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power subsystems</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: electrical power subsystems"> <meta name="keywords" content="electrical power subsystems"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="electrical power subsystems"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7783</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: electrical power subsystems</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7783</span> Concept of Automation in Management of Electric Power Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Joseph">Richard Joseph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nerey%20Mvungi"> Nerey Mvungi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An electric power system includes a generating, a transmission, a distribution and consumers subsystems. An electrical power network in Tanzania keeps growing larger by the day and become more complex so that, most utilities have long wished for real-time monitoring and remote control of electrical power system elements such as substations, intelligent devices, power lines, capacitor banks, feeder switches, fault analyzers and other physical facilities. In this paper, the concept of automation of management of power systems from generation level to end user levels was determined by using Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) version 30.3.2. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title="automation">automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20subsystem" title=" distribution subsystem"> distribution subsystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generating%20subsystem" title=" generating subsystem"> generating subsystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PSS%2FE" title=" PSS/E"> PSS/E</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TANESCO" title=" TANESCO"> TANESCO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20subsystem" title=" transmission subsystem"> transmission subsystem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21448/concept-of-automation-in-management-of-electric-power-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">674</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7782</span> Integration of a Load Switch with DC/DC Buck Converter for Power Distribution in Low Cost Educational Nanosatellite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bentoutou%20Houari">Bentoutou Houari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boutte%20Aissa"> Boutte Aissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belaidi%20El%20Yazid"> Belaidi El Yazid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Limam%20Lakhdar"> Limam Lakhdar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The integration of a load switch with a DC/DC buck converter using LM2596 for power distribution in low-cost educational nanosatellites is a technique that aims to efficiently manage the power distribution system in these small spacecraft. The converter is based on the LM2596 regulator and designed to step down the input voltage of +16.8V to +12V, +5V, and +3.3V output, which are suitable for the nanosatellite's various subsystems. The load switch is based on MOSFET and is used to turn on or off the power supply to a particular load and protect the nanosatellite from power surges. A prototype of a +12V DC/DC buck converter with a high side load switch has been realized and tested, which meets our requirements and shows a good efficiency of 89%. In addition, the prototype features a capacitor between the source and gate of the MOSFET, which has effectively reduced the inrush current, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in reducing surges of current when the load is connected. The output current and voltage were measured at 0.7A and 11.89V, respectively, making this design suitable for use in low-cost educational nanosatellites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%2FDC%20buck%20converter" title="DC/DC buck converter">DC/DC buck converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20switch" title=" load switch"> load switch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LM2596" title=" LM2596"> LM2596</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20power%20subsystems" title=" electrical power subsystems"> electrical power subsystems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanosatellite" title=" nanosatellite"> nanosatellite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inrush%20current" title=" inrush current"> inrush current</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166405/integration-of-a-load-switch-with-dcdc-buck-converter-for-power-distribution-in-low-cost-educational-nanosatellite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7781</span> Optimal Placement of the Unified Power Controller to Improve the Power System Restoration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Esmaili">Mohammad Reza Esmaili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important parts of the restoration process of a power network is the synchronizing of its subsystems. In this situation, the biggest concern of the system operators will be the reduction of the standing phase angle (SPA) between the endpoints of the two islands. In this regard, the system operators perform various actions and maneuvers so that the synchronization operation of the subsystems is successfully carried out and the system finally reaches acceptable stability. The most common of these actions include load control, generation control and, in some cases, changing the network topology. Although these maneuvers are simple and common, due to the weak network and extreme load changes, the restoration will be associated with low speed. One of the best ways to control the SPA is to use FACTS devices. By applying a soft control signal, these tools can reduce the SPA between two subsystems with more speed and accuracy, and the synchronization process can be done in less time. Meanwhile, the unified power controller (UPFC), a series-parallel compensator device with the change of transmission line power and proper adjustment of the phase angle, will be the proposed option in order to realize the subject of this research. Therefore, with the optimal placement of UPFC in a power system, in addition to improving the normal conditions of the system, it is expected to be effective in reducing the SPA during power system restoration. Therefore, the presented paper provides an optimal structure to coordinate the three problems of improving the division of subsystems, reducing the SPA and optimal power flow with the aim of determining the optimal location of UPFC and optimal subsystems. The proposed objective functions in this paper include maximizing the quality of the subsystems, reducing the SPA at the endpoints of the subsystems, and reducing the losses of the power system. Since there will be a possibility of creating contradictions in the simultaneous optimization of the proposed objective functions, the structure of the proposed optimization problem is introduced as a non-linear multi-objective problem, and the Pareto optimization method is used to solve it. The innovative technique proposed to implement the optimization process of the mentioned problem is an optimization algorithm called the water cycle (WCA). To evaluate the proposed method, the IEEE 39 bus power system will be used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UPFC" title="UPFC">UPFC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPA" title=" SPA"> SPA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20cycle%20algorithm" title=" water