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id="toc-References_to_Ovid's_Prometheus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_to_Ovid's_Prometheus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 References to Ovid's Prometheus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_to_Ovid's_Prometheus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowings_from_John_Milton_and_Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowings_from_John_Milton_and_Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Borrowings from John Milton and Samuel Taylor Coleridge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowings_from_John_Milton_and_Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphysical,_aesthetic_and_ethical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysical,_aesthetic_and_ethical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Metaphysical, aesthetic and ethical aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metaphysical,_aesthetic_and_ethical_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Metaphysical, aesthetic and ethical aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Metaphysical,_aesthetic_and_ethical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transgression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transgression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_gift_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_gift_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 The gift of life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_gift_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sublime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sublime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 The sublime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sublime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_sublime_according_to_Burke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sublime_according_to_Burke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 The sublime according to Burke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sublime_according_to_Burke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary_Shelley's_use_of_the_sublime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary_Shelley's_use_of_the_sublime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Mary Shelley's use of the sublime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary_Shelley's_use_of_the_sublime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_paroxysmal_oscillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_paroxysmal_oscillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 A paroxysmal oscillation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_paroxysmal_oscillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_response_through_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_response_through_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 A response through action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_response_through_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_ontological_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_ontological_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 An ontological crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_ontological_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In other media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In other media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_and_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_and_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Computer and video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_and_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Ballet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيكتور فرانكنشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيكتور فرانكنشتاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Frankenstein" title="Víctor Frankenstein – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Víctor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Frankenstein" title="Víctor Frankenstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Víctor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویکتور فرانکنشتاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکتور فرانکنشتاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%84%B0_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%BC%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="빅터 프랑켄슈타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅터 프랑켄슈타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Վիկտոր Ֆրանկենշտեյն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկտոր Ֆրանկենշտեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ויקטור פרנקנשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקטור פרנקנשטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoras_Franken%C5%A1teinas" title="Viktoras Frankenšteinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viktoras Frankenšteinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ヴィクター・フランケンシュタイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィクター・フランケンシュタイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor_Frankenstein" title="Wiktor Frankenstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiktor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Виктор Франкенштейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виктор Франкенштейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Виктор Франкенштајн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виктор Франкенштајн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Victor Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Віктор Франкенштайн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віктор 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2015 film, see <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein (film)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Victor Frankenstein</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/220px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/330px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/440px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3636" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Victor Frankenstein recoiling from his creation</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Portrayed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Phillips" title="Augustus Phillips">Augustus Phillips</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Clive" title="Colin Clive">Colin Clive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bates" title="Ralph Bates">Ralph Bates</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonny_Lee_Miller" title="Jonny Lee Miller">Jonny Lee Miller</a> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Newman" title="Alec Newman">Alec Newman</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_West" title="Samuel West">Samuel West</a> <a href="/wiki/Aden_Young" title="Aden Young">Aden Young</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Anders" title="David Anders">David Anders</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Treadaway" title="Harry Treadaway">Harry Treadaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_McCrory" title="Helen McCrory">Helen McCrory</a> <a href="/wiki/Raul_Julia" title="Raul Julia">Raul Julia</a> <a href="/wiki/James_McAvoy" title="James McAvoy">James McAvoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Foster" title="Hunter Foster">Hunter Foster</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Isaac" title="Oscar Isaac">Oscar Isaac</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Voiced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Tahan" title="Charlie Tahan">Charlie Tahan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Darvill" title="Arthur Darvill">Arthur Darvill</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Dr Frankenstein, Heinrich "Henry" von Frankenstein (1931 film), <a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">Mad scientist</a>, The Modern Prometheus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Scientist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data">Parents: <ul><li>Alphonse Frankenstein (father)</li> <li>Caroline Beaufort (mother)</li></ul> Siblings: <ul><li>Ernest Frankenstein (younger brother)</li> <li>William Frankenstein (youngest brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</a> (adoptive sister)</li></ul> Descendants: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a> (creation)</li> <li>Frederick Frankenstein (grandson)</li> <li>Victoria Frankenstein (great-great-great granddaughter)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</a> (adoptive sister/wife)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Victor Frankenstein is a fictional character who first appeared as the <a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">titular</a> main <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s 1818 <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a>. He is a Swiss <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) who, after studying chemical processes and the decay of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">living things</a>, gains an insight into the creation of life and gives life to his own creature (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>, or often colloquially referred to as simply "Frankenstein"). Victor later regrets <a href="/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)" title="Playing God (ethics)">meddling with nature</a> through his creation, as he inadvertently endangers his own life and the lives of his family and friends when the creature seeks <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a> against him. He is first introduced in the novel when he is seeking to catch the monster near the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and is saved from near death by Robert Walton and his crew. Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by 17th-century alchemist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a>. Certainly, the author and people in her environment were aware of the experiment on <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and dead tissues by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Aldini" title="Giovanni Aldini">Giovanni Aldini</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_character">Origin of the character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the character">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley</a>, Mary's husband, served as a significant influence for the character. Victor was a pen name of Percy Shelley's, as in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> he wrote with his sister Elizabeth, <a href="/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> There is speculation that Percy was one of Mary Shelley's models for Victor Frankenstein; while a student at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, he had "experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and numerous chemical reactions", and his rooms at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> were filled with scientific equipment.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Percy Shelley was the first-born son of a wealthy, politically connected country squire, and a descendant of Sir <a href="/wiki/Bysshe_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bysshe Shelley">Bysshe Shelley</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Shelley_baronets" title="Shelley baronets">Baronet of Castle Goring</a>, and Richard Fitzalan, 10th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel" title="Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> As stated in the novel, Frankenstein's family is one of the most distinguished of the Genevese republic and his ancestors were counselors and syndics. Percy Shelley's sister and Frankenstein's adopted sister were both named Elizabeth. On 22 February 1815, Mary Shelley delivered a baby two months premature; the child died two weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The question of Frankenstein's responsibility to the creature – in some ways like that of a parent to a child – is one of the main themes of the book. One of the characters of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-F%C3%A9lix_Nogaret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François-Félix Nogaret (page does not exist)">François-Félix Nogaret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-F%C3%A9lix_Nogaret" class="extiw" title="fr:François-Félix Nogaret">fr</a>]'s novella Le Miroir des événements actuels ou la Belle au plus offrant, published in 1790, is an inventor named "Wak-wik-vauk-an-son-frankésteïn",<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> then abridged as "Frankésteïn", but there is no proof Shelley had read it.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Victor Frankenstein was born in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> (according to the 1831 edition of Shelley's novel) to a <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Switzerland">Swiss family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_1-7">[7]</a> He was the son of Alphonse Frankenstein and Caroline Beaufort, who died of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> when Victor was 17.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_3-8">[8]</a> He describes his ancestry thus: "I am by birth a <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Genevese</a>; and my family is one of the most distinguished of that republic. My ancestors had been for many years counsellors and <a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">syndics</a>; and my father had filled several public situations with honour and reputation."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Frankenstein has two younger brothers – William, the youngest, and Ernest, the middle child.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_7-10">[10]</a> Frankenstein falls in love with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</a>, who became his adoptive sister (his blood cousin in the 1818 edition) and, eventually, his <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">fiancée</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_21-11">[11]</a> As a boy, Frankenstein is interested in the works of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Agrippa">Cornelius Agrippa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, and he longs to discover the fabled <a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">elixir of life</a>. At the age of fifteen, he loses interest in both these pursuits and in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> as a whole after he sees a <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> destroyed by a lightning strike and a scientist explains the theory of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to him. It seems to him as if nothing can really be known about the world, and he instead devotes himself to studying <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, which he describes as "being built upon secure foundations."<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_2-12">[12]</a> However, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ingolstadt" title="University of Ingolstadt">University of Ingolstadt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Frankenstein develops a fondness for <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_2-12">[12]</a> and within two years, his commitment and scientific ability allow him to make discoveries that earn him admiration at the university. He then becomes curious about the nature of life and his studies lead him to a miraculous discovery that enables him to create life in inanimate matter.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_4-13">[13]</a> Assembling a humanoid creature through <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">corpse</a> assembling and ambiguous means involving <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, Frankenstein successfully brings it to life, but he is horrified by the creature's <a href="/wiki/Unattractiveness" title="Unattractiveness">ugliness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_5-14">[14]</a> He flees from his creation, who disappears<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_5-14">[14]</a> and, after several negative encounters with the locals, swears revenge on his creator.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_16-15">[15]</a> When his youngest brother, William, is found <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murdered</a>, Frankenstein knows instantly that his creation is the killer,<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_7-10">[10]</a> but says nothing. The Frankensteins' housekeeper, Justine, is blamed for the boy's death and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a>; Frankenstein is wracked with <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> but does not come forward with the truth because he thinks no one will believe his story, and he is afraid of the reactions such a story would provoke.