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href="#Jones'_excavations_(1965–1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jones' excavations (1965–1978)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jones'_excavations_(1965–1978)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jones' excavations (1965–1978) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jones'_excavations_(1965–1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-excavation_and_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-excavation_and_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Post-excavation and publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-excavation_and_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Anglo-Saxon cemeteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Anglo-Saxon_cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&params=51_29_38_N_00_25_48_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">00°25′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.49389°N 0.43000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.49389; 0.43000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Essex, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mucking excavation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG/220px-Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG/330px-Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG/440px-Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3991" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mucking (archaeological site) is located in England"><img alt="Mucking (archaeological site) is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.098%;left:82.057%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mucking (archaeological site)"><img alt="Mucking (archaeological site)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within England</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mucking" title="Mucking">Mucking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&params=51_29_38_N_00_25_48_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">00°25′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.49389°N 0.43000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.49389; 0.43000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement and associated cemeteries</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">During or after the 8th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1965–1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ursula_Jones" title="Margaret Ursula Jones">Margaret Jones</a> and Tom Jones</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mucking</b> is an archaeological site near the village of <a href="/wiki/Mucking" title="Mucking">Mucking</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. The site contains remains dating from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">Neolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>—a period of some 3,000 years—and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> features are particularly notable.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamerow_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamerow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major excavations took place at the site between 1965 and 1978, directed by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ursula_Jones" title="Margaret Ursula Jones">Margaret Ursula Jones</a>. Covering an area of 18 hectares (44 acres), at the time it was the largest archaeological excavation in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the largest excavation ever undertaken in the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavation continued year-round to stay ahead of <a href="/wiki/Gravel_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravel extraction">gravel extraction</a> that was rapidly destroying the site, accumulating an "astonishing" volume of material.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a fraction of this was analysed or published in Jones' lifetime, and ultimately the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">post-excavation</a> work was left to others. The first volume of a "full publication" was not published until 2015, by which point the post-excavation phase had cost significantly more than the initial excavation. This led some to criticise Mucking as an irresponsible, "excavation without publication". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_discovery">Location and discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site was on the 100 feet (30 m) gravel terrace, close to the north bank of the Thames, and was owned by Surridge Disposals Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a number of other Saxon settlements in the vicinity - see <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Thurrock" title="List of archaeological sites in Thurrock">list of archaeological sites in Thurrock</a>. The site was discovered as a result of aerial photographs showing <a href="/wiki/Cropmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropmarks">cropmarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_mark" title="Soil mark">soil marks</a>. The earliest photographs to reveal the site were taken by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these were not readily available to archaeologists. The importance of the site was recognised following photographs taken by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_St_Joseph" title="Kenneth St Joseph">J. K. St Joseph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> on 16 June 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these photos were not published until 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenant farmer (T. Lindsey) remarked that crop marks for archaeologists were his best crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following publication of the crop mark photos, D. G. Macleod of Prittlewell Museum and D. A. Whickham, Chief Librarian for Thurrock realised that the site was threatened by gravel extraction and instigated the scheduling of the site under the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_Act_1931" title="Ancient Monuments Act 1931">Ancient Monuments Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earlier small-scale investigation had been carried out by members of the Thurrock Local History Society, under Ken Barton, on the western side of Buckingham Hill Road, as a result of field walking finds rather than aerial photographs. In late 1965, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ursula_Jones" title="Margaret Ursula Jones">Margaret Jones</a> was asked to carry out a brief exploratory excavation at a site, then known as Linford, which was slowly being destroyed as a result of gravel digging by Hoveringham Gravels Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jones'_excavations_(1965–1978)"><span id="Jones.27_excavations_.281965.E2.80.931978.29"></span>Jones' excavations (1965–1978)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jones' excavations (1965–1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of this exploratory dig, and of the earlier investigations, Jones' contract was extended and she was appointed director of the full scale excavations. She was joined by her husband Tom and in 1965 (after the crops had been harvested)<sup id="cite_ref-jones_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they