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Daniel J. Boorstin - Wikiquote
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Boorstin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-file-width="318" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>We suffer primarily not from our vices or our weaknesses, but from our illusions.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" class="extiw" title="w:Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/1_October" class="mw-redirect" title="1 October">1 October</a> <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a> – <a href="/wiki/28_February" class="mw-redirect" title="28 February">28 February</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" class="mw-disambig" title="2004">2004</a>) was an American historian, professor, attorney, and author. He served as the director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History in 1969-1973 and was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" class="extiw" title="w:Library of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a> from 1975 to 1987. His book trilogy, <i>The Americans: The Colonial Experience, The National Experience, and The Democratic Experience</i> received the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Bancroft Prize">Bancroft Prize</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Parkman_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Francis Parkman Prize">Francis Parkman Prize</a>. In 1989, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award#Medal_for_Distinguished_Contribution_(lifetime)" class="extiw" title="w:National Book Award">Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters</a> was bestowed upon him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Boorstin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman,_1847-1935.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman%2C_1847-1935.JPG/220px-A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman%2C_1847-1935.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman%2C_1847-1935.JPG/330px-A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman%2C_1847-1935.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman%2C_1847-1935.JPG/440px-A_mosaic_LAW_by_Frederick_Dielman%2C_1847-1935.JPG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Education is learning what you didn't even know you didn't know.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg/220px-LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg/330px-LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg/440px-LOC_Court_of_Neptune_Fountain_by_Roland_Hinton_Perry_-_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>These creators, makers of the new, can never become obsolete, for in the arts there is no correct answer.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Our attitude toward our own culture has recently been characterized by two qualities, braggadocio and petulance. Braggadocio —- empty boasting of American power, American virtue, American know-how —- has dominated our foreign relations now for some decades. ... Here at home —- within the family, so to speak —- our attitude to our culture expresses a superficially different spirit, the spirit of petulance. Never before, perhaps, has a culture been so fragmented into groups, each full of its own virtue, each annoyed and irritated at the others. <ul><li><i>Foreword to America and the image of Europe: Reflections on American Thought</i> (1960) , as cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cl5c4T9LWkC&lpg=PA207&dq=Our%20attitude%20toward%20our%20own%20culture%20has%20recently%20been%20characterized%20by%20two%20qualities%2C%20braggadocio%20and%20petulance.&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations</i></a> (1993) edited by Robert Andrews, p. 207</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Education is learning what you didn't even know you didn't know.</b> <ul><li>"A Case of Hypochondria", <i>Newsweek</i> (6 July 1970)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The century after the Civil War was to be an Age of Revolution—of countless, little-noticed revolutions, which occurred not in the halls of legislatures or on battlefields or on the barricades but in homes and farms and factories and schools and stores, across the landscape and in the air—so little noticed because they came so swiftly, because they touched Americans everywhere and every day. Not merely the continent but human experience itself, the very meaning of community, of time and space, of present and future, was being revised again and again, a new democratic world was being invented and was being discovered by Americans wherever they lived. <ul><li><i>The Americans: The Democratic Experience</i> (1973), as cited <i>The Rise and Fall of American Growth</i> (2016) edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon" title="Robert J. Gordon">Robert J. Gordon</a>, p. 1</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The great obstacle to discovering the shape of the earth, the continents, and the oceans was not ignorance, but the illusion of knowledge. <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discoverers" class="extiw" title="w:The Discoverers">The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself</a></i> (1983), p. 86</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Technology is so much fun but we can drown in our technology. The fog of information can drive out knowledge. <ul><li>As quoted by Barbara Gamarekian in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/06/specials/boorstin-working.html">Working Profile: Daniel J. Boorstin. Helping the Library of Congress Fulfill Its Mission</a>, The New York Times (July 8, 1983)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I write to discover what I think. After all, the bars aren't open that early. <ul><li>As quoted in <i>Wall Street Journal</i> (31 December 1985) on why he did his writing at home very early in the morning while he served as the Librarian of Congress.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>These creators, makers of the new, can never become obsolete, for in the arts there is no correct answer.