CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>   <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">  <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-0d4ee9e3df49dad8793",applicationID:"512794427"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=yes" /> <meta name="description" content="The university initiatives aim to extend the frontier of knowledge and tackle the most critical problems facing humanity. To accomplish these bold plans, Yale must recruit and retain preeminent faculty members who define their fields, attract the most promising students, hire excellent, innovative staff, and build a supportive community of alumni. " /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://president.yale.edu/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://president.yale.edu/node/20420" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Office of the President" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://president.yale.edu/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Community Inclusion and Excellence" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The university initiatives aim to extend the frontier of knowledge and tackle the most critical problems facing humanity. To accomplish these bold plans, Yale must recruit and retain preeminent faculty members who define their fields, attract the most promising students, hire excellent, innovative staff, and build a supportive community of alumni. " /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-06-25T13:55:18-04:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://president.yale.edu/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Community Inclusion and Excellence" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The university initiatives aim to extend the frontier of knowledge and tackle the most critical problems facing humanity. To accomplish these bold plans, Yale must recruit and retain preeminent" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-03-08T16:58:50-05:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-06-25T13:55:18-04:00" /> <title>Community Inclusion and Excellence | Office of the President</title>  <link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="icon" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/touch-icon-228.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/touch-icon-228.png"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_FSjlALfdNgU7ZMRPRufrg7HtKfHwiqiO1yfF2QHsKYQ.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_qfNcJRhJ-UkbO9P5y8V831DGz0ASVpOVFa8jVK1ZHgI.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_jl8zKxvg9M5hfU-JxPOFvMKnzoc7RsNw7TPsxvT2oro.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_4p66Ha43jfR6LpgBV-7xw6q2NxPB3zxKg9igJIUIBwY.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_23.css?sn5mhb" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_26.css?sn5mhb" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_34.css?sn5mhb" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_38.css?sn5mhb" media="all" />   <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_059BxwQdO3W6gC_prw0ohrQj1fWv8MiFJkqt4YP0qJk.css" media="all" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?sn5mhb"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_WwwX68M9x5gJGdauMeCoSQxOzb1Ebju-30k5FFWQeH0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_oAfqXa2DIpUo7OsSlNsm_nI5oFs7NL4fMl1iZhnW5K8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_ZUDcE7l77JJuxH-XuZE7wIXWGnijxOWc6BWwEFYrkq8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-991898-16"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_9CqHeCnlfmt0plGP8YvtXtMFf0VSy3z47PKisqjOZZQ.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_UNPtX_ZGxcpSkJyp8ls50mHCG5a_tcqRFqN4KjkfLso.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in page-node page-node- page-node-20420 node-type-priority context-university-initiatives one-sidebar sidebar-first nav-blue-med block-carbon nav-serif block-font-sans block-outline"> <aside role='complementary' id="skip-link" aria-label="Skip to main content"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </aside> <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top"> <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner"> </div> </div> <div class="page clearfix" id="page"> <header id="section-header" class="section section-header" role="banner"> <div id="zone-topper-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-topper-wrapper clearfix yalenew-standard-topper"> <div id="zone-topper" class="zone zone-topper clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-3 region region-topper-first" id="region-topper-first"> <div class="region-inner region-topper-first-inner"> <div class="topper-logo"><a href="http://www.yale.edu" class="y-icons y-yale y-univ"><span class="element-invisible">Yale University</span></a> </div> <div id="moved-main-nav-wrapper"> <button aria-expanded="false" id="nav-ready" class="nav-ready"><span class="element-invisible">Open Main Navigation</span></button> <div id="moved-main-nav" class="moved-main-nav" data-set="append-main-nav"></div> <button aria-expanded="true" id="nav-close" class="nav-close nav-hidden"><span class="element-invisible">Close Main Navigation</span></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-9 region region-topper-second" id="region-topper-second"> <div class="region-inner region-topper-second-inner"> <div class="block block-search block-form block-search-form odd block-without-title" id="block-search-form"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <form class="search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site Search" action="/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label for="edit-search-block-form--2"><i class="fa fa-search"></i><span class="element-invisible">Search this site</span> </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="custom-search-box form-text" placeholder="Search this site" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input style="display:none;" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-1Telc9H7e4tFLaTID_HsVE-_XA9R2Ghl98fOKlQRsc8" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-branding-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-branding-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-branding" class="zone zone-branding clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-7 region region-branding" id="region-branding"> <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner"> <div class="branding-data clearfix"> <h2 class="site-name"><a href="/" title="Home">Office of the President </a></h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-5 region region-banner-menu" id="region-banner-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-banner-menu-inner"> <div class="block block-menu block-menu-banner-menu block-menu-menu-banner-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-banner-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-for-the-media"><a href="/media"><span>For the