began the mammoth task that was to last for the next 14 years on the Mucking hill top. The excavation was unusual in that it continued through the winter, unlike most excavations which only took place in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need to stay ahead of the gravel extraction sometimes meant softening the frozen ground with a blow torch to enable a find to be lifted in time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Joneses were assisted by many younger archaeologists and volunteers from Britain and abroad including more than 3,000 students from many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-thur_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volunteers lived mainly in tents during the warmer months, but in the winter, occupied old caravans and sheds. The organisation of the camp, the feeding, the pay and the volunteers' welfare involved many individuals guided by terse memos signed by the initials "muj". Jones sometimes commented that it was more like a holiday camp than an archaeological dig – although journalist <a href="/wiki/Tina_Brown" title="Tina Brown">Tina Brown</a>, who visited in 1976, observed that Jones had "devised a stunningly repulsive application form to weed out the loafers".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final stages of the dig, volunteers were supplemented by local unemployed people, funded by the government <a href="/wiki/Manpower_Services_Commission" title="Manpower Services Commission">Manpower Services Commission</a> job creation scheme. Without this extra assistance, the excavation might not have been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jones died in 2001. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> of 31 March 2001 carried an obituary which said that "for a generation of respectable middle-aged archaeologists ... to have dug with Margaret Jones at Mucking remains a badge of honour". In her will, she left money to fund fieldwork or research related to the Mucking excavations or for landscape archaeology covering the same periods as Mucking.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-excavation_and_publication">Post-excavation and publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-excavation and publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial <a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">post-excavation analysis</a> took place at the Thurrock Museum and Library from 1978 to 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phase consumed funding of approximately £250,000, compared with £85,000 for the excavations themselves. Post-excavation analysis was hampered by the scale of the excavation and its finds and by the changing expectation of what constituted an excavation archive. The primary archive consisted of 363 notebooks.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time publication was complete, it was no longer appropriate to provide a narrative and conclusions by the excavator. Instead, it was required that an excavation archive should provide the data to enable a future complete reinterpretation of the finds and alternative conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dig was financed by the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments in the Department of the Environment (a precursor to <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>). The dig was criticised in some quarters as "excavation without publication", but Jones defended the need to excavate everything ahead of the gravel extraction and refused to spend valuable time preparing results for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Hamerow" title="Helena Hamerow">Hamerow</a> acknowledges that small-scale sample excavations would not have revealed important features of the site – for example that it was a single settlement, the location of which moved over time rather than separate early and later settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamerow_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamerow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three volumes of excavation results were published by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamerow_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamerow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cemeteries_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cemeteries-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambridge Archaeological Unit agreed to complete the publication of the excavation reports on the Roman and pre-Roman periods, the first of which was published in December 2015. Initial finance was allocated for this by English Heritage via the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the delays in preparing for publication, some computer files could not initially be read. More sophisticated data salvage techniques were able to recover more than a million grid references to finds.<sup id="cite_ref-lives_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lives-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG/220px-Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG/330px-Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG/440px-Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon belt fittings from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Mucking, 5th century, (British Museum)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG/220px-Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG/330px-Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG/440px-Mucking_fittingsDSCF9566.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3991" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon belt fittings from Mucking, 5th century, (British Museum).</figcaption></figure> <p>The excavation found more than 44,000 archaeological features.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included isolated graves and pits from the Neolithic and a hill fort from the Bronze Age. There were also more than 100 Iron Age round houses and a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British</a> cemetery. The excavations revealed substantial indications of a high status Romano-British building (that Jones had "no doubt"<sup id="cite_ref-jones_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a>), located either within the excavation or nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Anglo-Saxon_settlement">The Anglo-Saxon settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Anglo-Saxon settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some analysis suggested that the site had been abandoned by the Romano-British during the 4th century and there was a gap before the Saxon occupation of the site began in the early 5th century. However, "the site’s Late Roman pottery evidence suggests that the Saxons got there very early – possibly even in the later decades of the fourth century".<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether late 4th or early 5th century, this was among the earliest Anglo-Saxon settlements in England.