cycle algorithm"> water cycle algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-objective%20problem" title=" multi-objective problem"> multi-objective problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pareto" title=" pareto"> pareto</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172408/optimal-placement-of-the-unified-power-controller-to-improve-the-power-system-restoration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7780</span> Improve of Power Quality in Electrical Network Using STATCOM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Alesaadi">A. R. Alesaadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices have an important rule on expended electrical transmission networks. These devices can provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. In this paper the effect of these devices on reliability of electrical networks is studied and it is shown that using of FACTS devices can improve the reliability of power networks and power quality in electrical networks, significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FACTS%20devices" title="FACTS devices">FACTS devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20networks" title=" power networks"> power networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STATCOM" title=" STATCOM"> STATCOM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33525/improve-of-power-quality-in-electrical-network-using-statcom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">668</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7779</span> Protection System Mis-operations: Fundamental Concepts and Learning from Indian Power Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pankaj%20Kumar%20Jha">Pankaj Kumar Jha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahendra%20Singh%20Hada"> Mahendra Singh Hada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brijendra%20Singh"> Brijendra Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Protection system is an essential feature of the electrical system which helps in detection and removal of faults. Protection system consists of many subsystems like relays, circuit breakers, instrument transformers, auxiliary DC system, auxiliary relays etc. Although the fundamental protective and relay operating concepts are similar throughout the world, there are very significant differences in their implementation. These differences arise through different traditions, operating philosophies, experiences and national standards. Protection system mis-operation due to problem in one or more of its subsystem or inadequate knowledge of numerical relay settings and configuration are very common throughout the world. Protection system mis-operation leads to unstable and unreliable grid operation. In this paper we will discuss about the fundamental concepts of protective relaying and the reasons for protection system mis-operation due to one or more of its subsystems. Many real-world case studies of protection system mis-operation from Indian power sector are discussed in detail in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auxiliary%20trip%20relays" title="auxiliary trip relays">auxiliary trip relays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bus%20zone" title=" bus zone"> bus zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=check%20zone" title=" check zone"> check zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20saturation" title=" CT saturation"> CT saturation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dead%20zone%20protection" title=" dead zone protection"> dead zone protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20ground%20faults" title=" DC ground faults"> DC ground faults</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DMT" title=" DMT"> DMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DR" title=" DR"> DR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end%20fault%20protection" title=" end fault protection"> end fault protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrument%20transformer" title=" instrument transformer"> instrument transformer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOTF" title=" SOTF"> SOTF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STUB" title=" STUB"> STUB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171178/protection-system-mis-operations-fundamental-concepts-and-learning-from-indian-power-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171178.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7778</span> A Modular and Reusable Bond Graph Model of Epithelial Transport in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leyla%20Noroozbabaee">Leyla Noroozbabaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Nickerson"> David Nickerson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We introduce a modular, consistent, reusable bond graph model of the renal nephron’s proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), which can reproduce biological behaviour. In this work, we focus on ion and volume transport in the proximal convoluted tubule of the renal nephron. Modelling complex systems requires complex modelling problems to be broken down into manageable pieces. This can be enabled by developing models of subsystems that are subsequently coupled hierarchically. Because they are based on a graph structure. In the current work, we define two modular subsystems: the resistive module representing the membrane and the capacitive module representing solution compartments. Each module is analyzed based on thermodynamic processes, and all the subsystems are reintegrated into circuit theory in network thermodynamics. The epithelial transport system we introduce in the current study consists of five transport membranes and four solution compartments. Coupled dissipations in the system occur in the membrane subsystems and coupled free-energy increasing, or decreasing processes appear in solution compartment subsystems. These structural subsystems also consist of elementary thermodynamic processes: dissipations, free-energy change, and power conversions. We provide free and open access to the Python implementation to ensure our model is accessible, enabling the reader to explore the model through setting their simulations and reproducibility tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bond%20Graph" title="Bond Graph">Bond Graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Epithelial%20Transport" title=" Epithelial Transport"> Epithelial Transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Water%20Transport" title=" Water Transport"> Water Transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathematical%20Modeling" title=" Mathematical Modeling"> Mathematical Modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162929/a-modular-and-reusable-bond-graph-model-of-epithelial-transport-in-the-proximal-convoluted-tubule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7777</span> Power Quality Evaluation of Electrical Distribution Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Idris%20S.