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_8-16">[16]</a> The creature approaches Frankenstein and begs him to create a female companion for him.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_10-17">[17]</a> Frankenstein agrees, but ultimately destroys this creation, fearing the idea of a race of monsters. Enraged, the creature swears revenge; he kills Henry Clerval, Frankenstein's best friend, and promises Frankenstein, "I shall be with you on your wedding night."<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_20-18">[18]</a> The creature keeps his promise by strangling Elizabeth on her matrimonial bed. Within a few days, Frankenstein's father dies of <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_23-19">[19]</a> With nothing else left to live for, Frankenstein dedicates his life to destroying the creature.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_24-20">[20]</a> Frankenstein pursues the "fiend" or "<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a>" (as he calls his creation) to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, intending to destroy it. Although he is rescued by a <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a> attempting an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, he dies after relating his tale to the ship's captain, Robert Walton. His creature, upon discovering the death of his creator, is overcome by <a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">sorrow</a> and guilt and vows to commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> by burning himself alive in "the Northernmost extremity of the globe;" he then disappears, never to be seen or heard from again.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_24-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization">Characterization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characterization">edit</a>]</div> While many subsequent <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">film adaptations</a> (notably the 1931 movie <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer Films">Hammer Films</a> series starring <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a>) have portrayed Frankenstein as the prototypical "<a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a>", the novel portrayed him as a <a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">tragic figure</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, Frankenstein has many characteristics of a great scientist. At a young age, he has the initiative to study <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_2-12">[12]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a>, he attributes his accomplishments in chemistry to the effort he put into the discipline, rather than his intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_4-13">[13]</a> Frankenstein also has great curiosity about the world, and even recalls that some of his earliest memories were his realizations about the laws of nature.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_2-12">[12]</a> It is his curiosity about the cause of life that leads him to creating the monster.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_4-13">[13]</a> Obsession plays a major role in the development of Frankenstein's character. First, as a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a>, he is obsessed with reading books on <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-sciences">pseudo-sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_2-12">[12]</a> Later, as a young man, he often spends the entire night working in his laboratory. He then becomes enthralled with the study of <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> – mainly dealing with death and the reanimation of corpses.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_4-13">[13]</a> Finally, after the monster is created, Frankenstein is consumed with guilt, despair, and regret, leading him to obsess over the nature of his creation and seek revenge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological_influences">Mythological influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythological influences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg/220px-Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg/330px-Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg/440px-Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece from the <a href="/wiki/1831_in_literature" title="1831 in literature">1831</a> edition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg/220px-Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg/330px-Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg/440px-Madame_de_Genlis_by_Lemoine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9,_comtesse_de_Genlis" title="Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis">Félicité de Genlis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Antoine-Marie_Lemoine" title="Jacques-Antoine-Marie Lemoine">Lemoine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s novel presents a <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Promethean</a> theme of defiance of the gods, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythological</a> hero. The title of the novel echoes the call of the French materialist philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a> (1709-1751), in 1747, in his Homme machine, for the advent of a "new Prometheus" who would set in motion a reconstituted human machine.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-33-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[N 1]</a> Mary Shelley did not invent the expression, which had already been used in the early 18th century and, closer to its end, by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and Frankenstein goes far beyond the technical substratum, presenting, in addition to its borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> aspects.<a href="#cite_note-Eslahpazir-24">[23]</a> Frankenstein tells the story of a man seeking to surpass his condition, akin to that of <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a>, the bird-man destroyed by the physical order of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Frankenstein also evokes <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_Galatea_(play)" title="Pygmalion and Galatea (play)">Pygmalion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Essaka-26">[25]</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and a sculptor in love with the statue of a woman he has just completed, a new Galatea of flesh and blood after <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> breathes life into her.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The latter myth was known to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, who had read it first and foremost in the Nouveaux contes moraux et nouvelles historiques, published by <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9,_comtesse_de_Genlis" title="Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis">Madame de Genlis</a> in 1802,<a href="#cite_note-Burton-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> then in <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>'s translation, again published in 1810,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[N 2]</a> and which she also knew from <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmalion (opera)">Pigmalion</a> (1748),<a href="#cite_note-32">[N 3]</a> reductions of which for <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> were circulating throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The novel also contains hints of <a href="/wiki/Don_Juanism" title="Don Juanism">Don Juanism</a>: the hero's quest is never satisfied and, like the statue of the commander,<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> the monster appears and precipitates Frankenstein into the bowels of a psychological hell,<a href="#cite_note-Duperray-41-35">[32]</a> whose fire is the "bite" of glaciation. It also evokes the more recent eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>;<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Shelley refers to the Faustian idea that knowledge intoxicates the soul and proves dangerous when it becomes excessive, becoming in itself "a serpent's bite".<a href="#cite_note-Essaka-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_to_the_original_Prometheus_myth">References to the original Prometheus myth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References to the original Prometheus myth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg/220px-Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg/330px-Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg/440px-Eduard_M%C3%BCller_Prometheus_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> by Eduard Müller (1828-1895).</figcaption></figure> Mary Shelley first refers to the Greek myth of Prometheus, struggling against the omnipotence of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, stealing fire from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> and bringing it to mankind to help and save them. In this version of the myth, the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titan</a> intends to break human destiny by giving them the primary element of energy, and thus of technology, as well as a symbol of Knowledge. He is Prometheus Pyrophoros, the bearer, transporter and provider of fire. This Prometheus, whose name means "Provider", sees beyond the human condition, which he befriends. As a Titan, he enjoys immortality, and his punishment, according to <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, is to be chained to Mount Caucasus in India and tortured by the eagle, which gnaws away at his liver every day, regenerating it at night. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a> had written his poem Prometheus in 1816,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>'s Prometheus Unbound was another contemporary work featuring the mythical figure.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Although written after Frankenstein, between 1818 and 1819, Mary Shelley was familiar with its gestation and genesis<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> as Percy Bysse Shelley was her lover and eventual husband. Prometheus Unbound, a four-act play depicting the Titan, more or less mingled with the <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s Paradise Lost, a champion of moral and humanitarian virtues, freed from the yoke of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and heralding the liberation of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> It was likely from Ovid's Prometheus that Mary Shelley drew both the idea of a living <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> and the method for breathing life into it.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42">[39]</a> What was the work of a Titan became that of a mortal, but one intoxicated by science to the point of believing in his own immortality. Like the Titan, he uses know-how, in this case acquired through study, particularly of the so-called natural sciences, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-19-43">[40]</a> In many ways, however, it is a departure from the Prometheus Unbound, which combines the liberation of the rebellious hero with the downfall of a cruel god, the principle and symbol of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eslahpazir-24">[23]</a> The catastrophe takes on cosmic proportions, and the hopes of the modern soul are focused on the advent of a new universe.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-30-31-44">[41]</a> Shelley's stubborn belief in the ultimate triumph of love and the avenue of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[N 4]</a> is fulfilled in the victory over Evil of a hero free of all taint and entirely worthy of representing the <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Purified by suffering, inhabited by humility and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mansu%C3%A9tude" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mansuétude">mansuétude</a>, disavowing his ancient pride and hatred, he becomes on his rock a figure of Christ on the cross. His deliverance implies the fall of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, which is precisely the birth of the Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-22-47">[43]</a> The only thing <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a>'s Prometheus Unbound and his <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">wife</a>'s Frankenstein have in common, then, is the act of transgression - beneficial in one, evil in the other, responsible in the former, irresponsible in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-22-47">[43]</a> Only a few elements in Frankenstein recall this first version of the myth. First of all, the ambition shared by Walton, Frankenstein and even the monster in the central episode of the De Lacey family, to help mankind.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-23-48">[44]</a> Walton hopes to discover a hidden paradise beyond the polar ice caps; Frankenstein claims to conquer death and improve the human race; the monster provides the De Laceys with firewood: here, in grotesque miniature - for while he possesses the Titan's power, he lacks its mighty beauty - is a vignette reproducing exactly the main gesture of the myth, that of providing man with fire.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-23-48">[44]</a> The second element is fire itself, the symbolism of which runs through the novel: the fire-energy of the storm that strikes down the old oak;<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> the fire that is stolen and then lost, giving warmth, light and nourishment; the destructive fire that sets the cottage ablaze; the fire of the pyre or of Hell, or the purifying fire that, as the book promises, will forever consume the monster itself, a morbid emanation of Victor's pseudo-creative imagination. The third point is undoubtedly the <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of the chained Titan's suffering:<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> such is Victor's mortifying despair, walled in by his silence and pain; such is also the absolute solitude of the monster rejected by his creator and the common man,<a href="#cite_note-51">[N 5]</a> deprived of his feminine complement;<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> such is finally, albeit to a lesser degree, the growing anxiety which, little by little, undermines the youthful and initially conquering enthusiasm of Robert Walton,<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> alienated from his family, his crew and the commerce of men.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-24-25-53">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_to_Ovid's_Prometheus">References to Ovid's Prometheus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References to Ovid's Prometheus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metamorphoses_(Ovid,_1567)_0001a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Metamorphoses_%28Ovid%2C_1567%29_0001a.jpg/170px-Metamorphoses_%28Ovid%2C_1567%29_0001a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Metamorphoses_%28Ovid%2C_1567%29_0001a.jpg/255px-Metamorphoses_%28Ovid%2C_1567%29_0001a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Metamorphoses_%28Ovid%2C_1567%29_0001a.jpg/340px-Metamorphoses_%28Ovid%2C_1567%29_0001a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, English edition of 1567.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> then borrows from the Prometheus of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> in which the Titan, rather than coming to man's aid, usurps the power of the gods, then fabricates man and confers on him, through manipulations of "ethereal energy", the most mysterious and sacred of goods - life. He is the Prometheus Pyrophoros et plasticator,<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> i.e. the thief of fire, then the shaper, the craftsman who transforms clay into man. Beyond the original meaning of Ovid's title, for there is more to it than a "change of form" (Meta-morphoses: In noua fert animus mutatas dicere formas / Corpora),<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> this is an act of creation, but with a technique, materials and energy.<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-5-7-57">[52]</a> It was from Ovid's Prometheus that Mary Shelley drew both the idea of a living <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> and the method for breathing life into it.