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Altérites</li></ul></nav> <article id="post-805" class="post-805 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cours category-courslicence3 category-l3-mineralogie tag-alteration tag-alterite tag-biodeug tag-cours-2 tag-degradation tag-geologie tag-mineralogie tag-mineraux tag-petrographie tag-roches-residuelles" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name">Licence 3 | Minéralogie – Chapitre 8 : Les Altérites</h1><div class="row post-meta align-items-center"><div class="col-auto avatar-meta"><img alt src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/815f681a87b0178aeb1dee0147c4c34e?s=30&r=g" class="avatar avatar-30 photo rounded-circle jetpack-lazy-image" height="30" width="30" loading="lazy" data-lazy-srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/815f681a87b0178aeb1dee0147c4c34e?s=60&r=g 2x" data-lazy-src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/815f681a87b0178aeb1dee0147c4c34e?s=30&is-pending-load=1#038;r=g" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/815f681a87b0178aeb1dee0147c4c34e?s=30&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/815f681a87b0178aeb1dee0147c4c34e?s=60&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-30 photo rounded-circle' height='30' width='30' loading='lazy'/></noscript></div><div class="col author vcard"><span class="published updated" itemprop="datePublished" pubdate>4 août 2012</span>Ecrit par <a class="url fn" href="https://www.biodeug.com/author/guillaume/" title="View all posts by guillaume">guillaume</a></div><div class="col comment-count"><svg class="icon icon-comment" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/themes/evolve/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-comment"></use> </svg><a href="https://www.biodeug.com/licence-3-mineralogie-chapitre-8-les-alterites/#respond">Laisser un commentaire</a></div></div> <div class="post-content" itemprop="description">  <div class="fc450ca0b2f53604b487e4a2e32356ed" data-index="1" style="float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:468px;height:60px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9300461616320073" data-ad-slot="6073812403"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <h3>BGU 01, Minéralogie (pétrographie)</h3> <h1>Chapitre 8, Les altérites (ou roches résiduelles).</h1> <p>Les altérites sont des roches formées par évolution sur place de formation plus anciennes : elles constituent des sols résultant du départ de matière par dégradation de la roche mère.<span id="more-805"></span></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="806" data-permalink="https://www.biodeug.com/licence-3-mineralogie-chapitre-8-les-alterites/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites/" data-orig-file="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" data-orig-size="238,200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Cas d'une altérite pour illustration" data-image-description data-image-caption data-medium-file="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" data-large-file="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-806 jetpack-lazy-image" title="Cas d'une altérite pour illustration" src="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" alt="Cas d'une altérite pour illustration" width="238" height="200" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img data-attachment-id="806" data-permalink="https://www.biodeug.com/licence-3-mineralogie-chapitre-8-les-alterites/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites/" data-orig-file="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" data-orig-size="238,200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Cas d'une altérite pour illustration" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" data-large-file="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-806" title="Cas d'une altérite pour illustration" src="https://www.biodeug.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/l3-mineralo-chap8-alterites.jpg" alt="Cas d'une altérite pour illustration" width="238" height="200" /></noscript></p> <hr /> <p style="text-align: center;">Télécharger le document sur le <a href="ftp://ftp2.biodeug.com/biodeug/l3/mineralogie/l3_mineralo_chap8.zip">serveur FTP</a> ou sur le <a href="https://www.biodeug.com/sFTP/l3/mineralogie/l3_mineralo_chap8.zip">serveur web (HTTP)</a>.</p> <hr /> <h2>I La dégradation.</h2> <h3>A Dégradation mécanique.</h3> <p>La dégradation mécanique résulte des écarts de température (jour/nuit) et thermoclastie : il y a une absorption inégale des radiations par les différents minéraux (noirs et blancs) : dilatation différentielle et éclatement des roches. Cette dégradation peut aussi provenir de la pénétration des eaux dans les roches poreuses : la tension importante autour des minéraux va provoquer l’éclatement. Gel et dégel vont aussi provoquer cet éclatement. Les grèses sont des formations ayant subit ces gels et dégels successifs durant le quaternaire. L’action des organismes, la pesanteur (chute de pierres), le choc des vagues et les particules portées par le vent vont aussi participer à la dégradation mécanique.</p> <p>Cette désagrégation agit insidieusement en augmentant la surface de contact entre la matière minérale et l’altérateur (préparation et/ou augmentation de l’altération chimique).</p> <h3>B altération chimique.</h3> <p>L’altération chimique est essentiellement due aux eaux et peut se résumer à quatre grands types de réaction.</p> <h4>1 Hydrolyse.</h4> <p>L’hydrolyse est le phénomène le plus dévastateur. Elle est provoquée par la réaction de l’acide carbonique sur les minéraux riches en cations. 