPSmvZV3pinb9MREvhTIdpsGshSFmNHdsN3qz405iztxnAYgQ0h6Iqdj~NdMAA5QTDUGc6z6Rpdq9rflVbrjQtSUODvu--u9J0wGtTxJht0ygPaU0udEvE42scsiO9bM19iefqc5NUkDrnr9Bzuqm5fjRYru13Ov~S4KPJMLli2dwecgGMD2adN2EwFD7vuLTiXJTpLB7cQAPbhMBVduIZ~egU5mfq6n4WniD2HY3xJcnE8keVWh7I2raHwKczx2~TiQn~imGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science"},{"id":1314,"name":"Anxiety Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders"},{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression"},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition"},{"id":28973,"name":"Comorbidity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comorbidity"},{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing"},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder"},{"id":339532,"name":"Bayesian hierarchical model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bayesian_hierarchical_model"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":816819,"name":"Psychological Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Models"},{"id":836997,"name":"Anxiety Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorder"},{"id":1208692,"name":"Mood Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mood_Disorder"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819115-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819116"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819116/On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five‐Factor Model" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226987/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819116/On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model">On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five‐Factor Model</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Personality</span><span>, Jan 1, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievetnent facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensiotis; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="84d9469837f2c6f958d379a4d19c6912" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51226987,"asset_id":819116,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226987/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819116"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819116"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819116; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819116]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819116]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819116; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819116']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "84d9469837f2c6f958d379a4d19c6912" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819116]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819116,"title":"On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five‐Factor Model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley Online Library","ai_title_tag":"Emotional Experience and Personality Traits","grobid_abstract":"In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievetnent facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensiotis; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Personality","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":51226987},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819116/On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.537-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51226987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226987/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51226987/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a-libre.pdf?1483746403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=UGDJVl3u7z-D7UWgmP5~lDpkOA60Iqk0l~aPTX3Es9LORYDs-t7J3j5C3w1rsUx6ytK2rN8IdFHtVxeDLx8KcwZvs9HifV~R-uUGn-e6OZf4zDEkqFdniLl9o72QWUVcfFnwXPnEoo3q1verB9gSyTedRWyxKhikgm9iCZyc-GcUjS1Gx6YD~e8JD-uAynXLrPtdRUmqe01zVHps~jWMB9AX3CM73TQjsve2bCxyLwXbAR-S~C7txbtQbSpoMAgMjfc5WQkqfToSzgvxEw2U9pw75mostnrhMEOvgMc2FTHm1CdGAxelvZoaCPW0Wk40EbASK3i2etyRfey1cge4Yw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model","translated_slug":"","page_count":37,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievetnent facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensiotis; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":51226987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226987/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51226987/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a-libre.pdf?1483746403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=UGDJVl3u7z-D7UWgmP5~lDpkOA60Iqk0l~aPTX3Es9LORYDs-t7J3j5C3w1rsUx6ytK2rN8IdFHtVxeDLx8KcwZvs9HifV~R-uUGn-e6OZf4zDEkqFdniLl9o72QWUVcfFnwXPnEoo3q1verB9gSyTedRWyxKhikgm9iCZyc-GcUjS1Gx6YD~e8JD-uAynXLrPtdRUmqe01zVHps~jWMB9AX3CM73TQjsve2bCxyLwXbAR-S~C7txbtQbSpoMAgMjfc5WQkqfToSzgvxEw2U9pw75mostnrhMEOvgMc2FTHm1CdGAxelvZoaCPW0Wk40EbASK3i2etyRfey1cge4Yw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science"},{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics"},{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality"},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect"},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior"},{"id":73785,"name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessment_Inventory"},{"id":91809,"name":"Neurotic Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurotic_Disorders"},{"id":95411,"name":"Personality Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Development"},{"id":134348,"name":"Temperament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperament"},{"id":514741,"name":"Five Factor Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Five_Factor_Model"},{"id":582257,"name":"Hostility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hostility"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819116-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819117"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819117/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating_the_Convergent_and_Discriminant_Validity_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_Symptom_Scales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Testing a Tripartite Model: I. Evaluating the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Anxiety and Depression Symptom Scales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905798/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819117/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating_the_Convergent_and_Discriminant_Validity_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_Symptom_Scales">Testing a Tripartite Model: I. Evaluating the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Anxiety and Depression Symptom Scales</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Abnormal …</span><span>, Jan 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes:...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and low Positive Affect that are specific to depression. This model was tested in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, and 1 patient sample) using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; D. Watson & L. A. Clark, 1991), which was designed to assess the hypothesized symptom groups, together with other symptom and cognition measures. Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depression well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="24d9ef059a969b981423a99d2d9a38aa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905798,"asset_id":819117,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905798/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819117"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819117"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819117; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819117]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819117]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819117; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819117']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "24d9ef059a969b981423a99d2d9a38aa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819117]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819117,"title":"Testing a Tripartite Model: I. 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David Watson. University of Iowa. F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Join My Mailing List. David Watson. University of Iowa. F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Contributions to Books «Previous Next». Extraversion and its positive emotional core. David Watson, University of Iowa L A. Clark. 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Suggested Citation. ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819118-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819119"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819119/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring_the_Symptom_Structure_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_In_Student_Adult_and_Patient_Samples"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Testing a Tripartite Model: II. 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Exploring the Symptom Structure of Anxiety and Depression In Student, Adult, and Patient Samples</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Abnormal …</span><span>, Jan 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="af176f0d8880327544224317bdf8eca8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905797,"asset_id":819119,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905797/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819119"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819119"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819119; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819119]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819119]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819119; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819119']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "af176f0d8880327544224317bdf8eca8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819119]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819119,"title":"Testing a Tripartite Model: II. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819119-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819120"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/819120/Measurement_and_Mismeasurement_of_Mood_Recurrent_and_Emergent_Issues"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent Issues" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Measurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent Issues</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Personality Assessment</span><span>, Jan 1, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ra...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. This lack of a compelling taxonomy has substantially slowed progress in assessing mood at the specific affect level.