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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Invention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mallets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mallets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mallets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mallets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resonators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resonators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Resonators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resonators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damper_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damper_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Damper mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damper_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-mallet_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-mallet_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Two-mallet style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-mallet_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-mallet_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-mallet_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Four-mallet style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-mallet_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Damping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Damping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Extended techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five_to_six_mallets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_to_six_mallets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Five to six mallets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_to_six_mallets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Bowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitch_bend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch_bend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Pitch bend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch_bend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repertoire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concertos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concertos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Concertos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concertos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Solos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vibraphone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ميقاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميقاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibr%C3%A1fonu" title="Vibráfonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vibráfonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вібрафон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вібрафон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вибрафон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вибрафон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibr%C3%A0fon" title="Vibràfon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vibràfon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphon" title="Vibraphon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vibraphon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibr%C3%A1fono" title="Vibráfono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vibráfono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafono" title="Vibrafono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vibrafono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibrafono" title="Bibrafono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bibrafono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویبرافون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویبرافون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vibraphone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creathaf%C3%B3n" title="Creathafón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Creathafón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibr%C3%A1fono" title="Vibráfono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vibráfono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%8F%B0" title="비브라폰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비브라폰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafono" title="Vibrafono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vibrafono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ויברפון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויברפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вибрафон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вибрафон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafonas" title="Vibrafonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vibrafonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вибрафон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вибрафон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafoon" title="Vibrafoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vibrafoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ヴィブラフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィブラフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphon" title="Vibraphon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vibraphon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wibrafon" title="Wibrafon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wibrafon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafone" title="Vibrafone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vibrafone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вибрафон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вибрафон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vibraphone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вибрафон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вибрафон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vibrafon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafoni" title="Vibrafoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vibrafoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrafon" title="Vibrafon – Swedish" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vibraslap" title="Vibraslap">Vibraslap</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Vibraphone</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibes_joelocke_koeln2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vibes_joelocke_koeln2007.jpg/250px-Vibes_joelocke_koeln2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vibes_joelocke_koeln2007.jpg/375px-Vibes_joelocke_koeln2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Vibes_joelocke_koeln2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Musser_Mallet_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Musser Mallet Company">Musser</a> vibraphone</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Vibes</li><li>vibraharp</li><li>vibraceleste</li><li>vibratone</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Keyboard percussion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">111.222<br />(Sets of percussion plaques)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Herman E. Winterhoff</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1916</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibraphone_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vibraphone_range.svg/200px-Vibraphone_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vibraphone_range.svg/300px-Vibraphone_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vibraphone_range.svg/400px-Vibraphone_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_marimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel marimba">Steel marimba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Song_bells" title="Song bells">song bells</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8">Musicians</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">list of vibraphonists</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8">Builders</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musser_Mallet_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Musser Mallet Company">Musser</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Musical_Instruments" title="Adams Musical Instruments">Adams Musical Instruments</a></li><li>Saito</li><li>Marimba One</li><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Percussion" title="Premier Percussion">Premier Percussion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_Percussion" title="Majestic Percussion">Majestic Percussion</a></li><li>Bergerault</li><li>Dynasty</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:F_scale_on_vibraphone.oga" title="File:F scale on vibraphone.oga">Vibraphone sound sample</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="F_scale_on_vibraphone.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/F_scale_on_vibraphone.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/F_scale_on_vibraphone.oga/F_scale_on_vibraphone.