2NaAlSi3O8 + 2CO2 + 11H2O ? Si2O5Al2(OH)4 + 2Na+ + 2HCO<sub>3</sub> + 4H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> : Cette réaction provoque l’effondrement de cette structure cristalline.</p> <h4>2 Dissolution.</h4> <p>La dissolution est la décomposition d’un minéral en ses ions constitutifs. CaCO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ca<sup>2+</sup> + 2H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</p> <p>Ce phénomène est différent de l’hydrolyse par l’absence d’insolubles des les éléments finaux.</p> <h4>3 Oxydation.</h4> <p>L’oxydation correspond à la perte d’électrons pendant la formation d’un nouveau corps. Fe<sup>2+</sup> → Fe<sup>3+</sup> + e<sup>–</sup></p> <h4>4 Hydratation – Déshydratation.</h4> <p>Hydratation et déshydration correspondent à la perte ou au gain d’eau. 2FeOOH → Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p>Ces mouvements d’ions entraînent un déficit chimique global par rapport à la roche initiale et la genèse de minéraux secondaires.</p> <h2>II Les minéraux secondaires.</h2> <h3>A Nature.</h3> <p>Les minéraux secondaires sont principalement des phyllosilicates.</p> <h4>1 Les phyllosilicates.</h4> <p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter jetpack-lazy-image" title="Terminologie et structure des principaux rainéraux argileux" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8001.gif" alt="Terminologie et structure des principaux rainéraux argileux" width="305" height="430" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8001.gif?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" title="Terminologie et structure des principaux rainéraux argileux" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8001.gif" alt="Terminologie et structure des principaux rainéraux argileux" width="305" height="430" /></noscript></p> <p>On trouve quatre types de phyllosilicates :</p> <ul> <li>Les phyllosilicates en deux couches, type 1/1. <em>Exemple</em> : <strong>la Kaolinite</strong>.</li> <li>Les phyllosilicates en trois couches, type 2/2. <em>Exemple</em> : <strong>Illite, Smectite</strong>.</li> <li>Les phyllosilicates en quatre couches. <em>Exemple</em> : la <strong>Chlorite</strong></li> <li>Les phyllosilicates en feuillets : se sont des argiles en fibres ou en rubans, comme la <strong>sépiolite</strong> ou la <strong>polygerskite</strong>.</li> </ul> <h4>2 Les oxydes et hydroxydes de fer et d’alumine.</h4> <p>On trouve la goethite : FeOOH, l’hématite : Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, la gypsite : Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>.</p> <h3>B Formation.</h3> <h4>1 La bissiallitisation.</h4> <p>Dans ce processus, le silicium et les cations basiques ne sont pas totalement lessivés et donnent des argiles de type 2/1. 3KalSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> + 2H + 12H<sub>2</sub>O → SiAlO<sub>10</sub>Al(OH)<sub>2</sub>K + 6Si(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</p> <h4>2 La monosiallitisation.</h4> <p>La monosiallitisation est une hydrolyse plus poussée. Les cations basiques sont tous éliminés et une partie plus importante de silicium est entraînée pour conduire à la formation d’argile de type Kaolinite (1/1). 2Si<sub>3</sub>AlO<sub>8</sub>K + 2H + 9H<sub>2</sub>O → Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> + 4Si(O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub> + 2K</p> <h4>3 L’allitisation.</h4> <p>Il y a hydrolyse totale. Le silicium et les cations échangeables sont emmenés. L’alumine précipite sur place.</p> <h2>III Les sols.</h2> <p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter jetpack-lazy-image" title="Profil typique d'un sol en région tempéré" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8002.gif" alt="Profil typique d'un sol en région tempéré" width="155" height="285" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8002.gif?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" title="Profil typique d'un sol en région tempéré" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8002.gif" alt="Profil typique d'un sol en région tempéré" width="155" height="285" /></noscript></p> <p>• L’horizon supérieur A. Il est divisé en deux zones :</p> <ul> <li>Une zone où s’accumule l’humus.</li> <li>Un horizon lessivé. La pluie intervient dans ce lessivage du sol en amenant les cations plus bas.</li> </ul> <p>• L’horizon B ou horizon d’accumulation. C’est un niveau blanc, de calcaire dissout et re-précipité où s’accumulent les cations de l’horizon lessivé.</p> <p>• La roche mère.</p> <h2>IV rôle du climat.</h2> <p>Le degré de destruction de minéraux primaires et la composition du complexe d’altération dépendent surtout du climat, à condition que le sol soit bien drainé. S’il ne l’est pas ou s’il est trop jeune, les effets du climat ne sont pas discernables.</p> <h3>A Les sols de climat froid ou chaud et sec.</h3> <p>C’est le cas des déserts et des régions polaires. L’altération y est nulle ou presque.</p> <h3>B Les sols de climat atlantique tempéré et humide.</h3> <p>L’hydrolyse se fait sentir mais n’est pas très efficace car la température moyenne (8-13°C), la pluviométrie (500 à 1000mm par an) et le contraste saisonnier ne sont pas assez élevés : on obtient des argiles de décarbonation. Les roches calcaires, soumises à des pluies chargées en CO<sub>2</sub>, acides humiques et NO<sub>3</sub>, perdent la quasi-totalité du carbonate à la surface du sol.</p> <p>Les altérites restantes sont des insolubles initialement présentes dans les roches calcaires ainsi que quelques nouveaux minéraux ou des minéraux détritiques.