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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uses of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Choice of gauge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Choice_of_gauge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Choice of gauge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_track_gauges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_track_gauges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early track gauges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_track_gauges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Standard"_gauge_appears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Standard"_gauge_appears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Standard" gauge appears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Standard"_gauge_appears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauge_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauge_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gauge differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauge_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauge_selection_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauge_selection_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gauge selection in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauge_selection_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standard gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broad_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broad_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Broad gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broad_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medium gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrow_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrow_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Narrow gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrow_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimum_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimum_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Minimum gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimum_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_of_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_of_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Break of gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_of_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dual gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triple_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Triple gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominal_track_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_track_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nominal track gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_track_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_way_–_permanent_way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_way_–_permanent_way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Temporary way – permanent way</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_way_–_permanent_way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Maintenance standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_different_track_gauges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_different_track_gauges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages of different track gauges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_different_track_gauges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages and disadvantages of different track gauges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_different_track_gauges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Construction cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interchangeability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interchangeability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Interchangeability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interchangeability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominant_railway_gauges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominant_railway_gauges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Dominant railway gauges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dominant_railway_gauges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dominant railway gauges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dominant_railway_gauges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Asian_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Asian_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Trans-Asian Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Asian_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Track gauge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A9" title="اتساع السكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتساع السكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C" title="ট্র্যাক গেজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্র্যাক গেজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAi-k%C4%AB" title="Kúi-kī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kúi-kī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%96" title="Шырыня каляі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шырыня каляі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шырыня каляіны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шырыня каляіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Междурелсие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Междурелсие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ample_de_via" title="Ample de via – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ample de via" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozchod_koleje" title="Rozchod koleje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozchod koleje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvidde" title="Sporvidde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sporvidde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurweite_(Schienenverkehr)" title="Spurweite (Schienenverkehr) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spurweite (Schienenverkehr)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6pmelaius" title="Rööpmelaius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rööpmelaius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Εύρος σιδηροδρομικής γραμμής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εύρος σιδηροδρομικής γραμμής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancho_de_v%C3%ADa" title="Ancho de vía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ancho de vía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cpuro" title="Ŝpuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝpuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anch%C3%B3n_de_via" title="Anchón de via – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Anchón de via" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenbide-zabalera" title="Trenbide-zabalera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trenbide-zabalera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اندازه ریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندازه ریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporbreidd" title="Sporbreidd – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sporbreidd" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cartement_des_rails" title="Écartement des rails – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écartement des rails" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_de_v%C3%ADa" title="Largo de vía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Largo de vía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%A4%EA%B0%84" title="궤간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궤간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="रेल गेज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेल गेज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosijek" title="Kolosijek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolosijek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebar_sepur" title="Lebar sepur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lebar sepur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distantia_de_rails_ferroviari" title="Distantia de rails ferroviari – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Distantia de rails ferroviari" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scartamento_ferroviario" title="Scartamento ferroviario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scartamento ferroviario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geji" title="Geji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Geji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destenduda_de_la_scines" title="Destenduda de la scines – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Destenduda de la scines" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slie%C5%BEu_platums" title="Sliežu platums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sliežu platums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEinkelio_v%C4%97%C5%BE%C4%97" title="Geležinkelio vėžė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležinkelio vėžė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scartament" title="Scartament – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scartament" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyomt%C3%A1vols%C3%A1g" title="Nyomtávolság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyomtávolság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ширина на колосек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ширина на колосек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="रेल्वे गेज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेल्वे गेज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolok_landasan" title="Tolok landasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tolok landasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leba_jalua_kareta_api" title="Leba jalua kareta api – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Leba jalua kareta api" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorwijdte" title="Spoorwijdte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spoorwijdte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%96%93" title="軌間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軌間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvidde" title="Sporvidde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sporvidde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvidd" title="Sporvidd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sporvidd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escartament_dels_ralhs" title="Escartament dels ralhs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escartament dels ralhs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozstaw_szyn" title="Rozstaw szyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozstaw szyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bitola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecartament_feroviar" title="Ecartament feroviar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecartament feroviar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Росход штрекы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Росход штрекы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Ширина колеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ширина колеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gauge" title="Rail gauge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rail gauge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozchod_ko%C4%BEaje" title="Rozchod koľaje – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozchod koľaje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuran_r%C3%A9l_kar%C3%A9ta" title="Ukuran rél karéta – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ukuran rél karéta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raideleveys" title="Raideleveys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raideleveys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5rvidd" title="Spårvidd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spårvidd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwang_ng_daambakal" title="Luwang ng daambakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Luwang ng daambakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ขนาดความกว้างรางรถไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขนาดความกว้างรางรถไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiryolu_hat_a%C3%A7%C4%B1kl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Demiryolu hat açıklığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demiryolu hat açıklığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Ширина колії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ширина колії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="ٹریک گیج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹریک گیج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="轨距 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轨距" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%9D" title="軌距 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軌距" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="轨距 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="轨距" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214519#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bebebe;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track gauge</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By transport mode</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Scale model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By size (<a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">list</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table class="nowrap"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_gauge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphic list of track gauges"><img alt="Graphic list of track gauges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/240px-Track_gauge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/360px-Track_gauge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/480px-Track_gauge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="610" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#b0b0b0;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fifteen-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteen-inch gauge railway">Fifteen inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">381 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(15 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#E5C4A1;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">600 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">600 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(1 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">Two foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">610 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_2_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways">Two foot three inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">686 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 3 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#ff8a37;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways" title="750 mm gauge railways">750 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">750 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian-gauge_railways" title="Bosnian-gauge railways">Bosnian gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">760 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="2 ft 6 in gauge railways">Two foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">762 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#e1392f;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways">Swedish three foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">891 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways">900 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">900 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">Three foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">914 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Italy#Italian_metre-gauge_lines_(950_mm)" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Italy">Italian metre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">950 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#c55e8d;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">Metre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">Three foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,067 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway#Around_4_ft_gauge" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Four foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,219 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/4_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="4 ft 6 in gauge railway">Four foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,372 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway#Modern_almost_standard_gauge_railways" title="Standard-gauge railway">1432 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,432 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#568dd0; width:20px;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,435 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">Italian broad gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">Dresden gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,450 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">Leipzig gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,458 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto-gauge_railways" title="Toronto-gauge railways">Toronto gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,495 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">1520 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,520 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">Five foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,524 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#5abf56;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#Pennsylvania_trolley_gauges" title="Track gauge in the United States">Pennsylvania gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,581 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Pennsylvania gauge</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,588 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways">Five foot three inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,600 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 3 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#bbdf94;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Streetcar_Museum#Streetcar_service" title="Baltimore Streetcar Museum">Baltimore gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,638 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#bbdf94;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iberian-gauge_railways" title="Iberian-gauge railways">Iberian gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,668 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">21</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway">Five foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,676 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#Broad_gauges" title="Track gauge in the United States">Six foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,829 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(6 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway#Brunel's_7-foot_gauge_and_the_"gauge_war"" title="Great Western Railway">Brunel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,140 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn">Breitspurbahn</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(9 ft 10<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> Change of gauge</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gauge_conversions" title="List of gauge conversions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By location</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_North_America" title="Track gauge in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_South_America" title="Track gauge in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Europe" title="Track gauge in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge_in_Australia" title="Rail gauge in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_gauge_world.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map, rail gauge by region"><img alt="World map, rail gauge by region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/264px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/396px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/528px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Train_topics" title="Template:Train topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Train_topics" title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>, <b>track gauge</b> is the distance between the two rails of a <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway track</a>. All vehicles on a rail network must have <a href="/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheelsets</a> that are compatible with the track gauge. Since many different track gauges exist worldwide, gauge differences often present a barrier to wider operation on railway networks. </p><p>The term derives from the metal bar, or gauge, that is used to ensure the distance between the rails is correct. </p><p>Railways also deploy two other gauges to ensure compliance with a required standard. A <i><a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a></i> is a two-dimensional profile that encompasses a cross-section of the track, a rail vehicle and a maximum-sized load: all rail vehicles and their loads must be contained in the corresponding envelope. A <i><a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">structure gauge</a></i> specifies the outline into which structures (bridges, platforms, lineside equipment etc.) must not encroach. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_the_term">Uses of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common use of the term "track gauge" refers to the transverse distance between the inside surfaces of the two load-bearing rails of a <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway track</a>, usually measured at 12.7 millimetres (0.50 inches) to 15.9 millimetres (0.63 inches) below the top of the rail head in order to clear worn corners and allow for rail heads having sloping sides.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term derives from the "gauge", a metal bar with a precisely positioned lug at each end that track crews use to ensure the actual distance between the rails lies within tolerances of a prescribed standard: on curves, for example, the spacing is wider than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deriving from the name of the bar, the distance between these rails is also referred to as the track gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choice_of_gauge">Choice of gauge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Choice of gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_track_gauges">Early track gauges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early track gauges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">Permanent way (history)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">Wagonway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">Plateway</a></div> <p>The earliest form of railway was a wooden wagonway, along which single wagons were manhandled, almost always in or from a mine or quarry. Initially the wagons were guided by human muscle power; subsequently by various mechanical methods. Timber rails wore rapidly: later, flat cast-iron plates were provided to limit the wear. In some localities, the plates were made L-shaped, with the vertical part of the L guiding the wheels; this is generally referred to as a "plateway". Flanged wheels eventually became universal, and the spacing between the rails had to be compatible with that of the wagon wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the guidance of the wagons was improved, short strings of wagons could be connected and pulled by teams of horses, and the track could be extended from the immediate vicinity of the mine or quarry, typically to a navigable waterway. The wagons were built to a consistent pattern and the track would be made to suit the needs of the horses and wagons: the gauge was more critical. The <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tramroad" title="Merthyr Tramroad">Penydarren Tramroad</a> of 1802 in South Wales, a plateway, spaced these at <span class="nowrap">4 ft 4 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,321 mm</span>) over the outside of the upstands.<sup id="cite_ref-cragg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cragg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chpr_rail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chpr_rail.jpg/220px-Chpr_rail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chpr_rail.jpg/330px-Chpr_rail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chpr_rail.jpg/440px-Chpr_rail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Fish-belly cast-iron rails from the Cromford and High Peak Railway</figcaption></figure> <p>The Penydarren Tramroad probably carried the first journey by a locomotive, in 1804, and it was successful for the locomotive, but unsuccessful for the track: the plates were not strong enough to carry its weight. A considerable progressive step was made when cast iron edge rails were first employed; these had the major axis of the rail section configured vertically, giving a much stronger section to resist bending forces, and this was further improved when fish-belly rails were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyrailways_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyrailways-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edge rails required a close match between rail spacing and the configuration of the wheelsets, and the importance of the gauge was reinforced. Railways were still seen as local concerns: there was no appreciation of a future connection to other lines, and the choice of track gauge was still a pragmatic decision based on local requirements and prejudices, and probably determined by existing local designs of (road) vehicles. </p><p>Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Monkland_and_Kirkintilloch_Railway" title="Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway">Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway</a> (1826) in the West of Scotland used <span class="nowrap">4 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,372 mm</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-martin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dundee_and_Newtyle_Railway" title="Dundee and Newtyle Railway">Dundee and Newtyle Railway</a> (1831) in the north-east of Scotland adopted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,384 mm</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Redruth_and_Chasewater_Railway" title="Redruth and Chasewater Railway">Redruth and Chasewater Railway</a> (1825) in Cornwall chose <span class="nowrap">4 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,219 mm</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arbroath_and_Forfar_Railway" title="Arbroath and Forfar Railway">Arbroath and Forfar Railway</a> opened in 1838 with a gauge of <span class="nowrap">5 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,676 mm</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-whishaw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whishaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Railway" title="Ulster Railway">Ulster Railway</a> of 1839 used <span class="nowrap">6 ft 2 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,880 mm</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-whishaw_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whishaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Standard"_gauge_appears"><span id=".22Standard.22_gauge_appears"></span>"Standard" gauge appears</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Standard" gauge appears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killingworth-locomotive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Killingworth-locomotive.jpg/220px-Killingworth-locomotive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Killingworth-locomotive.jpg/330px-Killingworth-locomotive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Killingworth-locomotive.jpg/440px-Killingworth-locomotive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>An early Stephenson locomotive</figcaption></figure><p>Locomotives were being developed in the first decades of the 19th century; they took various forms, but <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> developed a successful locomotive on the <a href="/wiki/Killingworth_Wagonway" class="mw-redirect" title="Killingworth Wagonway">Killingworth Wagonway</a>, where he worked. His designs were successful, and when the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> was opened in 1825, it used his locomotives, with the same gauge as the <a href="/wiki/Killingworth_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Killingworth line">Killingworth line</a>, <span class="nowrap">4 ft 8 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,422 mm</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-tomlinson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stockton and Darlington line was very successful, and when the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>, the first intercity line, was opened in 1830, it used the same gauge. It too was very successful, and the gauge, widened to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> or <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span><sup id="cite_ref-tomlinson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and named "<a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>", was well on its way to becoming the established norm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauge_differences">Gauge differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gauge differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Liverpool and Manchester was quickly followed by other trunk railways, with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> forming a huge preponderance of <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>. When Bristol promoters planned a line from London, they employed the innovative engineer <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>. He decided on a wider gauge, to give greater stability, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> adopted a gauge of <span class="nowrap">7 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">2,134 mm</span>), later eased to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>). This became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> (GWR) was successful and was greatly expanded, directly and through friendly associated companies, widening the scope of broad gauge. </p><p>At the same time, other parts of Britain built railways to standard gauge, and British technology was exported to European countries and parts of North America, also using standard gauge. Britain polarised into two areas: those that used <a href="/wiki/Brunel_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel gauge">broad gauge</a> and those that used standard gauge. In this context, standard gauge was referred to as "narrow gauge" to indicate the contrast. Some smaller concerns selected other non-standard gauges: the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Railway" title="Eastern Counties Railway">Eastern Counties Railway</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span>). Most of them converted to standard gauge at an early date, but the GWR's broad gauge continued to grow. </p><p>The larger railway companies wished to expand geographically, and large areas were considered to be under their control. When a new independent line was proposed to open up an unconnected area, the gauge was crucial in determining the allegiance that the line would adopt: if it was broad gauge, it must be friendly to the Great Western railway; if narrow (standard) gauge, it must favour the other companies. The battle to persuade or coerce that choice became very intense, and became referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gauge_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge War">"the gauge wars"</a>. </p><p>As passenger and freight transport between the two areas became increasingly important, the difficulty of moving from one gauge to the other—the <i><a href="/wiki/Break-of-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-of-gauge">break of gauge</a></i>—became more prominent and more objectionable. In 1845 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Railway_Gauges" title="Royal Commission on Railway Gauges">Royal Commission on Railway Gauges</a> was created to look into the growing problem, and this led to the <a href="/wiki/Regulating_the_Gauge_of_Railways_Act_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846">Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which forbade the construction of broad gauge lines unconnected with the broad gauge network. The broad gauge network was eventually converted—a progressive process completed in 1892, called <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">gauge conversion</a>. The same Act mandated the gauge of <a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft 3 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,600 mm</span>) for use in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauge_selection_in_other_countries">Gauge selection in other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gauge selection in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png/300px-World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png/450px-World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png/600px-World_RR_Gauge_Map.agr.png 2x" data-file-width="3783" data-file-height="2110" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world's railways showing the different gauges in use. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a100ff; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">3 ft gauge</a> (914 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6000ff; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Meter_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter gauge">Meter gauge</a> (1,000 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0500e0; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">Cape gauge</a> (1,067 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">Standard gauge</a> (1,435 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c00100; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Russian gauge</a> (1,520 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0100; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Five_foot_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Five foot gauge">Five foot gauge</a> (1,524 mm)</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irish_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish gauge">Irish gauge</a> (1,600 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">Iberian gauge</a> (1,668 mm)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian gauge">Indian gauge</a> (1,676 mm)</div></li></ul></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg/170px-Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg/255px-Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg/340px-Different_gauges_in_China_Railway_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Triple_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple gauge">Triple gauge</a>, from left: <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>), <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>), and <span class="nowrap">600 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">1 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>), on display at the <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_Museum" title="China Railway Museum">China Railway Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></figcaption></figure><p> As railways were built in other countries, the gauge selection was pragmatic: the track would have to fit the rolling stock. If locomotives were imported from elsewhere, especially in the early days, the track would be built to fit them. In some cases standard gauge was adopted, but many countries or companies chose a different gauge as their national gauge, either by governmental policy, or as a matter of individual choice.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Standard gauge</i> is generally known world-wide as being <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>). Terms such as <i>broad gauge</i> and <i>narrow gauge</i> do not have any fixed meaning beyond being materially wider or narrower than standard. </p><p>In British practice, the space between the rails of a track is colloquially referred to as the "four-foot", and the space between two tracks the "six-foot", descriptions relating to the respective dimensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_gauge">Standard gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standard gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard-gauge railway</a></div> <p>In modern usage the term "standard gauge" refers to <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>). Standard gauge is dominant in a majority of countries, including those in North America, most of western Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broad_gauge">Broad gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Broad gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad-gauge railway</a></div> <p>In modern usage, the term "broad gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly wider than <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>). </p><p>Broad gauge is the dominant gauge in countries in Indian subcontinent, the former Soviet Union (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> states, Baltic states, Georgia and Ukraine), Mongolia, Finland (which still uses the original Soviet Gauge of 1524mm), Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Chile and Ireland. It is also used for the suburban railway systems in <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Adelaide" title="Railways in Adelaide">South Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Victoria" title="Rail transport in Victoria">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium_gauge">Medium gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medium gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "medium gauge" had different meanings throughout history, depending on the local dominant gauge in use. </p><p>In 1840s, the <a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,600 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft 3 in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Irish_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish gauge">Irish gauge</a> was considered a medium gauge compared to Brunel's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>) <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> and the <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) narrow gauge, which became the modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrow_gauge">Narrow gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Narrow gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></div> <p>In modern usage, the term "narrow gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly narrower than <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>). </p><p>Narrow gauge is the dominant or second dominant gauge in countries of Southern, Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Central America and South America, </p><p>During the period known as "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_gauges#"The_Battle_of_the_Gauges"" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the gauges">the Battle of the gauges</a>", Stephenson's standard gauge was commonly known as "narrow gauge", while Brunel's railway's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>) gauge was termed "<a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a>". Many narrow gauge railways were built in mountainous regions such as <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> of North America, Central Europe and South America. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mine_railway" title="Mine railway">mine railways</a> across the world are often narrow gauge. Sugar cane and banana plantations are mostly served by narrow gauges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimum_gauge">Minimum gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minimum gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum-gauge railway</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Very narrow gauges</a> of under 2 feet (610 mm) were used for some <a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">industrial railways</a> in space-restricted environments such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> or farms. The French company <a href="/wiki/Decauville" title="Decauville">Decauville</a> developed <span class="nowrap">500 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>) and <span class="nowrap">400 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>) tracks, mainly for mines; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Percival_Heywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Percival Heywood">Heywood</a> developed <span class="nowrap">15 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">381 mm</span>) gauge for <a href="/wiki/British_narrow-gauge_railways#Estate_railways" title="British narrow-gauge railways">estate railways</a>. The most common minimum gauges were <span class="nowrap">15 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">381 mm</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Heywood,_Minimum_Gauge_Railways_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heywood,_Minimum_Gauge_Railways-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">400 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>), <span class="nowrap">16 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">406 mm</span>), <span class="nowrap">18 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">457 mm</span>), <span class="nowrap">500 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>) or <span class="nowrap">20 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">508 mm</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_of_gauge">Break of gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Break of gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg/220px-Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg/330px-Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg/440px-Break_of_gauge_GWR_Gloucester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon depicting the horrors of goods transfer at the break of gauge at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_railway_station" title="Gloucester railway station">Gloucester</a> in 1843</figcaption></figure><p>Through operation between railway networks with different gauges was originally impossible; goods had to be transshipped and passengers had to change trains. This was obviously a major obstacle to convenient transport, and in Great Britain, led to political intervention. </p><p>On narrow gauge lines, <a href="/wiki/Rollbock" title="Rollbock">rollbocks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transporter_wagon" title="Transporter wagon">transporter wagons</a> are used: standard gauge wagons are carried on narrow gauge lines on these special vehicles, generally with rails of the wider gauge to enable those vehicles to roll on and off at transfer points. </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Transmongolian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmongolian Railway">Transmongolian Railway</a>, Russia and Mongolia use <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) while China uses the standard gauge of 1,435 mm. At the border, each carriage is lifted and its <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">bogies are changed</a>. The operation can take several hours for a whole train of many carriages. </p><p>Other examples include crossings into or out of the former Soviet Union: Ukraine/Slovakia border on the <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> train, and the Romania/Moldova border on the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> train.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A system developed by <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles</a> (CAF) of Spain uses variable gauge <a href="/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheelsets</a>; at the border between France and Spain, <a href="/wiki/Through_service" title="Through service">through passenger trains</a> are drawn slowly through an apparatus that alters the gauge of the wheels, which slide laterally on the axles.<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar system is used between China and Central Asia, and between Poland and Ukraine, using the <a href="/wiki/SUW_2000" title="SUW 2000">SUW 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/INTERGAUGE" class="mw-redirect" title="INTERGAUGE">INTERGAUGE</a> variable axle systems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China and Poland use standard gauge, while Central Asia and Ukraine use <span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_gauge">Dual gauge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dual gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_(standard_and_metre_gauge).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_%28standard_and_metre_gauge%29.png/220px-Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_%28standard_and_metre_gauge%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_%28standard_and_metre_gauge%29.png/330px-Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_%28standard_and_metre_gauge%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_%28standard_and_metre_gauge%29.png/440px-Cross-section_of_4-rail_dual-gauge_track_%28standard_and_metre_gauge%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of 4-rail dual-gauge track (standard and metre gauge/ narrow gauge) (click to enlarge)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Cross-section_of_Australian_dual-gauge_railway_track.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of Australian dual-gauge track – <span class="nowrap">1600 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft 3 in</span>) and <span class="nowrap">1435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) gauges (click to enlarge)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg/220px-Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg/330px-Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg/440px-Mixed_gauge_Sassari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Mixed gauge track at Sassari, Sardinia: <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy"><span class="nowrap">950 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When individual railway companies have chosen different gauges and have needed to share a route where space on the ground is limited, <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">mixed gauge</a> (or dual gauge) track, in which three (sometimes four) rails are supported in the same track structure, can be necessary. The most frequent need for such track was at the approaches to city terminals or at <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break-of-gauge</a> stations. </p><p>Tracks of multiple gauges involve considerable costs in construction (including signalling work) and complexities in track maintenance, and may require some speed restrictions. They are therefore built only when absolutely necessary. If the difference between the two gauges is large enough – for example between <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>) – three-rail dual-gauge is possible, but if not – for example between <span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>) and <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span> – four rails must be used. Dual-gauge rail lines occur (or have occurred) in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Japan, North Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia and Vietnam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG/220px-Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG/330px-Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG/440px-Mixed_gauge_track_Didcot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">mixed-gauge</a>, <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>) track at <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Didcot Railway Museum">Didcot Railway Museum</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>On the GWR, there was an extended period between political intervention in 1846 that prevented major expansion of its <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>) <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">gauge conversion</a> to standard gauge in 1892. During this period, many locations practicality required mixed gauge operation, and in station areas the track configuration was extremely complex. This was compounded by the common rail having to be at the platform side in stations; therefore, in many cases, standard-gauge trains needed to be switched from one side of the track to the other at the approach. A special fixed point arrangement was devised for the purpose, where the track layout was simple enough.