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An <a href="/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a> scale played on a vibraphone with the motors on</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <b>vibraphone</b> (also called the <b>vibraharp</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instrument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metallophone" title="Metallophone">metallophone</a> family. It consists of tuned metal bars and is typically played by using <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">mallets</a> to strike the bars. A person who plays the vibraphone is called a <i>vibraphonist,</i> <i>vibraharpist,</i> or <i>vibist</i>. </p><p>The vibraphone resembles the <a href="/wiki/Marimbaphone" title="Marimbaphone">steel marimba</a>, which it superseded. One of the main differences between the vibraphone and other <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">keyboard percussion instruments</a> is that each bar suspends over a resonator tube containing a flat metal disc. These discs are attached together by a common axle and spin when the motor is turned on. This causes the instrument to produce its namesake <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> effect. The vibraphone also has a <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a> similar to a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. When the pedal is up, the bars produce a muted sound; when the pedal is down, the bars sustain for several seconds or until again muted with the pedal. </p><p>The vibraphone is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music, in which it often plays a featured role, and was a defining element of the sound of mid-20th-century "<a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">Tiki lounge</a>" <a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">exotica</a>, as popularized by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyman" title="Arthur Lyman">Arthur Lyman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second most popular solo <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">keyboard percussion instrument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>, and is part of the standard college-level percussion performance education. It is a standard instrument in the modern percussion section for <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Marching_arts" title="Marching arts">marching arts</a> (typically as part of the <a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">front ensemble</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg/180px-1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg/270px-1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg/360px-1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>A 1928 ad for the Deagan vibraharp.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention">Invention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1916, instrument maker Herman Winterhoff of the <a href="/wiki/Leedy_Manufacturing_Company" title="Leedy Manufacturing Company">Leedy Manufacturing Company</a> began experimenting with <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_humana" title="Vox humana">vox humana</a></i> effects on a three-octave (F<sub>3</sub> to F<sub>6</sub>) <a href="/wiki/Marimbaphone" title="Marimbaphone">steel marimba</a>. His original design attempted to produce this effect by raising and lowering the resonators, which caused a noticeable <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992408_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992408-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, Winterhoff perfected the design by instead attaching a motor that rotated small discs underneath the bars to achieve the same effect.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sales manager George H. Way termed this instrument the "vibraphone", it was marketed by Leedy starting in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leedy vibraphone managed to achieve a decent degree of popularity after it was used in the novelty recordings of "<a href="/wiki/Aloha_%CA%BBOe" title="Aloha ʻOe">Aloha ʻOe</a>" and "Gypsy Love Song" in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> performer Louis Frank Chiha.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this instrument differed significantly from the instrument now called the "vibraphone". The Leedy vibraphone did not have a pedal mechanism, and it had bars made of steel rather than aluminum. The growing popularity of Leedy's instrument led competitor <a href="/wiki/J._C._Deagan,_Inc." title="J. C. Deagan, Inc.">J. C. Deagan, Inc.</a>, the inventor of the original steel marimba on which Leedy's design was based, to ask its chief tuner, Henry Schluter, to develop a similar instrument in 1927. Instead of just copying the Leedy design, Schluter introduced several significant improvements. He made the bars from aluminum instead of steel for a mellower tone, adjusted the dimensions and tuning of the bars to eliminate the dissonant harmonics present in the Leedy design, and introduced a foot-controlled damper bar. Schluter's design became more popular than the Leedy design and has become the template for all instruments now called a "vibraphone".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the terms "vibraphone" and "vibraharp" were trademarked by Leedy and Deagan, respectively. Other manufacturers were forced to use the generic name "vibes" or devise new trade names such as "vibraceleste" for their instruments incorporating the newer design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007399_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007399-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use">Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_Hampton,_Aquarium,_New_York,_ca._June_1946_(William_P._Gottlieb_03841).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lionel_Hampton%2C_Aquarium%2C_New_York%2C_ca._June_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_03841%29.jpg/170px-Lionel_Hampton%2C_Aquarium%2C_New_York%2C_ca._June_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_03841%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lionel_Hampton%2C_Aquarium%2C_New_York%2C_ca._June_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_03841%29.jpg/255px-Lionel_Hampton%2C_Aquarium%2C_New_York%2C_ca._June_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_03841%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lionel_Hampton%2C_Aquarium%2C_New_York%2C_ca._June_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_03841%29.jpg/340px-Lionel_Hampton%2C_Aquarium%2C_New_York%2C_ca._June_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_03841%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a> playing the vibraphone in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the initial purpose of the vibraphone was as a novelty instrument for vaudeville orchestras, that use was quickly overwhelmed in the 1930s by its development in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the vibraphone in jazz was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a>, a jazz drummer from California.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one recording session with bandleader <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, Hampton was asked to play a vibraphone that had been left behind in the studio. This resulted in the recording of the song "<a href="/wiki/Memories_of_You" title="Memories of You">Memories of You</a>" in 1930, containing what is often considered to be the first instance of an improvised vibraphone solo.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early history, the vibraphone was often used in classical music to give compositions a jazz influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known composer to use the vibraphone was <a href="/wiki/Havergal_Brian" title="Havergal Brian">Havergal Brian</a> in his 1917 opera, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tigers_(opera)" title="The Tigers (opera)">The Tigers</a></i>, which called for two of them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the piece was lost and did not premiere until 1983, <a href="/wiki/Ferde_Grof%C3%A9" title="Ferde Grofé">Ferde Grofé</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Suite" title="Grand Canyon Suite">Grand Canyon Suite</a></i>, completed in 1931, is sometimes considered to be the first piece to use a vibraphone instead.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early classical composers to use the vibraphone were <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, who used it prominently in his <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a></i> in 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992409_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992409-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_Still" title="William Grant Still">William Grant Still</a>, who used it in his <i><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_Symphony" title="Afro-American Symphony">Afro-American Symphony</a></i> that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the vibraphone has not been used quite as extensively in the realm of classical music as it has with jazz, it can often be heard in theatre or film music, such as in <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard modern instrument has a range of 3 <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, starting from the F below <a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a> (F<sub>3</sub> to F<sub>6</sub> in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">scientific pitch notation</a>). Larger <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> or 4 octave models from the C below middle C are also becoming more common (C<sub>3</sub> to F<sub>6</sub> or C<sub>7</sub>). Unlike its cousin, the <a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a>, the vibraphone is generally a non-<a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instrument</a>, written at <a href="/wiki/Concert_pitch" title="Concert pitch">concert pitch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mallets">Mallets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mallets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg/288px-Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg/432px-Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg/576px-Vibraphone_overhead_with_mallets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption>An overhead view of a 3 octave vibraphone with different mallets of varying hardness.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vibraphone mallets usually consist of a rubber ball core wrapped in yarn or cord and attached to a narrow dowel, most commonly made of rattan or birch and sometimes of fiberglass or nylon. Mallets suitable for the vibraphone are also generally suitable for the marimba.