%20Abozaed">Mohamed Idris S. Abozaed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suliman%20Mohamed%20Elrajoubi"> Suliman Mohamed Elrajoubi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Researches and concerns in power quality gained significant momentum in the field of power electronics systems over the last two decades globally. This sudden increase in the number of concerns over power quality problems is a result of the huge increase in the use of non-linear loads. In this paper, power quality evaluation of some distribution networks at Misurata - Libya has been done using a power quality and energy analyzer (Fluke 437 Series II). The results of this evaluation are used to minimize the problems of power quality. The analysis shows the main power quality problems that exist and the level of awareness of power quality issues with the aim of generating a start point which can be used as guidelines for researchers and end users in the field of power systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality%20disturbances" title="power quality disturbances">power quality disturbances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality%20evaluation" title=" power quality evaluation"> power quality evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20analysis" title=" statistical analysis"> statistical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20distribution%20networks" title=" electrical distribution networks "> electrical distribution networks </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11250/power-quality-evaluation-of-electrical-distribution-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">533</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7776</span> Presentation of the Model of Reliability of the Signaling System with Emphasis on Determining Best Time Schedule for Repairments and Preventive Maintenance in the Iranian Railway</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maziar%20Yazdani">Maziar Yazdani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Khodaee"> Ahmad Khodaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Hajizadeh"> Fatemeh Hajizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research was analysis of the reliability of the signaling system in the railway and planning repair and maintenance of its subsystems. For this purpose, it will be endeavored to introduce practical strategies for activities control and appropriate planning for repair and preventive maintenance by statistical modeling of reliability. Therefore, modeling, evaluation, and promotion of reliability of the signaling system appear very critical. Among the key goals of the railway is provision of quality service for passengers and this purpose is gained by increasing reliability, availability, maintainability and safety of (RAMS). In this research, data were analyzed, and the reliability of the subsystems and entire system was calculated and with emphasis on preservation of performance of each of the subsystems with a reliability of 80%, a plan for repair and preventive maintenance of the subsystems of the signaling system was introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title="reliability">reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling%20reliability" title=" modeling reliability"> modeling reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plan%20for%20repair%20and%20preventive%20maintenance" title=" plan for repair and preventive maintenance"> plan for repair and preventive maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signaling%20system" title=" signaling system"> signaling system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90078/presentation-of-the-model-of-reliability-of-the-signaling-system-with-emphasis-on-determining-best-time-schedule-for-repairments-and-preventive-maintenance-in-the-iranian-railway" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90078.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7775</span> [Keynote Speech]: Competitive Evaluation of Power Plants in Energy Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beril%20Tu%C4%9Frul">Beril Tuğrul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrical energy is the most important form of energy and electrical power plants have highest impact factor in energy policy. This study is in relation with evaluation of various power plants including fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable energy based power plants. The power plants evaluated with regard to their overall impact that considered for establishing of the plants. Both positive and negative impacts of power plant operation are compared view of different arguments. Then calculate the impact factor by using variation linear extrapolation for each argument. With this study, power plants assessed with the different point of view and clarified objectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64864/keynote-speech-competitive-evaluation-of-power-plants-in-energy-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7774</span> Reliability Analysis: A Case Study in Designing Power Distribution System of Tehran Oil Refinery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20Arani">A. B. Arani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Shojaee"> R. Shojaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrical power distribution system is one of the vital infrastructures of an oil refinery, which requires wide area of study and planning before construction. In this paper, power distribution reliability of Tehran Refinery’s KHDS/GHDS unit has been taken into consideration to investigate the importance of these kinds of studies and evaluate the designed system. In this regard, the authors chose and evaluated different configurations of electrical power distribution along with the existing configuration with the aim of finding the most suited configuration which satisfies the conditions of minimum cost of electrical system construction, minimum cost imposed by loss of load, and maximum power system reliability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20distribution%20system" title="power distribution system">power distribution system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20refinery" title=" oil refinery"> oil refinery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20cost" title=" investment cost"> investment cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interruption%20cost" title=" interruption cost"> interruption cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25952/reliability-analysis-a-case-study-in-designing-power-distribution-system-of-tehran-oil-refinery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25952.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">876</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7773</span> Quantitative Risk Analysis for Major Subsystems and Project Success of a Highthrouput Satellite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Isa%20Ali%20%28Pantami%29">Ibrahim Isa Ali (Pantami)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdu%20Jaafaru%20Bambale"> Abdu Jaafaru Bambale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abimbola%20Alale"> Abimbola Alale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danjuma%20Ibrahim%20Ndihgihdah"> Danjuma Ibrahim Ndihgihdah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Alkali"> Muhammad Alkali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adamu%20Idris%20Umar"> Adamu Idris Umar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babadoko%20Dantala%20Mohammed"> Babadoko Dantala Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moshood%20Kareem%20Olawole"> Moshood Kareem Olawole</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper dwells on the risk management required for High throughput Satellite (HTS) project, and major subsystems that pertains to the improved performance and reliability of the spacecraft. The paper gives a clear picture of high‐throughput satellites (HTS) and the associated technologies with performances as they align and differ with the traditional geostationary orbit or Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (GEO) Communication Satellites. The paper also highlights