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42">[39]</a> What was the work of a Titan became that of a mortal, but one intoxicated by science to the point of believing in his own immortality. Like the Titan, he uses know-how, in this case acquired through study, particularly of the so-called natural sciences, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-19-43">[40]</a> Like the Titan too, he is seized (numbed) by a feverish enthusiasm for his decision, the accomplishment of his work, the final technical act conferring the spark of life. The "energy of the ether" was replaced, in a period of scientific discovery, by what Victor's intuition first called "particles of celestial fire", then what his knowledge enabled him to identify as "the <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanizing</a> use of electricity".<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> He succeeded in what the scientists of the time hoped one day to achieve, in fact the old foolish dream of the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a>; the idea, the imagination, the enthusiasm, it was first <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Cornelius Agrippa</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> then more rationally, Professor Waldman, no doubt inspired Mary Shelley by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> writing in 1816: "science has conferred on him [man] powers that might almost be called creative [...] to interrogate nature [...] in mastery [...], and to penetrate its deepest secrets"; fiction erases Humphry Davy's "almost" and takes the plunge.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-19-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[N 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> There is thus a very modern dimension to Mary Shelley's use of this Prometheus as metamorphoser, creator, artist-craftsman.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-19-43">[40]</a> Like the Titan, Victor uses clay (the living having returned to dust) and shapes it into a living being. The being had returned to nothingness, and from nothing, he promotes it back to being, in an act that is above all scientific: imagination has joined forces with experimentation, equipping itself with new techniques, the scientist is the new Prometheus, dominating hero, master of the world.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> In this respect, Frankenstein raises questions that are still relevant today: science can destroy man, but it can also modify, use and manipulate him.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> The fact that this Prometheus poses the problem of his power implies, de facto, that alongside cognitive awareness, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">moral awareness</a> must intervene to avoid not only the "ruin of the soul"<a href="#cite_note-70">[N 7]</a> but also that of man himself.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-19-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowings_from_John_Milton_and_Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge">Borrowings from John Milton and Samuel Taylor Coleridge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Borrowings from John Milton and Samuel Taylor Coleridge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Paradise_Lost_19.jpg/220px-Paradise_Lost_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Paradise_Lost_19.jpg/330px-Paradise_Lost_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Paradise_Lost_19.jpg/440px-Paradise_Lost_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> expelled from Heaven, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>.</figcaption></figure> In addition to these two versions of the Prometheus myth, there are borrowings from <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> often mentioned in the Shelleys' diaries,<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> particularly when <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> published his work on the poet's nephews,<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-5-7-57">[52]</a> Like Milton's <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-5-7-57">[52]</a> Mary Shelley's modern Prometheus has rebelled against the divine order, that is, against God himself;<a href="#cite_note-Burton-28">[27]</a> like Milton's God, Victor abandons his creature;<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> like Satan,<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-5-7-57">[52]</a> Victor and his creature express their loneliness and despair;<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> like Satan too, the monster suffers but does not submit, deciding in the end to choose <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a>; like Milton's <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, finally, he reproaches his creator for having taken him from the earth to make human clay.<a href="#cite_note-76">[N 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg/220px-The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg/330px-The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg/440px-The_rime_of_the_ancient_Mariner_-_Coleridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a>'s poem by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>.</figcaption></figure> Like Coleridge's sailor, Victor has destroyed the divine order and has remained abandoned by God,<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> solitary, deprived of certainties, on icy continents in the image of the glaciation from which his soul suffers.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> However, he will not be saved: the <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> of his story will not save him from physical death, the last <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of the death of his being that occurred when he gave life to the monster; he would thus have placed his own life in a hideous body,<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> because, since the application of the "instruments of life", he will not cease to decay before perishing altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-20-21-81">[73]</a> Likewise, and in this respect similar to his creator, also abandoned by his god, the monster finds himself isolated in a universe whose harmony he perceives but cannot share. So he puts his body in unison with his soul and entrusts it to the inaccessible peaks and icy deserts that respond to the coldness of his heart, dragging along his pursuer, who is no longer sure whether he is hunter or game.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-20-21-81">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphysical,_aesthetic_and_ethical_aspects">Metaphysical, aesthetic and ethical aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metaphysical, aesthetic and ethical aspects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgression">Transgression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transgression">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankensteinDraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/220px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/330px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/440px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> manuscript.</figcaption></figure> The act of transgression exists, but is never qualified as such. The vocabulary used by Victor, who is not Mary Shelley's spokesman,<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> as he constructs his narrative by restructuring his life and putting it into perspective in the light of what he has retained from it, with its weaknesses, its emotional burdens, its weight of character, is limited to a <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of research and discovery. Thus, he uses probe into, penetrate, explore, discover, etc. to describe the dynamics of his action, and hidden recesses, deep secrets, unknown territories, further knowledge, etc. to delimit the field of his hard work. Very rarely, a verb like trespass is used to indicate that the work goes beyond any <a href="/wiki/Normativity" title="Normativity">norm</a>. If there is any judgment on the author's part, it's in the unfolding of the action and Frankenstein's psychological punishment,<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> rather than explicitly expressed by the successive narrator(s).<a href="#cite_note-Essaka-26">[25]</a> Only the monster is led, like <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, to deplore the advent of an undesired life;<a href="#cite_note-Essaka-26">[25]</a> still, this is an existential misfortune that he endures, rather than an <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> refusal of accession to being.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> Transgression consists in the making of a being, then and above all in the act of giving it life.<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation">Creation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> The creation itself is presented as based on abnormality.<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> The monster's body is a mass of dead flesh and animal flesh. Admittedly, the process responds to a possibility evoked by certain eighteenth-century scientists; however, there is a desacralization of the human being, a corruption of his integrity, a defilement of his purity,<a href="#cite_note-Duperray-41-35">[32]</a> all in the light of a <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> vision of Man. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> does not refer to it explicitly, but the socio-cultural context of the action presupposes its existence as an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">collective consciousness</a>. A dead body can only be resurrected by the One who created it, and animal flesh is not in the image of God. At the beginning of the 19th century, the state of science rejected the possibility on the horizon of the inconceivable; this is therefore an extreme example, a kind of symbol of transgression.<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_gift_of_life">The gift of life</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The gift of life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Galvani,_oil-painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg/170px-Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg/255px-Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg/340px-Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> (1737-1798)</figcaption></figure> Even when <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> by electricity, this gift of life seems to run up against a fundamental impossibility, as it's a question of passing from <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">nothingness</a> to <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">being</a>. On the other hand, the monster does not remain in a vegetative state, but proves to be endowed with a <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">cognitive and moral consciousness</a> in every respect equal to that of man.<a href="#cite_note-Eslahpazir-24">[23]</a> As far as the species is concerned, apart from its aesthetic aspect,<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> it is even superior to man, surpassing him in strength, mobility and agility. Without specifying to whom and to what the right to confer life belongs, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> suggests that, in any case, it does not belong to man other than by natural transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-7-11-83">[75]</a> Frankenstein, through its title, its overt and covert quotations, its allusions and vocabulary borrowings, refers to the myth of Prometheus, and then to <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, one can conclude that the order it presents is above all divine. The act of transgression thus appears as a usurpation of the <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacred</a>, the exclusive province of divinity. However, in both cases, the presupposed god is domineering, jealous of his prerogatives, vengeful even, Olympian <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>), perhaps the God of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> The punishment will be extreme, in the image of the crime or sin: family, moral and physical destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-30-31-44">[41]</a> However, the constant reference to the major poetic texts of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s contemporaries and friends - <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> and, of course, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> - and the direct allusions to works such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Tintern Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a><a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-24-25-53">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Mutability</a>, which rest on a substratum of diffuse <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, would suggest that the divine order and the natural order merge.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-30-31-44">[41]</a> One of the functions of nature in Frankenstein is to suggest, if only on a sensory and perceptual level, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a> - harmony in the Rhine valley, sovereign grandeur atop the Alpine peaks, infinity and eternity on the icy oceans.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_sublime">The sublime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The sublime">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_sublime_according_to_Burke">The sublime according to Burke</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The sublime according to Burke">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg/170px-Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>.</figcaption></figure> As explained by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> in 1757, it is based on astonishment,<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-34-35-85">[77]</a> and to a lesser degree, admiration and reverence, all notions, in fact, by-products of terror (see, according to Burke, the Latin words stupeo or attonitus).<a href="#cite_note-86">[N 9]</a> The ingredients are darkness, power.<a href="#cite_note-Edmund_Burke-6-87">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> A few quotations from Burke help to understand this aspect: "Whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain and danger, that is to say, whatever is in any sort terrible, or is conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror, is a source of the sublime"<a href="#cite_note-Edmund_Burke-6-87">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> "Whatever […] is terrible, with regard to sight, is sublime too"<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> "Greatly night adds to our dread […] Almost all the heathen temples were dark […] The druids performed all the ceremonies in the bosom of the darkest woods {…} No person seems better to have understood the secret of heightening, or of setting terrible things, if I may use the expression, in their strongest light by the force of a judicious obscurity than Milton."<a href="#cite_note-Edmund_Burke-3-91">[82]</a> "To make any thing very terrible, obscurity seems in general to be necessary."<a href="#cite_note-Edmund_Burke-3-91">[82]</a> "I know of nothing sublime which is not some modification of power"<a href="#cite_note-Edmund_Burke-6-87">[78]</a> "[…] strength, violence, pain and terror, are ideas that rush in upon the mind together"<a href="#cite_note-Edmund_Burke-6-87">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mary_Shelley's_use_of_the_sublime">Mary Shelley's use of the sublime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mary Shelley's use of the sublime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a> (1817) by <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>.</figcaption></figure> Mary Shelley uses the ingredients analyzed or simply listed by Burke to associate Victor Frankenstein's transgression with the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, either to make him describe his states of mind, whether inhabited by torment or exaltation,<a href="#cite_note-Kiely-159-92">[83]</a> or to create the illusion that landscapes impose notions of greatness and disquiet, elevation or unease<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-34-35-85">[77]</a> (steep valleys, dark forests, etc.), or simply to arouse a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic</a> terror (or, in the first part, horror) in the reader. The monster, too, is sublime in its conception (obscurity, isolation), its size (out of the ordinary and frightening), the places it chooses and imposes on Victor (forests, peaks, valleys, abysses, vast deserts, tumultuous or frozen oceans), the unspeakable absoluteness of its solitude, the extremity of its feelings, the unpredictability of its character,<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-34-35-85">[77]</a> its alliance with the elements (storms, glaciers, darkness, earth, water, fire).