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819120"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819120; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819120]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819120]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819120; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819120']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819120]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819120,"title":"Measurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent Issues","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. This lack of a compelling taxonomy has substantially slowed progress in assessing mood at the specific affect level.","publisher":"Routledge","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},"translated_abstract":"The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. 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Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. 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Well-meaning clinicians, theorists, and researchers could find some basis for fault in virtually every sentence, due in part to the absence of adequate research to guide its construction. Some points of disagreement, however, are more fundamental than others. The authors discuss issues that cut across individual diagnostic categories and that should receive particular attention in DSM-V: (a) the process by which the diagnostic manual is developed, (b) the differentiation from normal psychological functioning, (c) the differentiation among diagnostic categories, (d) cross-sectional vs. longitudinal diagnoses, and (e) the role of laboratory instruments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-819121-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-819121-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3828811/figure-1-toward-dsm-and-the-classification-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905800/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-819121-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67cdba89c925d05526679278ed6c5c0f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905800,"asset_id":819121,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905800/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819121"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819121"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819121; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819121]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819121]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819121; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819121']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "67cdba89c925d05526679278ed6c5c0f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819121]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819121,"title":"Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"psycnet.apa.org","grobid_abstract":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) is a compelling effort at a best approximation to date of a scientifically based nomenclature, but even its authors have acknowledged that its diagnoses and criterion sets are highly debatable. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819123-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819124"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/819124/Temperament_A_new_paradigm_for_trait_psychology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>… Jean Gros's La Bataille d'Eylau</span><span>, Jan 1, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Temperament is an ancient concept. As early as the fifth century BCE, Greek physicians believed t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Temperament is an ancient concept. As early as the fifth century BCE, Greek physicians believed that health depended on a harmonious blend of the four&amp;amp;amp;quot; humors.&amp;amp;amp;quot; Extending this view, Galen (second century CE) proposed that predominance of one of the humors ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819124"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819124"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819124; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819124]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819124]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819124; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819124']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819124]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819124,"title":"Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Temperament is an ancient concept. 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Through most of the 20th century, they were studied as separate fields; within psychopathology, clinical syndromes were separated from personality disorders in 1980. This division led to the revelation of substantial overlap among disorders both within and across axes and to the joint study of normal and abnormal personality. The author reviews these literatures and proposes an integrative framework to explain personality-psychopathology relations: Three broad, innate temperament dimensions-negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and disinhibition-differentiate through both biologically and environmentally based developmental processes into a hierarchical personality trait structure and, at their extremes, are risk factors (diatheses) for psychopathology, especially given adverse life experiences (stress).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bf5f68481debfd3ebecbf337809d6474" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905799,"asset_id":819126,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905799/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819126"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819126"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819126; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819126]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819126]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819126; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819126']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bf5f68481debfd3ebecbf337809d6474" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819126]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819126,"title":"Temperament as a Unifying Basis for Personality and Psychopathology.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"doi.apa.org","grobid_abstract":"Personality and psychopathology long have been viewed as related domains, but the precise nature of their relations remains unclear. 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The author reviews these literatures and proposes an integrative framework to explain personality-psychopathology relations: Three broad, innate temperament dimensions-negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and disinhibition-differentiate through both biologically and environmentally based developmental processes into a hierarchical personality trait structure and, at their extremes, are risk factors (diatheses) for psychopathology, especially given adverse life experiences (stress).","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905799,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905799/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"clark2005_journal_of_abnormal_psychology.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905799/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Temperament_as_a_Unifying_Basis_for_Pers.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905799/clark2005_journal_of_abnormal_psychology-libre.pdf?1390839262=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTemperament_as_a_Unifying_Basis_for_Pers.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882541\u0026Signature=e~NRzf51Nd1X4dPYIJWjrp11EP3pjxLhw-ID4fggMXkiwVYEAaIlDWvVQ4mCIM-eAv~LSLHP3qh0SRNLR-SXTqERVR9s9gK8dXFGfPSyJ8MoyiBgadGl96Ewr~449c0HPHy08JCvE~adi1Ni7Ae9V35VeMZXZPowoyxuP5A-8yr9gCmQmaGgbPDfc2su8-N2smAHQPoCeYXDPro3qIg0~7IpDLvCs5kMowx4yaTqOaGgMitiGzrQ19~Ifgr0aZGzzDqKIZr1TSrgSQ1iOAmno3s-2AczTlMzTgKI6VF~ZpCm-s7x-5uP7~UujCOY6FP1k7QbzZ8zuViqJB1XFFux-w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":222,"name":"Abnormal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abnormal_Psychology"},{"id":6092,"name":"Personality Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Disorders"},{"id":69825,"name":"Negative Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negative_Affect"},{"id":100558,"name":"Personality Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Disorder"},{"id":134348,"name":"Temperament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperament"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors"},{"id":352837,"name":"Positive Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Affect"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1"},{"id":1843330,"name":"Personality Trait","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Trait"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819126-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819127"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/819127/Schedule_for_Nonadaptive_and_Adaptive_Personality_SNAP_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP).</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; C...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819127"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819127"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819127; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819127]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819127]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819127; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819127']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819127]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819127,"title":"Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...","publisher":"works.bepress.com","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1993,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819127/Schedule_for_Nonadaptive_and_Adaptive_Personality_SNAP_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:22.478-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Schedule_for_Nonadaptive_and_Adaptive_Personality_SNAP_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819127-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819128"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819128/Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_disorder_from_domains_and_facets_of_the_five_factor_model"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Predicting dimensions of personality disorder from domains and facets of the five factor model" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226974/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819128/Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_disorder_from_domains_and_facets_of_the_five_factor_model">Predicting dimensions of personality disorder from domains and facets of the five factor model</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Personality</span><span>, Jan 1, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heteroge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 94). Participants completed the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1993b), a self-report measure that assesses traits relevant to personality disorder, and two measures of the Five-Factor Model: the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991). Regression analyses indicated substantial overlap between the SNAP scales and the NEO-PI-R facets. In addition, use of the NEO-PI-R facets afforded substantial improvement over the Five-Factor Model domains in predicting interview-based ratings of DSM-IV personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), such that the NEO facets and the SNAP scales demonstrated roughly equivalent levels of predictive power. Results support assessment of the full range of NEO-PI-R facets over the Five-Factor Model domains for both research and clinical use.