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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/150px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/225px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/300px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Forms and concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_peddling" title="Influence peddling">Influence peddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_defeat_theory" title="Pyrrhic defeat theory">Pyrrhic defeat theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-corporate_crime" title="State-corporate crime">State-corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throffer" title="Throffer">Throffer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Court" title="International Anti-Corruption Court">International Anti-Corruption Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Day" title="International Anti-Corruption Day">International Anti-Corruption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Corruption by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Africa</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Angola" title="Corruption in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Botswana" title="Corruption in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cameroon" title="Corruption in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chad" title="Corruption in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Comoros" title="Corruption in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Corruption in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Eritrea" title="Corruption in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ethiopia" title="Corruption in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ghana" title="Corruption in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Corruption in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lesotho" title="Corruption in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liberia" title="Corruption in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malawi" title="Corruption in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mauritius" title="Corruption in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Morocco" title="Corruption in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Namibia" title="Corruption in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Niger" title="Corruption in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Senegal" title="Corruption in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Corruption in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Somalia" title="Corruption in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tanzania" title="Corruption in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tunisia" title="Corruption in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uganda" title="Corruption in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zambia" title="Corruption in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zimbabwe" title="Corruption in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Azerbaijan" title="Corruption in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bahrain" title="Corruption in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bhutan" title="Corruption in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brunei" title="Corruption in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_East_Timor" title="Corruption in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Georgia" title="Corruption in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Israel" title="Corruption in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Japan" title="Corruption in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Jordan" title="Corruption in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kuwait" title="Corruption in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Corruption in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Maldives" title="Corruption in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nepal" title="Corruption in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Korea" title="Corruption in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Singapore" title="Corruption in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Korea" title="Corruption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Corruption in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Taiwan" title="Corruption in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tajikistan" title="Corruption in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkmenistan" title="Corruption in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uzbekistan" title="Corruption in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen" title="Corruption in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Europe</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Andorra" title="Corruption in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Austria" title="Corruption in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Belgium" title="Corruption in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bulgaria" title="Corruption in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Croatia" title="Corruption in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Corruption in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Denmark" title="Corruption in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Finland" title="Corruption in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_France" title="Corruption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iceland" title="Corruption in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Corruption in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kosovo" title="Corruption in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Latvia" title="Corruption in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liechtenstein" title="Corruption in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lithuania" title="Corruption in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Luxembourg" title="Corruption in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malta" title="Corruption in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Moldova" title="Corruption in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Monaco" title="Corruption in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Montenegro" title="Corruption in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Macedonia" title="Corruption in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Corruption in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Norway" title="Corruption in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Portugal" title="Corruption in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Romania" title="Corruption in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Serbia" title="Corruption in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Slovakia" title="Corruption in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Slovenia" title="Corruption in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sweden" title="Corruption in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> North America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Central America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Costa_Rica" title="Corruption in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_El_Salvador" title="Corruption in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Haiti" title="Corruption in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Honduras" title="Corruption in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> South America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Argentina" title="Corruption in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bolivia" title="Corruption