Media</span></a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-contact-us"><a href="/contact-us"><span>Contact Us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></header> <main id="section-content" class="section section-content" role="main"> <div id="section-content-inner"> <div id="zone-menu-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-menu-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-menu" class="zone zone-menu clearfix yale-standard-menu container-12"> <div id="original-main-nav-wrapper"> <div id="original-main-nav" data-set="append-main-nav"> <div id="main-nav"> <div class="grid-12 region region-menu" id="region-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner"> <nav id="main-menu-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Menu" class="navigation"> <div class="block block-system block-menu block-main-menu block-system-main-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-about"><a href="/about-office-president">About</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-from-the-president"><a href="/president">From the President</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-university-initiatives"><a href="/university-initiatives" class="active-trail">University Initiatives</a></li> <li class="last collapsed menu-committees-&-programs"><a href="/committees-programs">Committees & Programs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix zone-content-priority"> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav-wrapper" class="moved-sidenav-wrapper grid-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav" class="moved-sidenav" data-set="append-sidenav"></div> </div> <div class="grid-12 region region-content region-content-priority" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix">  <div class="pres">  <section class="hero hero--slider section--global-spacing gradient-bg-dark"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="hero__content cell initial-12"> <div class="hero__content--inner"> <h1 class="h1">Community Inclusion and Excellence</h1> <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here"><a href="/">Home</a><span class="tic"> > </span><a href="/university-initiatives">University Initiatives</a><span class="tic"> > </span>Community Inclusion and Excellence</nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hero-slider"> <div class="hero-slider__cards-container"> <div class="swiper-container"> <div class="swiper-wrapper"> <div class="swiper-slide"> <div class="hero-slider__media"> <figure> <div class="media-container"> <div class="aspect-ratio-frame" style="--aspect-ratio: 0.57"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1220x720/public/priority-images/community_hero.jpg?itok=8ln4alMX" width="1220" height="720" alt="" /> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="slider-navigation"> <button class="slider-navigation__prev btn"><i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i><span class="show-for-sr">slide</span> </button> <button class="slider-navigation__next btn"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span><span class="show-for-sr">slide</span></button> </nav> </div> </div> </section>   <div class="update-body"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="update-body-inner"> <div class="update-body-text wysiwyg"> <p>The university initiatives aim to extend the frontier of knowledge and tackle the most critical problems facing humanity. To accomplish these bold plans, Yale must recruit and retain preeminent faculty members who define their fields, attract the most promising students, hire excellent, innovative staff, and build a supportive community of alumni. </p> <p>A strong sense of inclusion and belonging creates the conditions for community members to do their best work. The university works hard to cultivate this kind of environment, in support of its people and their pursuit of teaching, learning, research, and scholarship of the highest caliber. This priority plays a critical part in upholding Yale’s commitment to excellence, realizing its mission to improve the world, and pursuing its ambitions across every other university initiative.</p> <p><strong>Support for Faculty</strong>: Invest in faculty diversity and engagement to create the conditions for excellence in research, teaching, preservation, and practice.</p> <p><strong>Support for Students</strong>: Expand access and affordability, foster community, and build engagement across the university to support and sustain a diverse and exceptional educational community. </p> <p><strong>Support for Staff</strong>: Attract and retain exceptional staff by providing opportunities for their professional growth, development, and success, which in turn allows them to excel in their essential work for the university.</p> <p><strong>Support for Alumni</strong>: Support our alumni community in sustaining and building strong connections between each other and the university through educational events and discussions that capitalize on the Yale community’s expertise and enthusiasm.</p> </div> <div class="update-body-sidebar"> </div> </div> </div>   <section class="more-in-page global-padding--8x-alt"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="update-header"> <h2>Explore Community Inclusion and Excellence</h2> </div> <div class="more-in-page__list-wrapper"> <div class="block block-menu-block block-6 block-menu-block-6 odd block-without-title" id="block-menu-block-6"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-5083 menu-support-for-faculty"><a href="/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence/support-faculty">Support for Faculty</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5084 menu-support-for-students"><a href="/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence/support-students">Support for Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5085 menu-support-for-staff"><a href="/university-initiatives/community-inclusion-and-excellence/support-staff">Support for Staff</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-5086 menu-support-for-alumni"><a href="/university-priorities/community-inclusion-and-excellence/support-alumni">Support for Alumni</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>   <section class="flex-callout"> <div class="update-header"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="section-heading__heading cell initial-12 medium-9"> <h2 class="oho-animate oho-animate-single oho-animate--in">Highlighting Progress</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="flex-callout__container oho-animate"> <div class="paragraphs-items paragraphs-items-field-op-flexible-callout-items paragraphs-items-field-op-flexible-callout-items-full paragraphs-items-full" class="paragraphs-items paragraphs-items-field-op-flexible-callout-items paragraphs-items-field-op-flexible-callout-items-full paragraphs-items-full"> <div class="card card--inline card--video text-margin-reset"> <div class="card__media oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/768x721/public/flexible-callout-images/community_belonging_0.png?itok=weXtHtQ3" width="768" height="721" alt="" /> </div> <div class="card__content oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <div class="card__content--inner"> <h3 class="card__title">Belonging at Yale</h3> <p class="card__description">Led by Kimberly M. Goff-Crews, university secretary and vice president for university life, Belonging at Yale puts into action the university’s vision for a diverse, equitable, and inclusive community. Its guiding principles advance Yale’s vision for vibrant community life in which members encounter and appraise a broad array of ideas, are treated with dignity and respect, and feel welcome to make their voices heard. Across the university, five-year Belonging at Yale action plans for each school and administrative unit support and enhance diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging.</p> <a href="https://belong.yale.edu/">Belonging at Yale</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card card--inline card--video text-margin-reset"> <div class="card__media oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/768x721/public/flexible-callout-images/community_slaveryworkinggroup.jpg?itok=FRpfMgAk" width="768" height="721" alt="" /> </div> <div class="card__content oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <div class="card__content--inner"> <h3 class="card__title">Yale and Slavery Working Group</h3> <p class="card__description">Since October 2020, this group of scholars, students, and community members has undertaken a rigorous examination of Yale’s historical entanglements and associations with slavery, the slave trade, and abolition. Led by David Blight, Sterling Professor of History and director of the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, the working group also plans to publish a narrative book based on its research.</p> <a href="https://yaleandslavery.yale.edu/">Yale and Slavery Working Group</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card card--inline card--video text-margin-reset"> <div class="card__media oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/768x721/public/flexible-callout-images/community_pennington.jpg?itok=9mWbwyJI" width="768" height="721" alt="" /> </div> <div class="card__content oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <div class="card__content--inner"> <h3 class="card__title">The Pennington Fellowship</h3> <p class="card__description">This new scholarship supports New Haven high school graduates who attend Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); it seeks to address, in part, historical disparities in educational opportunities for Black citizens. It will be funded by Yale and administered by the New Haven Promise program.</p> <a href="https://president.yale.edu/president/statements/announcing-pennington-fellowship">The Pennington Fellowship</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card card--inline card--video text-margin-reset"> <div class="card__media oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/768x721/public/flexible-callout-images/nhv-partnership.jpg?itok=Sg6gPdv4" width="768" height="721" alt="overhead view of people gathered in a building" /> </div> <div class="card__content oho-animate-single fade-in-up"> <div class="card__content--inner"> <h3 class="card__title">Historic Partnership with New Haven</h3> <p class="card__description">Yale reaffirmed its three-century-old partnership with the city of New Haven with a nationally unique, six-year commitment, including a voluntary contribution of $135 million over six years, the investment of $5 million to help launch the Center for Inclusive Growth, the conversion of High Street between Chapel and Elm streets into a city-owned walkway, and the offset of loss in tax revenues for properties Yale takes off the tax rolls during this period.</p> <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2021/11/17/new-140-million-yale-pledge-yale-new-haven-promote-growth-economy">Historic Partnership with New Haven</a> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </section>   <section class="priority-timeline brand-bg"> <div class="update-header"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="section-heading__heading cell initial-12 medium-9"> <h2 class="oho-animate oho-animate-single oho-animate--in">Selected Milestones</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="priority-timeline__container more-less" data-more-or-less-calc-method="items" data-more-or-less-item-selector=".more-less__item" data-more-less-init="items"> <div class="priority-timeline__view-more-btn"> <button type="button" class="more-less__toggle btn btn--white" data-button-enable-at="0" data-button-disable-at="-1 " data-button-open-class="more-less-open" data-button-open-class-element=".more-less" aria-live="polite" aria-label="" id="--button-toggle" data-toggle-type="accordion" aria-expanded="false" data-more-less-button="true"> </button> </div> <div class="priority-timeline__items-wrapper more-less__content" data-more-less-content="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">August</span> <span class="month-number">2017</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Opened <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2017/08/17/inside-pauli-murray-and-benjamin-franklin-colleges">two new residential colleges</a></h3> <p>(Benjamin Franklin and Pauli Murray)</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">October</span> <span class="month-number">2017</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Enhanced <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2017/10/23/financial-aid-policies-expand-third-consecutive-year-2">Yale College financial aid</a> to include assistance with insurance</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">September</span> <span class="month-number">2018</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Launched the <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/05/16/yale-college-seniors-create-inclusive-and-equitable-learning-experiences">First-Generation, Low-Income (FGLI) Community Initiative</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">November</span> <span class="month-number">2018</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Created permanent endowment for the <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2018/11/19/poorvu-family-endows-yale-center-teaching-and-learning">Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">February</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Released <a href="https://belong.