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6b8d24df1bbb91c29770db160f9c4874" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51226974,"asset_id":819128,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226974/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6b8d24df1bbb91c29770db160f9c4874" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819128,"title":"Predicting dimensions of personality disorder from domains and facets of the five factor model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley Online Library","grobid_abstract":"We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 94). Participants completed the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1993b), a self-report measure that assesses traits relevant to personality disorder, and two measures of the Five-Factor Model: the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, \u0026 Kentle, 1991). Regression analyses indicated substantial overlap between the SNAP scales and the NEO-PI-R facets. In addition, use of the NEO-PI-R facets afforded substantial improvement over the Five-Factor Model domains in predicting interview-based ratings of DSM-IV personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), such that the NEO facets and the SNAP scales demonstrated roughly equivalent levels of predictive power. Results support assessment of the full range of NEO-PI-R facets over the Five-Factor Model domains for both research and clinical use.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":2001,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Personality","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":51226974},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819128/Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_disorder_from_domains_and_facets_of_the_five_factor_model","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:22.547-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51226974,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226974/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1467-6494.0014220170106-6577-z8vag9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226974/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_dis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51226974/1467-6494.0014220170106-6577-z8vag9-libre.pdf?1483746400=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPredicting_dimensions_of_personality_dis.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882541\u0026Signature=PoSFZHmEEqLKTLNHhV6g~hiMfW7EaNOlglLfvVcBgxY12qt9fr6mrqi2U580ZsIPSFL9GJMsJFUX6zt4aa-N4evDnBbQgwWIx8mRWNowP-RK6cH2LVas7Yu-KYKTH-p-NQ3OkYZbCNqR5f5k01FDcs7fk4tofHN0PugwfACHSbcRfJ4U3WK4w~gG1dV7~mYxl1poJGCczolstois-35yoqhNh01vIpAg8MgqzBEOO-8YfVR4jPBUS7Y8ppfTU-8PIlJbSS5sjajVwAYxjw9x65TcLSp6MSwb2HPkxnXweNN30Oznf0HIA9LR~ijmbwgsvpXi0qe0FV64V0zI2tUj4w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_disorder_from_domains_and_facets_of_the_five_factor_model","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 94). Participants completed the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1993b), a self-report measure that assesses traits relevant to personality disorder, and two measures of the Five-Factor Model: the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, \u0026 Kentle, 1991). Regression analyses indicated substantial overlap between the SNAP scales and the NEO-PI-R facets. In addition, use of the NEO-PI-R facets afforded substantial improvement over the Five-Factor Model domains in predicting interview-based ratings of DSM-IV personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), such that the NEO facets and the SNAP scales demonstrated roughly equivalent levels of predictive power. 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Rev. Psychol.</span><span>, Jan 1, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter reviews recent (2000-2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three maj...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter reviews recent (2000-2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three major domains: assessment, comorbidity, and stability. (a) Substantial evidence has accrued favoring dimensional over categorical conceptualization of PD, and the five-factor model of personality is prominent as an integrating framework. Future directions include assessing dysfunction separately from traits and learning to utilize collateral information. (b) To address the pervasiveness and extent of comorbidity, researchers have begun to move beyond studying overlapping pairs or small sets of disorders and are developing broader, more integrated common-factor models that cross the Axis I-Axis II boundary. (c) Studies of PD stability have converged on the finding that PD features include both more acute, dysfunctional behaviors that resolve in relatively short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are relatively more stable-similar to normal-range personality traits-with increasing stability until after 50 years of age. 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These data include those reported in Watson et al. (1988), Table 1. 4Unpublished data reported by Ross Wilkinson, The Australian National University, April, 1993. bThese data are reported in Quinn (1989). Table 3 Means and Standard Deviations for the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales as a Function of Rated Time Frame and Subject Population " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136258/table-2-note-these-data-include-those-reported-in-watson-et"><img alt="Note. These data include those reported in Watson et al. (1988), Table 2. @Unpublished data reported by Ross Wilkinson, The Australian National University, April, 1993. bThese data are reported in Quinn (1989). Table 4 Internal Consistency Reliabilities (Coefficient Alpha) and Intercorrelations of the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136261/table-5-note-cfs-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-see-text-for-more"><img alt="Note. CFS = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. See text for more details. Table 5 Descriptive Statistics for the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales Derived from Mean Daily Mood Scores " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136263/table-4-note-this-is-adapted-from-watson-et-al-see-text-for"><img alt="Note. This table is adapted from Watson et al. (1988, Table 4). See text for details. Table 6 Correlations Between the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales and Regression-Based Scores on the First Two Varimax Factors in Six Samples Assessed with Tellegen's Set of 60 Mood Descriptors " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136267/table-7-correlations-between-the-general-positive-affect-and"><img alt="Table 7 Correlations Between the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales and Regression-Based Scores on the First Two Varimax Factors in Ten Samples Assessed with the 60 PANAS-X Mood Descriptors schedule. The second sample consisted of 248 SMU undergraduates who rated their mood on the full PANAS-X on a daily basis (using Today instructions) over a 1-2 month period (M = 45.7 assessments per subject); as in previous analyses of daily affect, all ratings were made in the evening so that they would provide a reasonable estimate of the subjects' moods over the course of the day. All subjects in both data sets completed a minimum of 35 mood assessments. Convergence with peer ratings. The data we have presented thus far consist entirely of subjects' self-reports. In order to establish construct validity, however, it is important to consider other types of evidence as well. Accordingly, we have conducted two studies in which self-ratings on the two higher order scales (as well as the specific affect scales, to be discussed later) were correlated with corresponding judgments made by well-acquainted peers. All affect ratings in both studies were based on trait (i.e., General) time instructions. The first study (discussed in more detail by Watson & Clark, 1991) involved dormitory residents at SMU. To participate in the study, subjects were required to sign up in five-person groups, with the additional proviso that all group members know each other reasonably well. Each subject rated all five group members, thereby generating one set of self-ratings and four sets of peer- ratings. The results reported here were computed from the data of 89 subjects, each of whom was rated by at least three well-acquainted peers; the peer judgments for each subject were averaged to yield a single overall peer rating score on each scale for that subject. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136272/table-8-correlations-between-the-general-positive-affect-and"><img alt="Table 8 Correlations Between the General Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales and Regression-Based Scores on the First Two Varimax Factors Emerging in Within-Subject Data each of these data sets included Tellegen's list of 60 mood terms (see Zevon & Tellegen, 1982), differing only in the time frames used to generate the mood ratings (Moment, Today, Past Few Days, Past Few Weeks, Past Year, General). Malloy, 1988; Funder & Colvin, 1988; Funder & Dobroth, 1987; Kenrick & Stringfield, 1980; Norman & Goldberg, 1966; Watson, 1989; Watson & Clark, 1991). Because affective experience is strongly subjective, one cannot expect the convergent correlations to be very high. Furthermore, earlier research has also found that self-peer convergence increases as more peer judges are used (McCrae & Costa, 1987; Watson, 1989; Watson & Clark, 1991). Accordingly, one would predict that convergence would be better in the dormitory study (in which each target was rated by 3-4 well- acquainted peers) than in the dating study (in which each target was rated by only a single peer). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136276/table-9-fable-convergence-between-self-and-peer-ratings-on"><img alt="fable 9 Convergence Between Self- and Peer-ratings on the Two Higher Order PANAS-X Scales " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136280/table-10-varimax-rotated-factor-loadings-of-the-tellegen"><img alt="Table 10 Varimax-Rotated Factor Loadings of the 60 Tellegen Mood Terms in the Past Few Weeks Solution (N=586) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136284/table-11-ttem-was-included-as-marker-in-the-preliminary"><img alt="**Ttem was included as a marker in the preliminary version of the scale assessing this factor. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136287/table-12-note-loadings-below-are-omitted"><img alt="Note. Loadings below 1.301 are omitted. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136293/table-13-the-panas-manual-for-the-positive-and-negative"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136299/table-14-these-scales-had-median-internal-consistency-values"><img alt="these scales had median internal consistency values of .78, .76, and .77, respectively. Nevertheless, these median values reflect mean inter-item correlations of .45 or greater, indicating that the scales are appropriately homogeneous; thus, their reliability estimates simply reflect the fact that they have relatively few items. As mentioned earlier with regard to Surprise, the data suggest that these scales could be improved through the inclusion of additional marker terms. Unfortunately, the English language contains few suitable terms in these content domains and we have not been able to identify additional markers for these scales. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136306/table-13-note-ns-by-gender-moment-today-past-few-days-smu"><img alt="Note. Ns by gender: Moment (437 M, 585 W), Today (420 M, 583 W), Past Few Days/SMU (102 M, 182 W), Past Few Days/Iowa (281 M, 221 W), Past Week/SMU (502 M, 769 W), Past Week/Adult (142 M, 186 W), Past Few Weeks (259 M, 409 W), Past Month (391 M, 602 W), Past Year (128 M, 183 W), General (660 M, 989 W). Table 13 Gender-Specific Normative Statistics for the Self-Assurance, Hostility, and Serenity Scales " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136311/table-14-note-total-number-of-observations-see-text-for"><img alt="Note. N = 262. Total number of observations = 11,783. See text for details. Table 14 Descriptive Statistics for the 11 Lower Order Scales Derived from Mean Daily Mood Scores " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136316/table-15-note-mood-ratings-based-on-past-few-weeks"><img alt="Note. N=563. Mood ratings based on Past Few Weeks instructions. Convergent correlations are shown in boldface. All correlations greater than I.10I are significant at p <.01, two-tailed. anata sea Wacad an 4 Arann (°2-jtam wercion Ar thie eealae Table 15 Correlations among the PANAS-X Scales and Corresponding Scales from the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr & Droppleman, 1971) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136320/table-17-note-convergent-rs-in-boldface-rs-of-underlined-jov"><img alt="Note. N= 137. Convergent rs in boldface; rs of >.30 underlined. Jov = Joviality; Assur = Self-Assurance; Atten = Attentiveness; Seren = Serenity; Sad = Sadness; Host = Hostility; Shy = Shyness; Fat = Fatigue; Surp = Surprise. *p < .05, two-tailed. Table 17 Self- versus Peer-Ratings on the 11 Lower Order PANAS-X Scales (Dating Study) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136324/table-16-note-convergent-correlations-are-shown-in-boldface"><img alt="Note. N=89. Convergent correlations are shown in boldface. Correlations of .30 or greater are underlined. 4Data are based on preliminary, 3-item versions of these scales. *p < .05, two-tailed. Table 16 Self- versus Peer-Ratings on Seven Lower Order PANAS-X Scales (Dormitory Study) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136328/table-20-note-ns-moment-and-general-loadings-of-or-greater"><img alt="Note. Ns = 1,027 (Moment) and 1,657 (General). Loadings of |.30I or greater are shown in boldface. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136335/table-21-using-the-panas-scales-as-state-measures-we-have"><img alt="B. Using the PANAS-X Scales as State Measures We have presented various types of evidence that establish the convergent and discriminant validity of the PANAS-X scales. In these final sections we examine more specific validation issues, namely, using the PANAS-X scales as measures of state and trait affect, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136341/table-20-note-all-correlations-significant-at-two-tailed"><img alt="Note. All correlations significant at p < .01, two-tailed. 4Data are based on preliminary, 3-item versions of these scales. Not assessed in this sample. Table 20 Test-Retest Reliabilities of the PANAS-X Scales (2-Month Retest Interval) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136346/table-23-subset-of-these-subjects-completed-the-full-item"><img alt="A subset of these subjects (V = 211) completed the full, 60- item PANAS-X, so that comparable data also were available " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136350/table-4-note-loadings-below-are-omitted-gts-general"><img alt="Note. N = 231. Loadings below I.30I are omitted. GTS = General Temperament Survey; EPQ = Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; PANAS-X = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Expanded Form). Adapted from Watson & Clark, 1997, Table 4). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3136352/table-24-varimax-rotated-factor-loadings-of-personality"><img alt="Table 24 Varimax-Rotated Factor Loadings of Personality, Emotionality and Lower-Order PANAS-X Scales (General Instructions) in Sample of SMU Undergraduates Note. N= 325. Loadings above I.40I are shown in boldface. NEO-FFI = NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Adapted from Watson & Clark (1992b, Table 5). Looking at the positive affects, Table 24 demonstrates that Joviality and Self-Assurance both loaded strongly and primarily on Extraversion/Positive Emotionality. In addition, Self-Assurance also had moderate negative loadings on both Neuroticism and Agreeableness. Finally, Attentiveness was primarily a marker of Conscientiousness, but also had a modest loading on Extraversion (.25). Thus, the data reveal evidence of relations between personality and affectivity that are both general (i.e., between the negative affects and Neuroticism, and between the positive affects and Extraversion) and specific (e.g., between Hostility and Agreeableness, and between Attentiveness and Conscientiousness). with corresponding measures of aggregated state affect, and (d) are strongly and systematically related to measures of personality and emotionality. These data clearly demonstrate that --with the possible exception of Surprise- -the PANAS-X scales can be used validly to assess long- term individual differences in affect. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905801/table_025.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-819114-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1db51ed46c746640f0b08f90036a341e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905801,"asset_id":819114,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905801/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819114"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819114"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819114; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819114]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819114]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819114; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819114']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1db51ed46c746640f0b08f90036a341e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819114]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819114,"title":"The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"ir.uiowa.edu","ai_abstract":"The PANAS-X is an expanded version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, developed to delineate two overarching dimensions of emotional experience: Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA). This manual delineates the structure and functionality of the PANAS-X, including its hierarchical taxonomic scheme for distinct affective states within the broader dimensions. Empirical data from various samples demonstrate the reliability and validity of the PANAS-X scales in self-reported emotional assessments, emphasizing their applicability across different contexts and populations.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1999,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819114/The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and_negative_affect_schedule_expanded_form","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.362-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905801,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905801/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905801/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905801/The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule-libre.pdf?1390839283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=NzNkXt1BmDxtI4kf6kYGUuIxKJm5a4as-8IYqPQGK0WqFZOeGTmLk2vWovwqE2miBG9pfF4D3OOul9JhOOCMB93GNG2aOKVvW~doq9z5zP6KoMSBCRXCkCZ5Sk-z9o2n3kH9mJ5YW2LnRgoeBlBMBMIHhwFHJKB~CJhO79qoY957-cbhHX6uW41vCciDaamydfjRE~WH5myIOsldqQa1J1Edk2WdS5OCSc6fDL-HdmguWQqUJ4K5KpmBJDWDTfLx850Op1yKOjOxAnKz9ItdBCBMuy6OHBmjWqgkmZ~hQdxMfmkgD1bfSNkfLsaUsitF6kdZh3igIISK8V0RihTv0Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and_negative_affect_schedule_expanded_form","translated_slug":"","page_count":28,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905801,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905801/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905801/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905801/The_PANAS-X__Manual_for_the_Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule-libre.pdf?1390839283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_PANAS_X_Manual_for_the_positive_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=NzNkXt1BmDxtI4kf6kYGUuIxKJm5a4as-8IYqPQGK0WqFZOeGTmLk2vWovwqE2miBG9pfF4D3OOul9JhOOCMB93GNG2aOKVvW~doq9z5zP6KoMSBCRXCkCZ5Sk-z9o2n3kH9mJ5YW2LnRgoeBlBMBMIHhwFHJKB~CJhO79qoY957-cbhHX6uW41vCciDaamydfjRE~WH5myIOsldqQa1J1Edk2WdS5OCSc6fDL-HdmguWQqUJ4K5KpmBJDWDTfLx850Op1yKOjOxAnKz9ItdBCBMuy6OHBmjWqgkmZ~hQdxMfmkgD1bfSNkfLsaUsitF6kdZh3igIISK8V0RihTv0Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819114-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819115"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819115/Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905796/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819115/Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders">Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Annual