</p> <p>Exemple des argiles à silex. Ces argiles sont observées en Champagne. La décarbonation des craies entraîne la formation d’argiles bariolées où les silex restent pour donner les argiles à silex.</p> <h3>C Les sols de climat méditerranéen ou nord tropical.</h3> <p>L’hydrolyse est favorisée par de plus hautes températures (13-20°C), par des saisons plus contrastées et une pluviométrie plus importante (supérieure à 1000mm près des tropiques). La saison humide favorise l’hydrolyse et l’oxydation du fer alors que la saison sèche favorise la destruction de la matière organique. C’est l’Illite qui subsiste quand le sol n’est pas assez évolué. La kaolinite subit une altération plus poussée et un bon drainage. <strong>Ce sont des sols dits « fersiallitiques »</strong>.</p> <h3>D Les sols des climats de la zone intertropicale.</h3> <p>L’hydrolyse est ici très performante grâce à de fortes pluies et une haute température moyenne (20-30°C). Les quartz sont alors partiellement dissous. Seuls restent Fe et Al qui constituent des sesquioxydes sous la forme de goethite, hématite, gypsite et kaolinite. Ce sont des sols rouges auxquels sont associés des cuirassements ferreux : les latérites.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter jetpack-lazy-image" title="Profil latéritique cuirassé de foret ombrophile" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8003.gif" alt="Profil latéritique cuirassé de foret ombrophile" width="531" height="344" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8003.gif?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" title="Profil latéritique cuirassé de foret ombrophile" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8003.gif" alt="Profil latéritique cuirassé de foret ombrophile" width="531" height="344" /></noscript></p> <h3>E Les sols de climat équatorial.</h3> <p>On a un profil d’altération en milieu humide. Il tombe 6 à 8 mètres d’eau par an et la saison sèche est très courte. Cela favorise un lessivage intense. Ces sols sont dominés par la kaolinite : ils sont faiblement ferralithiques. Selon la roche mère, on distingue :</p> <ul> <li>Sur les roches basiques (basaltes, gabbros) riches en magnésium, on a les argiles rouges équatoriales.</li> <li>Sur les roches acides (granites…), on obtient les argiles jaunes équatoriales.</li> </ul> <h2>V Les chaînes de cuirasses.</h2> <p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter jetpack-lazy-image" title="Chaine des cuirasses -01-" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8004.gif" alt="Chaine des cuirasses -01-" width="376" height="132" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8004.gif?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" title="Chaine des cuirasses -01-" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8004.gif" alt="Chaine des cuirasses -01-" width="376" height="132" /></noscript></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter jetpack-lazy-image" title="Chaine des cuirasses -02-" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8005.gif" alt="Chaine des cuirasses -02-" width="463" height="132" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8005.gif?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" title="Chaine des cuirasses -02-" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8005.gif" alt="Chaine des cuirasses -02-" width="463" height="132" /></noscript></p> <p>Les cuirasses sont éphémères à cause de la déforestation. A l’affleurement, elles subissent l’érosion mécanique et forment alors des éboulis en bas de la pente. Sur ces éboulis, la végétation va reprendre et il se forme de nouveaux sols qui produisent de la matière organique qui est réductrice et complexante (+Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + Fe<sub>2</sub>OH). Le lessivage des oxydes ne se fait pas à la même vitesse : le manganèse et le fer partent en premier et il reste l’aluminium (à mobilité restreinte). Il y a appauvrissement de ce sol en manganèse et fer. Il y a alors formation de bauxites (minerais d’aluminium).</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter jetpack-lazy-image" title="Représentation schématique de l'épaisseur et de la nature minéralogique de la zone d'altération en fonction de la latitude" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8006.gif" alt="Représentation schématique de l'épaisseur et de la nature minéralogique de la zone d'altération en fonction de la latitude" width="545" height="299" data-lazy-src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8006.gif?is-pending-load=1" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"><noscript><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" title="Représentation schématique de l'épaisseur et de la nature minéralogique de la zone d'altération en fonction de la latitude" src="https://www.biodeug.com/cours/mineralo/8006.gif" alt="Représentation schématique de l'épaisseur et de la nature minéralogique de la zone d'altération en fonction de la latitude" width="545" height="299" /></noscript></p> <p>On observe que l’épaisseur du sol augmente quand la quantité de pluie augmente.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="#">Revenir en haut</a></p>  <div class="fc450ca0b2f53604b487e4a2e32356ed" data-index="2" style="float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9300461616320073" data-ad-slot="8748077209" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div style="font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;"></div><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-official sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" 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