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mallets can have a great effect on the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, ranging from a bright metallic clang to a mellow ring with no obvious initial attack. Consequently, a wide array of mallets is available, offering variations in hardness, head size, weight, shaft length and flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical players must carry a wide range of mallet types to accommodate the changing demands of composers who are looking for particular sounds. Jazz players, on the other hand, often make use of multi-purpose mallets to allow for improvisation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bars">Bars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibraphone_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vibraphone_bar.jpg/310px-Vibraphone_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vibraphone_bar.jpg/465px-Vibraphone_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vibraphone_bar.jpg/620px-Vibraphone_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3817" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>The underside of the low F<sub>3</sub> bar is exposed, showing the tuning marks, a disc, and the pins and cord used to hold the bar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vibraphone bars are made from aluminum bar stock, cut into blanks of predetermined length. Holes are drilled through the width of the bars, so they can be suspended by a cord (typically <a href="/wiki/Parachute_cord" title="Parachute cord">paracord</a>). To maximize the sustain of the bars, the holes are placed at approximately the nodal points of the bar (i.e., the points of minimum amplitude around which the bar vibrates). For a uniform bar, the nodal points are located 22.4% from each end of the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Material is ground away from the underside of the bars in an arch shape to lower the pitch. This allows the lower-pitched bars to be a manageable length. It is also the key to the mellow sound of the vibraphone (and marimba, which uses the same deep arch) compared with the brighter <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>, which uses a shallower arch, and the glockenspiel, which has no arch at all. These rectangular bars have three primary modes of vibration.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deep arch causes these modes to align and create a consonant arrangement of intervals: a fundamental pitch, a pitch two octaves above that, and a third pitch an octave and a major third above the second. For the F<sub>3</sub> bar that usually forms the lowest note on a vibraphone, there would be F<sub>3</sub> as the fundamental, F<sub>5</sub> as the first <a href="/wiki/Overtone#Musical_usage_term" title="Overtone">overtone</a>, and A<sub>6</sub> as the second overtone. As a side effect, the arch causes the nodal points of the fundamental vibration to shift closer towards the ends of the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After beveling or rounding the edges, fine-tuning adjustments are made. If a bar is flat, its overall pitch structure can be raised by removing material from the ends of the bar. Once this slightly sharp bar is created, the secondary and tertiary tones can be lowered by removing material from specific locations of the bar. Vibraphones are tuned to a standard of A = 442 Hz or A = 440 Hz, depending on the manufacturer or the customer's preference. While <a href="/wiki/Concert_pitch" title="Concert pitch">concert pitch</a> is generally A = 440 Hz, the sharper tuning of A = 442 Hz is used to give the vibraphone a slightly brighter sound to cut through the ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like marimbas, professional vibraphones have bars of graduated width. Lower bars are made from wider stock, and higher notes from narrower stock, to help balance volume and tone across the range of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bars are <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodized</a> after fine-tuning (typically in a silver or gold color) and may have a glossy or matte finish. These are cosmetic features with a negligible effect on the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bed for the bars is made by laying down four wooden rails onto each end of the frame. Each rail has a series of pins with rubber spacers. As the cord passes through the holes of the bar, they rest on the pins to suspend the bars. On each outer side, the ends of the cord attach together with a spring to provide tension and flex.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resonators">Resonators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resonators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resonators are thin-walled tubes, typically made of aluminum, but any suitably strong material can be used. They are open at one end and closed at the other. Each bar is paired with a resonator whose diameter is slightly wider than the width of the bar and whose length to the closure is one-quarter of the wavelength of the fundamental frequency of the bar. When the bar and resonator are properly in tune with each other, the vibrating air beneath the bar travels down the resonator and is reflected from the closure at the bottom, then returns to the top and is reflected back by the bar, over and over, creating a much stronger standing wave and increasing the amplitude of the fundamental frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resonators, besides raising the upper end of the vibraphone's <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic</a> range, also affect the overall tone of the vibraphone, since they amplify the fundamental frequency, but not the upper partials.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a trade-off between the amplifying effect of the resonators and the length of sustain of a ringing bar. The energy in a ringing bar comes from the initial mallet strike, and that energy can either be used to make the bar ring louder initially, or not as loudly but for a longer period of time. This is not an issue with marimbas and xylophones, where the natural sustain time of the wooden bars is short, but vibraphone bars can ring for many seconds after being struck, and this effect is highly desirable in many circumstances. Therefore, the resonators in a vibraphone are usually tuned slightly off-pitch to create a balance between loudness and sustain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossing200066_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossing200066-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A unique feature of vibraphone resonators is the shaft of rotating discs, commonly called fans, across the top. When the fans are open, the resonators have full function. When the fans are closed, the resonators are partially occluded, reducing the resonance of the fundamental pitch. A <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">drive belt</a> connects the shafts to an electric motor beneath the playing surface and rotates the fans. This rotation of the fans creates a <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> effect and a slight <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oftentimes, vibraphones, and other mallet instruments, will include non-functional, decorative resonator tubes with no corresponding bar above to make the instrument look more complete.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, Deagan introduced the ElectraVibe, which dispensed with resonator tubes entirely and took a signal directly from the bars, adding a tremolo in a preamplifier. This sought to improve the portability of the instrument and solve the problem inherent in all tuned mallet instruments: miking the bars evenly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007401_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007401-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damper_mechanism">Damper mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Damper mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first few years of production, the original Leedy vibraphone did not include a mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">damping</a>, or stopping, the sustaining tones. In 1927, the J.C. Deagan company introduced a pedal mechanism that has not changed substantially since. A rigid bar beneath the center of the instrument is pressed upward by an adjustable spring and engages a long felt pad against the sharps and the naturals. A foot pedal lowers the bar and allows notes to ring freely; releasing the pedal engages the damper and stops any vibrating notes. One common flaw of this damping mechanism is that the bar is often supported at one point in the middle, causing it to damp the instrument unevenly in the upper and lower registers. To combat this, some manufacturers have made silicone- or liquid-filled damper pads whose fluid shape can conform evenly around the bars.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor">Motor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibraphone_motor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vibraphone_motor.jpg/276px-Vibraphone_motor.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vibraphone_motor.jpg/413px-Vibraphone_motor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vibraphone_motor.jpg/551px-Vibraphone_motor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption>The exposed mechanism of the motor and rubber pulley is shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vibraphones usually have an electric motor and pulley assembly mounted on one side or the other to drive the disks in the resonators. Often, especially within classical music, the vibraphone is played with the motor off. Certain models for outdoor use as part of a <a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">front ensemble</a> have the motor removed entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those cases having the motor off is the norm and is not used unless specifically called for.