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, mixed gauge trains were operated with wagons of both gauges. For example, MacDermot<sup id="cite_ref-macdermot2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdermot2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>In November 1871 a novelty in the shape of a <i>mixed-gauge</i> goods train was introduced between Truro and Penzance. It was worked by a narrow-gauge engine, and behind the narrow-gauge trucks came a broad-gauge match-truck with wide buffers and sliding shackles, followed by the broad-gauge trucks. Such trains continued to run in West Cornwall until the abolition of the Broad Gauge; they had to stop or come down to walking pace at all stations where fixed points existed and the narrow portion side-stepped to right or left.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triple_gauge">Triple gauge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Triple gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge#Triple_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge § Triple gauge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png/220px-Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png/330px-Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png/440px-Cross-section_of_Australian_triple-gauge_track.png 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of triple-gauge track at <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_railway_station,_South_Australia" title="Gladstone railway station, South Australia">Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station,_South_Australia" title="Peterborough railway station, South Australia">Peterborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Sydney%E2%80%93Perth_rail_corridor" title="Sydney–Perth rail corridor">gauge standardisation</a>. The three gauges require the respective gaps between the outer and inner rails to be different, unlike four-rail dual gauge.</figcaption></figure> <p>In rare situations, three different gauges may converge on to a rail yard and triple-gauge track is needed to meet the operational needs of the break-of-gauge station – most commonly where there is insufficient space to do otherwise. Construction and operation of triple-gauge track and its signalling, however, involves immense cost and disruption, and is undertaken when no other alternative is available.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nominal_track_gauge">Nominal track gauge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nominal track gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a certain distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head (the <i>gauge faces</i>) are not necessarily vertical. Some amount of tolerance is necessarily allowed from the nominal gauge to allow for wear, etc.; this tolerance is typically greater for track limited to slower speeds, and tighter for track where higher speeds are expected (as an example, in the US the gauge is allowed to vary between 4 ft 8 in (1,420 mm) to 4 ft 10 in (1,470 mm) for track limited to 10 mph (16 km/h), while 70 mph (110 km/h) track is allowed only 4 ft 8 in (1,420 mm) to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (1,460 mm). Given the allowed tolerance, it is a common practice to widen the gauge slightly in curves, particularly those of shorter radius (which are inherently slower speed curves). </p><p>Rolling stock on the network must have running gear (<a href="/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheelsets</a>) that are compatible with the gauge, and therefore the gauge is a key parameter in determining interoperability, but there are many others – see below. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the railway company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only, and independent hauliers provided wagons suited to the gauge. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as "four-foot gauge wagons", say, if the track had a gauge of four feet. This nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. </p><p>An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a slight variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gauge is defined in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metric_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric unit">metric units</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> units. </p><p>Imperial units were established in the United Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1824">Weights and Measures Act 1824</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> for length did not agree with the imperial system until 1959, when one <a href="/wiki/International_yard" class="mw-redirect" title="International yard">international yard</a> was defined as 0.9144 meters and, as derived units, 1 foot (=<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> yd) as 0.3048 meter and 1 inch (=<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">36</span></span> yd) as 25.4 mm. </p><p>The list shows the imperial and other units that have been used for track gauge definitions: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit </th> <th>SI equivalent </th> <th class="unsortable">Track gauge example </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial foot">Imperial foot</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">304.8 mm</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">Castilian foot</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">278.6 mm</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 Castilian feet = <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge#1672_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge"><span class="nowrap">1,672 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li>2 Castilian feet <span class="nowrap">558 mm</span> <span class="nowrap">(1 ft <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">31</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in)</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese customary units">Portuguese foot</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">332.8 mm</span> </td> <td>5 Portuguese feet = <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge#1664_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge"><span class="nowrap">1,664 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish foot</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">296.904 mm</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3 Swedish feet = <a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">891 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li>2.7 Swedish feet = <span class="nowrap">802 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">Prussian foot</a> (Rheinfuß) </td> <td><span class="nowrap">313.85 mm</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Prussian feet = <span class="nowrap">785 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">29</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrian_fathom" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian fathom">Austrian fathom</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1520 mm</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Austrian fathom = <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian gauge"><span class="nowrap">760 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temporary_way_–_permanent_way"><span id="Temporary_way_.E2.80.93_permanent_way"></span>Temporary way – permanent way</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Temporary way – permanent way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way">Permanent way</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg/220px-East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg/330px-East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg/440px-East_Side_Access_GCT_cavern_with_work_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>Narrow gauge work train in the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a> cavern where the Manhattan terminus of the standard gauge <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> was built.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>temporary way</b> is the temporary track often used for construction, to be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way">permanent way</a> (the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">sleepers/ties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballast</a> (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade) when construction nears completion. In many cases narrow-gauge track is used for a temporary way because of the convenience in laying it and changing its location over unimproved ground. </p><p>In restricted spaces such as tunnels, the temporary way might be double track even though the tunnel will ultimately be single track. The <a href="/wiki/Airport_Link_Company" title="Airport Link Company">Airport Rail Link</a> in Sydney had construction trains of <a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">900 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>) gauge, which were replaced by permanent tracks of <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) gauge. </p><p>During World War I, trench warfare led to a relatively static disposition of infantry, requiring considerable logistics to bring them support staff and supplies (food, ammunition, earthworks materials, etc.). Dense light railway networks using temporary narrow gauge track sections were established by both sides for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-wolmar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolmar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939 it was proposed to construct the western section of the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Burma_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan–Burma Railway">Yunnan–Burma Railway</a> using a gauge of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">387 mm</span>), since such tiny or "toy" gauge facilitates the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">tightest of curves</a> in difficult terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance_standards">Maintenance standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Maintenance standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG/220px-Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG/330px-Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG/440px-Checking_the_gauge_at_Plymouth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Track maintenance workers checking the gauge at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station" title="Plymouth railway station">Plymouth</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Infrastructure owners specify permitted variances from the nominal gauge, and the required interventions when non-compliant gauge is detected. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> in the US specifies that the actual gauge of a 1,435 mm track that is rated for a maximum of 60 mph (96.6 km/h) must be between 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm) and 4 ft 9.5 in (1,460 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_different_track_gauges">Advantages and disadvantages of different track gauges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages of different track gauges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Track_gauge" title="Special:EditPage/Track gauge">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Track+gauge%22">"Track gauge"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Track+gauge%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Track+gauge%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Track+gauge%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Track+gauge%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Track+gauge%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Speed, capacity, and economy are generally objectives of rail transport, but there is often an inverse relationship between these priorities. There is a common misconception that a narrower gauge permits a tighter turning radius, but for practical purposes, there is no meaningful relationship between gauge and curvature.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_cost">Construction cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Construction cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narrower gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are usually lighter in construction, using smaller <a href="/wiki/Railway_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway car">cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> (smaller <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a>), as well as smaller <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, smaller <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> (smaller <a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">structure gauge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narrow gauge is thus often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> work can be substantial. It is also used in sparsely populated areas, with low potential demand, and for temporary railways that will be removed after short-term use, such as for construction, the logging industry, the mining industry, or large-scale construction projects, especially in confined spaces (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Temporary_way_–_permanent_way">Temporary way – permanent way</a>). </p><p>For temporary railways which will be removed after short-term use, such as those used in logging, mining or large-scale construction projects, especially in confined spaces, such as when constructing the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, a narrow-gauge railway is substantially cheaper and easier to install and remove. Such railways have almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>. In many countries, narrow-gauge railways were built as branch lines to feed traffic to standard-gauge lines due to lower construction costs. The choice was often not between a narrow- and standard-gauge railway, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. </p><p>Broader gauge railways are generally more expensive to build, because they are usually heavier in construction, use larger <a href="/wiki/Railway_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway car">cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> (larger <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a>), as well as larger <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, larger <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> (larger <a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">structure gauge</a>). But broader gauges offer higher speed and capacity. For routes with high traffic, greater capacity may more than offset the higher initial cost of construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interchangeability">Interchangeability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Interchangeability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a> or <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> a user derives from a <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">good</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service</a> depends on the number of users of compatible products – the "<a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">network effect</a>" in economics. Network effects are typically positive, resulting in a given user deriving more value from a product as other users join the same network.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At national levels, the network effect has resulted in commerce extending beyond regional and national boundaries. Increasingly, many governments and companies have made their railways' engineering and operational standards compatible in order to achieve interchangeability – hence faster, longer-distance train operation. A major barrier to achieving interchangeability, however, is <a href="/wiki/Path_dependence" title="Path dependence">path dependence</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in this context the persistence of an already adopted standard to which equipment, infrastructure and training has become aligned. </p><p>Since adopting a new standard is difficult and expensive, continuing with an existing standard can remain attractive, unless longer-term benefits are given appropriate weight. An example of the consequences of path dependence is the persistence in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> – the earliest nation to develop and adopt railway technologies – of <a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">structure gauges</a> that are too small to allow the larger <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> of continental Europe to operate in the UK. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard has resulted in the historical multitude of track gauges dwindling to a small number that predominate worldwide. </p><p>When interchangeability has not been achieved, freight and passengers must be transferred through time-consuming procedures requiring manual labour and substantial capital expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bulk commodities, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, can be mechanically <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipped</a>, but even this is time-consuming, and the equipment required for the transfer is often complex to maintain. If rail lines of different gauges coexist in a network and a <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a> exists, it is difficult in times of peak demand to move rolling stock to where it is needed. </p><p>Sufficient rolling stock must be available to meet a narrow-gauge railway's peak demand, which might be greater in comparison to a broader-gauge network, and the surplus equipment generates no cash flow during periods of low demand. In regions where narrow-gauge lines form a small part of the rail network (as was the case on Russia's <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Railway" title="Sakhalin Railway">Sakhalin Railway</a>), extra cost is involved in designing, manufacturing or importing narrow-gauge equipment. </p><p>Solutions to interchangeability problems include <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">bogie exchanges</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rollbock" title="Rollbock">rollbock</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">variable gauge</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gauge_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge conversion">gauge conversion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominant_railway_gauges">Dominant railway gauges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dominant railway gauges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">List of track gauges</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram systems by gauge and electrification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit track gauge</a></div> <p>More than half of the world's railways are built to <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New railways have been built in Africa to standard gauge. Most of the narrow-gauge railways in India are being converted to the dominant, broad-gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">System </th> <th colspan="4">Installation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gauge </th> <th>Name </th> <th>in km </th> <th>in miles </th> <th>% world </th> <th>by location </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">Metre-gauge railway</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,000 </td> <td>6.4% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">Argentina</a> (11,000 km or 6,800 mi), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Brazil</a> (23,489 km or 14,595 mi), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bolivia" title="Rail transport in Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_in_Greece" title="Category:Railway lines in Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Metre_gauge_railways_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Metre gauge railways in Greece (page does not exist)">in the disused Peloponnese network</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Spain" title="Rail transport in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renfe_Feve" title="Renfe Feve">Feve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarrils_de_la_Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya">FGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euskotren_Trena" title="Euskotren Trena">Euskotren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarrils_de_la_Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana">FGV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serveis_Ferroviaris_de_Mallorca" title="Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca">SFM</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">RhB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreux%E2%80%93Oberland_Bernois_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreux–Oberland Bernois railway">MOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Oberland_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernese Oberland railway">BOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn_Gotthard_Bahn" title="Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn">MGB</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Malaysia" title="Rail transport in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Cambodia" title="Rail transport in Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Denmark" title="Rail transport in Denmark">Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">3 ft 6 in gauge railways</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,000 </td> <td>8.6% </td> <td>Southern and Central Africa; <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Nigeria" title="Rail transport in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (most); <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia" title="Rail transport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Java and Sumatera); <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan" title="Rail transport in Japan">Japan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Taiwan" title="Rail transport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Rail transportation in the Philippines">Philippines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>; and the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Queensland" title="Rail transport in Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Western_Australia" title="Rail transport in Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tasmania" title="Rail transport in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Australia" title="Rail transport in South Australia">South Australia.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard-gauge railway</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">678,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">421,000 </td> <td>60.6% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Australia" title="Rail transport in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Austria" title="Rail transport in Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Belgium" title="Rail transport in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rail transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Brazil</a> (194 km or 121 mi), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Rail transport in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Canada" title="Rail transport in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the People's Republic of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Rail transport in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Denmark" title="Rail transport in Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Djibouti" title="Rail transport in Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> (Kamina-Lubumbashi section, planned), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Rail transport in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France" title="Rail transport in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hungary" title="Rail transport in Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">India</a> (only used in <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_India#Rapid_transit" title="Urban rail transit in India">rapid transit</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">High-speed rail</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia" title="Rail transport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cut_Meutia_(train)" title="Cut Meutia (train)">Aceh rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali_MRT" title="Bali MRT">Bali MRT</a> (under construction), <a href="/wiki/LRT_Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="LRT Jabodetabek">LRT Jabodetabek</a>, <a href="/wiki/LRT_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="LRT Jakarta">LRT Jakarta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRT_Jakarta_East_-_West_Line_Corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRT Jakarta East - West Line Corridor (page does not exist)">MRT Jakarta East - West Line Corridor</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">High-speed rail in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Israel" title="Rail transport in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Kenya" title="Rail transport in Kenya">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mombasa%E2%80%93Nairobi_Standard_Gauge_Railway" title="Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway">Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Laos" title="Rail transport in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Liechtenstein" title="Rail transport in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Lithuania" title="Rail transport in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rail_Baltica" title="Rail Baltica">Rail Baltica</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mauritius" title="Rail transport in Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Express_(Mauritius)" title="Metro Express (Mauritius)">Metro Express</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mexico" title="Rail transport in Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Montenegro" title="Rail transport in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_North_Korea" title="Rail transport in North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Norway" title="Rail transport in Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Panama" title="Rail transport in Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Peru" title="Rail transport in Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Rail transportation in the Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Poland" title="Rail transport in Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Romania" title="Rail transport in Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_MRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore MRT">Singapore MRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Slovakia" title="Rail transport in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Korea" title="Rail transport in South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Spain" title="Rail transport in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/AVE" title="AVE">AVE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvia" title="Alvia">Alvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarrils_de_la_Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya">FGC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sweden" title="Rail transport in Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Uruguay" title="Rail transport in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, north <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Also private companies' lines and JR high-speed lines in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan" title="Rail transport in Japan">Japan</a>. High-speed lines in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Taiwan" title="Rail transport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> commuter system in South Africa. New lines in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">155,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,000 </td> <td>13.8% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Rail transport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Belarus" title="Rail transport in Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Latvia" title="Rail transport in Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Lithuania" title="Rail transport in Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mongolia" title="Rail transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Rail transport in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ukraine" title="Rail transport in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Rail transport in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. <br /><i>(all contiguous – redefined from <span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft</span>))</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft</span>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,065 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,390 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Estonia" title="Rail transport in Estonia">Estonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Finland</a><br /><i>(contiguous, and generally compatible, except high speed trains, with <span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,600 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft 3 in</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways">5 ft 3 in gauge railways</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,100 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (United Kingdom) (1,800 km or 1,100 mi), and in the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> (4,017 km or 2,496 mi), <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Track gauge in Brazil">Brazil</a> (4,057 km or 2,521 mi)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,668 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">21</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iberian-gauge_railways" title="Iberian-gauge railways">Iberian-gauge railways</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,400 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Portugal" title="Rail transport in Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Spain" title="Rail transport in Spain">Spain</a>. Sometimes referred to as <i>Iberian gauge</i>. In Spain the Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF) managed 11,683 km (7,259 mi) of this gauge and 22 km (14 mi) of mixed gauge at end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-richter_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese Rede Ferroviária Nacional (REFER) managed 2,650 km (1,650 mi) of this gauge of this track at the same date.<sup id="cite_ref-richter_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1,676 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft 6 in</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railways">5 ft 6 in gauge railways</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,000 </td> <td>9.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">BART</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Total for each group of gauges in 2020:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Gauge </th> <th scope="col">Installation (km) </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Installation (mi) </th> <th scope="col">Percentage (2020) </th> <th scope="col">Percentage (2014) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Narrow gauge(s) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">233,391 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,022 </td> <td>17.5% </td> <td>15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard gauge </td> <td style="text-align:right;">807,616 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">501,829 </td> <td>60.6% </td> <td>54.