review of psychology</span><span>, Jan 1, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ea3f7b51dac76c668d3f3bc6e505f8d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905796,"asset_id":819115,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905796/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819115"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819115"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819115; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819115]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819115]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819115; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819115']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ea3f7b51dac76c668d3f3bc6e505f8d9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819115]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819115,"title":"Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"questia.com","grobid_abstract":"Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1998,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Annual review of psychology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":4905796},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819115/Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.437-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"minekas1998a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905796/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905796/minekas1998a-libre.pdf?1390839271=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=Q5Hv4KWWW4oEwWxF82Vb7-FWhapv99V~SZfoLNS0-kS2tOmkbEKPFlghnTdWBD0IZ9fgNQMRibmhdPSmvZV3pinb9MREvhTIdpsGshSFmNHdsN3qz405iztxnAYgQ0h6Iqdj~NdMAA5QTDUGc6z6Rpdq9rflVbrjQtSUODvu--u9J0wGtTxJht0ygPaU0udEvE42scsiO9bM19iefqc5NUkDrnr9Bzuqm5fjRYru13Ov~S4KPJMLli2dwecgGMD2adN2EwFD7vuLTiXJTpLB7cQAPbhMBVduIZ~egU5mfq6n4WniD2HY3xJcnE8keVWh7I2raHwKczx2~TiQn~imGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood_Disorders","translated_slug":"","page_count":37,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"minekas1998a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905796/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905796/minekas1998a-libre.pdf?1390839271=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComorbidity_of_Anxiety_and_Unipolar_Mood.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=Q5Hv4KWWW4oEwWxF82Vb7-FWhapv99V~SZfoLNS0-kS2tOmkbEKPFlghnTdWBD0IZ9fgNQMRibmhdPSmvZV3pinb9MREvhTIdpsGshSFmNHdsN3qz405iztxnAYgQ0h6Iqdj~NdMAA5QTDUGc6z6Rpdq9rflVbrjQtSUODvu--u9J0wGtTxJht0ygPaU0udEvE42scsiO9bM19iefqc5NUkDrnr9Bzuqm5fjRYru13Ov~S4KPJMLli2dwecgGMD2adN2EwFD7vuLTiXJTpLB7cQAPbhMBVduIZ~egU5mfq6n4WniD2HY3xJcnE8keVWh7I2raHwKczx2~TiQn~imGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science"},{"id":1314,"name":"Anxiety Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders"},{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression"},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition"},{"id":28973,"name":"Comorbidity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comorbidity"},{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing"},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder"},{"id":339532,"name":"Bayesian hierarchical model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bayesian_hierarchical_model"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":816819,"name":"Psychological Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Models"},{"id":836997,"name":"Anxiety Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorder"},{"id":1208692,"name":"Mood Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mood_Disorder"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819115-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819116"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819116/On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five‐Factor Model" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226987/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819116/On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model">On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five‐Factor Model</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Personality</span><span>, Jan 1, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievetnent facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensiotis; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="84d9469837f2c6f958d379a4d19c6912" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51226987,"asset_id":819116,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226987/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819116"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819116"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819116; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819116]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819116]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819116; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819116']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "84d9469837f2c6f958d379a4d19c6912" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819116]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819116,"title":"On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five‐Factor Model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley Online Library","ai_title_tag":"Emotional Experience and Personality Traits","grobid_abstract":"In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievetnent facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensiotis; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Personality","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":51226987},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819116/On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.537-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51226987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226987/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51226987/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a-libre.pdf?1483746403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=UGDJVl3u7z-D7UWgmP5~lDpkOA60Iqk0l~aPTX3Es9LORYDs-t7J3j5C3w1rsUx6ytK2rN8IdFHtVxeDLx8KcwZvs9HifV~R-uUGn-e6OZf4zDEkqFdniLl9o72QWUVcfFnwXPnEoo3q1verB9gSyTedRWyxKhikgm9iCZyc-GcUjS1Gx6YD~e8JD-uAynXLrPtdRUmqe01zVHps~jWMB9AX3CM73TQjsve2bCxyLwXbAR-S~C7txbtQbSpoMAgMjfc5WQkqfToSzgvxEw2U9pw75mostnrhMEOvgMc2FTHm1CdGAxelvZoaCPW0Wk40EbASK3i2etyRfey1cge4Yw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Specific_Factors_of_Emotional_Experience_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Five_Factor_Model","translated_slug":"","page_count":37,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievetnent facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensiotis; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":51226987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226987/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"On_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51226987/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x20170106-6555-z4jp3a-libre.pdf?1483746403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_Traits_and_Temperament_General_and_Sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=UGDJVl3u7z-D7UWgmP5~lDpkOA60Iqk0l~aPTX3Es9LORYDs-t7J3j5C3w1rsUx6ytK2rN8IdFHtVxeDLx8KcwZvs9HifV~R-uUGn-e6OZf4zDEkqFdniLl9o72QWUVcfFnwXPnEoo3q1verB9gSyTedRWyxKhikgm9iCZyc-GcUjS1Gx6YD~e8JD-uAynXLrPtdRUmqe01zVHps~jWMB9AX3CM73TQjsve2bCxyLwXbAR-S~C7txbtQbSpoMAgMjfc5WQkqfToSzgvxEw2U9pw75mostnrhMEOvgMc2FTHm1CdGAxelvZoaCPW0Wk40EbASK3i2etyRfey1cge4Yw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science"},{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics"},{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality"},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect"},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior"},{"id":73785,"name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessment_Inventory"},{"id":91809,"name":"Neurotic Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurotic_Disorders"},{"id":95411,"name":"Personality Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Development"},{"id":134348,"name":"Temperament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperament"},{"id":514741,"name":"Five Factor Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Five_Factor_Model"},{"id":582257,"name":"Hostility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hostility"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819116-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819117"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819117/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating_the_Convergent_and_Discriminant_Validity_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_Symptom_Scales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Testing a Tripartite Model: I. Evaluating the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Anxiety and Depression Symptom Scales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905798/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819117/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating_the_Convergent_and_Discriminant_Validity_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_Symptom_Scales">Testing a Tripartite Model: I. Evaluating the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Anxiety and Depression Symptom Scales</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Abnormal …</span><span>, Jan 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes:...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and low Positive Affect that are specific to depression. This model was tested in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, and 1 patient sample) using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; D. Watson & L. A. Clark, 1991), which was designed to assess the hypothesized symptom groups, together with other symptom and cognition measures. Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depression well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="24d9ef059a969b981423a99d2d9a38aa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905798,"asset_id":819117,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905798/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819117"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819117"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819117; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819117]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819117]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819117; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819117']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "24d9ef059a969b981423a99d2d9a38aa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819117]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819117,"title":"Testing a Tripartite Model: I. 