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early vibraphones used motors that were intended to power <a href="/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technology" title="Phonograph">record-player turntables</a> and had limited to no speed-adjustment capabilities. Whatever speed adjustments were possible were made by moving the drive belt among a small number of pulleys (usually three) of varying diameters. Later, variable-speed <a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motors</a> became available at reasonable prices. These motors allow the adjustment of the rotating speed by a <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometer</a> mounted on a control panel near the motor. They typically support rotation rates in the range of 1–12 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-mallet_style">Two-mallet style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Two-mallet style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milt_Jackson_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Milt_Jackson_07.jpg/278px-Milt_Jackson_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Milt_Jackson_07.jpg/417px-Milt_Jackson_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Milt_Jackson_07.jpg/556px-Milt_Jackson_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milt_Jackson" title="Milt Jackson">Milt Jackson</a> playing at Parnell's <a href="/wiki/Jazz_club" title="Jazz club">jazz club</a> in Seattle, Washington. Note his characteristic palms-inward two-mallet grip.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two-mallet approach to vibes is traditionally <a href="/wiki/Linearity#Music" title="Linearity">linear</a>, playing like a horn rather than <a href="/wiki/Comping_(jazz)" title="Comping (jazz)">comping</a> like a guitar or piano. Two-mallet players usually concentrate on playing a single melodic line and rely on other musicians to provide accompaniment. <a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stops</a> (two notes played simultaneously) are sometimes used, but mostly as a reinforcement of the main melodic line, similar to the use of double stops in solo <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> music. In jazz groups, two-mallet vibraphonists are usually considered part of the "front line" with the horn players, contributing solos of their own but contributing very little in the way of <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> to other soloists.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Two-mallet players use several different grips, the most common being a <a href="/wiki/Matched_grip" class="mw-redirect" title="Matched grip">matched grip</a> called <a href="/wiki/German_grip" class="mw-redirect" title="German grip">German grip</a>, in which the mallets are played palms down, with the thumbs facing each other. In this grip, the mallets are held between the thumb and index finger of each hand, with the remaining three fingers of each hand supporting the shafts. This grip uses a combination of wrist movement and fingertip control to manipulate the mallet.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular grip is <a href="/wiki/French_grip_(percussion)" class="mw-redirect" title="French grip (percussion)">French grip</a>, a grip also commonly used on <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>. The mallets are again held between the thumb and index fingers and controlled with the remaining three fingers, but the palms are held vertically, with the thumbs pointed upward. Most of the stroke action comes from the fingertip control of the shafts, with the wrists contributing slightly less than they do with the German grip.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv/220px--Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="145" data-mwtitle="Vibraphone_Orchestra,_early_1940s.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Vibraphone_Orchestra,_early_1940s.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv/Vibraphone_Orchestra%2C_early_1940s.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reg_Kehoe_and_his_Marimba_Queens" title="Reg Kehoe and his Marimba Queens">Reg Kehoe and his Marimba Queens</a> playing in the early 1940s. Reg Kehoe (center) switches to the vibraphone part way through for a solo using two mallets.</figcaption></figure><p>Passages are usually played with alternating sticking, but <a href="/wiki/Double_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Double stroke">double strokes</a> (playing two notes in a row with the same hand) are used when convenient to minimize crossing the hands.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The player must pay close attention to the damper pedal to avoid multiple notes ringing unintentionally at the same time. Because the notes ring for a considerable fraction of a second when struck with the damper pad up, and ringing bars do not stop ringing immediately when contacted by the pad, players use a technique called "after pedaling". In this technique, the player presses the damper pedal slightly after striking the bar—shortly enough after so the recently struck note continues to ring, but long enough after so that the previous note stops ringing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another damper technique—"half pedaling"—the player depresses the pedal just enough to remove the spring pressure from the bars, but not enough to make the pad lose contact with the bars. This lets the bars ring slightly longer than with the pad fully up and can make a medium-fast passage sound more <a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">legato</a> without pedaling every note.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-mallet_style">Four-mallet style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Four-mallet style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary-burton-and-julian-lage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gary-burton-and-julian-lage.jpg/220px-Gary-burton-and-julian-lage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Gary-burton-and-julian-lage.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gary_Burton" title="Gary Burton">Gary Burton</a>, using his namesake grip, with guitarist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lage" title="Julian Lage">Julian Lage</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The four-mallet vibraphone style is multi-linear, like a piano. In jazz groups, four-mallet vibraphonists are often considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>, typically substituting for piano or guitar and providing accompaniment for other soloists in addition to soloing themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the four-mallet style has led to a significant body of unaccompanied solo vibes playing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable example is <a href="/wiki/Gary_Burton" title="Gary Burton">Gary Burton</a>’s performance of "<a href="/wiki/Chega_de_Saudade" title="Chega de Saudade">Chega de Saudade (No More Blues)</a>" from his <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy-winning</a> 1971 album, <i><a href="/wiki/Alone_at_Last" title="Alone at Last">Alone at Last</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most popular four-mallet grip for vibraphone is the <a href="/wiki/Burton_grip" title="Burton grip">Burton grip</a>, named for Gary Burton. One mallet is held between the thumb and index finger and the other is held between the index and middle fingers. The shafts cross in the middle of the palm and extend past the heel of the hand. For wide intervals, the thumb often moves in between the two mallets, and the inside mallet is held in the crook of the fingers. Unlike many other grips, the outer right mallet is the leading mallet rather than the inside two. Although some early vibes players made use of four mallets, notably <a href="/wiki/Red_Norvo" title="Red Norvo">Red Norvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Rollini" title="Adrian Rollini">Adrian Rollini</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a>, the fully pianistic four-mallet approach to jazz on the vibraphone is almost entirely the creation of Burton.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practitioners of Burton grip tend to make more use of double strokes as compared to two-mallet players. This is done not only to avoid crossing the hands, but also to help minimize the motions between the two bar rows. For example, an ascending <a href="/wiki/E-flat_major" title="E-flat major">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major</a> scale could be played by keeping the left hand on the upper bars and the right hand on the lower. For linear passages with leaps, all four mallets are often used sequentially.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also popular is the <a href="/wiki/Stevens_grip" title="Stevens grip">Stevens grip</a>, named for marimbist <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Howard_Stevens" title="Leigh Howard Stevens">Leigh Howard Stevens</a>. Many other grips are in use, some variations on the Burton or Stevens, others idiosyncratic creations of individual vibes players.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Damping">Damping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Damping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibraphone_mallet_dampening.ogg" title="File:Vibraphone mallet dampening.ogg">Vibraphone mallet damping</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Vibraphone_mallet_dampening.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Vibraphone_mallet_dampening.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Vibraphone_mallet_dampening.ogg/Vibraphone_mallet_dampening.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A C major <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triad</a> is held using the pedal, while an ascending <a href="/wiki/C_major" title="C major">C major scale</a> is played. The notes of the scale are muted by a mallet while the chord continues to ring. The vibraphone is played with the motors off.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Pedaling techniques are at least as important for the four-mallet vibraphonist as for two-mallet players, but the all-or-nothing damping system of the sustain pedal presents many obstacles to multi-linear playing, since each line normally has its own damping requirements independent of the other lines. To overcome this, four-mallet players also use "mallet damping" and "hand damping".