</b> The story of discoverers could be told in simple chronological order, since the latest science replaces what went before. But the arts are another story — a story of infinite addition. We must find order in the random flexings of the imagination. <ul><li><i>The Creators: A History of Heroes of the Imagination</i> (1992) (Vintage edition, 1993, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74375-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74375-8">ISBN 0-679-74375-8</a></small>), Preface, p. XV</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The history of Western science confirms the aphorism that the great menace to progress is not ignorance but the illusion of knowledge. <ul><li><i>Cleopatra's Nose: Essays on the Unexpected</i> (1995). This "aphorism" was expressed in different forms by <a href="/wiki/Josh_Billings" title="Josh Billings">Josh Billings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>.</li> <li>Often misquoted as, "The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge," and often misattributed to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some hire public relations officers. <ul><li>As quoted in <i>Book of Humorous Quotations</i> (1998), by Connie Robertson, p. 29</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lost_World_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(1948)"><span id="The_Lost_World_of_Thomas_Jefferson_.281948.29"></span><i>The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson</i> (1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Boorstin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson (1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><small><i>The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson</i>, University of Chicago Press (1948; 1993) </small></dd></dl> <ul><li>The institutional scene in which American man has developed has lacked that accumulation from intervening stages which has been so dominant a feature of the European landscape. <ul><li>Introduction, part 2: The Influence of America on the Mind, p. 6</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>While the Jeffersonian did not flatly deny the Creator's power to perform miracles, he admired His refusal to do so. <ul><li>Ch. 1, part 2: The Economy of Nature, p. 41</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>While the easiest way in metaphysics is to condemn all metaphysics as nonsense, the easiest way in morals is to elevate the common practice of the community into a moral absolute. <ul><li>Ch. 3, The Physiology of Thought and Morals, Introduction, p. 111</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The variety of minds served the economy of nature in many ways. The Creator, who designed the human brain for activity, had insured the restlessness of all minds by enabling no single one to envisage all the qualities of the creation. Since no one by himself could aspire to a serene knowledge of the whole truth, all men had been drawn into an active, exploratory and cooperative attitude. <ul><li>Ch. 3, Part 2: The Happy Variety of Minds, p. 125</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Jefferson refused to pin his hopes on the occasional success of honest and unambitious men; on the contrary, the great danger was that philosophers would be lulled into complacence by the accidental rise of a <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> or a <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a>. Any government which made the welfare of men depend on the character of their governors was an illusion. <ul><li>Ch. 4, Part 1: Natural History and Political Science, p. 178</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Jeffersonian isolationism expressed an essentially cosmopolitan spirit. The Jeffersonian was determined — even at the expense of separating himself from the rest of the globe, and even though he be charged with provincial selfishness — to preserve America as an uncontaminated laboratory. <ul><li>Ch. 4, part 6: The American Destiny, p. 229</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Since the Creator had made the facts of the after-life inaccessible to man, He must not have required that man understand death in order to live fruitfully. <ul><li>Notes, p. 262</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Image:_A_Guide_to_Pseudo-Events_in_America_(1961)"><span id="The_Image:_A_Guide_to_Pseudo-Events_in_America_.281961.29"></span><i>The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America</i> (1961)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Boorstin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><small><i>The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America</i> (1961); Vintage editions (1992, 2012) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74180-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74180-1">ISBN 0-679-74180-1</a></small></small></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>We suffer primarily not from our vices or our weaknesses, but from our illusions.</b> We are haunted, not by reality, but by those images we have put in their place. <ul><li>Preface<i></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>IN THE last half century a larger and larger proportion of our experience, of what we read and see and hear, has come to consist of pseudo‑events. We expect more of them and we are given more of them. They flood our consciousness. Their multiplication has gone on in the United States at a faster rate than elsewhere. Even the rate of increase is increasing every day. This is true of the world of education, of consumption, and of personal relations. <ul><li>p. 12</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The news leak is a pseudo‑event par excellence. In its origin and growth, the leak illustrates another axiom of the world of pseudo‑events: pseudo‑events produce more pseudo‑events. <ul><li>p. 31</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Pseudo‑events spawn other pseudo‑events in geometric progression. This is partly because every kind of pseudo-event (being planned) tends to become ritualized, with a protocol and a rigidity all its own. As