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Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depression well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1995,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Abnormal …","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":4905798},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819117/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating_the_Convergent_and_Discriminant_Validity_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_Symptom_Scales","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.604-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905798,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905798/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"watson1995_02.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905798/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905798/watson1995_02-libre.pdf?1390839301=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTesting_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=Zjyzwc~M9K41qKT2fP6DGBBYR~xy~XgN3n1TA3SCTICvHLvlLyg1eL3rJghmZR7oZOaEUTJcJVhK1BZUn8g2K3oQUcHzgZjBjPo3CzLiEtWWyn667Ihm2HNlWwa1MjcONYkhSThGRToZTu-HvLSVCgw1udimqcrhN8AADo99D7kh47tw7qOAvVmD3EM8EBL1s9Zf~3cw8scYcAnr4S1pLlHi-ittQfACnyXscqo3ynDMkgToHIm4jKmp-DGFE6HrHyWes1S9na-hq58XKF~4ILgO2CjKOSC1NXpRXNQydoDBjFEzjCLbGYjOLyhYLsrd7V7h~5NcCvSEwywfrHm2LQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating_the_Convergent_and_Discriminant_Validity_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_Symptom_Scales","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and low Positive Affect that are specific to depression. This model was tested in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, and 1 patient sample) using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; D. Watson \u0026 L. A. Clark, 1991), which was designed to assess the hypothesized symptom groups, together with other symptom and cognition measures. Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depression well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905798,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905798/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"watson1995_02.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905798/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905798/watson1995_02-libre.pdf?1390839301=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTesting_a_Tripartite_Model_I_Evaluating.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882539\u0026Signature=Zjyzwc~M9K41qKT2fP6DGBBYR~xy~XgN3n1TA3SCTICvHLvlLyg1eL3rJghmZR7oZOaEUTJcJVhK1BZUn8g2K3oQUcHzgZjBjPo3CzLiEtWWyn667Ihm2HNlWwa1MjcONYkhSThGRToZTu-HvLSVCgw1udimqcrhN8AADo99D7kh47tw7qOAvVmD3EM8EBL1s9Zf~3cw8scYcAnr4S1pLlHi-ittQfACnyXscqo3ynDMkgToHIm4jKmp-DGFE6HrHyWes1S9na-hq58XKF~4ILgO2CjKOSC1NXpRXNQydoDBjFEzjCLbGYjOLyhYLsrd7V7h~5NcCvSEwywfrHm2LQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":222,"name":"Abnormal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abnormal_Psychology"},{"id":1314,"name":"Anxiety Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders"},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder"},{"id":306766,"name":"Arousal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arousal"},{"id":306862,"name":"Abnormal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abnormal"},{"id":314162,"name":"Psychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Tests"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires"},{"id":352837,"name":"Positive Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Affect"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results"},{"id":706975,"name":"Depressive Symptoms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Symptoms"},{"id":2467529,"name":"Psychiatric Status Rating Scales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatric_Status_Rating_Scales"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819117-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819118"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/819118/Extraversion_and_its_positive_emotional_core"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Extraversion and its positive emotional core." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Extraversion and its positive emotional core.</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Join My Mailing List. David Watson. University of Iowa. F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Join My Mailing List. David Watson. University of Iowa. F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Contributions to Books «Previous Next». Extraversion and its positive emotional core. David Watson, University of Iowa L A. Clark. Suggested Citation. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819118"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819118; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819118]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819118; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819118']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819118]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819118,"title":"Extraversion and its positive emotional core.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Join My Mailing List. 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Suggested Citation. ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819118-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819119"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819119/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring_the_Symptom_Structure_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_In_Student_Adult_and_Patient_Samples"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Testing a Tripartite Model: II. Exploring the Symptom Structure of Anxiety and Depression In Student, Adult, and Patient Samples" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905797/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819119/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring_the_Symptom_Structure_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_In_Student_Adult_and_Patient_Samples">Testing a Tripartite Model: II. Exploring the Symptom Structure of Anxiety and Depression In Student, Adult, and Patient Samples</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Abnormal …</span><span>, Jan 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="af176f0d8880327544224317bdf8eca8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905797,"asset_id":819119,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905797/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819119"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819119"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819119; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819119]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819119]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819119; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819119']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "af176f0d8880327544224317bdf8eca8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819119]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819119,"title":"Testing a Tripartite Model: II. Exploring the Symptom Structure of Anxiety and Depression In Student, Adult, and Patient Samples","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"facstaff.bloomu.edu","ai_abstract":"This research investigates the complex relationship between anxiety and depression by testing a tripartite model that categorizes symptoms into distinct factors. The study utilizes various samples, including students, adults, and clinical patients, to explore the shared and unique elements of anxiety and depression. Results indicate strong correlations among symptoms across samples, affirming the necessity for a comprehensive diagnostic framework that acknowledges the intertwined nature of these disorders.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1995,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Abnormal …"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819119/Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring_the_Symptom_Structure_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_In_Student_Adult_and_Patient_Samples","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.743-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905797,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905797/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"watson1995_01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905797/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905797/watson1995_01-libre.pdf?1390839278=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTesting_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882540\u0026Signature=dNsjxDe-s0dbiAuGbeHd2-dX8ObrfPKz6wXp3YRpQuXmCO4KeSbu4uhqp2GGrkSYTlbeKJnp5AJshf9Cml4ReqNviutMcwhVUhSr7xVAZ1Ba6gITxHYKqY0UEQXHNQm3O0obawTZ5T1gzviuhy9WMs5aHdpre2B1itJ3nI05Zs85vTySEePKDPKbb2b52lRwL5xlW-ty6E5kBXEpflwEi73YhWYWaT2OQiTa71k3soDyXP6W~1oKWkphM8I-8tfS6wy4qbeEaSOFM0SR1~Jvu9Cv8~o10XvExm~2vuDE~gL9gZdHlGJpb6JoslD0mOIbkKLShuQAcxF37wxEk0SRcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring_the_Symptom_Structure_of_Anxiety_and_Depression_In_Student_Adult_and_Patient_Samples","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[{"id":4905797,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905797/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"watson1995_01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905797/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Testing_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905797/watson1995_01-libre.pdf?1390839278=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTesting_a_Tripartite_Model_II_Exploring.