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many benefits of being proficient in these techniques, as it allows the player to transition between chords much more smoothly and play new notes without having them affect the <a href="/wiki/Chord_notation#Chord_quality" title="Chord notation">quality</a> of the chord when the pedal is down.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common form of mallet damping occurs when the vibraphonist plays a note with one mallet before pressing another mallet into the ringing bar to stop it from sounding. Usually the damping mallet and the original striking mallet are held in different hands, but advanced players can, in some circumstances, use the same hand.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallet damping also includes "dead strokes", where a player strikes a bar and then, instead of drawing the mallet back, directly presses the head of the mallet onto the bar, causing the ringing to stop immediately. This produces a fairly distinctive "choked" sound, and dead strokes are often used just for that particular sound in addition to the damping aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand damping (also known as "finger damping") can be used to damp a note on the lower bars while striking a nearby upper bar. As the player strikes the upper bar with a mallet, they simultaneously press the heel of their hand or the side of their finger into the ringing lower bar, using the same hand to strike the upper bar and damp the lower one. Using both hands, it's possible to damp and strike two bars at once.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_techniques">Extended techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extended techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_to_six_mallets">Five to six mallets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Five to six mallets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To achieve a denser sound and richer <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">chord voicings</a>, some vibraphonists have experimented with three mallets per hand, either in both hands for a total of six mallets or in just the left hand for a total of five.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bowing">Bowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_(Detmold)_-_Epilog_(21915945046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_%28Detmold%29_-_Epilog_%2821915945046%29.jpg/220px-P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_%28Detmold%29_-_Epilog_%2821915945046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_%28Detmold%29_-_Epilog_%2821915945046%29.jpg/330px-P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_%28Detmold%29_-_Epilog_%2821915945046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_%28Detmold%29_-_Epilog_%2821915945046%29.jpg/440px-P1680535_6._H%C3%B6rfest_Neue_Musik_%28Detmold%29_-_Epilog_%2821915945046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A vibraphonist using two <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> bows to play "Mourning Dove Sonnet" by Christopher Deane.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many other <a href="/wiki/Metallophone" title="Metallophone">metallophones</a>, percussionists can use an orchestral <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a> on the vibraphone to achieve sustained tones that will not decay, nor have a percussive attack. This is done by bowing the bars perpendicular to their outer edges.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the different mode of vibration, this also changes the sound of the vibraphone by emphasizing the higher harmonics and giving it a more "glassy" tone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossing2000186_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossing2000186-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because changing notes requires large and precise movements, fast passages are not often written for bowed vibraphone.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pitch_bend">Pitch bend</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pitch bend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glissando#Bent_note" title="Glissando">Bent notes</a> can be achieved on the vibraphone by sliding a rubber or plastic mallet from the nodal point to the center of the bar. This technique is able to lower the pitch by about a <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">half step</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the standard <a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">percussion section</a>, the use of the vibraphone in classical music has increased over the past fifty years, especially within the collegiate <a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">percussion ensemble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concertos">Concertos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Concertos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a> have been written for the vibraphone, the first of these being <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>'s Concerto for Marimba, Vibraphone and Orchestra written in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent concertos for the vibraphone include <a href="/wiki/Ney_Rosauro" title="Ney Rosauro">Ney Rosauro</a>'s Concerto No. 1 for Vibraphone written in 1996 and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel Séjourné">Emmanuel Séjourné</a>'s Concerto for Vibraphone and Strings written in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solos">Solos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Solos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vibraphone is the second most popular solo <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">keyboard percussion instrument</a>, after the marimba.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">Solos</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">jazz standards</a> specifically arranged for the instrument or newly composed pieces that are either jazz-oriented or classical in nature. Some of the most performed solo literature includes <i>Mirror from Another</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Friedman_(percussionist)" title="David Friedman (percussionist)">David Friedman</a>, "Mourning Dove Sonnet" by Christopher Deane, <i>Trilogy</i> by Tim Huesgen, and "Blues for Gilbert" by Mark Glentworth.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></div> <p>Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, each manufacturer attracted its own following in various specialties, but the Deagan vibraphones were the models preferred by many of the specialist jazz players. Deagan struck endorsement deals with many of the leading players, including <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milt_Jackson" title="Milt Jackson">Milt Jackson</a>. However, the Deagan company went out of business in the 1980s, and its trademark and patents were purchased by <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>. Yamaha continues to make percussion instruments based on the Deagan designs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Drums" title="Ludwig Drums">Musser Mallet Company</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Clair_Omar_Musser" title="Clair Omar Musser">Clair Omar Musser</a>, who had been a designer at Deagan. The Musser Mallet Company continues to manufacture vibraphones as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Drums" title="Ludwig Drums">Ludwig Drum Company</a> after their purchase in 1965. The Leedy Manufacturing Company, the original designers of the vibraphone, had already merged with Ludwig Drums in 1929 under <a href="/wiki/C._G._Conn" title="C. G. Conn">C. G. Conn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007402_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007402-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdinolfi2008" class="citation book cs1">Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). <i>Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation</i>. Karen Pinkus, Jason Vivrette. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4132-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4132-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-4132-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/179838406">179838406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mondo+Exotica%3A+Sounds%2C+Visions%2C+Obsessions+of+the+Cocktail+Generation&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F179838406&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4132-1&rft.aulast=Adinolfi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992408-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992408_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlades1992">Blades 1992</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraiser2021" class="citation journal cs1">Graiser, Brian (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.pas.org/Archive/February2021/2102.06-09.pdf">"The Vibraphone At 100: Why 2021?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Percussive Notes</i>. <b>59</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society" title="Percussive Arts Society">Percussive Arts Society</a>: 6–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Percussive+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Vibraphone+At+100%3A+Why+2021%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-9&rft.date=2021-02&rft.aulast=Graiser&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.pas.org%2FArchive%2FFebruary2021%2F2102.06-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrain,_James_Allen2017" class="citation book cs1">Strain, James Allen (2017). <i>A Dictionary for the Modern Percussionist and Drummer</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8692-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8692-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-8692-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972798459">972798459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+for+the+Modern+Percussionist+and+Drummer&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972798459&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8692-6&rft.au=Strain%2C+James+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stallard, Carolyn (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320386245">"The Vibraphone: Past, Present, and Future"</a>. <i>Percussive Notes</i>. <b>53</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society" title="Percussive Arts Society">Percussive Arts Society</a>: 43–44 – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Percussive+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Vibraphone%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=43-44&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Stallard&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320386245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroll, Barry J. (1977). "The Story of Mallet Instruments". <a href="/wiki/J._C._Deagan,_Inc." title="J. C. Deagan, Inc.">J. C. Deagan Company</a> (film). 