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Broad gauge(s) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">290,705 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,636 </td> <td>21.8% </td> <td>29.3% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Totals </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,331,712 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">827,487 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further convergence of rail gauge use seems likely, as countries seek to build inter-operable networks, and international organisations seek to build macro-regional and continental networks. Almost all new <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> lines are built to standard gauge, except in Uzbekistan and Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has set out to develop inter-operable freight and passenger rail networks across its area, and is seeking to standardise gauge, signalling and electrical power systems. EU funds have been dedicated to assist <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in the building of some key railway lines (<a href="/wiki/Rail_Baltica" title="Rail Baltica">Rail Baltica</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, and to assist Spain and Portugal in the construction of high-speed lines to connect Iberian cities to one another and to the French high-speed lines. The EU has developed plans for improved freight rail links between Spain, Portugal, and the rest of Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans-Asian_Railway">Trans-Asian Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Trans-Asian Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trans-Asian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Asian Railway">Trans-Asian Railway</a></div> <p>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</a> (UNESCAP) is planning a <a href="/wiki/Trans-Asian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Asian Railway">Trans-Asian Railway</a> that will link Europe and the Pacific, with a Northern Corridor from Europe to the Korean Peninsula, a Southern Corridor from Europe to Southeast Asia, and a North–South corridor from Northern Europe to the Persian Gulf. All these would encounter breaks of gauge as they cross Asia. Current plans have mechanized facilities at the breaks of gauge to move <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">containers</a> from train to train rather than widespread gauge conversion. The Northern Corridor through Russia already operates since before year 2000, with increasing volumes China–Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>2008: Proposed link between <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Colombia" title="Rail transport in Colombia">Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2008: Venezuela via Brazil to Argentina – <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2008: A proposed <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a> line across Southern <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Paraguay" title="Rail transport in Paraguay">Paraguay</a> to link Argentina at <a href="/wiki/Resistencia,_Chaco" title="Resistencia, Chaco">Resistencia</a> to Brazil at <a href="/wiki/Cascavel" title="Cascavel">Cascavel</a>; both those lines are <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span>, and the new line would allow "bioceanic" running from the Atlantic port of <a href="/wiki/Paranagu%C3%A1" title="Paranaguá">Paranaguá</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Brazil</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Chile">Chile</a> on the Pacific.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Railway_Master_Plan" title="East African Railway Master Plan">East African Railway Master Plan</a> is a proposal for rebuilding and expanding railway lines connecting <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Djibouti" title="Transport in Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kenya" title="Transport in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uganda" title="Transport in Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Burundi" title="Transport in Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tanzania" title="Transport in Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Transport in South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan is managed by infrastructure ministers from participating <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> countries in association with transport consultation firm <a href="/wiki/CPCS_Transcom" class="mw-redirect" title="CPCS Transcom">CPCS Transcom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older railways are of <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span> or <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>) gauge. Newly rebuilt lines will use <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>. Regular freight and passenger services began on the standard gauge <a href="/wiki/Mombasa-Nairobi_Standard_Gauge_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway">Mombasa–Nairobi</a> railway in 2017 and on the standard gauge <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa-Djibouti_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti</a> railway in 2018. </p><p>Lines for iron ore to <a href="/wiki/Kribi" title="Kribi">Kribi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cameroon" title="Transport in Cameroon">Cameroon</a> are likely to be <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> with a likely connection to the same port from the <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span> Cameroon system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Nigeria" title="Rail transport in Nigeria">Nigeria's railways</a> are mostly <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>) Cape gauge. The <a href="/wiki/Lagos%E2%80%93Kano_Standard_Gauge_Railway" title="Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway">Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">gauge conversion</a> project by the Nigerian Government to create a north–south standard gauge rail link. The first converted segment, between <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaduna (city)">Kaduna</a>, was completed in July 2016. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> has a 50-year plan to connect the capital cities and major centres by high-speed railways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gauge</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Chosen by </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>)</span></td> <td>1825</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">5 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span>)</td> <td>1827</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Allen" title="Horatio Allen">Horatio Allen</a> for the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Canal_and_Railroad_Company" title="South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company">South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">1 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">597 mm</span>)</td> <td>1836</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Archer" title="Henry Archer">Henry Archer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Festiniog_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Festiniog Railway">Festiniog Railway</a> to easily navigate mountainous terrain <br />(Britain's first steam-hauled narrow gauge passenger service in 1865) (originally horse-drawn) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>)</td> <td>1838</td> <td><a href="/wiki/I._K._Brunel" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Brunel">I. K. Brunel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">5 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span>)</td> <td>1842</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Whistler" title="George Washington Whistler">George Washington Whistler</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_%E2%80%93_Saint_Petersburg_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway">Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway</a> based on Southern US practice </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">5 ft 3 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,600 mm</span>)</td> <td>1846</td> <td>Chosen in Ireland as a compromise </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">5 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,676 mm</span>)</td> <td>1853</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dalhousie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a> for <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, following recommendations of Mr. W. Simms, a consulting engineer<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>)</td> <td>1862</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pihl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Pihl">Carl Pihl</a> for the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_Line" title="Røros Line">Røros Line</a> in Norway to reduce costs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>)</td> <td>1865</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fitzgibbon" title="Abraham Fitzgibbon">Abraham Fitzgibbon</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Railways">Queensland Railways</a> to reduce costs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">3 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">914 mm</span>)</td> <td>1870</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Palmer" title="William Jackson Palmer">William Jackson Palmer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad" title="Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad">Denver & Rio Grande Railway</a> to reduce costs (inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Festiniog_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Festiniog Railway">Festiniog Railway</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>)</td> <td>1877</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Billerica_and_Bedford_Railroad" title="Billerica and Bedford Railroad">George E. Mansfield</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Billerica_and_Bedford_Railroad" title="Billerica and Bedford Railroad">Billerica and Bedford Railroad</a> to reduce costs (inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Festiniog_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Festiniog Railway">Festiniog Railway</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">2 ft 6 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">762 mm</span>)</td> <td>1887</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Everard_Calthrop" title="Everard Calthrop">Everard Calthrop</a> to reduce costs; had designs for a matching fleet of rolling stock </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History of rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">List of track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram systems by gauge and electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Rail profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail terminology">Rail terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Rail transport modelling scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit track gauge</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Act of Parliament did not prohibit expansion of the existing broad gauge system, but it had the indirect and delayed effect of forcing conformity with the "standard" gauge eventually.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsLangley2002" class="citation book cs2">Jenkins, S. C. and Langley, R. C. (2002), <i>The West Cornwall Railway</i>, Usk: The Oakwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853615896" title="Special:BookSources/0853615896"><bdi>0853615896</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Cornwall+Railway&rft.place=Usk&rft.pub=The+Oakwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0853615896&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Langley%2C+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span>, gives an illustration and description on page 66.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTratman1908" class="citation book cs1">Tratman, E.E. Russell (1908). <i>Railway track and track work</i> (3rd ed.). New York: The Engineering News Publishing Co. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+track+and+track+work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=383&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Engineering+News+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Tratman&rft.aufirst=E.E.+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (2021). <i>The train to Oodna-Woop-Woop: a social history of the Afghan Express</i>. Banksia Park, South Australia: Sarlines Railway Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646842844" title="Special:BookSources/9780646842844"><bdi>9780646842844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+train+to+Oodna-Woop-Woop%3A+a+social+history+of+the+Afghan+Express&rft.place=Banksia+Park%2C+South+Australia&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Sarlines+Railway+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780646842844&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Section 12.2". <i>Track Maintenance Guide</i>. Adelaide: Australian National [Railways Commission]. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+12.2&rft.btitle=Track+Maintenance+Guide&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=Australian+National+%5BRailways+Commission%5D&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. T. Lewis (1970), <i>Early Wooden Railways</i>, Routledge Keegan Paul, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cragg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cragg_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Cragg (1997), <i>Civil Engineering Heritage – Wales and West Central</i>, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, 2nd edition, England, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7277%2B2576%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/0+7277+2576+9">0 7277 2576 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyrailways-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-earlyrailways_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andy Guy and Jim Rees, <i>Early Railways 1569–1830</i>, Shire Publications in association with the National Railway Museum, Oxford, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B74780%2B811%2B4" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+74780+811+4">978 0 74780 811 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Martin, <i>The Monkland and Kirkintilloch and Associated Railways</i>, Strathkelvin Public Libraries, Kirkintilloch, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B904966%2B41%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+904966+41+0">0 904966 41 0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Ferguson (1995), <i>The Dundee and Newtyle Railway including the Alyth and Blairgowrie Branches</i>, The Oakwood Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85361-476-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85361-476-8">0-85361-476-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. B. Barton (1966), <i>The Redruth and Chasewater Railway, 1824–1915</i>, D. Bradford Barton Ltd, Truro, 2nd edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whishaw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whishaw_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whishaw_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Whishaw" title="Francis Whishaw">Francis Whishaw</a>, <i>The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland Practically Described and Illustrated</i>, 1842, reprint 1969, David & Charles (Publishers) Limited, Newton Abbot, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-4786-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-4786-1">0-7153-4786-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomlinson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomlinson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomlinson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W W Tomlinson, <i>The North Eastern Railway, its Rise and Development</i>, Andrew Reid & Co, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1915</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Wood, <i>A Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads</i>, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, Third edition, 1838</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/HMG_Act_Reg1846.pdf">"An Act for regulating the Gauge of Railways"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 18 October 1846<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+for+regulating+the+Gauge+of+Railways&rft.date=1846-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2FHMG_Act_Reg1846.