in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chile" title="Corruption in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ecuador" title="Corruption in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Paraguay" title="Corruption in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Peru" title="Corruption in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uruguay" title="Corruption in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Oceania</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Australia" title="Corruption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Corruption in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Template:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Template talk:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a> is pervasive at all levels of government in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. In 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Barham_Salih" title="Barham Salih">Barham Salih</a> stated that US$150 billion of oil money had been stolen and smuggled out of Iraq in corrupt deals since the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 U.S. invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endemic corruption pervades Iraq's oil and gas sectors, which still accounts for more than 99 percent of the country’s exports and 85 percent of the government’s budget.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi economy is predominantly a cash economy, making it almost impossible to trace the amount or the path the money follows.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> scores 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean") and then ranks the countries by their score; the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2013 to 2023, the Corruption Perceptions Index indicated that the Iraqi public sector was seriously corrupt but improving: Iraq's score remained constant or rose every year, rising from 16 to 23 over the eleven years. Its 2023 score of 23 ranked it 154th of 180 countries. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best 2023 score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison with regional scores, the average score among Middle Eastern and North African countries <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was 34. The highest score among Middle Eastern and North African countries was 68 and the lowest score was 13.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamics">Dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political parties and public servants are considered corrupt, and petty corruption is highly institutionalized in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corruption is considered an obstacle for doing business in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and red tape and inefficiency continue to persist. Government contracting is an area reported to be affected by high-levels of illicit activity, and public contracts are often awarded to companies connected to political leaders. Investors may come under pressure to take on well-connected local partners to avoid <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> hurdles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corruption in Iraq is endemic, systemic, and the main threat to Iraq's stability after the defeat of ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> investigation, residents of Harthiya, a neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> alleged severe <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> in the construction sector. The neighborhood has experienced a construction boom since the 2003 invasion. Despite the many construction infractions, only a fraction of the revenue from government fines reaches the state treasury. Iraqi civil servants go around the neighborhood to inspect construction sites. When they spot wrongdoings, such as an extra floor in a building, an agreement is struck with the developer. The public official takes a bribe and in return, the state employee reduces the fine. The contractor pays the ticket and continues the project. Even if the builder pays in full, the fines are too small to deter construction companies when compared to the lucrative construction sector.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 2022, an Iraqi anti-corruption commission uncovered a massive corruption scandal where US$700 million had been stolen from Iraqi state banks. The fraud resulted in a state of chaos and instability in government banking systems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, Iraq’s acting finance minister Ihsan Jabbar shocked the nation by announcing an investigation into US$2.5 billion that had gone missing from Iraq’s General Commission for Taxes, a department in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Finance (Iraq)">Ministry of Finance</a>. It was described as "the heist of the century".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, Iraq's former Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi" title="Mustafa Al-Kadhimi">Mustafa Al-Kadhimi</a> claimed in an interview that corruption cost the country US$600 billion between 2003 and mid-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests_and_political_impacts">Protests and political impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protests and political impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, mass protests against corruption were observed in the capital Baghdad and in main large cities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters were denouncing the low quality of public services as well as the regular power cuts the population suffers.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called for the authorities to take action, denouncing them as "corrupt" and "thiefs".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher Shiite leader at the time, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani" title="Ali al-Sistani">Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani</a>, even called for the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> to take a strong stance against corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These protests became occasional and were organized from time to time <a href="/wiki/2015-2018_Iraqi_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015-2018 Iraqi protests">from 2015 until 2018</a>. </p><p>Iraqi dissatisfaction with corruption boiled over with large <a href="/wiki/2018_Iraqi_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Iraqi protests">protests in 2018</a>, and again in <a href="/wiki/2019_Iraqi_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Iraqi protests">2019 as part of ongoing protests</a>, of which corruption in Iraq is one of the main causes, among several.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corruption in Iraq and subsequent ongoing protests of 2018 and 2019 resulted in then resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Adil Abdul Mahdi</a> on November 30, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by Mustafa Al-Kadhimi in May 2020. </p><p>A 2013 survey by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> indicated that a majority of Iraqis were dissatisfied with the government's efforts in fighting corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, over 80% of Iraqis were concerned about worsening corruption at the highest levels of government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-corruption_governmental_entities">Anti-corruption governmental entities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-corruption governmental entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2020, the Iraqi Prime Minister, Mustafa Al-Kadhimi, announced the formation of a supreme investigation committee called <a href="/wiki/Committee_29" title="Committee 29">Committee 29</a> or "Abu Ragheef Committee" (Court order No. 29) to deal with major corruption and criminal offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The special commission was placed under the authority of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and headed by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Taha_Abu_Ragheef" title="Ahmed Taha Abu Ragheef">Ahmed Taha Abu Ragheef</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Integrity_(Iraq)" title="Commission of Integrity (Iraq)">Commission of Integrity</a> is an independent entity in charge of investigating cases of corruption committed at every levels of the State. It was created in 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a>. The Commission had several changes following the replacement of its director in November 2022: Judge Alaa Jawad Al-Saadi resigned as he considered he could not properly pursue his mission at the head of the entity after the commission was subject to campaigns of "distortion" and "defamation".