18:44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007399-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007399_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephans2013" class="citation book cs1">Stephans, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/861559432"><i>Experiencing Jazz A Listener's Companion</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8290-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-8290-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861559432">861559432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+Jazz+A+Listener%27s+Companion&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861559432&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8290-4&rft.aulast=Stephans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F861559432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornShepardSeedLaing2003" class="citation book cs1">Horn, David; Shepard, John; Seed, Michael; Laing, Dave (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/276305444"><i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Volume II</i></a>. London: Continuum. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84714-472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84714-472-0"><bdi>978-1-84714-472-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276305444">276305444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World%3A+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276305444&rft.isbn=978-1-84714-472-0&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Shepard%2C+John&rft.au=Seed%2C+Michael&rft.au=Laing%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F276305444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonFrancis2008" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Nick; Francis, Nick (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2008/11/17/96965180/feeling-the-vibes-the-short-history-of-a-long-instrument">"Feeling The Vibes: The Short History of a Long Instrument"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Feeling+The+Vibes%3A+The+Short+History+of+a+Long+Instrument&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Francis%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2F96965180%2Ffeeling-the-vibes-the-short-history-of-a-long-instrument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2013" class="citation web cs1">Keller, Renee (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pas.org/docs/default-source/thesisdissertations/kellerre.pdf">"Compositional and Orchestrational Trends in the Orchestral Percussion Section Between the Years of 1960–2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/854371082">854371082</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society" title="Percussive Arts Society">Percussive Arts Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compositional+and+Orchestrational+Trends+in+the+Orchestral+Percussion+Section+Between+the+Years+of+1960%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Northwestern+University&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F854371082&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fthesisdissertations%2Fkellerre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlades2001" class="citation web cs1">Blades, James (2001). Holland, James (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29286">"Vibraphone"</a>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29286">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Vibraphone&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29286&rft.aulast=Blades&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaarwächter2018" class="citation book cs1">Schaarwächter, Jürgen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080198398"><i>HB: Aspects of Havergal Brian</i></a>. 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(4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.yamaha.com/drums/percussion/anatomy-of-a-vibraphone/">"Anatomy of a Vibraphone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Vibraphone&rft.pub=Yamaha&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Wollwage&rft.aufirst=Troy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.yamaha.com%2Fdrums%2Fpercussion%2Fanatomy-of-a-vibraphone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore2012" class="citation web cs1">Skidmore, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicfirth.zildjian.com/education/percussion-101-keyboard-percussion.html">"Percussion 101 (Keyboard Percussion): Characteristics and Maintenance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vic_Firth" title="Vic Firth">Vic Firth</a></i> (video). 2:19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vic+Firth&rft.atitle=Percussion+101+%28Keyboard+Percussion%29%3A+Characteristics+and+Maintenance&rft.pages=2%3A19&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvicfirth.zildjian.com%2Feducation%2Fpercussion-101-keyboard-percussion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Howard_Stevens" title="Leigh Howard Stevens">Stevens, Leigh Howard</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malletech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Acoustics_of_Resonators1-4.pdf">"The Acoustics of Resonators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Malletech. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Acoustics+of+Resonators&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Malletech&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Leigh+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmalletech.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FAcoustics_of_Resonators1-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttleBurroughs1998" class="citation book cs1">Tuttle, B. C.; Burroughs, C. B. (1998). <i>The Effects of a Resonator Tube on the Timbre and Directivity of Sound Radiated from a Vibraphone Bar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.482.5193">10.1.1.482.5193</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/198987505">198987505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+a+Resonator+Tube+on+the+Timbre+and+Directivity+of+Sound+Radiated+from+a+Vibraphone+Bar&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.482.5193%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F198987505&rft.aulast=Tuttle&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft.au=Burroughs%2C+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossing200066-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossing200066_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossing2000">Rossing 2000</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosken2015" class="citation book cs1">Hosken, Daniel W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869365321"><i>An Introduction to Music Technology</i></a> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MalletJazz&rft.atitle=Vibraphone+Pedaling&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malletjazz.com%2Flessons%2Fvib_ped.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig-Musser2001" class="citation web cs1">Ludwig-Musser (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ludwig-drums.com/application/files/8414/6419/9031/M58.pdf">"M58/M58M Piper Vibe (User's Manual)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Drums" title="Ludwig Drums">Ludwig Drums</a></i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ludwig+Drums&rft.atitle=M58%2FM58M+Piper+Vibe+%28User%27s+Manual%29&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001-04&rft.au=Ludwig-Musser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ludwig-drums.com%2Fapplication%2Ffiles%2F8414%2F6419%2F9031%2FM58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2020" class="citation web cs1">Moyer, Iain (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marchingartseducation.com/front-ensemble-friday-iain-moyer-a-marimbists-arrangers-guide-to-vibraphone/">"Front Ensemble Friday: Iain Moyer – A Marimbists & Arrangers Guide to Vibraphone"</a>. <i>Marching Arts Education</i> (video).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marching+Arts+Education&rft.atitle=Front+Ensemble+Friday%3A+Iain+Moyer+%E2%80%93+A+Marimbists+%26+Arrangers+Guide+to+Vibraphone&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarchingartseducation.com%2Ffront-ensemble-friday-iain-moyer-a-marimbists-arrangers-guide-to-vibraphone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2016" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Samuel Z. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales2020" class="citation web cs1">Morales, Andrew (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2435175212">"Sticking Categories: A Practical Application in Contemporary Literature for Four-Mallet Marimba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Arizona">The University of Arizona</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1194935009">1194935009</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a 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href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663379/m2/1/high_res_d/1002773987-Glassock.pdf">"A Study of Four Mallet Grips Used in Playing Keyboard Percussion Instruments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849690331">849690331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Four+Mallet+Grips+Used+in+Playing+Keyboard+Percussion+Instruments&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849690331&rft.aulast=Glassock&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc663379%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2F1002773987-Glassock.