critical subsystems and processes in project conceptualization and execution. The paper discusses the configuration of the payload. The need for optimization of resources for the HTS project and successful integration of critical subsystems for spacecraft requires implementation of risk analysis and mitigation from the preliminary design stage; Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT); Launch and in-orbit- Management stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AIT" title="AIT">AIT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HTS" title=" HTS"> HTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-orbit%20management" title=" in-orbit management"> in-orbit management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158986/quantitative-risk-analysis-for-major-subsystems-and-project-success-of-a-highthrouput-satellite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7772</span> Health Percentage Evaluation for Satellite Electrical Power System Based on Linear Stresses Accumulation Damage Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Wenli">Lin Wenli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fu%20Linchun"> Fu Linchun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Yi"> Zhang Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wu%20Ming"> Wu Ming</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To meet the demands of long-life and high-intelligence for satellites, the electrical power system should be provided with self-health condition evaluation capability. Any over-stress events in operations should be recorded. Based on Linear stresses accumulation damage theory, accumulative damage analysis was performed on thermal-mechanical-electrical united stresses for three components including the solar array, the batteries and the power conditioning unit. Then an overall health percentage evaluation model for satellite electrical power system was built. To obtain the accurate quantity for system health percentage, an automatic feedback closed-loop correction method for all coefficients in the evaluation model was present. The evaluation outputs could be referred as taking earlier fault-forecast and interventions for Ground Control Center or Satellites self. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20electrical%20power%20system" title="satellite electrical power system">satellite electrical power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20percentage" title=" health percentage"> health percentage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20stresses%20accumulation%20damage" title=" linear stresses accumulation damage"> linear stresses accumulation damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaluation%20model" title=" evaluation model"> evaluation model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41050/health-percentage-evaluation-for-satellite-electrical-power-system-based-on-linear-stresses-accumulation-damage-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7771</span> Infilling Strategies for Surrogate Model Based Multi-disciplinary Analysis and Applications to Velocity Prediction Programs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malo%20Pocheau-Lesteven">Malo Pocheau-Lesteven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Le%20Ma%C3%AEtre"> Olivier Le Maître</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Engineering and optimisation of complex systems is often achieved through multi-disciplinary analysis of the system, where each subsystem is modeled and interacts with other subsystems to model the complete system. The coherence of the output of the different sub-systems is achieved through the use of compatibility constraints, which enforce the coupling between the different subsystems. Due to the complexity of some sub-systems and the computational cost of evaluating their respective models, it is often necessary to build surrogate models of these subsystems to allow repeated evaluation these subsystems at a relatively low computational cost. In this paper, gaussian processes are used, as their probabilistic nature is leveraged to evaluate the likelihood of satisfying the compatibility constraints. This paper presents infilling strategies to build accurate surrogate models of the subsystems in areas where they are likely to meet the compatibility constraint. It is shown that these infilling strategies can reduce the computational cost of building surrogate models for a given level of accuracy. An application of these methods to velocity prediction programs used in offshore racing naval architecture further demonstrates these method's applicability in a real engineering context. Also, some examples of the application of uncertainty quantification to field of naval architecture are presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infilling%20strategy" title="infilling strategy">infilling strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gaussian%20process" title=" gaussian process"> gaussian process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20disciplinary%20analysis" title=" multi disciplinary analysis"> multi disciplinary analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity%20prediction%20program" title=" velocity prediction program"> velocity prediction program</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144787/infilling-strategies-for-surrogate-model-based-multi-disciplinary-analysis-and-applications-to-velocity-prediction-programs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7770</span> A New Smart Plug for Home Energy Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20E.%20Kiral">G. E. Kiral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Elma"> O. Elma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20T.%20Ince"> A. T. Ince</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Vural"> B. Vural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20S.%20Selamogullari"> U. S. Selamogullari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Uzunoglu"> M. Uzunoglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy is an indispensable resource to meet the needs of people. Depending on the needs of people, the correct and efficient use of electrical energy has became important nowadays. Besides the need for the electrical energy is also increasing with the rapidly developing technology and continuously changing living standards. Due to the depletion of energy sources and increased demand for electricity, efficient energy use is an important research topic. Recently, ideas like smart cities, smart buildings and smart homes have been widely used under smart grid concept. With smart grid infrastructure, it will be possible to monitor electrical demand of a residential customer and control each electricity generation center for more efficient energy flow. The smallest component of the smart grid can be considered as smart homes. Better utilization of the electrical grid can be achieved through the communication of the smart home with both other customers in the grid and appliances in the house itself since generation can effectively be scheduled by having more precise demand data. Smart Plugs are used for the communication with the household appliances in the house. Smart Plug is an intermediate control element, which can be mounted on the existing outlet, and thus can be used to monitor the energy consumption of the plugged device and also can provide on/off control energy remotely. This study proposes a Smart Plug for energy monitoring and energy management. Proposed design is composed of five subsystems: micro controller embedded system with communication system, metering circuitry, power