<a href="#cite_note-Kiely-159-92">[83]</a> For the sublime also lies within human beings. Like a natural landscape, the panorama of the soul arouses astonishment, admiration and respect, or else, by opposition or default, sinks into ridicule (ludicrous, according to Burke).<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> Soon, the inner landscape becomes nocturnal, on the edge of consciousness, a dark, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasmodic</a> turmoil; through a play of mirrors reminiscent of the nested, reflective structure, the monster to which Victor has nevertheless given life becomes the very projection of his death wish. The transgression has been placed under the sign of <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a>: the monster is the <a href="/wiki/Negative_double" title="Negative double">negative double</a> of his creator,<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> his evil <a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> who carries out the death sentence unconsciously pronounced by Victor<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> on his family, his friend, his wife, whom he believes he adores but whom he has experienced as <a href="/wiki/Castration_anxiety" title="Castration anxiety">castrating</a>, suffocating him with love, protection, moral comfort and social certainties.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-30-31-44">[41]</a> The being torn apart by suffering is also a divided being, in turn and at the same time creator and destroyer, provider of life and death, hunter and prey, executioner and victim.<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-7-11-83">[75]</a> The abject monster turns out to be sublime, and the creator thought to be sublime turns out to be abject.<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> This necessarily leads to an escape:<a href="#cite_note-Eslahpazir-24">[23]</a> the escape of the characters, who find each other only to lose each other, the escape of Victor, then of the monster, the pursuit of one by the other, then of the other by the one, quests as ardent as they are senseless, Walton's, Victor's ("ardour that exceeded moderation"), the monster's ("dream of bliss that cannot be realized"), leading to nothingness.<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> Walton fails to reach the continent of happiness; Victor destroys his loved ones by procuration before destroying himself; the monster immolates himself with the fire that promoted him to being. The quest remains nothing more than a sterile, frozen quest; the fruits have not "kept the promise of the flowers".<a href="#cite_note-97">[N 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality">Morality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Morality">edit</a>]</div> The story is never told by a <a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">heterodiegetic narrator</a>. Successive layers of first-person narration are superimposed by the echoes left in the various listeners and the reader.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> None of the three narrators is <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s spokesperson, at least not unreservedly. She entrusts each with words, and therefore character traits, principles, actions, feelings and emotions that she seems to approve of, and others that she rejects.<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> The good and the not-so-good, the evil and the not-so-evil are all mixed up to varying degrees, and the author uses a range of devices, albeit rather limited and rather <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotyped</a>, to let her degree of sympathy, aversion or amused contempt shine through. At times, she approaches the narrators - who are never <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a> in the raw, since all actions belong to the past and are filtered through a network of successive consciousnesses - only to distance herself from them in a constant game of hide-and-seek, swaying to the whim of her <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> This explains why the author sometimes seems to be moving in the direction of Walton's <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic enthusiasm</a>, or even Frankenstein's, and at other times to be completely detached from it.<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_paroxysmal_oscillation">A paroxysmal oscillation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: A paroxysmal oscillation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/170px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/255px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/340px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Clint" title="Alfred Clint">Alfred Clint</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Curran_(painter)" title="Amelia Curran (painter)">Amelia Curran</a>.</figcaption></figure> All the more so, in fact, as this character's oscillation between <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostration</a> is pushed to the extreme. Admittedly, this is a kind of stark representation of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> hero,<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> but through the repetition of attacks and crises, the portrait of a character that <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> would call <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar</a> gradually emerges, rather unlike his creator. Indeed, as far as we know, and despite the tumultuous effervescence of her household, Mary cultivated the memory of her <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">husband</a> and was concerned with his work, but in a way that erased much of its <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicalism</a>, and she always sought to establish a compromise between her fidelity and her condition as a woman, the offspring of a famous family, the widow of a poet of genius, evolving in a <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">non-conformist</a> medium, but a woman all the same in a society reluctant to accept <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> outbursts.<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> This is how the reader could be taken in by Victor Frankenstein's contradictory statements, and find in them a vacillating ambiguity of Mary Shelley's <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> conceptions.<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Contrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Contrition">acts of contrition</a> are easily contrasted, as adisplayed at the beginning of his story, with, for example, the fiery heroic-comic speech he addresses to Walton's sailors, in which he enjoins upon them the firmness of a grand design and the duty of <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroism</a>. The exhortation is peppered with <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> nods to <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, including the young <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a>'s speech to his soldiers, St Crispin's Day,<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> and a disguised quotation from <a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a> in the line "This is not made of such stuff as your hearts may be", parodying the lines "We are such stuff / As dreams are made on, and our little life. Is rounded with a sleep", spoken by <a href="/wiki/Prospero" title="Prospero">Prospero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> Then she's framed by bouts of deep despondency (sunk in languor); only Walton, captivated by the character, falls under her spell: "a voice so modulated", "an eye so full of lofty design and heroism". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_response_through_action">A response through action</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: A response through action">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kant5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kant5.jpg/170px-Kant5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kant5.jpg/255px-Kant5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kant5.jpg/340px-Kant5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.</figcaption></figure> Mary Shelley's response to Frankenstein's transgression is to be found in the very unfolding of the action. Frankenstein is, among other things, a matter of crime and punishment,<a href="#cite_note-Eslahpazir-24">[23]</a> the systematic destruction of his family's relational and moral fabric, the disintegration of his being through isolation, guilt, inner torture<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-5-7-57">[52]</a> and, ultimately, the extinction of life.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-33-21">[21]</a> So to claim that the enterprise itself is not reprehensible is a <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophism</a>: the tragic personal consequences, the upheaval of institutions, the absurd operation of justice,<a href="#cite_note-Max_Duperray-24-25-53">[48]</a> which condemns on the basis of appearances,<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> are the result of flawed <a href="/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">premises</a>. The quest was evil, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Grail</a> a poisoned chalice.<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> Insofar as the higher moral instance cannot be identified, since in many ways Frankenstein's world is a world without God,<a href="#cite_note-Rohrmoser-21-17-50">[46]</a> it is appropriate to use the vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a>, known and appreciated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a>, published in 1787, and simply evoke the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative" title="Categorical imperative">categorical imperative</a>. Here, the moral law exists, but one cannot know its origin, imposing itself rather than imposing it, and certainly not revealing it; it is: in his inspired but irresponsible adolescent dream,<a href="#cite_note-Duperray-45-106">[96]</a> Victor has consciously set it aside, and in the process, peace, happiness and life itself have slipped away from him.<a href="#cite_note-Woodbridge-7-11-83">[75]</a> Nature is fragile, Mary Shelley seems to be saying, and cannot be desecrated with impunity: as <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a> wrote at the end of Nutting: "[...] with gentle hand, touch/ For there is a spirit in the wood".<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="An_ontological_crime">An ontological crime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: An ontological crime">edit</a>]</div> Frankenstein's Promethean dimension covers almost every aspect of the text, whether purely literary, philosophical or moral. The psychological singularity of the characters, especially Victor, exists, but is far from fundamental. Indeed, the very subtitle of the novel immediately places Frankenstein outside human norms. Whatever his affinities with the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic hero</a> whose silhouette emerges at the end of the 18th century and finds its plenitude in the first decades of the 19th century, he belongs, in his conception and in the represented projection of this conception, to <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)" title="Imaginary (sociology)">imaginary</a>. Nor, like other characters, is he reduced to a single constant, quickly becoming what <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a> has called a round character, full of substance.<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> His antecedents are legends, doctrines and literary works.<a href="#cite_note-Hamberg-11-27-52">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s prophetic intuition is to be commended, as she inserts herself into a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> tradition that is almost on the wane, renewing the genre<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> but, above all, forcing it to pose one of mankind's major problems - that of its own limits.<a href="#cite_note-Duperray-45-106">[96]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> continues to evolve much faster than <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, the duty of the human community, she shows, is to define and set the methods and constraints necessary to ensure that the boundaries of the possible remain unbroken. In fact, Victor's transgression was a crime against humanity and, beyond that, against the Being itself: it was an ontological crime.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> The modern reader, like <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s contemporary, cannot but endorse the opinion expressed by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> about his wife's book: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We debate with ourselves in wonder, as we read it, what could have been the series of thoughts -- what could have been the peculiar experiences that awakened them -- which conduced, in the author's mind, to the astonishing combinations of motives and incidents, and the startling catastrophe, which comprise this tale . . . The elementary feelings of a human mind are exposed to view, and those who are accustomed to reason deeply on their origin and tendency will, perhaps, be the only persons who can sympathize, to the full extent, in the interest of the actions which are their result<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_media">In other media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In other media">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a>. Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit">improve this section</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> Besides the original novel, the character also appears or is mentioned in other books from <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiches</a> to parodies. <ul><li>In the book <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_(novel)" title="Frankenstein's Aunt (novel)">Frankenstein's Aunt</a>, the Baron's aunt comes to Frankenstein's castle to put it back in order, following the chaos caused by her nephew's experiments. In the novel <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_Returns" title="Frankenstein's Aunt Returns">Frankenstein's Aunt Returns</a>, Frankenstein has created a child for the monster and his bride.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dean_Koontz%27s_Frankenstein" title="Dean Koontz's Frankenstein">Dean Koontz's Frankenstein</a>, Victor Frankenstein – now going by the alias of Victor Helios – has survived into the present, now living in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> while arranging for the creation of his 'New Race' of humanity, now growing his creations in tanks after acquiring funding from the likes of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> over the centuries. His creations are mentally and emotionally defective, however, and Helios is forced to kill them, all while convinced that it is due to a flaw in his process rather than being able to acknowledge that his own warped views are the reasons his creations break down due to the hopelessness of their lives and inability to find their own purpose. He is opposed in his 'quest' by his original creation – now called Deucalion, who has mastered the ability to <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleport</a> due to the unique circumstances of his creation – and two New Orleans detectives.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Oppel" title="Kenneth Oppel">Kenneth Oppel</a>'s novel This Dark Endeavor and its sequel Such Wicked Intent, Frankenstein is portrayed as a 16-year-old aspiring scientist who creates his own creature from the body of his deceased twin brother, Konrad.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a>'s novel, The Casebook of Victor Frankenstein, as the protagonist begins conducting anatomical experiments to reanimate the dead, he at first uses corpses supplied by the coroner. But these specimens prove imperfect for Victor's purposes. Moving his makeshift laboratory to a deserted pottery factory in Limehouse, he makes contact with the Doomsday men – the resurrectionists – whose grisly methods put Frankenstein in great danger as he works feverishly to bring life to the terrifying creature that will bear his name for eternity.