CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91361d3bccb9f882',cH: 'JHNnnetk6uLncaL2kcqfXUQQ3kCx7q7buT2_1hvCy5s-1739798839-1.2.1.1-t6X4S47PTW3Jmjg_sbNKLrWbZExlHu3BQuSBVIeZtcjP3oHUnUoC8bgdWrHblt.F',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=anti-pollution&__cf_chl_tk=Aa0Gs8gZg4cUHv3WosoTPgFM05K7uUOHlXmIoV8iSVU-1739798839-1.0.1.1-qUBo5InMiOQ3pQhHYJGOcn6c423TslqYMeUA7LdWY14",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739798839',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=anti-pollution&__cf_chl_f_tk=Aa0Gs8gZg4cUHv3WosoTPgFM05K7uUOHlXmIoV8iSVU-1739798839-1.0.1.1-qUBo5InMiOQ3pQhHYJGOcn6c423TslqYMeUA7LdWY14",md: "Ku2ck5C0nAdxrAIW7e5PY_moOIu37BTjXIyGIu_5cdA-1739798839-1.2.1.1-LuY9d7B4f1SDC8LED96i0NmLutSWPdmsC4QOGd3pMVaqDfz7arw9vh_JCBSKx9ihXos2IkTIWkZzlSmdIUo_xO8jdBYKSaPNtoFpXJDj4lowW0GIRvmQtOQPwffVmSzosndi_sEP8JQKxjqhbUFnZhVsLp_rgU3lzrHkohyycdGsgwxb_s5Y3RH4umQ4BUzOEDjq0d0hBgIkCD6oPdhcHzdJjD0R10CXpGLKJ58EHNHySeWZVwKApibY1rmGsJElXgVKqDVW3lFTD84oFH.4FgjW6MQqTzb1mMum7gByOqT2Mf6YFxk2iy2_4WPDz7EZK_6YCs0RkDgq4wQJLn.CH673dqp16LSdIR0iZafaUboL9FT1ZIq_1cMfm6eHce0bGd885n723kLrg8.psNYUfSeRfdeoJugYK0AsfnkSqHzGKoutrwX1hoq_xTWD5TQY2anRO6uPcmqAW0t4hNXCBZ2WHulhH1qaUVRVYi6fyyklmBl9j4oFUll0NIpaoj37dpq8B5kSK.eLF3d1YtOKqmq3MONvT6CgVhw8On_c5hJ1BdeZwK_4UgciNGkEJPgE47KOujP_M9FarC75TsLa2oCiPCMd.u_nDI.MFLVHQqhlhi7X7NVuKDKoKoQJsjaiJMfpYW5mHv4UbP03oE5sTJkD4vtV2OHL6.oBDpfv1Vqa4Y1Azep7LHHYN16zFk1lAHHhxDqw_CV4BZNv83Vza9ANHXxju95csnwGdp7ldWhbnV3RpFif1pyGdcG77Vpc3n1GvY_rGLuUGsitLGhjBiXu.56CScXbTk2oUUlqFqeii0nmeg4YjLzFnH4oAl42HRGkRo4xG1i97pMuw2vBakN90idCRn8zi4QDbKqerYXG8kE3sZTQ6KIsSl_4q8XA_6Ypqw5hxNbl13238LWraKxE5E1VW.wsKegWIlL14aMRigiMpbe4xQAwowBbxPX3nda.lwR1jorP5nnEcKfG.C4bcJhbTmqCWWk1ZLSOK5nJwbc_DpSJuF6Mu1dF8wEa59uGUWH8x_Nn_wq6Kq0XUg_HyfcTfBrLfQyhPQHg3Q4Wy1vbioTI5q2T6wYbgp333WdM28SnCH8U6H1Z3WN928pfvIIvNf2KSpJzfk4wWE8Tk2M_uT3FdcajmtObtYqnlvjAuJCm7SsQzdBqBgMoGqxMWsgoqCW8eB7u5mmO8lKvn4YjvrlYU5NjOyH1BGGHTPdyrcwJIPy4mJ1LTP0Wwa._FS5_JntZYDNcVAHg9UmsxaAVrKKNXYP.rM3zMda6gcVTkNExnjOtnWjkvAD0kxCyMNAh.KF0wOi9tZeUtC73Y27RKb7dY7_l9mec.uCBbEg6WyfDwBYSZ_jkgcK.59sB0cIIUIzvaT3XfLmkf0CJJjbm_xwb8Zm0NUhIKvBq59biEJjOKnBO8Sfny58M2DLKhrnuXzjWqa_VWJNTuefZqF.qNlDdb2SVql867AvnHtmXs7gDX7lDrtn8cXbynzz0VD1kqkJtR3TCQBsm9.CJ7sDfHBB7UZjxOtWBxrxQmEPcybe0SD7lz.lETqSRLIySptMieD1Y1jN3mule3ckn3AxkONFbDEbKqpktp8R_OIixajYlfVog2Na_bcKU_dxXo2rKOgdjegK6gHpObRdhcKqy.zyxtgyWBkX0nXmL8HY7Op5vZ7cbS7wC5TE.Ah82XsTb4eOCcKd_X3qA7SLXxJ_VunlmyEOzBX9M6U1zM5AWWnfjP82.kdvZgg0PqAGurqfyj7N6l3haS5tbissa..cEnJE9VjEHkmIREN0I107Rov6MWzoDOeMRykIGHjuB3.EAaY5g2Z1UoZ.qF1ub_nNWw1bnH_v2M68r3qAhEoE0XjOsodHOUNCJttm1NnCFXu_KEexOMjHRggShWq72zOwCApKatbNeoDnCpKUy.aSwY5e3kJxIaLUDotrJ1M.JmH54YjFYRsFyyaCwFEg",mdrd: "Kd35ALarvmMAsrbvD5exx3HlinqOFofXk1Z0dTVHcdY-1739798839-1.2.1.1-qGj_6L8jILuJV9SMMH2PrWgJoVsP8Vxp3qCQ7PXp6mGt.a3l_eVAFjKqZHpnYNsG9NOLlK_fMtowNjx0qtshpx2XTfkNOO_Uj.DanN32CsJn0BiQCutB_d0m9hJeZq43fo0jYBDQ.nOdBq6OPJmRqE030TpQR24Eq8i5NMk1b_QzQmFi52A7CVnsVxw8QIsfKEQHr4yPsvgHoOEM62DyMy8pDLdDsJgCmuJWz8VnqQTTnwq.s9Gy9T5MG_5k6qj4YF5yY6zUad2Pth_wsIXreCxIQzDyuqJsThY1m5w0NqXt7.gbdiC0eeu10LouL5RLDgpfsYg2BJ3uIKV3EHer_p3yqKau9Kd0XpcVr0hD8SDZSoMqNr7l0o8eKrryGBt5P2UXEwimpTqb0XsTs6O596Wrhcp73jAO4XyTFjPfLTS1B2hE.T90mOQ6K5HMhUcSd900RjYJoeR0MfRTAo2VeF6bQuQu0Z3n0EqTrGGCzTGkzdqNFgMZUjoqk_vNDZVgtmovQVMdb2YDPrQovHK.QVTXRtKGd83J6e7olngQnY7bz1Nr_3QvHEImijLRDlP8hHuTNlrVjE0Dq6NZoyeGsuad_.KxqxaD9TGM3ZAngxOfswPSfiqsmKeKW0Uwj5K9V_oLLrtZfluwUZLwdsAcR4VeXT3trW3BSXXB.aiXeJMA3cyGI3LAgHre3UENvSvJH_ikWhgZKkwyaIpkLrZ4fy.tOYp.50grn7pHC5dADzujbx0Ru0ivTFVklpMkiYzBmKg7FFCRQSs9ORo7p4W4JrK4V8QJGzDvaJBnK3MYGgqB6qrwM3DFCXtKYTA4GWD_.fqgfDaT6uJNtMcplK2z_gW.IjEmhJ5NwXZwISrRTmYU72C6xkNL8cciQTzVIE3_dMuz5TwI8_mdBPacIpZHusTm5MJyTQLt6fcFJUOHd40fby4pVOVZ5kjbm7edgeSK55MsVb0q_cuga0e0rNwGk2kS6VM9QCFg8XJ6KerGswFMgZ8TgD3wB4dJ3DS7jBrTLeUK.nX9XhHPka.67fFlVm10RV9NEaVpJYDcNj30GG5hSPNrbka2BYHLJ4368L374Uq.iykjNec7F_Bk03.haiISgI0DyRi3cK1jusE4Ubek.13uejWEJMl7c_bNjqxmbhrYd24DtcRYsYx5kQ3tKBEkiHF90u.esaVFAo6Tgrg1U.TcdpEaLTNSevet0fo3di.op9pjLiRreRWAranmsBRNpSWKcrygaBXQWsvSkJsjLdWphsHM56wCeIEXWnbUYd1ao701E5I4vJc7GdbKJM4cV7wAV02HPHRUnBs.JIS7L18fSgfsJFmnqlJYqzccHak3wc3RyJnyWk3BFYM38yNSasEATObbIdRS9EU.7oyd4u8N05Ke9yJYhr50QKczQp1QVBWkzwjNZV.9TezmI.N9EPT7FtqY9_HupuF9KjN3oCmA_UhE.tSsDlL3XC5BWIuDylBhMcLakDXF4_Ty6UABOkXy2rLdKpu93jnl7Vfx.vJJ0bodWpwjOw25C95ny_C.cvZe2__0svwyrnF90DCzILCrR8v3x6d9m5HLCZ58lwKk3QHbQTkdAy1qGcG9Ya0LDh3rZ6LWJxdOHk9IF7dYkx1XvOpA4KjMj.xI1CFTL9sbdSu2AExOFfhQkxQhFW_TISiLg21dH_QoUIXu0oi1YIhNsowt68GwzXO3kDjYKsAWsiRi_8TbmWFkuBYYWa38jT8wmQe2JWgD7y4M8k3SsJdSmkADUonA8nvS21y2xuCxY.NTKJEunNf4LKxP5Aoy.CGJWwcZnY1ATOlLARKUuQ34Bmyt_3T8buxfYhZczRliKhkQw3Paby_1FPPTo08.HlqNNGxryYx.xif9F8ntQdJA6junnZWOzkKWOdOFdOBwzZxoxcI2GyJ8UUbp3UJN7HcoituhVbu2ReNfu.4IZUw.QaqvVNWCZWTwHuAr83qgrak3Wpv6vkqhO6oR3sMxgAaYEPiAvi5kPZq8xg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91361d3bccb9f882';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=anti-pollution&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Aa0Gs8gZg4cUHv3WosoTPgFM05K7uUOHlXmIoV8iSVU-1739798839-1.0.1.1-qUBo5InMiOQ3pQhHYJGOcn6c423TslqYMeUA7LdWY14" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>