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/21998/Starns_washington_0250O_10676.pdf">The Russian Railways and Imperial Intersections in the Russian Empire</a></i>, Karl E. M. Starns, Thesis, University of Washington 2012, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keepontrack.scoilnet.ie/kildare/the-beginning-of-the-great-southern-and-western-railway/">"The beginning of the Great Southern and Western Railway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+beginning+of+the+Great+Southern+and+Western+Railway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeepontrack.scoilnet.ie%2Fkildare%2Fthe-beginning-of-the-great-southern-and-western-railway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heywood,_Minimum_Gauge_Railways-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heywood,_Minimum_Gauge_Railways_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Heywood,_Minimum_Gauge_Railways" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Heywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Heywood">Heywood, A.P.</a> (1974) [1881, Derby: Bemrose]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44341"><i>Minimum Gauge Railways</i></a>. Turntable Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902844-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-902844-26-1"><bdi>0-902844-26-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minimum+Gauge+Railways&rft.pub=Turntable+Enterprises&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-902844-26-1&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F44341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708051715/http://lukashenko.blogspot.com/2007/02/break-of-gauge.html">"Beyond Thunderdome: Iron Curtain 2k6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lukashenko.blogspot.com/2007/02/break-of-gauge.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Thunderdome%3A+Iron+Curtain+2k6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flukashenko.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F02%2Fbreak-of-gauge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alvarez-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberto García Álvarez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/Track_gauge_changeover.pdf">"Automatic Gauge Changeover for Trains in Spain"</a> (PDF), Fundación de los Ferrocarrilos Españoles, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319042706/http://www.oevg.at/aktuell/veranstaltungen/umspurung/waryn.pdf">"Experience and results of operation the SUW 2000 system in traffic corridors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oevg.at/aktuell/veranstaltungen/umspurung/waryn.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experience+and+results+of+operation+the+SUW+2000+system+in+traffic+corridors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oevg.at%2Faktuell%2Fveranstaltungen%2Fumspurung%2Fwaryn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macdermot2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macdermot2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. T. MacDermot (1931), <i>History of the Great Western Railway</i>, vol. II: 1863–1921, London: Great Western Railway, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitch1989" class="citation book cs1">Fitch, Ronald J. (1989). <i>Making tracks: 46 years in Australian railways</i>. Kenthurst NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0864172702" title="Special:BookSources/0864172702"><bdi>0864172702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+tracks%3A+46+years+in+Australian+railways&rft.place=Kenthurst+NSW&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Kangaroo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0864172702&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolmar-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolmar_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Wolmar, <i>Engines of War: How Wars Were Won & Lost on the Railways</i>, Atlantic Books, London, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848871724" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848871724">978-1848871724</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49460166">"TOY RAILWAY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Standard" title="The Northern Standard">The Northern Standard</a></i>. Darwin, NT: National Library of Australia. 8 December 1939. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Standard&rft.atitle=TOY+RAILWAY.&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1939-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article49460166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528020612/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf">"Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual Chapter 5 Track Safety Standards Classes 1 through 5"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Railroad Administration. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Track+Safety+Standards+Compliance+Manual+Chapter+5+Track+Safety+Standards+Classes+1+through+5&rft.pub=Federal+Railroad+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fra.dot.gov%2Fdownloads%2Fsafety%2Ftss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellington1910" class="citation book cs1">Wellington, Arthur (1910). <i>The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">751–</span>754.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Theory+of+the+Location+of+Railways&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E754&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Wellington&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddall1969" class="citation journal cs1">Siddall, William (January 1969). "Railroad Gauges and Spatial Interaction". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>59</b> (1). American Geographical Society: 36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969GeoRv..59...29S">1969GeoRv..59...29S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F213081">10.2307/213081</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/213081">213081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Railroad+Gauges+and+Spatial+Interaction&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F213081%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F213081&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969GeoRv..59...29S&rft.aulast=Siddall&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner1879" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Charles Easton (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Narrow Gauge Railways</i></a>. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrow+Gauge+Railways&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Charles+Easton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pUpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro,_Carl.1999" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Carl. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39210116"><i>Information rules : a strategic guide to the network economy</i></a>. Varian, Hal R. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87584-863-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87584-863-X"><bdi>0-87584-863-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39210116">39210116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+rules+%3A+a+strategic+guide+to+the+network+economy&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39210116&rft.isbn=0-87584-863-X&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Carl.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39210116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebowitzMargolis2000" class="citation book cs1">Liebowitz, S.; Margolis, Stephen (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Law and Economics</i>. E. Elgar. p. 981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-984-6"><bdi>978-1-85898-984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.pages=981&rft.pub=E.+Elgar&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85898-984-6&rft.aulast=Liebowitz&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Margolis%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OVGAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA200"><i>Irish Railways including Light Railways (Vice-Regal Commission</i></a>. Vol. XLVII. London): House of Commons. 1908. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Railways+including+Light+Railways+%28Vice-Regal+Commission&rft.place=London%29&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OVGAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Paul_Rodrigue2024" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transportgeography.org/wp-content/uploads/Map_Rail_Gauge.pdf">"Major Gauges of the Global Rail Systems, in The Geography of Transportation Systems, 6th ed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Gauges+of+the+Global+Rail+Systems%2C+in+The+Geography+of+Transportation+Systems%2C+6th+ed.&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Jean-Paul+Rodrigue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransportgeography.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FMap_Rail_Gauge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/eras/indian-railways">"Indian Railways: Battle of the Gauges"</a>. 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Railways%3A+Battle+of+the+Gauges&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehistoryindia.com%2Fstory%2Feras%2Findian-railways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrdc.com/article_05_2003_evr_todays_rwys.pdf">Estonian railways today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171940/http://www.rrdc.com/article_05_2003_evr_todays_rwys.pdf">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richter-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richter_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richter_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Arne Richter (editor), <i>Europäische Bahnen '11</i>, Eurailpress, Hamburg, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7771-0413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7771-0413-3">978-3-7771-0413-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325105831/http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/1066-colombia-and-venezuela-to-build-railroad.html">"Colombia and Venezuela to build railroad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/1066-colombia-and-venezuela-to-build-railroad.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia+and+Venezuela+to+build+railroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Fcolombia-news%2Fnews%2F1066-colombia-and-venezuela-to-build-railroad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304211950/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/21/content_9565433.htm">"Venezuela, Argentina begin construction of railway linking their capitals"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. Xinhua. 21 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/21/content_9565433.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Venezuela%2C+Argentina+begin+construction+of+railway+linking+their+capitals&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-08%2F21%2Fcontent_9565433.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSambu2008" class="citation web cs1">Sambu, Zeddy (29 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514054108/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/16610.html">"East Africa: Countries Move to Upgrade Railway Network"</a>. Business Daily (South Africa). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/16610.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Africa%3A+Countries+Move+to+Upgrade+Railway+Network&rft.pub=Business+Daily+%28South+Africa%29&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft.aulast=Sambu&rft.aufirst=Zeddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrika.no%2FDetailed%2F16610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuramira2009" class="citation web cs1">Muramira, Gashegu (20 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200904200007.html">"East Africa: EAC Railway Master Plan to Be Redesigned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Times_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Times (Rwanda)">New Times (Rwanda)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Africa%3A+EAC+Railway+Master+Plan+to+Be+Redesigned&rft.pub=New+Times+%28Rwanda%29&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.aulast=Muramira&rft.aufirst=Gashegu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200904200007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraAgarwal2013" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish; Agarwal, M.M. (2013). <i>Railway Engineering, Second Edition</i>. India: Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198083535" title="Special:BookSources/9780198083535"><bdi>9780198083535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Engineering%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=India&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780198083535&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebroy2018" class="citation web cs1">Debroy, Bibek (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/broad-and-standard-118042000034_1.html">"Broad and Standard"</a>. <i>business-standard.com</i>. Business Standard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=business-standard.com&rft.atitle=Broad+and+Standard&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fbroad-and-standard-118042000034_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_gauge&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Track_gauge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Track gauge">Track gauge</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P1064" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P1064">track gauge (P1064)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP1064%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P1064%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openrailwaymap.org/?style=gauge">OpenRailwayMap</a>. A global track gauge map</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=234">A history of track gauge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204140600/http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=234">Archived</a> 4 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by George W. Hilton</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717001706/http://parovoz.com/spravka/gauges-en.php">"Railroad Gauge Width"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parovoz.com/spravka/gauges-e.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railroad+Gauge+Width&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparovoz.com%2Fspravka%2Fgauges-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+gauge" class="Z3988"></span> – A list of railway gauges used or being used worldwide, including gauges that are obsolete.