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Recommendations.pdf">Findings and Recommendations on Yale University’s Institutional Responses and Resources on Racial Discrimination and Harassment</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">April</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Announced the expansion of <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/04/22/first-year-scholars-yale-set-expand-enrollment-and-academic-programs">First-Year Scholars at Yale</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">March</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Held inaugural <a href="https://alumni.yale.edu/your-alumni-association/diversity-equity-and-inclusion/impact-series">IMPACT conference</a> for Yale alumni</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">September</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Celebrated <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/09/23/yale-colleges-first-women-gather-campus-weekend-events">50WomenAtYale150</a> with weekend commemoration</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">October</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Expanded <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/10/03/new-scholarships-ensure-affordability-yale">Yale College financial aid policies</a> to raise “zero parent share” threshold to $75,000</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">November</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3><a href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/11/11/kimberly-goff-crews-oversee-campus-wide-belonging-yale-initiative">Appointed</a> Kimberly Goff-Crews to formally lead the university’s campus-wide <a href="https://belong.yale.edu">Belonging at Yale</a> initiative</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">December</span> <span class="month-number">2019</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Extended the <a href="https://faculty.yale.edu/diversity/faculty-excellence-and-diversity-initiative/faculty-excellence-and-diversity-initiative">Faculty Excellence and Diversity Initiative (FEDI)</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">September</span> <span class="month-number">2020</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Released <a href="https://belong.yale.edu/recommendations-presidents-committee">recommendations</a> of the President’s Committee on Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">October</span> <span class="month-number">2020</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Launched next phase of <a href="https://president.yale.edu/president/statements/building-stronger-and-more-inclusive-yale">Belonging at Yale</a></h3> <div>Established the <a href="https://yaleandslavery.yale.edu/">Yale and Slavery Working Group</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">June</span> <span class="month-number">2021</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3><a href="https://news.yale.edu/2021/06/30/gift-david-geffen-yales-drama-school-goes-tuition-free">Eliminated tuition</a> for all students at the David Geffen School of Drama at Yale</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">November</span> <span class="month-number">2021</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Pledged $140+ million to <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2021/11/17/new-140-million-yale-pledge-yale-new-haven-promote-growth-economy">promote inclusive growth for Yale and New Haven</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">December</span> <span class="month-number">2022</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>Created a new scholarship program—<a href="https://president.yale.edu/president/statements/announcing-pennington-fellowship">the Pennington Fellowship</a>—that responds specifically to the research of the Yale and Slavery Working Group</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">February</span> <span class="month-number">2023</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3>With gift from The Starr Foundation, the Yale School of Medicine <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/gift-from-the-starr-foundation-brings-yale-school-of-medicine-closer-to-goal-of-debt-free-education/">reduced expected student borrowing</a> from $15,000 to $10,000 by replacing the loan with an additional $5,000 in scholarship</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-less__item"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="priority-timeline__item--eyebrow small-12 medium-2"> <span class="month-text">February</span> <span class="month-number">2023</span> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-9"> <div class="priority-timeline__item-content wysiwyg"> <h3><a href="https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/yale-law-school-expands-full-tuition-scholarships-students">Expanded full-tuition scholarships</a> through the Hurst Horizon Scholarship Program for Yale Law School students</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-2 region region-footer-first" id="region-footer-first"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-first-inner"> <div class="footer-logo"><a href="http://www.yale.edu" class="y-icons y-yale y-mark"><span class="element-invisible">Yale</span></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-6 region region-footer-second" id="region-footer-second"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-second-inner"> <p class="copyright"> <a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a> · <a href="http://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a> <br> Copyright © 2024 Yale University · All rights reserved </p> <div class="block block-footer-message block-footer-message block-footer-message-footer-message odd block-without-title" id="block-footer-message-footer-message"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <p>3 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 | P.O. Box 208229, New Haven, CT 06520-8229</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-4 region region-footer-third" id="region-footer-third"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-third-inner"> <div class="block block-menu sharing block-menu-social-buttons block-menu-menu-social-buttons odd block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-social-buttons"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleUniversity" class="fa fa-facebook"><span>Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/yale" class="fa fa-youtube-play"><span>YouTube</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-sina-weibo"><a href="http://weibo.com/yaleuniversity" class="fa fa-weibo"><span>Sina Weibo</span></a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-instagram"><a href="http://instagram.com/yale" class="fa fa-instagram"><span>Instagram</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer> </div> <div class="region region-page-bottom" id="region-page-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-page-bottom-inner"> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://president.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_JMVekk522eOkII71K9F5yD4Su-iRqPdTR_-LxjPAtMk.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-0d4ee9e3df49dad8793","applicationID":"512794427","transactionName":"YAdbZUMFDxdTUkVfW1lNbENYS04NXFVUThpHCkk=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":292,"atts":"TEBYEwsfHBk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>