supply and switching circuitry. The developed smart plug offers efficient use of electrical energy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title="energy efficiency">energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20energy%20management" title=" home energy management"> home energy management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20home" title=" smart home"> smart home</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20plug" title=" smart plug"> smart plug</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29829/a-new-smart-plug-for-home-energy-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">727</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7769</span> Impact of FACTS Devices on Power Networks Reliability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Alesaadi">Alireza Alesaadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices have an important rule on expnded electrical transmission networks. In this paper, the effect of these diveces on reliability of electrical networks is studied and it is shown that using of FACTS devices can improve the relibiability of power networks, significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FACTS%20devices" title="FACTS devices">FACTS devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20networks" title=" power networks"> power networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability "> reliability </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14821/impact-of-facts-devices-on-power-networks-reliability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7768</span> A Mathematical Model of Power System State Estimation for Power Flow Solution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Benhamida">F. Benhamida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Graa"> A. Graa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Benameur"> L. Benameur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Ziane"> I. Ziane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The state estimation of the electrical power system operation state is very important for supervising task. With the nonlinearity of the AC power flow model, the state estimation problem (SEP) is a nonlinear mathematical problem with many local optima. This paper treat the mathematical model for the SEP and the monitoring of the nonlinear systems of great dimensions with an application on power electrical system, the modelling, the analysis and state estimation synthesis in order to supervise the power system behavior. in fact, it is very difficult, to see impossible, (for reasons of accessibility, techniques and/or of cost) to measure the excessive number of the variables of state in a large-sized system. It is thus important to develop software sensors being able to produce a reliable estimate of the variables necessary for the diagnosis and also for the control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system" title="power system">power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20estimation" title=" state estimation"> state estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robustness" title=" robustness"> robustness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=observability" title=" observability"> observability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36293/a-mathematical-model-of-power-system-state-estimation-for-power-flow-solution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7767</span> Composite Distributed Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Security </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Lotfi">Amir Lotfi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Hamid%20Hosseini"> Seyed Hamid Hosseini </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the recent past, due to the increase of electrical energy demand and governmental resources constraints in creating additional capacity in the generation, transmission, and distribution, privatization, and restructuring in electrical industry have been considered. So, in most of the countries, different parts of electrical industry like generation, transmission, and distribution have been separated in order to create competition. Considering these changes, environmental issues, energy growth, investment of private equity in energy generation units and difficulties of transmission lines expansion, distributed generation (DG) units have been used in power systems. Moreover, reduction in the need for transmission and distribution, the increase of reliability, improvement of power quality, and reduction of power loss have caused DG to be placed in power systems. On the other hand, considering low liquidity need, private investors tend to spend their money for DGs. In this project, the main goal is to offer an algorithm for planning and placing DGs in order to reduce the need for transmission and distribution network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning" title="planning">planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission" title=" transmission"> transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20generation" title=" distributed generation"> distributed generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20security" title=" power security"> power security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20systems" title=" power systems"> power systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68494/composite-distributed-generation-and-transmission-expansion-planning-considering-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7766</span> Engineering in Saudi Arabia: Importance of Communications and Power Engineering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20D.%20Alsharari">Hamed D. Alsharari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper first analyses the current status regarding electrical engineering higher education in Saudi Arabian public universities. The paper focuses on the two EE sub-specialties most commonly present in Saudi Arabia, power and communications and discusses recruitment in this field, showing various market and employment demand for EE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communications" title="communications">communications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20engineering" title=" electrical engineering"> electrical engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7100/engineering-in-saudi-arabia-importance-of-communications-and-power-engineering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7765</span> Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saim%20Iftikhar%20Awan">Saim Iftikhar Awan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhan%20Ali"> Farhan Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wind power has now become one of the most important resources of renewable energy. The machine which extracts kinetic energy from wind is wind turbine. This work is all about the electrical power analysis of horizontal axis wind turbine to check the efficiency of different configurations of wind turbines to get maximum output and comparison of experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results. Different experiments have been performed to obtain that configuration with the help of which we can get the maximum electrical power output by changing the different parameters like the number of blades, blade shape, wind speed, etc. in first step experimentation is done, and then the similar configuration is designed in 3D CAD software. After a series of experiments, it has been found that the turbine with four blades at an angle of 75° gives maximum power output