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Prime Minister accepted the resignation and nominated Judge Haider Hanoun Zayer to head the commission. </p><p>In November 2022, the new Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a>, who expressed his will to make the fight against corruption one of his top priority, announced the creation of a Supreme Anti-Corruption Commission<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to accelerate the investigation of major corruption files and the recovery of those wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_scandals">Recent scandals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent scandals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2022, the Federal Commission of Integrity announced it started an investigation on a theft of 3.7 trillion Iraqi dinars ($2.5 billion). Those funds were allegedly stolen from the Tax Authority account.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to several publications based on the declaration of the Iraqi Finance Ministry, the money was reportedly transferred from the account of a governmental agency held by the Rafidain Bank to 5 companies in 2021 and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in November 2022, the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> announced that Iraq recovered a part of the money stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, one of the businessmen involved in the scandal Nour Zouhair Jassem, who admitted received a part of the funds, gave back around US$125 million. </p><p>In November 2024, Iraq's anti-corruption agency began an inquiry after an audio recording emerged, allegedly showing prime ministerial aide Abdel Karim Al-Faisal accepting a bribe. Al-Faisal has denied the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932018_Iraqi_protests" title="2015–2018 Iraqi protests">2015–2018 Iraqi protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 Iraqi protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF+-+%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%82+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF+-+%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%82+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshafaq.com%2Far%2F%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2022/10/18/2-5bn-tax-fraud-uncovered-in-iraq/">"$2.5bn Tax Fraud Uncovered in Iraq | Iraq Business News"</a>. 2022-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%242.5bn+Tax+Fraud+Uncovered+in+Iraq+%7C+Iraq+Business+News&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraq-businessnews.com%2F2022%2F10%2F18%2F2-5bn-tax-fraud-uncovered-in-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaarMahmoud2022" class="citation web cs1">Naar, Ismaeel; Mahmoud, Sinan (2022-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2022/10/16/iraq-pm-elect-al-sudani-vows-to-curb-corruption-after-25bn-embezzlement-case/">"Iraq PM-elect Al Sudani vows to curb corruption after $2.5bn embezzlement case"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Iraq+PM-elect+Al+Sudani+vows+to+curb+corruption+after+%242.5bn+embezzlement+case&rft.date=2022-10-16&rft.aulast=Naar&rft.aufirst=Ismaeel&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fmena%2Firaq%2F2022%2F10%2F16%2Firaq-pm-elect-al-sudani-vows-to-curb-corruption-after-25bn-embezzlement-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/irak/l-irak-annonce-avoir-recupere-une-fraction-des-2-5-milliards-de-dollars-voles-au-fisc-apres-un-scandale-de-corruption_5506359.html">"L'Irak annonce avoir récupéré une fraction des 2,5 milliards de dollars volés au fisc, après un scandale de corruption"</a>. <i>Franceinfo</i> (in French). 2022-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franceinfo&rft.atitle=L%27Irak+annonce+avoir+r%C3%A9cup%C3%A9r%C3%A9+une+fraction+des+2%2C5+milliards+de+dollars+vol%C3%A9s+au+fisc%2C+apr%C3%A8s+un+scandale+de+corruption&rft.date=2022-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmonde%2Fproche-orient%2Firak%2Fl-irak-annonce-avoir-recupere-une-fraction-des-2-5-milliards-de-dollars-voles-au-fisc-apres-un-scandale-de-corruption_5506359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2578915/amp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Only $1 mn': Iraqi PM adviser suspected of bribe-taking"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Only+%241+mn%E2%80%99%3A+Iraqi+PM+adviser+suspected+of+bribe-taking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2578915%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/iraqi-pm-adviser-abdel-karim-al-faisal-under-investigation-bribe-taking">"Iraqi PM adviser Abdel Karim al-Faisal under investigation for bribe-taking"</a>. <i>Arab Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Weekly&rft.atitle=Iraqi+PM+adviser+Abdel+Karim+al-Faisal+under+investigation+for+bribe-taking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Firaqi-pm-adviser-abdel-karim-al-faisal-under-investigation-bribe-taking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714163338/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/iraq/show-all.aspx">Iraq Corruption Profile</a> from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Corruption in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Azerbaijan" title="Corruption in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bahrain" title="Corruption in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bhutan" title="Corruption in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brunei" title="Corruption in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_East_Timor" title="Corruption in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Israel" title="Corruption in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Japan" title="Corruption in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Jordan" title="Corruption in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Korea" title="Corruption in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Korea" title="Corruption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kuwait" title="Corruption in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Corruption in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nepal" title="Corruption in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Singapore" title="Corruption in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Corruption in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tajikistan" title="Corruption in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkmenistan" title="Corruption in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uzbekistan" title="Corruption in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen" title="Corruption in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Taiwan" title="Corruption in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Hong_Kong" title="Corruption in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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