each type of pseudo-event acquires this rigidity, pressures arise to produce other, derivative, forms of pseudo‑event which are more fluid, more tantalizing, and more interestingly ambiguous. <ul><li>p. 33</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>These pseudo‑events which flood our consciousness must be distinguished from propaganda. The two do have some characteristics in common. But our peculiar problems come from the fact that pseudo‑events are in some respects the opposite of the propaganda which rules totalitarian countries. Propaganda — as prescribed, say, by Hitler in Mein Kampf — is information intentionally biased. Its effect depends primarily on its emotional appeal. While a pseudo‑event is an ambiguous truth, propaganda is an appealing falsehood. Pseudo‑events thrive on our honest desire to be informed, to have “all the facts,” and even to have more facts than there really are. <ul><li>p. 34</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The American citizen thus lives in a world where fantasy is more real than reality, where the image has more dignity than its original. We hardly dare face our bewilderment, because our ambiguous experience is so pleasantly iridescent, and the solace of belief in contrived reality is so thoroughly real. We have become eager accessories to the great hoaxes of the age. These are the hoaxes we play on ourselves. <ul><li>p. 37</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the age of pseudo‑events it is less the artificial simplification than the artificial complication of experience that confuses us. Whenever in the public mind a pseudo‑event competes for attention with a spontaneous event in the same field, the pseudo‑event will tend to dominate. What happens on television will overshadow what happens off television. <ul><li>p. 39</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Pseudo‑events do, of course, increase our illusion of grasp on the world, what some have called the American illusion of omnipotence. Perhaps, we come to think, the world’s problems can really be settled by “statements,” by “Summit” meetings, by a competition of “prestige,” by overshadowing images, and by political quiz shows. <ul><li>p. 44</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Celebrity-worship and hero-worship should not be confused. Yet we confuse them every day, and by doing so we come dangerously close to depriving ourselves of all real models. We lose sight of the men and women who do not simply seem great because they are famous but are famous because they are great. We come closer and closer to degrading all fame into notoriety. <ul><li>p. 48</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A celebrity is a person who is known for his well-knownness. <ul><li>p. 57</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The image, more interesting than its original, has become the original. The shadow has become the substance. <ul><li>p. 204</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>By a diabolical irony the very facsimiles of the world which we make on purpose to bring it within our grasp, to make it less elusive, have transported us into a new world of blurs. <ul><li>p. 213</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A sign of a celebrity is often that his name is worth more than his services. <ul><li>p. 220</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Of all nations in the world, the United States was built in nobody's image. It was the land of the unexpected, of unbounded hope, of ideals, of quest for an unknown perfection. It is all the more unfitting that we should offer ourselves in images. And all the more fitting that the images which we make wittingly or unwittingly to sell America to the world should come back to haunt and curse us. <ul><li>p. 245</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As individuals and as a nation, we now suffer from social narcissism. The beloved Echo of our ancestors, the virgin America. has been abandoned. We have fallen in love with our own image, with images of our making, which turn out to be images of ourselves. <ul><li>p. 257</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We must first awake before we can walk in the right direction. We must discover our illusions before we can even realize that we have been sleepwalking. The least and the most we can hope for is that each of us may penetrate the unknown jungle of images in which we live our daily lives. That we may discover anew where dreams end and where illusions begin. This is enough. Then we may know where we are, and each of us may decide for himself where he wants to go. <ul><li>p. 261</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Republic_of_Technology_(1978)"><span id="The_Republic_of_Technology_.281978.29"></span><i>The Republic of Technology</i> (1978)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Boorstin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Republic of Technology (1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><small><i>The Republic of Technology: Reflections on our Future Community</i> (1978) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060104287" title="Special:BookSources/0060104287">ISBN 0060104287</a></small></small></dd></dl> <ul><li>The Republic of Technology where we will be living is a feedback world. <ul><li>p. 9</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The American settlers came to take and shape the land. The first occupants of the land — the "Indians" whom the European migrants encountered — would not be treated, in the pattern of the Romans, as people to be incorporated into an empire. Instead, they were treated as part of the landscape. Most of them were simply cleared away, like the forest, or pushed back, like the wilderness. <ul><li>p. 38</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /></p><div style="padding: .5em; border: 1px solid black; background-color: #FFE7CC;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misattributed">Misattributed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Boorstin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Misattributed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The cities of Italy are now deluged with droves of these creatures [tour groups], for they never separate, and you see them, forty in number, pouring along a street with their director — now in front, now at the rear, circling them like a sheep dog — and really the process is as like herding as may be. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lever" class="extiw" title="w:Charles Lever">Charles James Lever</a>, <i>Cornelius O'Dowd Upon Men and Women and Other Things in General</i> (<i>Blackwood's Magazine,</i> 1864-1865): "Continental Excursionists" [Adamant Media Corporation, 2001, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-90729-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-90729-5">ISBN 0-543-90729-5</a></small>], p. 243. Quoted by Boorstin in <i>The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America</i> (1961) [Vintage edition, 1992, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74180-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74180-1">ISBN 0-679-74180-1</a></small>], Ch. 3: From Traveler to Tourist: The Lost Art of Travel, p. 88</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Boorstin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/75px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/100px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Wikidata</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" class="extiw" title="w:Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has open data related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551252" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q551252">Q551252</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/about-the-librarian/previous-librarians-of-congress/daniel-j-boorstin/">Daniel J Boorstin - Previous Librarians of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/01/guardianobituaries.obituaries">Daniel Boorstin</a>, Obituary, <i>The Guardian</i>, 1 March 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204045236/http://www.thenewatlantis.com/doclib/tna05-stateoftheart-daniel%20j%20boorstin.pdf">Daniel J. Boorstin, RIP: Historian, Critic, and American Man of Books</a>, <i>The New Atlantis</i>, Spring 2004.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center" colspan="3"><b>Conservative intellectuals</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">France</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Bernanos</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Faguet" title="Émile Faguet">Faguet</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">Germanosphere</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Otto_Weininger" title="Otto Weininger">Weininger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">Italy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">Iberia & Latin America</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olavo_de_Carvalho" title="Olavo de Carvalho">de Carvalho</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Mora" title="Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora">Fernández de la Mora y Mon</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson" title="Paul Johnson">Johnson (Paul)</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray" title="Douglas Murray">Murray</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">USA & Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Vox_Day" title="Vox Day">Beale</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a> ◈ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boorstin</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell" title="Christopher Caldwell">Caldwell</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Crichton</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Francis" title="Samuel T. Francis">Francis</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Jacoby</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Malkin" title="Michelle Malkin">Malkin</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">Mearsheimer</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer" title="Frank Meyer">Meyer</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Repplier" title="Agnes Repplier">Repplier</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">Rushton</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/W._Cleon_Skousen" title="W. Cleon Skousen">Skousen</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Taylor</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weaver" title="Richard Weaver">Weaver</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">Russia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Havel</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center"><i>Ummah</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white" align="center">Other / Mixed</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costin_Vlad_Alamariu" class="mw-redirect" title="Costin Vlad Alamariu">Alamariu (<i>Bronze Age Pervert</i>)</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Eysenck</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> ◈ <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Talmon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐68b5f87cfc‐vmhkb Cached time: 20241118155424 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.145 seconds Real time usage: 0.220 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 262/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9292/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 581/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.008/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 619005/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 69.000 1 -total 50.04% 34.527 5 Template:ISBN 23.18% 15.997 1 Template:Wikidata 8.46% 5.840 1 Template:Wikipedia 7.83% 5.402 5 Template:Main_other 6.74% 4.648 1 Template:Conservative_intellectuals 5.05% 3.483 1 Template:Misattributed_end 4.74% 3.274 1 Template:Misattributed_begin 4.70% 3.243 2 Template:Sisterproject --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwikiquote:pcache:idhash:3019-0!canonical and timestamp 20241118155424 and revision id 3573495. 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