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a></li> <li>In the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Jobling" title="Curtis Jobling">Curtis Jobling</a> book, <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Cat" title="Frankenstein's Cat">Frankenstein's Cat</a>, it features Frankenstein, sometime before creating his monster, creating a cat called Nine (named because he was made out of nine cats). This book was later adapted into a television series in 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg/220px-Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg/330px-Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg/440px-Victor_frankenstein1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Victor Frankenstein (1910 film)</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Victor Frankenstein's first appearance on screen was in a <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">1910 film</a> (produced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>) in which he seemed more of a magician.</li> <li>The character's first significant film appearance was in <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>' <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">1931 film adaptation</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale</a>. Here, the character is renamed Henry Frankenstein (a later film shows his tombstone bearing the name Heinrich von Frankenstein) and is played by British actor <a href="/wiki/Colin_Clive" title="Colin Clive">Colin Clive</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> as the monster. Clive reprised his role in the 1935 sequel, <a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a>, which reunited Clive, Whale and Karloff, as well as first giving Frankenstein the official title of Baron. Although the character is not present in the following sequels due to Clive's death in 1937, an oil painting of Frankenstein (as portrayed by Clive) appears in 1939's <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Frankenstein" title="Son of Frankenstein">Son of Frankenstein</a>; he is also the title character, in spite of having only a cameo, in <a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Frankenstein" title="The Ghost of Frankenstein">The Ghost of Frankenstein</a> (1942), where his ghost is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a> (who also plays Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Frankenstein" title="Ludwig Frankenstein">Ludwig Frankenstein</a> in the film).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_(1957)_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png/220px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png/330px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png/440px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_with_magnifying_glass.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Frankenstein played by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a> (1957)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The character gained new life in 1957 when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> first essayed the role in <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer Films">Hammer Films</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> as the Creature. Cushing went on to star as Victor Frankenstein, identified as a Baron, in five more films for the studio, with each subsequent movie in the series uncovering different aspects of the character; for example, in 1958’s <a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Frankenstein" title="The Revenge of Frankenstein">The Revenge of Frankenstein</a> he shows genuine concern for the patients of the poor hospital he controls, in contrast to the Baron as portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</a> (1969), where Cushing is a ruthless <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megalomania" class="extiw" title="wikt:megalomania">megalomaniac</a> who utilises blackmail, rape and murder to terrorise those around him.</li> <li>The 1967 film <a href="/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F" title="Mad Monster Party?">Mad Monster Party?</a> featured Baron Boris von Frankenstein (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a>) who is based on Victor Frankenstein. Boris discovers the secret to total destruction and plans to reveal it to the Worldwide Organization of Monsters while announcing his <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">retirement</a>. He has a nephew named Felix Flanken, whom he claims is the son of his youngest sister (an expert in <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a>, though the film's twist ending reveals him to actually be a sentient automaton built by Boris.</li> <li>After Cushing temporarily retired from the role following 1969's <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</a>, Hammer decided to <a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">reboot</a> the series for the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/The_Horror_of_Frankenstein" title="The Horror of Frankenstein">The Horror of Frankenstein</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a> remake of <a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a>, which featured <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bates" title="Ralph Bates">Ralph Bates</a> as a younger, "hipper" Baron in the sinister mold of Cushing's interpretation. After the film failed to be the success Hammer had hoped for, they brought Cushing back for one final film, in 1974's <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_and_the_Monster_from_Hell" title="Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell">Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell</a>.</li> <li>The 1972 TV film <a href="/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters" title="Mad Mad Mad Monsters">Mad Mad Mad Monsters</a> (a "prequel of sorts" to Mad Monster Party?) featured Baron Henry von Frankenstein (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Bob_McFadden" title="Bob McFadden">Bob McFadden</a> impersonating Boris Karloff). In the TV film, Henry and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a> construct and bring to life a female monster, intended to be the original creature's bride. Frankenstein goes to the Transylvania Astoria Hotel in order to make the wedding arrangements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_Kier" title="Udo Kier">Udo Kier</a> played Baron Victor Frankenstein in 1973's <a href="/wiki/Flesh_for_Frankenstein" title="Flesh for Frankenstein">Flesh for Frankenstein</a>. This version of the character is a <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> who is married to his own sister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Whiting" title="Leonard Whiting">Leonard Whiting</a> played Victor Frankenstein in <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_True_Story" title="Frankenstein: The True Story">Frankenstein: The True Story</a> (1973).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Foxworth" title="Robert Foxworth">Robert Foxworth</a> played Victor Frankenstein in a 1973 television adaptation <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1973_film)" title="Frankenstein (1973 film)">Frankenstein</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>' 1974 comedy <a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wilder" title="Gene Wilder">Gene Wilder</a> portrays Frederick Frankenstein, grandson of Victor Frankenstein, who inherits the family estate, but is ashamed of his grandfather's work (to the point of insisting that his name is pronounced "Fronk-en-steen"). He is ultimately inspired to take up the work, eventually creating his own monster (played by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boyle" title="Peter Boyle">Peter Boyle</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Oliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrett Oliver">Barrett Oliver</a> portrays a young version of Victor Frankenstein in 1984 short film <a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Tahan" title="Charlie Tahan">Charlie Tahan</a> plays Victor in the <a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">2012 animated remake</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> appeared as "Charles" Frankenstein in 1985's <a href="/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)" title="The Bride (1985 film)">The Bride</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Clancy_Brown" title="Clancy Brown">Clancy Brown</a> as the monster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Julia" title="Raul Julia">Raul Julia</a> portrayed Frankenstein in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Unbound" title="Frankenstein Unbound">Frankenstein Unbound</a> (1990) based on the Brian Aldiss novel.</li> <li>In 1992, a <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1992_film)" title="Frankenstein (1992 film)">TV film adaptation of Frankenstein</a> was produced by David Wickes for <a href="/wiki/Turner_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Pictures">Turner Pictures</a>. It starred <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bergin" title="Patrick Bergin">Patrick Bergin</a> as Victor and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Quaid" title="Randy Quaid">Randy Quaid</a> as the monster. In this film, Victor clones himself instead of creating the creature from the dead. In this adaptation, Victor and the monster share a <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> link, and can sense each other's presence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> reinterpreted the character along the lines of Shelley's portrayal in <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1994_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein (1994 film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a> (1994) opposite <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> as the monster.</li> <li>In the 1999 animated film <a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein">Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein</a>, Dr Frankenstein is the main antagonist voiced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)" title="Michael Bell (actor)">Michael Bell</a>. After secretly creating the monster in a roller coaster, his lab is discovered by the Chipmunks and he sends his creation after them. After the creature had not returned, he goes to the Chipmunks' house and kidnaps Alvin. He then uses a formula that makes Alvin go out of control. After Alvin is returned to normal, Frankenstein, in disguise as the park's mascot Sammy the Squirrel, tries to electrocute him, but is electrocuted by his own creation. When he regains consciousness, he is unable to get the mask off him. Later near the end of the film, he appears as the theme park's entertainer.</li> <li>In the 2004 film <a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a>, Victor Frankenstein (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_West" title="Samuel West">Samuel West</a>) is hired by <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> to create the monster for Dracula to use to bring his offspring to life. When Frankenstein refuses, Dracula kills him, only to be attacked by the monster. The monster takes Frankenstein's body to the windmill, but an angry mob outside of the castle sees the monster and chases it to the windmill. They set fire to the windmill in order to kill the monster, but are chased off by Dracula and his <a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Dracula" title="Brides of Dracula">brides</a>. The monster survives when the floor on top of the windmill caves in. The monster – which refers to Frankenstein as his/its father – is later used to bring Dracula's offspring to life, only to escape from the castle with help from monster hunter <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Van_Helsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Van Helsing">Gabriel Van Helsing</a>.</li> <li>The 2004 independent movie <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2004_film)" title="Frankenstein (2004 film)">Frankenstein</a> features a Victor Frankenstein known as Victor Helios (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kretschmann" title="Thomas Kretschmann">Thomas Kretschmann</a>), who has used his own research to extend his life into the modern day, where he continues his experiments to create life with the goal of replacing humanity with his own creatures. He is opposed by his original creation, who is determined to defeat his creator while being hampered by a mental 'block' Helios has installed in all his creatures to prevent them from harming him.</li> <li>The 2004 Hallmark TV production of Frankenstein starred <a href="/wiki/Alec_Newman" title="Alec Newman">Alec Newman</a> as Victor Frankenstein opposite of <a href="/wiki/Luke_Goss" title="Luke Goss">Luke Goss</a> as the monster.</li> <li>The 2007 film <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2007_film)" title="Frankenstein (2007 film)">Frankenstein</a> introduces Victoria Frankenstein. Instead of making the creature out of corpses, she uses <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>, intending to use her experiment to save her dying son. The experiment goes wrong, however, and the creature escapes. When Frankenstein catches up with the monster, she comes to love it because it is her only remaining link to her son who has since died.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein briefly appears in the 2014 film <a href="/wiki/I,_Frankenstein" title="I, Frankenstein">I, Frankenstein</a>, in which he is played by <a href="/wiki/Aden_Young" title="Aden Young">Aden Young</a>.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/James_McAvoy" title="James McAvoy">James McAvoy</a> in the 2015 film <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein</a>. In this version, he rescues Igor (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a>) – formerly an unnamed hunchback from a <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> who impressed Victor with his exceptional self-taught medical skills – to enlist him as his partner in creating life, later attributing his desire as a means of making up for a childhood incident where his elder brother died in a blizzard. Although Victor acknowledges that his first human creation has no true spark of life in it, the film concludes with him speculating how he shall improve on his project in the future.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein will be portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Isaac" title="Oscar Isaac">Oscar Isaac</a> in the upcoming film <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2025_film)" title="Frankenstein (2025 film)">Frankenstein</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the series <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Adventures_of_Mr._Magoo" title="The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo">The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo</a>, an episode titled "Doctor Frankenstein" relates the story of Victor Frankenstein and the monster he created. This episode aired on March 13, 1965.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein is mentioned as the creator of <a href="/wiki/Herman_Munster" title="Herman Munster">Herman Munster</a> of the series <a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a>, but does not appear in the series. At Herman and Lily's wedding, Frankenstein gave Herman away "with his blueprints." He is currently dead. In "A Visit from Johann", (1966) the episode introduced the great-great-grandson of Victor Frankenstein named Victor Frankenstein IV (played by <a href="/wiki/John_Abbott_(actor)" title="John Abbott (actor)">John Abbott</a>).</li> <li>In Carry On Christmas (1969), which was one of the <a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Christmas_Specials" title="Carry On Christmas Specials">Carry On Christmas Specials</a> on TV, there is a sketch spoofing the Frankenstein story. <a href="/wiki/Terry_Scott" title="Terry Scott">Terry Scott</a> plays Frankenstein and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bresslaw" title="Bernard Bresslaw">Bernard Bresslaw</a> plays the monster.</li> <li>In an episode of <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a>, Guinan alludes that she knew Dr Frankenstein.