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Army2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/tc1-19-30.pdf">"Percussion 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Co. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-160565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-160565-7"><bdi>978-0-13-160565-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10023386">10023386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Guide+to+Instrumental+Jazz+Instruction%3A+Techniques+for+Developing+a+Successful+School+Jazz+Program&rft.place=West+Nyack%2C+NY&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Parker+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10023386&rft.isbn=978-0-13-160565-7&rft.aulast=Kuzmich&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bash%2C+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheesman2012" class="citation web cs1">Cheesman, Brian Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=dissertations">"An Introductory Guide to Vibraphone: Four Idiomatic Practices and a Survey of Pedagogical Material and Solo Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Southern_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Southern Mississippi">The University of Southern Mississippi</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815679716">815679716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Guide+to+Vibraphone%3A+Four+Idiomatic+Practices+and+a+Survey+of+Pedagogical+Material+and+Solo+Literature&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=The+University+of+Southern+Mississippi&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815679716&rft.aulast=Cheesman&rft.aufirst=Brian+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquila.usm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1563%26context%3Ddissertations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevsay2013" class="citation book cs1">Sevsay, Ertuğrul (2013). 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MalletWorks Music. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/837860299">837860299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vibes+Real+Book&rft.pub=MalletWorks+Music&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F837860299&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2011" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Joe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pas.org/docs/default-source/thesisdissertations/a-new-six-mallet-marimba-technique-and-its-pedagogical-approach-by-joe-porter.pdf">"A New Six-Mallet Marimba Technique and its Pedagogical Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">University of Lethbridge</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033167255">1033167255</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society" title="Percussive Arts Society">Percussive Arts Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Six-Mallet+Marimba+Technique+and+its+Pedagogical+Approach&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Lethbridge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033167255&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fthesisdissertations%2Fa-new-six-mallet-marimba-technique-and-its-pedagogical-approach-by-joe-porter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Joshua D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9030/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf">"Extended Performance Techniques and Compositional Style in the Solo Concert Vibraphone Music of Christopher Deane"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1269351540">1269351540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extended+Performance+Techniques+and+Compositional+Style+in+the+Solo+Concert+Vibraphone+Music+of+Christopher+Deane&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1269351540&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc9030%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2Fdissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossing2000186-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossing2000186_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossing2000">Rossing 2000</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2005" class="citation book cs1">Holland, James (2005). <i>Practical Percussion: a Guide to the Instruments and their Sources</i> (Revised ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7063-6"><bdi>978-1-4616-7063-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681550519">681550519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Percussion%3A+a+Guide+to+the+Instruments+and+their+Sources&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681550519&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-7063-6&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimpker2013" class="citation book cs1">Dimpker, Christian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830355087"><i>Extended Notation: The Depiction of the Unconventional</i></a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90302-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90302-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830355087">830355087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extended+Notation%3A+The+Depiction+of+the+Unconventional&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830355087&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90302-0&rft.aulast=Dimpker&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F830355087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Dierstein, Christian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1051235045"><i>The Techniques of Percussion Playing: Mallets, Implements, and Applications</i></a>. Michel Roth, Jens Ruland, Christiana Nobach, Ellen Fallowfield. Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-2406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-2406-1"><bdi>978-3-7618-2406-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051235045">1051235045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Techniques+of+Percussion+Playing%3A+Mallets%2C+Implements%2C+and+Applications&rft.place=Kassel&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter-Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1051235045&rft.isbn=978-3-7618-2406-1&rft.aulast=Dierstein&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1051235045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2010" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Wesley Grant (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pas.org/docs/default-source/thesisdissertations/Parker_-_The_History_and_Development_of_the_Percussion_Orchestra.pdf">"The History and Development of the Percussion Orchestra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756921613">756921613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Development+of+the+Percussion+Orchestra&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Florida+State+University&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756921613&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Wesley+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fthesisdissertations%2FParker_-_The_History_and_Development_of_the_Percussion_Orchestra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder1994" class="citation book cs1">Roeder, Michael Thomas (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27070961"><i>A History of the Concerto</i></a>. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-61-6"><bdi>0-931340-61-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27070961">27070961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Concerto&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27070961&rft.isbn=0-931340-61-6&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Michael+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F27070961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2012" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Austin Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/14141/AustinBarnes2012.pdf?sequence=8&isAllowed=y">"Analysis Of Selected Percussion Literature: Concerto For Vibraphone and Orchestra By Ney Rosauro, Surface Tension By Dave Hollinden, Urban Sketches For Percussion Trio By Lon W. Chaffin, Take Five By Paul Desmond, And DT Supreme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806852905">806852905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+Of+Selected+Percussion+Literature%3A+Concerto+For+Vibraphone+and+Orchestra+By+Ney+Rosauro%2C+Surface+Tension+By+Dave+Hollinden%2C+Urban+Sketches+For+Percussion+Trio+By+Lon+W.+Chaffin%2C+Take+Five+By+Paul+Desmond%2C+And+DT+Supreme&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Kent+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806852905&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Austin+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrex.k-state.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2097%2F14141%2FAustinBarnes2012.pdf%3Fsequence%3D8%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaib2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaib, Fernando (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-75992012000100006&lng=pt&tlng=pt">"Vibrafone: Uma Fonte de Coloridos Sonoros"</a>. <i>Per Musi</i> (in Portuguese) (25): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1517-75992012000100006">10.1590/S1517-75992012000100006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1517-7599">1517-7599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Per+Musi&rft.atitle=Vibrafone%3A+Uma+Fonte+de+Coloridos+Sonoros&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1517-75992012000100006&rft.issn=1517-7599&rft.aulast=Chaib&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1517-75992012000100006%26lng%3Dpt%26tlng%3Dpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiwe1995" class="citation book cs1">Siwe, Thomas (1995). <i>Percussion Solo Literature</i>. Media Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9635891-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9635891-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9635891-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percussion+Solo+Literature&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Media+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9635891-1-8&rft.aulast=Siwe&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2014" class="citation web cs1">Hewitt, Jeferry Allen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/338874/azu_etd_13627_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"The Objective Grading of Original Unaccompanied Four-Mallet Solo Vibraphone Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903490514">903490514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Objective+Grading+of+Original+Unaccompanied+Four-Mallet+Solo+Vibraphone+Literature&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903490514&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Jeferry+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.arizona.