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882540\u0026Signature=dNsjxDe-s0dbiAuGbeHd2-dX8ObrfPKz6wXp3YRpQuXmCO4KeSbu4uhqp2GGrkSYTlbeKJnp5AJshf9Cml4ReqNviutMcwhVUhSr7xVAZ1Ba6gITxHYKqY0UEQXHNQm3O0obawTZ5T1gzviuhy9WMs5aHdpre2B1itJ3nI05Zs85vTySEePKDPKbb2b52lRwL5xlW-ty6E5kBXEpflwEi73YhWYWaT2OQiTa71k3soDyXP6W~1oKWkphM8I-8tfS6wy4qbeEaSOFM0SR1~Jvu9Cv8~o10XvExm~2vuDE~gL9gZdHlGJpb6JoslD0mOIbkKLShuQAcxF37wxEk0SRcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":222,"name":"Abnormal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abnormal_Psychology"},{"id":1314,"name":"Anxiety Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders"},{"id":56132,"name":"Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Students"},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder"},{"id":222261,"name":"Patients","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patients"},{"id":306766,"name":"Arousal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arousal"},{"id":306862,"name":"Abnormal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abnormal"},{"id":314162,"name":"Psychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Tests"},{"id":352837,"name":"Positive Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Affect"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819119-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819120"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/819120/Measurement_and_Mismeasurement_of_Mood_Recurrent_and_Emergent_Issues"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent Issues" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Measurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent Issues</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Personality Assessment</span><span>, Jan 1, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ra...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. This lack of a compelling taxonomy has substantially slowed progress in assessing mood at the specific affect level.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819120"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819120; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819120]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819120]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819120; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819120']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819120]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819120,"title":"Measurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent Issues","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. This lack of a compelling taxonomy has substantially slowed progress in assessing mood at the specific affect level.","publisher":"Routledge","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},"translated_abstract":"The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. This lack of a compelling taxonomy has substantially slowed progress in assessing mood at the specific affect level.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819120/Measurement_and_Mismeasurement_of_Mood_Recurrent_and_Emergent_Issues","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.823-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Measurement_and_Mismeasurement_of_Mood_Recurrent_and_Emergent_Issues","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The affective explosion in psychology has led to tremendous advances in mood measurement. Mood ratings reflect a hierarchical structure consisting of two broad dimensions-Positive Affect and Negative Affect-and multiple specific states. Brief scales have been developed that reliably assess Positive and Negative Affect across different populations and time frames, in both between- and within-subject data. We examine controversies related to (a) the content of these higher order scales and (b) the independence of Positive and Negative Affect. Regarding the latter, we show that Positive and Negative Affect scales remain largely independent across a wide range of conditions, even after controlling for random and systematic error. Finally, there remains little consensus regarding the lower order structure of affect. This lack of a compelling taxonomy has substantially slowed progress in assessing mood at the specific affect level.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4888,"name":"Personality Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessment"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819120-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819121"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819121/Toward_DSM_V_and_the_classification_of_psychopathology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905800/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819121/Toward_DSM_V_and_the_classification_of_psychopathology">Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Psychological Bulletin</span><span>, Jan 1, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psyc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) is a compelling effort at a best approximation to date of a scientifically based nomenclature, but even its authors have acknowledged that its diagnoses and criterion sets are highly debatable. Well-meaning clinicians, theorists, and researchers could find some basis for fault in virtually every sentence, due in part to the absence of adequate research to guide its construction. Some points of disagreement, however, are more fundamental than others. The authors discuss issues that cut across individual diagnostic categories and that should receive particular attention in DSM-V: (a) the process by which the diagnostic manual is developed, (b) the differentiation from normal psychological functioning, (c) the differentiation among diagnostic categories, (d) cross-sectional vs. longitudinal diagnoses, and (e) the role of laboratory instruments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-819121-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-819121-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3828811/figure-1-toward-dsm-and-the-classification-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/4905800/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-819121-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67cdba89c925d05526679278ed6c5c0f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905800,"asset_id":819121,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905800/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819121"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819121"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819121; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819121]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819121]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819121; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819121']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "67cdba89c925d05526679278ed6c5c0f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819121]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819121,"title":"Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"psycnet.apa.org","grobid_abstract":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) is a compelling effort at a best approximation to date of a scientifically based nomenclature, but even its authors have acknowledged that its diagnoses and criterion sets are highly debatable. Well-meaning clinicians, theorists, and researchers could find some basis for fault in virtually every sentence, due in part to the absence of adequate research to guide its construction. Some points of disagreement, however, are more fundamental than others. The authors discuss issues that cut across individual diagnostic categories and that should receive particular attention in DSM-V: (a) the process by which the diagnostic manual is developed, (b) the differentiation from normal psychological functioning, (c) the differentiation among diagnostic categories, (d) cross-sectional vs. longitudinal diagnoses, and (e) the role of laboratory instruments.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Psychological Bulletin","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":4905800},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819121/Toward_DSM_V_and_the_classification_of_psychopathology","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:21.892-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4905800,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905800/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"widigert2000a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905800/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Toward_DSM_V_and_the_classification_of_p.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4905800/widigert2000a-libre.pdf?1390839283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DToward_DSM_V_and_the_classification_of_p.pdf\u0026Expires=1743882540\u0026Signature=HcdXnNcDC4lM0S683uN6KIenG5PcUAFpuzHszFsbIIThvbeowTzg-x4hIlkJ9K3P6lyJL0c4arCPMiQL6huHxgmtU~O~mc6a5P6EWwIwckKPv1LWUTcvszFF2yt-~cJYWLXE9G8IEwNKsn~M9h5oUhL-k11W2WFVcw4DeKyl-dvh5sDrSH8ePGMg0mKaBPcpL2sCnWz0wDn2ndiaFRIjJDxHSgWex0JawPzz2Vim2XcNbpHJbVMlzeXxzrouJjqp0W6f2QYjoxyyQJm7yQLDp~arhzZquLpZnywtrax6-EUnDHGyrBWKriG7joxNL7DYkyUd2g1CeDtGSKWOLd0Zqg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Toward_DSM_V_and_the_classification_of_psychopathology","translated_slug":"","page_count":18,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) is a compelling effort at a best approximation to date of a scientifically based nomenclature, but even its authors have acknowledged that its diagnoses and criterion sets are highly debatable. 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On the basis of factor analytic studies of happiness and sadness, and of positive and negative emotional activation (PA and NA), ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819122"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819122]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819122']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819122]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819122,"title":"On the Dimensional and Hierarchical Structure of Affect","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"AbstractGreen, Goldman, and Salovey (1993) challenged the view that positive affect and negative affect are largely uncorrelated dimensions. 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As early as the fifth century BCE, Greek physicians believed t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Temperament is an ancient concept. 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These data indicate that while there is room for improvement in assessment, even ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality"},{"id":6092,"name":"Personality Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Disorders"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819125-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819126"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819126/Temperament_as_a_Unifying_Basis_for_Personality_and_Psychopathology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Temperament as a Unifying Basis for Personality and Psychopathology." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/4905799/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819126/Temperament_as_a_Unifying_Basis_for_Personality_and_Psychopathology">Temperament as a Unifying Basis for Personality and Psychopathology.