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Greatest_Super_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="The World's Greatest Super Friends">The World's Greatest Super Friends</a> episode "The Super Friends Meet Frankenstein", the Dr Frankenstein (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ralph_Ross" title="Stanley Ralph Ross">Stanley Ralph Ross</a>) that is featured is depicted as the great-great-grandson of the original Dr Frankenstein who carries on the "family tradition" of creating monsters. He is assisted by an Igor-like henchman named Gore (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)" title="Michael Bell (actor)">Michael Bell</a>). Dr Frankenstein uses his monsters to take revenge on the Transylvanians for what they did to his ancestor. When he unleashes the classic Frankenstein's monster to attack Transylvania, the Super Friends are called in to investigate. When <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Grayson" title="Dick Grayson">Robin</a> attack the monster, Dr Frankenstein orders his creation to lure the Dynamic Duo to his castle in order to trap them. When Batman and Robin short-circuit Frankenstein's monster, Dr Frankenstein arrives and traps them while thanking them for giving him an idea for his next creation. First, Dr Frankenstein transfers Batman's abilities to the target body. Robin manages to escape and calls in <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a>. When the arrive, Dr Frankenstein unleashes on them a tentacled, <a href="/wiki/Kryptonite" title="Kryptonite">Kryptonite</a>-powered, tar creature. Dr Frankenstein then transfers Superman and Wonder Woman's abilities into the target body for his next monster. Thus creating a composite monster who has Batman's head, cape, and genius-level intellect, Superman's body and super abilities, and Wonder Woman's magic lasso, magic bracelets, and <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathic</a> powers. Dr Frankenstein sends his Super-Monster to attack Europe while Robin and <a href="/wiki/Gleek_(Super_Friends)" title="Gleek (Super Friends)">Gleek</a> free Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman. With help from the Austrian Energy Research Institute, Robin undergoes the same experiment that created the Super-Monster granting him the powers of Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman. Robin and the Super-Monster are evenly matched until Robin dons a lead suit and exposes the Super-Monster to Kryptonite. Robin defeats the Super-Monster while Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and Gleek apprehend Dr Frankenstein and Gore followed by them regaining their powers by reversing the experiment.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein appears in <a href="/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)" title="The Transformers (TV series)">The Transformers</a> episode "Autobot Spike", voiced by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Welker" title="Frank Welker">Frank Welker</a>. The Autobots see him in a Frankenstein movie.</li> <li>The cartoon series <a href="/wiki/Toonsylvania" title="Toonsylvania">Toonsylvania</a> features a Dr Frankenstein named Vic Frankenstein (voiced by <a href="/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)" title="David Warner (actor)">David Warner</a> who is served by Igor and his Frankenstein's monster-like creation Phil.</li> <li>The humorous TV series <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt" title="Frankenstein's Aunt">Frankenstein's Aunt</a> features a Dr Frankenstein who creates a typical Frankenstein's monster. As in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>' <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">1931 film adaptation</a>, the character is renamed Henry Frankenstein (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bolek_Pol%C3%ADvka" title="Bolek Polívka">Bolek Polívka</a>).</li> <li>In ABC's fairy tale drama series <a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a>, DrFrankenstein (<a href="/wiki/David_Anders" title="David Anders">David Anders</a>), originally from a fictional German-themed world called the Land Without Color, is one of many characters brought to the Storybrooke by <a href="/wiki/Regina_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Mills">the Evil Queen</a> under the alias Dr Whale, named for director James Whale,<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> and serves as a recurring character throughout the show's run. He works at the local hospital and was responsible for creating the show's version of <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">the monster</a> when he tries to resurrect his dead brother Gerhardt.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a> animated series <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenhole" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenhole">Mary Shelley's Frankenhole</a> features Dr Victor Frankenstein (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_B._Davis" title="Jeff B. Davis">Jeff B. Davis</a>) and other characters from both the novel Frankenstein and other classic horror films. Frankenstein is depicted as being a narcissist who, after drinking an immortality serum he invented, has lived for more than a thousand years. He has developed the technology to connect his village to various points in time, called Frankenholes, that allow various people from history to time travel to visit him in the hopes he will do some sort of miraculous surgery to fix physical and mental flaws.</li> <li>The 2014 <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a> series <a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a> depicts Dr Victor Frankenstein (played by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Treadaway" title="Harry Treadaway">Harry Treadaway</a>) as a young morgue worker in England during the late 1800s. He creates his monster Caliban (played by <a href="/wiki/Rory_Kinnear" title="Rory Kinnear">Rory Kinnear</a>) by attaching a cadaver to a system of circuits and running electricity through it during a lightning storm. Unlike other adaptions, Victor creates two more creations: Proteus and Lily.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The 2007 <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> musical, <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%E2%80%93_A_New_Musical" title="Frankenstein – A New Musical">Frankenstein – A New Musical</a> portrays Victor Frankenstein as the naïve young student of Mary Shelley's original novel.</li> <li>In 2011 the stage adaptation <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2011_play)" title="Frankenstein (2011 play)">Frankenstein</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Dear" title="Nick Dear">Nick Dear</a>) directed by Oscar winner <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a> in London, starring <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonny_Lee_Miller" title="Jonny Lee Miller">Jonny Lee Miller</a>, who swapped the roles of Frankenstein and his creature at his representation. The play won numerous awards and massive acclaim from critics and audiences, was recorded live twice to capture both sets of performance, and has been broadcast to cinemas around the world as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre#National_Theatre_Live" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre Live programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a></li> <li>Also in 2011, a unique, musical adaptation called <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Wedding" title="Frankenstein's Wedding">Frankenstein's Wedding: Live in Leeds</a> was performed in front of a group of 12,000 at the Kirkstall Abbey. It incorporated footage, filmed prior to the performance, focusing mostly on Frankenstein (played by Andrew Gower) and his creation of the creature, with the live show focusing mainly on Frankenstein's wedding to Liz (played by <a href="/wiki/Lacey_Turner" title="Lacey Turner">Lacey Turner</a>), and the tragic story that follows. The show also starred <a href="/wiki/Mark_Williams_(actor)" title="Mark Williams (actor)">Mark Williams</a> as Alphonse Frankenstein, and <a href="/wiki/David_Harewood" title="David Harewood">David Harewood</a> as The Creature. The show was broadcast live on BBC Three on 9 March.</li> <li>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(musical)" title="Young Frankenstein (musical)">Young Frankenstein</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Meehan_(writer)" title="Thomas Meehan (writer)">Thomas Meehan</a> premiered on Broadway based on the 1974 comedy film of the same name. The plot remains mostly unchanged from the movie version.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_and_video_games">Computer and video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Computer and video games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Victor Frankenstein appears in the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Graphic_adventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic adventure">graphic adventure</a> computer game <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Through_the_Eyes_of_the_Monster" title="Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster">Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster</a> played by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a> in live-action footage that is integrated into the gameplay graphics.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein's in-universe analog or ancestor "Friedrich von Frankenstein" is mentioned multiple times throughout <a href="/wiki/Castlevania:_Lords_of_Shadow" title="Castlevania: Lords of Shadow">Castlevania: Lords of Shadow</a>'s main story. Before he died, the Vampire Lord Carmilla had promised to make him suffer for his creations and had carried it out after becoming <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a>. One of his creations appears as a boss, but unlike the monster, it's a metallic, scorpion-like creature that has no hint of humanity but a large amount of durability.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> In the first DLC expansion of the main story you find Friedrich's decayed fingers in jars spread out in the Vampire Lord's castle, although you can only find 6 of them.</li> <li>Victor Frankenstein is one of the main characters of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">otome game</a> <a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize_%E2%88%92_Guardian_of_Rebirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Code: Realize − Guardian of Rebirth">Code: Realize ~Guardian of Rebirth~</a> and its sequels (Code: Realize ~Future Blessings~ & Code: Realize ~Wintertide Miracles~).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A 2014 ongoing <a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">web series</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_MD" title="Frankenstein, MD">Frankenstein, MD</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> Digital Studios and Pemberley Digital, focuses on Victoria Frankenstein, a medical student determined to prove herself in her field. This series gender-swaps several characters – Elizabeth becomes Eli Lavenza and Henry becomes Rory Clerval.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballet">Ballet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ballet">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 2016, The Royal Ballet<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> and The San Francisco Ballet<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> co-produced an adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel. The evening-length ballet was choreographed and led by the former Royal Ballet principal dancer and Artist in Residence of The Royal Ballet, Liam Scarlett. The ballet features music by Lowell Liebermann, set design by John Macfarlane, lighting by David Finn, and production design by Finn Ross. It held its world premiere at The Royal Ballet's Covent Garden on 4 May 2016 and the SF Ballet premiere on 17 February 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/28px-Sf-userbox.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/42px-Sf-userbox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/56px-Sf-userbox.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Science fiction">Science fiction portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/27px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/41px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/54px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_aspects_in_Frankenstein" title="Gothic aspects in Frankenstein">Gothic aspects in Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_England" title="Literature of England">Literature of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor (character)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Insofar as La Mettrie was part of a movement of <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> philosophers and even technicians striving to create an artificial man, the emphasis right from the start is on manufacturing, and on the very modern. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> In fact, an anonymous writer declared in <a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a>, January 1837, that he intended to write a kind of parody entitled The New Frankenstein, based on an illustration in this translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> This is the spelling used to present and publish <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>'s work. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> represent two figures of a lost original happiness. In the Greco-Latin tradition, the Golden Age is a primordial state where men live without suffering or aging, where generous nature exempts them from work, where peace and justice reign: the Golden Race still lives in proximity to the gods. This same proximity is that of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. A place of delights and perfection, Paradise has at its center a spring of living water, which divides into four rivers that will irrigate the world, and two trees. For most of the Christian tradition, Paradise is on Earth, in the East or West, but access to it is now forbidden to mankind. For many utopians, particularly in the 19th century, time must be reversed, with the Golden Age no longer at the beginning but at the end, as the end of history and progress. In fact, in the Hesiodic myth of the Golden Age, time is cyclical; and in the Judeo-Christian tradition, the coming of the Messiah is a promise of restoration. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The etymology of the word "monster" implies the gaze of others, that which is shown: monstrum. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Mary Shelley frequently saw <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> at his parents' home and was familiar with his theories and experiments, as Ford K. Brown testifies. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantagruel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantagruel">Pantagruel</a> ("Science without conscience is but the ruin of the soul"). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>: "Did I request thee, Maker, / From my clay. To mould Me man? Did I solicit thee. / From darkness to promote me?", X, 773-745, a quotation that appears in Frankenstein as an <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraph</a> on the title page. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Stupeo, Atonitus : I'm stunned, as if struck by thunder. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Allusion to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Malherbe" title="François de Malherbe">Malherbe</a>, Stances, "Prière pour le roi Henri le Grand, allant en Limozin", stanza 14. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandy2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sandy, Mark (2002-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3010">"Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia" title="The Literary Encyclopedia">The Literary Encyclopedia</a>. The Literary Dictionary Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108135507/http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3010">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2007-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+Poetry+by+Victor+and+Cazire&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=The+Literary+Dictionary+Company&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft.aulast=Sandy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D3010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickinson.edu/~nicholsa/Romnat/pbshelley.htm">"Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)"</a>. Romantic Natural History. Department of English, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816015001/http://www.dickinson.edu/~nicholsa/Romnat/pbshelley.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-08-16. Retrieved 2007-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romantic+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley+%281792%E2%80%931822%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickinson.edu%2F~nicholsa%2FRomnat%2Fpbshelley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley#Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley#Ancestry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Journal 6 December – Very Unwell. Shelley & Clary walk out, as usual, to heaps of places...A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir. Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event, which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells, etc., for it is the son of his wife." Quoted in Spark, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k854529k/f58.item.r=Le%20Miroir%20des%20%C3%A9v%C3%A9nemens%20actuels.zoom">Original text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180801/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k854529k/f58.item.r=Le%20Miroir%20des%20%C3%A9v%C3%A9nemens%20actuels.zoom">Archived</a> 2018-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouthwaiteRichter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Douthwaite, Julia V.; Richter, Daniel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9512220">"The Frankenstein of the French Revolution: Nogaret's automaton tale of 1790"</a>. European Romantic Review. 20 (3): 381–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10509580902986369">10.1080/10509580902986369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143492105">143492105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Romantic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Frankenstein+of+the+French+Revolution%3A+Nogaret%27s+automaton+tale+of+1790&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10509580902986369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143492105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Douthwaite&rft.aufirst=Julia+V.&rft.au=Richter%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9512220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_1_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+I&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_3-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_3_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+III&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus Chapter 1 (first sentence) </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_7-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_7_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_7_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter VII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+VII&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_21-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_21_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter XXI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+XXI&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_2_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_2_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_2_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_2_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter II.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+II&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_4-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_4_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_4_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_4_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_4_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter IV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+IV&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_5-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_5_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_5_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+V&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_16-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_16_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). Chapter XVI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=Chapter+XVI&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_8-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_8_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein (3 ed.). 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Retrieved 2017-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetpaint&rft.atitle=David+Anders+Talks+Once+Upon+a+Time+Season+3+%26+Which+Disney+Characters+He+Wants+to+See+Next%21&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetpaint.com%2Fdavid-anders-once-upon-season-512408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906170719/http://ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/16546-frankenstein">"National Theatre Live programme / Broadcasts – FRANKENSTEIN – with Benedict Cumberbatch & Jonny Lee Miller – (directed by Danny Boyle)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Live" title="National Theatre Live">National Theatre Live</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/16546-frankenstein">the original</a> on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Theatre+Live+programme+%2F+Broadcasts+%E2%80%93+FRANKENSTEIN+%E2%80%93+with+Benedict+Cumberbatch+%26+Jonny+Lee+Miller+%E2%80%93+%28directed+by+Danny+Boyle%29&rft.pub=National+Theatre+Live&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk%2Fproductions%2F16546-frankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble_Wolf2011" class="citation web cs1">Noble Wolf (10 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1ZKGkxPhPA%7CA">"Castlevania: Lords of Shadow The Movie Episode 10"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/Q1ZKGkxPhPA">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-17 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Castlevania%3A+Lords+of+Shadow+The+Movie+Episode+10&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft.au=Noble+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQ1ZKGkxPhPA%257CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roh.org.uk/productions/frankenstein-by-liam-scarlett">"Frankenstein – Productions – Royal Opera House"</a>. www.roh.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016063525/http://www.roh.org.uk/productions/frankenstein-by-liam-scarlett">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2018-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.roh.org.uk&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+%E2%80%93+Productions+%E2%80%93+Royal+Opera+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roh.org.uk%2Fproductions%2Ffrankenstein-by-liam-scarlett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfballet.org/about/repertory/production/frankenstein">"San Francisco Ballet – Production"</a>. www.sfballet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054305/https://www.sfballet.org/about/repertory/production/frankenstein">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2018-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sfballet.org&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Ballet+%E2%80%93+Production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfballet.org%2Fabout%2Frepertory%2Fproduction%2Ffrankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuperray1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duperray, Max (1994). Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (in French and English). Vanves: CNED.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Shelley%2C+Frankenstein&rft.place=Vanves&rft.pub=CNED&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Duperray&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecercle1988" class="citation book cs1">Lecercle, Jean-Jacques (1988). Frankenstein: mythe et philosophie. Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-041872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-041872-6"><bdi>978-2-13-041872-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%3A+mythe+et+philosophie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-13-041872-6&rft.aulast=Lecercle&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1757" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Edmund (1757). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Philosophical+Enquiry+into+the+Origin+of+Our+Ideas+of+the+Sublime+and+Beautiful&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+R.+and+J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1757&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15043/15043-h/15043-h.htm">"Edmund Burke's work online"</a>. gutenberg.org. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Edmund+Burke%27s+work+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F15043%2F15043-h%2F15043-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelleyWolfson2007" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary; Wolfson, Susan J. (2007). <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>. New York: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-39953-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-39953-3"><bdi>978-0-321-39953-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-321-39953-3&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Wolfson%2C+Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelleyPaley1998" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary; Paley, Morton D. (1998). <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a>. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283865-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283865-2"><bdi>0-19-283865-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Man&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-283865-2&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Paley%2C+Morton+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrieux1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrieux, Robert (1994). Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (in French and English). Perpignan: Université de Perpignan Via Domitia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Shelley%2C+Frankenstein&rft.place=Perpignan&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Perpignan+Via+Domitia&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ferrieux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1969" class="citation book cs1">Hume, R. D. (1969). Gothic vs Romantic; A Revaluation of the Gothic Novel. Los Angeles: PMLA 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+vs+Romantic%3B+A+Revaluation+of+the+Gothic+Novel&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=PMLA+84&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 282-290.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholesRabkin1972" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, R.; Rabkin, Eric S. (1972). SF, History, Science, Vision. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SF%2C+History%2C+Science%2C+Vision&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Rabkin%2C+Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 182-183.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbensourCharras1978" class="citation book cs1">Abensour, Liliane; Charras, Françoise (1978). "Gothique au féminin". Romantisme noir. Paris: L'Herne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gothique+au+f%C3%A9minin&rft.btitle=Romantisme+noir&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Herne&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Abensour&rft.aufirst=Liliane&rft.au=Charras%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 244-252.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunter1980" class="citation book cs1">Punter, David (1980). "Gothic and Romanticism". The Literature of Terror : A History of Gothic Fictions from 1765 to the present day. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gothic+and+Romanticism&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Terror+%3A+A+History+of+Gothic+Fictions+from+1765+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Punter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacassin1991" class="citation book cs1">Lacassin, Francis (1991). "Frankenstein ou l'hygiène du macabre". Mythologie et fantastique: les rivages de la nuit. Paris: Les Rivages de la nuit, jean-Pierre Bertrand ed.1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+ou+l%27hygi%C3%A8ne+du+macabre&rft.btitle=Mythologie+et+fantastique%3A+les+rivages+de+la+nuit&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Rivages+de+la+nuit%2C+jean-Pierre+Bertrand+ed.1991&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Lacassin&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 29-51.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Johanna (1992). Frankenstein, A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: Bedford Books of st Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%2C+A+Case+Study+in+Contemporary+Criticism&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bedford+Books+of+st+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoeckli1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moeckli, Gustave (1962). Une Genevois méconnu: Frankenstein (in French). Genève: Musée de Genève, 111. pp. 10–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+Genevois+m%C3%A9connu%3A+Frankenstein&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+de+Gen%C3%A8ve%2C+111&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Moeckli&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCude1972" class="citation magazine cs1">Cude, Wilfred (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/59493/dalrev_vol52_iss2_pp212_225.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"M. Shelley's Modern Prometheus: A Study in the ethics of scientific creativity"</a> (PDF). The Dalhousie Review. Vol. 52, no. 2. Dalhousie: Dalhousie University. pp. 212–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dalhousie+Review&rft.atitle=M.+Shelley%27s+Modern+Prometheus%3A+A+Study+in+the+ethics+of+scientific+creativity&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Cude&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdalspace.library.dal.ca%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10222%2F59493%2Fdalrev_vol52_iss2_pp212_225.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollin1965" class="citation book cs1">Pollin, B. R. (1965). "Philosophical and Literary Sources of Frankenstein". Comparative Literature, 17.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophical+and+Literary+Sources+of+Frankenstein&rft.btitle=Comparative+Literature%2C+17.2&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Pollin&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 97-108.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetterer1979" class="citation book cs1">Ketterer, David (1979). Frankenstein's Creation, The Book, The Monster and the Human Reality. Victoria: Victoria University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%27s+Creation%2C+The+Book%2C+The+Monster+and+the+Human+Reality&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ketterer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonneau1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ponneau, G. (1976). Le mythe de Frankenstein et le retour aux images (in French). Paris: Trames.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mythe+de+Frankenstein+et+le+retour+aux+images&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Trames&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ponneau&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 3-16.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1973" class="citation book cs1">Levine, G. (1973). "Frankenstein and the tradition of Realism". Novel, 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+and+the+tradition+of+Realism&rft.btitle=Novel%2C+7&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 14-30.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Frankenstein,%20or%20the%20Modern%20Prometheus">Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, in Wikisource</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15043/15043-h/15043-h.htm">"Edmund Burke's work online"</a>. gutenberg.org. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Edmund+Burke%27s+work+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F15043%2F15043-h%2F15043-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Frankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankensteinfilms.com/">www.frankensteinfilms.com Frankenstein: movies, novel and games.