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10150%2F338874%2Fazu_etd_13627_sip1_m.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Joshua D. (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jdspercussion.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/the-quest-for-solo-vibraphone-repertoire_article.pdf">"The Quest for Solo Vibraphone Repertoire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Percussive Notes</i>. <b>49</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society" title="Percussive Arts Society">Percussive Arts Society</a>: 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Percussive+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Solo+Vibraphone+Repertoire&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2011-11&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjdspercussion.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2Fthe-quest-for-solo-vibraphone-repertoire_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrain" class="citation web cs1">Strain, James Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130031147/http://www.pas.org/About/the-society/halloffame/DeaganJC.aspx">"John Calhoun Deagan"</a>. <i>Hall of Fame</i>. Indianapolis, IN: <a href="/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society" title="Percussive Arts Society">Percussive Arts Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pas.org/About/the-society/halloffame/DeaganJC.aspx">the original</a> on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=John+Calhoun+Deagan&rft.aulast=Strain&rft.aufirst=James+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.org%2FAbout%2Fthe-society%2Fhalloffame%2FDeaganJC.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1991" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Paul William (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paQAPZqShHIC"><i>History of the Ludwig Drum Company</i></a>. Fullerton, CA: Centerstream. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931759-49-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-931759-49-8"><bdi>0-931759-49-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24811851">24811851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ludwig+Drum+Company&rft.place=Fullerton%2C+CA&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Centerstream&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24811851&rft.isbn=0-931759-49-8&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Paul+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpaQAPZqShHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007402-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007402_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlades1992" class="citation book cs1">Blades, James (1992). <i>Percussion Instruments and Their History</i> (Rev. ed.). Westport, CT: Bold Strummer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933224-71-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933224-71-1"><bdi>978-0-933224-71-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28230162">28230162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percussion+Instruments+and+Their+History&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Bold+Strummer&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28230162&rft.isbn=978-0-933224-71-1&rft.aulast=Blades&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossing2000" class="citation book cs1">Rossing, Thomas D. (2000). <i>Science of Percussion Instruments</i>. Singapore: World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4158-2"><bdi>978-981-02-4158-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45679450">45679450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+of+Percussion+Instruments&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45679450&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4158-2&rft.aulast=Rossing&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Beck" title="John H. Beck">Beck, John H.</a> (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of Percussion</i> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97123-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97123-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/0415971233">0415971233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Percussion&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F0415971233&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97123-2&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1965" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Gary (1965). <i>Introduction to Jazz Vibes</i>. Creative Music. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002V5MLY0">B002V5MLY0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Jazz+Vibes&rft.pub=Creative+Music&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002V5MLY0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdow2019" class="citation book cs1">Udow, Michael (2019). <i>Percussion Pedagogy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090296-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090296-4"><bdi>978-0-19-090296-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percussion+Pedagogy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-090296-4&rft.aulast=Udow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2018" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Gary D. (2018). <i>Teaching Percussion</i>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-337-67222-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-337-67222-1"><bdi>978-1-337-67222-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Percussion&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-337-67222-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibraphone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vibraphones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vibraphones">Vibraphones</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=raxpggRbJnc">A Demonstration of Mallet Dampening</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Burton" title="Gary Burton">Gary Burton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deaganresource.com/vibraphones.html">Vibraharps</a> from The Deagan Resource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRPqWCWufN8">"Mourning Dove Sonnet"</a> performed by Doug Perry</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percussion_instruments" title="Template talk:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percussion_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments" title="List of percussion instruments">List of percussion instruments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments_by_type" title="List of percussion instruments by type">List of percussion instruments by type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plaque_percussion_idiophones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plaque_percussion_idiophones" title="Template:Plaque percussion idiophones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plaque_percussion_idiophones" title="Template talk:Plaque percussion idiophones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plaque_percussion_idiophones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plaque percussion idiophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plaque_percussion_idiophones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Plaque <a href="/wiki/Percussion_idiophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion idiophone">percussion idiophones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangxiang" title="Fangxiang">Fangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa">Gangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%A8r" title="Gendèr">Gendèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulintang_a_tiniok" title="Kulintang a tiniok">Kulintang a tiniok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophone" title="Lithophone">Lithophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranat_ek_lek" title="Ranat ek lek">Ranat ek lek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranat_kaeo" title="Ranat kaeo">Ranat kaeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranat_thum_lek" title="Ranat thum lek">Ranat thum lek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_piano" title="Toy piano">Toy piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugal" title="Ugal">Ugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vibraphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12271127s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vibraphone"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12271127s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vibráfono"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX536811">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538794905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646599">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/799af440-c0e7-4d8f-83d5-ecfee8b25787">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&oldid=1233181557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vibraphone&oldid=1233181557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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