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</span><span>, Jan 1, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Personality and psychopathology long have been viewed as related domains, but the precise nature ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Personality and psychopathology long have been viewed as related domains, but the precise nature of their relations remains unclear. Through most of the 20th century, they were studied as separate fields; within psychopathology, clinical syndromes were separated from personality disorders in 1980. This division led to the revelation of substantial overlap among disorders both within and across axes and to the joint study of normal and abnormal personality. The author reviews these literatures and proposes an integrative framework to explain personality-psychopathology relations: Three broad, innate temperament dimensions-negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and disinhibition-differentiate through both biologically and environmentally based developmental processes into a hierarchical personality trait structure and, at their extremes, are risk factors (diatheses) for psychopathology, especially given adverse life experiences (stress).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bf5f68481debfd3ebecbf337809d6474" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":4905799,"asset_id":819126,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4905799/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819126"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819126"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819126; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819126]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819126]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819126; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819126']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bf5f68481debfd3ebecbf337809d6474" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819126]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819126,"title":"Temperament as a Unifying Basis for Personality and Psychopathology.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"doi.apa.org","grobid_abstract":"Personality and psychopathology long have been viewed as related domains, but the precise nature of their relations remains unclear. 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Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; C...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819127"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819127"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819127; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819127]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819127]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819127; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819127']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819127]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819127,"title":"Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...","publisher":"works.bepress.com","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":1993,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819127/Schedule_for_Nonadaptive_and_Adaptive_Personality_SNAP_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2011-08-09T11:51:22.478-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":372108,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Schedule_for_Nonadaptive_and_Adaptive_Personality_SNAP_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Join My Mailing List. Lee Anna Clark. University of Notre Dame. Professor \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Collegiate Fellow; Psychology. ... Bookmark. Books «Previous. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Lee Anna Clark, University of Iowa. Suggested Citation. Lee Anna Clark. ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":372108,"first_name":"Lee Anna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Clark","page_name":"LeeAnnaClark","domain_name":"nd","created_at":"2011-03-21T22:52:37.334-07:00","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","url":"https://nd.academia.edu/LeeAnnaClark"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-819127-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="819128"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/819128/Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_disorder_from_domains_and_facets_of_the_five_factor_model"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Predicting dimensions of personality disorder from domains and facets of the five factor model" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51226974/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/819128/Predicting_dimensions_of_personality_disorder_from_domains_and_facets_of_the_five_factor_model">Predicting dimensions of personality disorder from domains and facets of the five factor model</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Personality</span><span>, Jan 1, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heteroge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 94). Participants completed the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1993b), a self-report measure that assesses traits relevant to personality disorder, and two measures of the Five-Factor Model: the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991). Regression analyses indicated substantial overlap between the SNAP scales and the NEO-PI-R facets. In addition, use of the NEO-PI-R facets afforded substantial improvement over the Five-Factor Model domains in predicting interview-based ratings of DSM-IV personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), such that the NEO facets and the SNAP scales demonstrated roughly equivalent levels of predictive power. Results support assessment of the full range of NEO-PI-R facets over the Five-Factor Model domains for both research and clinical use.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6b8d24df1bbb91c29770db160f9c4874" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51226974,"asset_id":819128,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51226974/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6b8d24df1bbb91c29770db160f9c4874" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819128,"title":"Predicting dimensions of personality disorder from domains and facets of the five factor model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley Online Library","grobid_abstract":"We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 94). 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Rev. Psychol.</span><span>, Jan 1, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter reviews recent (2000-2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three maj...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter reviews recent (2000-2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three major domains: assessment, comorbidity, and stability. (a) Substantial evidence has accrued favoring dimensional over categorical conceptualization of PD, and the five-factor model of personality is prominent as an integrating framework. Future directions include assessing dysfunction separately from traits and learning to utilize collateral information. (b) To address the pervasiveness and extent of comorbidity, researchers have begun to move beyond studying overlapping pairs or small sets of disorders and are developing broader, more integrated common-factor models that cross the Axis I-Axis II boundary. (c) Studies of PD stability have converged on the finding that PD features include both more acute, dysfunctional behaviors that resolve in relatively short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are relatively more stable-similar to normal-range personality traits-with increasing stability until after 50 years of age. A new model for assessing PD-and perhaps all psychopathology-emerges from integrating these interrelated reconceptualizations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819129"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819129"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819129; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819129]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819129]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819129; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819129']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819129]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819129,"title":"Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This chapter reviews recent (2000-2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three major domains: assessment, comorbidity, and stability. 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A new model for assessing PD-and perhaps all psychopathology-emerges from integrating these interrelated reconceptualizations.","publisher":"annualreviews.org","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":1,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},"translated_abstract":"This chapter reviews recent (2000-2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three major domains: assessment, comorbidity, and stability. (a) Substantial evidence has accrued favoring dimensional over categorical conceptualization of PD, and the five-factor model of personality is prominent as an integrating framework. Future directions include assessing dysfunction separately from traits and learning to utilize collateral information. (b) To address the pervasiveness and extent of comorbidity, researchers have begun to move beyond studying overlapping pairs or small sets of disorders and are developing broader, more integrated common-factor models that cross the Axis I-Axis II boundary. 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(Ed), (1991). Handbook of social and clinical psychology: T...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Snyder, CR (Ed); Forsyth, Donelson R. (Ed), (1991). Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective, Pergamon general psychology series, Vol. 162 (pp. 221-245). Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press, xxii, 878 pp.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="819130"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="819130"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819130; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819130]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=819130]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 819130; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='819130']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=819130]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":819130,"title":"General affective dispositions in physical and psychological health.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Snyder, CR (Ed); Forsyth, Donelson R. 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