and increase in wind speed increases the power output. The models designed on CAD software are imported on ANSYS-FLUENT to predict mechanical power. This mechanical power is then converted into electrical power, and the results were approximately the same in both cases. In the end, a comparison has been done to compare the results of experiments and ANSYS-FLUENT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20analysis" title="computational analysis">computational analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20efficiency" title=" power efficiency"> power efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20energy" title=" wind energy"> wind energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20turbine" title=" wind turbine"> wind turbine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110867/experimental-and-computational-fluid-dynamics-analysis-of-horizontal-axis-wind-turbine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7764</span> Constructing a Two-Tier Test about Source Current to Diagnose Pre-Service Elementary School Teacher’ Misconceptions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdeljalil%20Metioui">Abdeljalil Metioui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this article is to present the results of two-stage qualitative research. The first involved the identification of the alternative conceptions of 80 elementary pre-service teachers from Quebec in Canada about the operation of simple electrical circuits. To do this, they completed a two-choice questionnaire (true or false) with justification. Data analysis identifies many conceptual difficulties. For example, for their majority, whatever the electrical device that composes an electrical circuit, the current source (power supply), and the generated electrical power is constant. The second step was to develop a double multiple-choice questionnaire based on the identified designs. It allows teachers to quickly diagnose their students' conceptions and take them into account in their teaching. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title="development">development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20circuits" title=" electrical circuits"> electrical circuits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-tier%20diagnostic%20test" title=" two-tier diagnostic test"> two-tier diagnostic test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20and%20high%20school" title=" secondary and high school"> secondary and high school</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102849/constructing-a-two-tier-test-about-source-current-to-diagnose-pre-service-elementary-school-teacher-misconceptions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7763</span> Single Tuned Shunt Passive Filter Based Current Harmonic Elimination of Three Phase AC-DC Converters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansoor%20Soomro">Mansoor Soomro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The evolution of power electronic equipment has been pivotal in making industrial processes productive, efficient and safe. Despite its attractive features, it has been due to nonlinear loads which make it vulnerable to power quality conditions. Harmonics is one of the power quality problem in which the harmonic frequency is integral multiple of supply frequency. Therefore, the supply voltage and supply frequency do not last within their tolerable limits. As a result, distorted current and voltage waveform may appear. Attributes of low power quality confirm that an electrical device or equipment is likely to malfunction, fail promptly or unable to operate under all applied conditions. The electrical power system is designed for delivering power reliably, namely maximizing power availability to customers. However, power quality events are largely untracked, and as a result, can take out a process as many as 20 to 30 times a year, costing utilities, customers and suppliers of load equipment, a loss of millions of dollars. The ill effects of current harmonics reduce system efficiency, cause overheating of connected equipment, result increase in electrical power and air conditioning costs. With the passage of time and the rapid growth of power electronic converters has highlighted the damages of current harmonics in the electrical power system. Therefore, it has become essential to address the bad influence of current harmonics while planning any suitable changes in the electrical installations. In this paper, an effort has been made to mitigate the effects of dominant 3rd order current harmonics. Passive filtering technique with six pulse multiplication converter has been employed to mitigate them. Since, the standards of power quality are to maintain the supply voltage and supply current within certain prescribed standard limits. For this purpose, the obtained results are validated as per specifications of IEEE 519-1992 and IEEE 519-2014 performance standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=current%20harmonics" title="current harmonics">current harmonics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive%20filters" title=" passive filters"> passive filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20electronic%20converters" title=" power electronic converters"> power electronic converters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65401/single-tuned-shunt-passive-filter-based-current-harmonic-elimination-of-three-phase-ac-dc-converters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7762</span> Design of Functional Safe Motor Control Systems in Automotive Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Woo%20Kim">Jae-Woo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyung-Jung%20Lee"> Kyung-Jung Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Sik%20Ahn"> Hyun-Sik Ahn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a design methodology for the motor driven automotive subsystems with the consideration of the functional safety. There are many such modules in vehicles which use DC/AC motors for an electronic throttle control system, a motor driven power steering, a motor driven seat belt systems and for HVAC systems. The functional safety for the automotive electrical and electronic parts are standardized as ISO 26262, but the development procedure is very complex to be followed. We focus on the functional safe motor controller design process and show the designed motor controller hardware satisfies the required safety integrity level by using metric calculations with the safety mechanism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AUTOSAR" title="AUTOSAR">AUTOSAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDPS" title=" MDPS"> MDPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simulink" title=" Simulink"> Simulink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20component" title=" software component"> software component</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57252/design-of-functional-safe-motor-control-systems-in-automotive-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7761</span> Design and Control Algorithms for Power Electronic Converters for EV Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilya%20Kavalchuk">Ilya Kavalchuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Seyedmahmoudian"> Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Horan"> Ben Horan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aman%20Than%20Oo"> Aman Than Oo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Stojcevski"> Alex Stojcevski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The power electronic components within Electric Vehicles (EV) need to operate in several important modes. Some modes directly influence safety, while others influence vehicle performance. Given the variety of functions and operational modes required of the power electronics, it needs to meet efficiency requirements to minimize power losses. Another challenge in the control and construction of such systems is the ability to support bidirectional power flow. This paper considers the construction, operation, and feasibility of available converters for electric vehicles with feasible configurations of electrical buses and loads. This paper describes logic and control signals for the converters for different operations conditions based on the efficiency and energy usage bases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicles" title="electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20machines%20control" title=" electrical machines control"> electrical machines control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20electronics" title=" power electronics"> power electronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=powerflow%20regulations" title=" powerflow regulations"> powerflow regulations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36054/design-and-control-algorithms-for-power-electronic-converters-for-ev-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">559</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7760</span> Electrical Energy Harvesting Using Thermo Electric Generator for Rural Communities in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Nandan%20A.%20M.%20Nagaraj">N. Nandan A. M. Nagaraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Sanjeev%20Kumar"> L. Sanjeev Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the rapidly growing population, the requirement of electrical power is increasing day by day. In order to meet the needs, we need to generate the power using alternate method. In this paper, a presentable approach is developed by analysis and can be implemented by utilizing heat energy, which is generated in numerous ways in some of the rural areas in India. The thermoelectric generator unit will be developed by combing with control circuits and converts, which is used to light the LED lamps. The temperature difference which is available in the kitchens, especially the exhaust pipes/chimneys of wooden fire stoves, where more heat is dissipated into the atmosphere, can be utilized for electrical power generation. Hence, the temperature rise of surroundings atmosphere can be reduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermo%20electric%20generator" title="thermo electric generator">thermo electric generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LED" title=" LED"> LED</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=converts" title=" converts"> converts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109415/electrical-energy-harvesting-using-thermo-electric-generator-for-rural-communities-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7759</span> A Succinct Method for Allocation of Reactive Power Loss in Deregulated Scenario</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20S.%20Savier">J. S. Savier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Real power is the component power which is converted into useful energy whereas reactive power is the component of power which cannot be converted to useful energy but it is required for the magnetization of various electrical machineries. If the reactive power is compensated at the consumer end, the need for reactive power flow from generators to the load can be avoided and hence the overall power loss can be reduced. In this scenario, this paper presents a succinct method called JSS method for allocation of reactive power losses to consumers connected to radial distribution networks in a deregulated environment. The proposed method has the advantage that no assumptions are made while deriving the reactive power loss allocation method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deregulation" title="deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20power%20loss%20allocation" title=" reactive power loss allocation"> reactive power loss allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20distribution%20systems" title=" radial distribution systems"> radial distribution systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=succinct%20method" title=" succinct method"> succinct method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47667/a-succinct-method-for-allocation-of-reactive-power-loss-in-deregulated-scenario" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7758</span> High-Speed Electrical Drives and Applications: A Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaishnavi%20Patil">Vaishnavi Patil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20Kurundkar"> K. M. Kurundkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrical Drives play a vital role in industry development and applications. Drives have an inevitable part in the needs of various fields such as industry, commercial, and domestic applications. The development of material technology, Power Electronics devices, and accompanying applications led to the focus of industry and researchers on high-speed electrical drives. Numerous articles charted the applications of electrical machines and various converters for high-speed applications. The choice depends on the application under study. This paper goals to highlight high-speed applications, main challenges, and some applications of electrical drives in the field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed" title="high-speed">high-speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20machines" title=" electrical machines"> electrical machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drives" title=" drives"> drives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applications" title=" applications"> applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182583/high-speed-electrical-drives-and-applications-a-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182583.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7757</span> Investigation into Micro-Grids with Renewable Energy Sources for Use as High Reliability Electrical Power Supply in a Nuclear Facility</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerard%20R.%20Lekhema">Gerard R. Lekhema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Willie%20A%20Cronje"> Willie A Cronje</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Korir"> Ian Korir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this research work is to investigate the use of a micro-grid system to improve the reliability and availability of emergency electrical power in a nuclear facility. The nuclear facility is a safety-critical application that requires reliable electrical power for safe startup, operation and normal or emergency shutdown conditions. The majority of the nuclear facilities around the world utilize diesel generators as emergency power supply during loss of offsite power events. This study proposes the micro-grid system with distributed energy sources and energy storage systems for use as emergency power supply. The systems analyzed include renewable energy sources, decay heat recovery system and large scale energy storage system. The configuration of the micro-grid system is realized with guidelines of nuclear safety standards and requirements. The investigation results presented include performance analysis of the micro-grid system in terms of reliability and availability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20power%20supply" title="emergency