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.era.eu.int/public/Interoperability/CR%20TSI%20-%205%20-%201520%20 mm%20system.aspx">European Railway Agency: 1520 mm systems</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (issues with the participation of 1520/1524 mm gauge countries in the EU rail network)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southern.railfan.net/ties/1966/66-8/gauge.html">The Days they Changed the Gauge in the U.S. South</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grijalvo.com/Tf_Ancho_de_via/Myth_Standard_Gauge__Mark_I.htm">Juan Manuel Grijalvo – The Myth of the "Standard" Gauge</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Template:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Template talk:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Track_gauge_(list)283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track gauge</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">list</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteen-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">15 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">381 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_mm_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="400 mm gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">400 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ridable_miniature_railways#16_in" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ridable miniature railways"><span class="nowrap">16 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">406 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_in_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="18 in gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">18 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">457 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_in_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="19 in gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">19 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">483 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_mm_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="500 mm gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">500 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">508 mm</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">533 mm</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">1 ft 10 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">559 mm</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">2 foot and 600 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft 3 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">686 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways" title="750 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">750 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian gauge"><span class="nowrap">760 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="2 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">762 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_mm_gauge_railways" title="800 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">800 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">891 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways">Swedish three foot</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">900 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">914 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy"><span class="nowrap">950 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Italy#Italian_metre-gauge_lines_(950_mm)" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Italy">Italian metre gauge</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway"><span class="nowrap">1,050 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_for_Rail_Transport" title="National Company for Rail Transport"><span class="nowrap">1,055 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping%E2%80%93Uttersberg%E2%80%93Riddarhyttan_Railway" title="Köping–Uttersberg–Riddarhyttan Railway"><span class="nowrap">1,093 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 7 in</span>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Tram" title="Santa Teresa Tram"><span class="nowrap">1,100 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway#Four_foot_and_1200_mm_gauge" title="Narrow-gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">1,200 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_foot_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Four foot gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">4 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,219 mm</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 ft 1 in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,245 mm</span>), <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Railway" title="Middleton Railway">Middleton Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="4 ft 6 in gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">4 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,372 mm</span>), Scotch gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_and_Newtyle_Railway" title="Dundee and Newtyle Railway"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,384 mm</span>), Scotch gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Corporation_Tramways" title="Glasgow Corporation Tramways"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,416 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ft_8_in_gauge_railways" title="4 ft 8 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">4 ft 8 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,422 mm</span>), almost standard gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock" title="Washington Metro rolling stock"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,429 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway#Modern_almost_standard_gauge_railways" title="Standard-gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">1,432 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span></a> / <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>, Stephenson gauge</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Moritz%E2%80%93Corviglia_funicular" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Moritz–Corviglia funicular"><span class="nowrap">1,440 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy"><span class="nowrap">1,445 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden"><span class="nowrap">1,450 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_and_Mahoning_Valley_Railroad" title="Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,457 mm</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig"><span class="nowrap">1,458 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto-gauge_railways" title="Toronto-gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,495 mm</span>), Toronto gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft</span> / <span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span> and <span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>), Russian gauge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Subway%E2%80%93Surface_Trolley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines"><span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> / <span class="nowrap">1,581 mm</span> and <a href="/wiki/Five_foot_two_and_a_half_inch_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Five foot two and a half inch gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span></a> / <span class="nowrap">1,588 mm</span>, Pennsylvania gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft 3 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,600 mm</span>), Irish gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_4%C2%BD_in_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="5 ft 4½ in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,638 mm</span>), Baltimore gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge"><span class="nowrap">1,668 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">21</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>), Iberian gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">5 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,676 mm</span>), Indian gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Arend_(locomotive)" title="De Arend (locomotive)"><span class="nowrap">1,945 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">6 ft <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>), De Arend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>), Brunel gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn"><span class="nowrap">3,000 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">9 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>), Breitspurbahn</li> <li><span class="nowrap">8,200 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">26 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4rchwandschr%C3%A4gaufzug" title="Lärchwandschrägaufzug">Lärchwandschrägaufzug</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9,000 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">29 ft <span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>), <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_ship_lift" title="Krasnoyarsk ship lift">Krasnoyarsk ship lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of track gauge articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">List of track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Miniature_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Minimum-gauge_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Minimum-gauge railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Large_amusement_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Large amusement railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gauge differences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">Gauge conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gauge_conversions" title="List of gauge conversions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport mode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram and light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Scale model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_country" title="Category:Track gauges by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_imperial_unit" title="Category:Track gauges by imperial unit">by imperial units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_metric_unit" title="Category:Track gauges by metric unit">by metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_name" title="Category:Track gauges by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_track_gauges" title="Category:Lists of track gauges">lists of track gauges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rail_infrastructure212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rail_tracks" title="Template talk:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rail_infrastructure212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rail <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Transport_infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Tracks</a><small> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">(history)</a> </small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">Ballast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breather_switch" title="Breather switch">Breather switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_and_scotch" title="Clip and scotch">Clip and scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_nail" title="Date nail">Date nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_fastening_system" title="Rail fastening system">Fastening system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">Fishplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_track" title="Ladder track">Ladder track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">Tie/Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">Transition curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trackwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_track" title="Gauntlet track">Gauntlet track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_bar" title="Guide bar">Guide bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track gauge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">Rail track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_turntable" title="Railway turntable">Railway turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">Transfer table (traverser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Siding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">refuge siding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_crane" title="Water crane">Water crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_trough" title="Water trough">Water trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Signalling</a><br />and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-trespass_panels" title="Anti-trespass panels">Anti-trespass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_post" title="Block post">Block post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_stop" title="Buffer stop">Buffer stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_points" title="Catch points">Catch points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_detector" title="Defect detector">Defect detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derail" title="Derail">Derailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard rail (railroad)">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">Interlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">Railway signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_control" title="Signalling control">Signalling control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">Structure gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_signal_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad signal bridge">Signal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(bridges)" title="Tell-tale (bridges)">Tell-tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_stop" title="Train stop">Train stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_horn" title="Wayside horn">Wayside horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaling_tower" title="Coaling tower">Coaling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">Motive power depot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Railway_workshop" title="Railway workshop">Railway workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">Roundhouse</a></li> <li>Shed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_shed" title="Train shed">for trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_shed" title="Goods shed">for goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Station_building" title="Station building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_clock" title="Station clock">clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stop" title="Water stop">Water stop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway" title="Private railway">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway_station" title="Private railway station">station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_railway_stations" title="List of private railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Railway_track_layouts199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_track_layouts" title="Template:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Railway_track_layouts" title="Template talk:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Railway_track_layouts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Railway_track_layouts199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Railway</a> track layouts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_railway" title="Single-track railway">Single track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-track_railway" title="Double-track railway">Double track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple-track_railway" title="Quadruple-track railway">Quadruple track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch#Crossover" title="Railroad switch">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Rail sidings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">Refuge siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_junction" title="Flying junction">Flying junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_junction" title="Level junction">Level junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_junction" title="Double junction">Double junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_and_trailing" title="Facing and trailing">Facing and trailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_union" title="Grand union">Grand union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_roundabout" title="Tram roundabout">Grand circle / roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch / turnout / points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingnose_crossing" title="Swingnose crossing">Swingnose crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Railway platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_platform" title="Bay platform">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_platform" title="Island platform">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_platform" title="Side platform">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_platform" title="Split platform">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">Terminal station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_solution" title="Spanish solution">Spanish solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange" title="Cross-platform interchange">Cross-platform interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill_station" title="Infill station">Infill station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing_(railway)" title="Hillclimbing (railway)">Hillclimbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">Horseshoe curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">Zig Zag / Switchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_(railway)" title="Spiral (railway)">Spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_gradient" title="Ruling gradient">Ruling gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum curve radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_deficiency" title="Cant deficiency">Cant deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214519#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit 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