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Frankenstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankenstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankenstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Shelley&#039;s_Frankenstein;_or,_The_Modern_Prometheus191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Waldman" title="Doctor Waldman">Doctor Waldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Universal_film_series)" title="Frankenstein (Universal film series)">Universal series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Frankenstein" title="Son of Frankenstein">Son of Frankenstein</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Frankenstein" title="The Ghost of Frankenstein">The Ghost of Frankenstein</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man" title="Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man">Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(film)" title="House of Frankenstein (film)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dracula" title="House of Dracula">House of Dracula</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Septimus_Pretorius" title="Doctor Septimus Pretorius">Doctor Septimus Pretorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf Frankenstein">Wolf Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)" title="Bride of Frankenstein (character)">Bride of Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Frankenstein" title="Ludwig Frankenstein">Ludwig Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Hammer_film_series)" title="Frankenstein (Hammer film series)">Hammer series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Frankenstein" title="The Revenge of Frankenstein">The Revenge of Frankenstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evil_of_Frankenstein" title="The Evil of Frankenstein">The Evil of Frankenstein</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Created_Woman" title="Frankenstein Created Woman">Frankenstein Created Woman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horror_of_Frankenstein" title="The Horror of Frankenstein">The Horror of Frankenstein</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_and_the_Monster_from_Hell" title="Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell">Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toho series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._Baragon" title="Frankenstein vs. Baragon">Frankenstein vs. Baragon</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Gargantuas" title="The War of the Gargantuas">The War of the Gargantuas</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F" title="Mad Monster Party?">Mad Monster Party?</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters" title="Mad Mad Mad Monsters">Mad Mad Mad Monsters</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_all%27italiana_%E2%80%93_Prendimi,_straziami,_che_brucio_de_passion!" title="Frankenstein all'italiana – Prendimi, straziami, che brucio de passion!">Frankenstein all'italiana</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_6-5000_(1985_film)" title="Transylvania 6-5000 (1985 film)">Transylvania 6-5000</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_Squad" title="The Monster Squad">The Monster Squad</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenhooker" title="Frankenhooker">Frankenhooker</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(1995_film)" title="Monster Mash (1995 film)">Monster Mash</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein">Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(2000_film)" title="Monster Mash (2000 film)">Monster Mash</a> (2000)</li> <li>Frankenström (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumbs!" title="Thumbs!">Frankenthumb</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(film)" title="Igor (film)">Igor</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scared_Shrekless" title="Scared Shrekless">The Bride of Gingy</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">Frankenweenie</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_Frankencreepy" title="Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy">Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Family" title="Monster Family">Monster Family</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Frankenstein" title="Lisa Frankenstein">Lisa Frankenstein</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Go_Home!" title="Munster, Go Home!">Munster, Go Home!</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Revenge" title="The Munsters' Revenge">The Munsters' Revenge</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_Come_the_Munsters" title="Here Come the Munsters">Here Come the Munsters</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Scary_Little_Christmas" title="The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas">The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters_(2022_film)" title="The Munsters (2022 film)">The Munsters</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Transylvania (franchise)">Hotel Transylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(film)" title="Hotel Transylvania (film)">Hotel Transylvania</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_2" title="Hotel Transylvania 2">Hotel Transylvania 2</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_3:_Summer_Vacation" title="Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation">Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_Transformania" title="Hotel Transylvania: Transformania">Hotel Transylvania: Transformania</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Without_Soul" title="Life Without Soul">Life Without Soul</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_mostro_di_Frankenstein" title="Il mostro di Frankenstein">Il mostro di Frankenstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Teenage_Frankenstein" title="I Was a Teenage Frankenstein">I Was a Teenage Frankenstein</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_1970" title="Frankenstein 1970">Frankenstein 1970</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Frankenstein's Daughter">Frankenstein's Daughter</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster" title="Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster">Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_Meets_Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter">Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Monstruos_del_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Monstruos del Terror">Los Monstruos del Terror</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frankenstein" title="Lady Frankenstein">Lady Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_vs._Frankenstein" title="Dracula vs. Frankenstein">Dracula vs. Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%2780" title="Frankenstein '80">Frankenstein '80</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_for_Frankenstein" title="Flesh for Frankenstein">Flesh for Frankenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackenstein" title="Blackenstein">Blackenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Castle_of_Freaks" title="Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks">Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoufu_Densetsu_Kaiki!_Frankenstein" title="Kyoufu Densetsu Kaiki! Frankenstein">Frankenstein Legend of Terror</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Island" title="Frankenstein Island">Frankenstein Island</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)" title="The Bride (1985 film)">The Bride</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vindicator_(film)" title="The Vindicator (film)">The Vindicator</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Unbound" title="Frankenstein Unbound">Frankenstein Unbound</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1992_film)" title="Frankenstein (1992 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_from_Death_(Frankenstein_2000)" title="Return from Death (Frankenstein 2000)">Return from Death (Frankenstein 2000)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._the_Creature_from_Blood_Cove" title="Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove">Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Girl_vs._Frankenstein_Girl" title="Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl">Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Wolf_Man" title="House of the Wolf Man">House of the Wolf Man</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Day_of_the_Beast" title="Frankenstein: Day of the Beast">Frankenstein: Day of the Beast</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Army" title="Frankenstein's Army">Frankenstein's Army</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Theory" title="The Frankenstein Theory">The Frankenstein Theory</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Frankenstein" title="I, Frankenstein">I, Frankenstein</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Frankensteins" title="Army of Frankensteins">Army of Frankensteins</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._The_Mummy" title="Frankenstein vs. The Mummy">Frankenstein vs. The Mummy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2015_film)" title="Frankenstein (2015 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Yokai_War:_Guardians" title="The Great Yokai War: Guardians">The Great Yokai War: Guardians</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Black_Girl_and_Her_Monster" title="The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster">The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bride!" title="The Bride!">The Bride!</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2025_film)" title="Frankenstein (2025 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Frankenstein" title="Tales of Frankenstein">Tales of Frankenstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a> (1964–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Jr._and_The_Impossibles" title="Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles">Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovie_Goolies" title="Groovie Goolies">Groovie Goolies</a> (1970-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1973_film)" title="Frankenstein (1973 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_True_Story" title="Frankenstein: The True Story">Frankenstein: The True Story</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Squad" title="Monster Squad">Monster Squad</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struck_by_Lightning_(TV_series)" title="Struck by Lightning (TV series)">Struck by Lightning</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters_Today" title="The Munsters Today">The Munsters Today</a> (1988-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Force" title="Monster Force">Monster Force</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="House of Frankenstein (miniseries)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2004_film)" title="Frankenstein (2004 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2004 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="Frankenstein (miniseries)">Frankenstein</a> (2004 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2007_film)" title="Frankenstein (2007 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenhole" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenhole">Mary Shelley's Frankenhole</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)">The Doctor</a>" (2012)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Brother" title="In the Name of the Brother">In the Name of the Brother</a>" (2013)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_MD" title="Frankenstein, MD">Frankenstein, MD</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles" title="The Frankenstein Chronicles">The Frankenstein Chronicles</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_(2016_TV_series)" title="Second Chance (2016 TV series)">Second Chance</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_The_Series" title="Hotel Transylvania: The Series">Hotel Transylvania: The Series</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize#Anime" title="Code: Realize">Code:Realize − Guardian of Rebirth</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presumption;_or,_the_Fate_of_Frankenstein" title="Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein">Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Vampire%27s_Victim" title="Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim">Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Webling#Frankenstein" title="Peggy Webling">Frankenstein</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortitude_(play)" title="Fortitude (play)">Fortitude</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joined_At_The_Heart" title="Joined At The Heart">Joined At The Heart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%E2%80%93_A_New_Musical" title="Frankenstein – A New Musical">Frankenstein – A New Musical</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(musical)" title="Young Frankenstein (musical)">Young Frankenstein</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2011_play)" title="Frankenstein (2011 play)">Frankenstein</a> (2011 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Wedding" title="Frankenstein's Wedding">Frankenstein's Wedding</a> (2011 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_(novel)" title="Frankenstein's Aunt (novel)">Frankenstein's Aunt</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Romance_(novel)" title="Gothic Romance (novel)">Gothic Romance</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_Returns" title="Frankenstein's Aunt Returns">Frankenstein's Aunt Returns</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Cat" title="Frankenstein's Cat">Frankenstein's Cat</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Koontz%27s_Frankenstein" title="Dean Koontz's Frankenstein">Dean Koontz's Frankenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Son_(novel)" title="Prodigal Son (novel)">Prodigal Son</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Night_(Koontz_and_Gorman_novel)" title="City of Night (Koontz and Gorman novel)">City of Night</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_and_Alive_(Koontz_novel)" title="Dead and Alive (Koontz novel)">Dead and Alive</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Souls_(Koontz_novel)" title="Lost Souls (Koontz novel)">Lost Souls</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Town" title="The Dead Town">The Dead Town</a> (2011)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_Baghdad" title="Frankenstein in Baghdad">Frankenstein in Baghdad</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson%27s_Frankenstein" title="Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein">Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(DC_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (DC Comics)">Frankenstein (DC Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Dell_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Dell Comics)">Frankenstein (Dell Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Frankenstein" title="Doc Frankenstein">Doc Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming_(manga)" title="Embalming (manga)">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)">Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Prize_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Prize Comics)">Frankenstein (Prize Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Frankenstein (comics)">Young Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (video game)">Frankenstein's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein (video game)">Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_Monster_Returns" title="Frankenstein: The Monster Returns">Frankenstein: The Monster Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Franken" title="Dr. Franken">Dr. Franken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (video game)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Through_the_Eyes_of_the_Monster" title="Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster">Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(video_game)" title="Van Helsing (video game)">Van Helsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize" title="Code: Realize">Code: Realize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_aspects_in_Frankenstein" title="Gothic aspects in Frankenstein">Gothic aspects in Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Classic_Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Classic Monsters">Universal Classic Monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Promethean_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein's Promethean dimension">Frankenstein's Promethean dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstrat" title="Frankenstrat">Frankenstrat</a> (guitar)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(instrumental)" title="Frankenstein (instrumental)">Frankenstein</a>" (1973 single)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dr._Stein" title="Dr. Stein">Dr. Stein</a>" (1988 single)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Death_Race)" title="Frankenstein (Death Race)">Frankenstein (Death Race)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ffe2fb29-4b0c-4675-87bc-530f6520f48a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&oldid=1275579619">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frankenstein&oldid=1275579619</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_characters_introduced_in_1818" title="Category:Literary characters introduced in 1818">Literary characters introduced in 1818</a></li><li><a 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