power supply">emergency power supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-grid" title=" micro-grid"> micro-grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20facility" title=" nuclear facility"> nuclear facility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy%20sources" title=" renewable energy sources "> renewable energy sources </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55211/investigation-into-micro-grids-with-renewable-energy-sources-for-use-as-high-reliability-electrical-power-supply-in-a-nuclear-facility" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7756</span> Control Methods Used to Minimize Losses in High-Speed Electrical Machines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hedar">Mohammad Hedar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents selected topics from the area of high-speed electrical machine control with a focus on loss minimization. It focuses on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) set-up in order to minimize the inrush current peak. An overview of these machines and the control topologies that have been used with these machines are reported. The critical problem that happens when controlling a high-speed electrical motor is the high current peak in the start-up process, which will cause high power-losses. The main goal of this paper is to clarify how the inrush current peak can be minimized in the start-up process. PAM control method is proposed to use in the frequency inverter, simulation results for PAM & PWM control method, and steps to improve the PAM control are reported. The simulations were performed with data for PMSM (nominal speed: 25 000 min-1, power: 3.1 kW, load: 1.2 Nm). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20topology" title="control topology">control topology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20inverter" title=" frequency inverter"> frequency inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20electrical%20machines" title=" high-speed electrical machines"> high-speed electrical machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAM" title=" PAM"> PAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses" title=" power losses"> power losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PWM" title=" PWM"> PWM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131889/control-methods-used-to-minimize-losses-in-high-speed-electrical-machines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7755</span> Energy Efficient Microgrid Design with Hybrid Power Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20Esteban">Pedro Esteban</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today’s electrical networks, including microgrids, are evolving into smart grids. The smart grid concept brings the idea that the power comes from various sources (continuous or intermittent), in various forms (AC or DC, high, medium or low voltage, etc.), and it must be integrated into the electric power system in a smart way to guarantee a continuous and reliable supply that complies with power quality and energy efficiency standards and grid code requirements. This idea brings questions for the different players like how the required power will be generated, what kind of power will be more suitable, how to store exceeding levels for short or long-term usage, and how to combine and distribute all the different generation power sources in an efficient way. To address these issues, there has been lots of development in recent years on the field of on-grid and off-grid hybrid power systems (HPS). These systems usually combine one or more modes of electricity generation together with energy storage to ensure optimal supply reliability and high level of energy security. Hybrid power systems combine power generation and energy storage technologies together with real-time energy management and innovative power quality and energy efficiency improvement functionalities. These systems help customers achieve targets for clean energy generation, they add flexibility to the electrical grid, and they optimize the installation by improving its power quality and energy efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microgrids" title="microgrids">microgrids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20power%20systems" title=" hybrid power systems"> hybrid power systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title=" energy storage"> energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality%20improvement" title=" power quality improvement"> power quality improvement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127220/energy-efficient-microgrid-design-with-hybrid-power-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127220.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7754</span> Optimized Techniques for Reducing the Reactive Power Generation in Offshore Wind Farms in India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pardhasaradhi%20Gudla">Pardhasaradhi Gudla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imanual%20A."> Imanual A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The generated electrical power in offshore needs to be transmitted to grid which is located in onshore by using subsea cables. Long subsea cables produce reactive power, which should be compensated in order to limit transmission losses, to optimize the transmission capacity, and to keep the grid voltage within the safe operational limits. Installation cost of wind farm includes the structure design cost and electrical system cost. India has targeted to achieve 175GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 including offshore wind power generation. Due to sea depth is more in India, the installation cost will be further high when compared to European countries where offshore wind energy is already generating successfully. So innovations are required to reduce the offshore wind power project cost. This paper presents the optimized techniques to reduce the installation cost of offshore wind firm with respect to electrical transmission systems. This technical paper provides the techniques for increasing the current carrying capacity of subsea cable by decreasing the reactive power generation (capacitance effect) of the subsea cable. There are many methods for reactive power compensation in wind power plants so far in execution. The main reason for the need of reactive power compensation is capacitance effect of subsea cable. So if we diminish the cable capacitance of cable then the requirement of the reactive power compensation will be reduced or optimized by avoiding the intermediate substation at midpoint of the transmission network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=offshore%20wind%20power" title="offshore wind power">offshore wind power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimized%20techniques" title=" optimized techniques"> optimized techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system" title=" power system"> power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub%20sea%20cable" title=" sub sea cable"> sub sea cable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91131/optimized-techniques-for-reducing-the-reactive-power-generation-in-offshore-wind-farms-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91131.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20power%20subsystems&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20power%20subsystems&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20power%20subsystems&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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