<sup id="cite_ref-thur_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Saxon settlement gradually moved north over the course of two hundred years after its establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During or after the 8th century, the settlement was either abandoned, or drifted beyond the area that was excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area previously occupied by the Anglo-Saxon settlement became part of a <a href="/wiki/Saxo-Norman" title="Saxo-Norman">Saxo-Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_system" title="Field system">field system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 200 Anglo-Saxon sunken featured buildings (<a href="/wiki/Grubenhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubenhaus">Grubenhaus</a>) were excavated, together with nearly a dozen large timber buildings. These more substantial halls were up to 50 feet (15 m) long and 25 feet (7.6 m) wide with entrances in the middle of both longer sides.<sup id="cite_ref-thur_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some evidence of enclosures that may have been animal pens.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Anglo-Saxon_cemeteries">The Anglo-Saxon cemeteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Anglo-Saxon cemeteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were more than 800 burials in the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries ranging in date from the early 5th to the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-cemeteries_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cemeteries-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two cemeteries were excavated, although one of them had already been partially destroyed by gravel working. Cemetery II contained cremation and inhumation graves, while cemetery I contained only inhumations. Cemetery II (the undamaged cemetery) contained graves from which 125 brooches were recovered, allowing the reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon dress styles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cemeteries were not used after the middle 7th century although the settlement continued in to the 8th century. Later burials may have been at a Christian cemetery associated with <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a>'s minster church at <a href="/wiki/East_Tilbury#History" title="East Tilbury">Tilbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cemeteries_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cemeteries-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finds">Finds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Finds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the brooches, other finds from the settlement and cemeteries included 5th century domestic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_pottery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Saxon pottery (page does not exist)">Anglo-Saxon pottery</a> and late Roman military belt fittings in the <a href="/wiki/Quoit_Brooch_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Quoit Brooch Style">Quoit Brooch Style</a>. More than 5,000 items were donated to the British Museum by the landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the original finds from the excavation are displayed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, and others are in storage. Some replica finds are in the Thurrock Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-thur_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the finds from other periods are of some interest, it is as an Anglo-Saxon site that Mucking is most significant. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_tomb_in_Prittlewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saxon tomb in Prittlewell">Royal Saxon tomb in Prittlewell</a>, the dig provided significant information about living and working conditions for people below the status of kings or princes. It was the first time an excavation had covered both a Saxon settlement and its associated cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamerow_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamerow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Results from the Mucking excavation have been extensively used in illustrating and debating archaeological issues. For example, before the dig was completed, hand-made pottery was illustrated almost entirely by sherds from Mucking in <i>The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_M._Wilson" title="David M. Wilson">David M. Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other authors have used the results. Christopher Arnold and P. Wardle<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used evidence from Mucking to support the idea that there was a major shift in the location of Anglo-Saxon settlements in the 8th century, from lighter to heavier, but more productive soils. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Rippon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Rippon (page does not exist)">Stephen Rippon</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that the later phases of occupation at Mucking had not been excavated. Similarly, results from Mucking have been used in the debate on the numbers of incoming Anglo-Saxons at the end of the Roman period. For example, <a href="/wiki/Della_Hooke" title="Della Hooke">Della Hooke</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have used the quality of soil at Mucking to suggest that incoming Anglo-Saxons were forced by the local inhabitants to settle on the poorest agricultural land. On the other hand, Myres puts forward the view that the site was chosen by the London authorities "to provide early warning of strange vessels sailing up the river with hostile intent".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of a "Roman style" military buckle in an Anglo-Saxon grave at Mucking has been used to argue for continuity between the Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hamerow-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamerow_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamerow_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamerow_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamerow_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamerow, H. 1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/eh_monographs_2014/contents.cfm?mono=1089048">Excavations at Mucking, Volume 2: The Anglo-Saxon Settlement</a></i> (English Heritage Archaeological Report 21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol27/27_141_143.pdf">"Early Saxon Settlement Finds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ArcharcheologyData Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Saxon+Settlement+Finds&rft.pub=ArcharcheologyData+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fads.ahds.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-769-1%2Fahds%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol27%2F27_141_143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/lives-in-land-mucking-excavations.html">"Lives in Land – Mucking Excavations"</a>. <i>www.oxbowbooks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxbowbooks.com&rft.atitle=Lives+in+Land+%E2%80%93+Mucking+Excavations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Foxbow%2Flives-in-land-mucking-excavations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/may/02/guardianobituaries.education">"Margaret Jones Obituary"</a>. Guardian News. 2 May 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Jones+Obituary&rft.pub=Guardian+News&rft.date=2001-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fmay%2F02%2Fguardianobituaries.education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, A. 1993. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/eh_monographs_2014/contents.cfm?mono=1089047">Excavations at Mucking, Volume 1: The Site Atlas</a></i> (English Heritage Archaeological Report 20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Joseph1964" class="citation journal cs1">St Joseph, J. K. (1964). "Air Reconnaissance: Recent Results". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>38</b> (151): 217–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00030982">10.1017/S0003598X00030982</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163417585">163417585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Air+Reconnaissance%3A+Recent+Results&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=151&rft.pages=217-218&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00030982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163417585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=St+Joseph&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Margaret (1968). "Crop Mark Sites at Mucking, Essex". <i>Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500034892">10.1017/S0003581500034892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162186510">162186510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=Crop+Mark+Sites+at+Mucking%2C+Essex&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581500034892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162186510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ursula_Jones" title="Margaret Ursula Jones">Jones, M. U.</a> (1973). "An Ancient Landscape Palimpsest". <i>Essex Archaeology and History</i>. <b>5</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essex+Archaeology+and+History&rft.atitle=An+Ancient+Landscape+Palimpsest&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=M.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry Carney, <i>Memories of Mucking</i> (in <i>Thurrock Gold</i>, Thurrock Local History Society, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bingley, Amanda (2016). "In Living Memory: Memories of the Mucking Dig". <i>Panorama, the Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society</i>. <b>55</b>: 50–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panorama%2C+the+Journal+of+the+Thurrock+Local+History+Society&rft.atitle=In+Living+Memory%3A+Memories+of+the+Mucking+Dig&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=50-51&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bingley&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thur-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thur_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thur_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thur_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thur_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608220243/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=3">"Mucking Archaeological Dig"</a>. Thurrock Heritage - Factfiles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=3">the original</a> on 8 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mucking+Archaeological+Dig&rft.pub=Thurrock+Heritage+-+Factfiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thurrock.gov.uk%2Fheritage%2Fcontent.php%3Fpage%3Dfactfiles_details%26id%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1976" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tina_Brown" title="Tina Brown">Brown, Tina</a> (30 June 1976). "[Untitled]". <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>. p. 1197. <q>Mucking is no holiday camp. Mrs Jones has devised a stunningly repulsive application form to weed out the loafers. <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> in 1911 is rather the picture it represents of camp life. ... Over a thousand amateur archaeologists have dug the site – the turnover unsurprisingly is rapid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punch&rft.atitle=%5BUntitled%5D&rft.pages=1197&rft.date=1976-06-30&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Tina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Margaret. "The Mucking Excavation 1977". <i>Panorama, the Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society</i>. <b>21</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panorama%2C+the+Journal+of+the+Thurrock+Local+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mucking+Excavation+1977&rft.volume=21&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sal.org.uk/grants/themargaretandtom/">Society of Antiquaries of London: The Margaret and Tom Jones Fund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119213241/http://www.sal.org.uk/grants/themargaretandtom/">Archived</a> 2009-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Chris (2015). <i>Lives in Land</i>. Oxbow. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+in+Land&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/historic-england-research-8/he-research-8/">Writing Mucking in Historic England Research, Spring 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Jones, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Chris (2015). <i>Lives in Land</i>. Oxbow. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+in+Land&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cemeteries-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cemeteries_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cemeteries_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cemeteries_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sue Hirst and Dido Clark, <i>Excavations at Mucking: Volume 3, The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries</i> (Museum of London Archaeology 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/archive/mucking_eh_2008/">Mucking - Prehistoric and Roman ALSF Project Number 5220</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lives-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lives_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Chris (February 2016). "Lives in Land". <i>Current Archaeology</i> (311).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Lives+in+Land&rft.issue=311&rft.date=2016-02&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=29396&plaA=29396-3-1">British Museum Collection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamerow2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hamerow, Helena (2011). "The Anglo-Saxon Settlement and cemeteries at Mucking". <i>Panorama, the Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society</i> (50).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panorama%2C+the+Journal+of+the+Thurrock+Local+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Settlement+and+cemeteries+at+Mucking&rft.issue=50&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hamerow&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Brown (compiler), <i>Splendid and Permanent Pageants</i>, Essex County Council, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippon2008" class="citation book cs1">Rippon, Stephen (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondmedievalvi00ripp"><i>Beyond the Medieval Village</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondmedievalvi00ripp/page/n183">171</a>–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920382-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920382-6"><bdi>978-0-19-920382-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Medieval+Village&rft.pages=171-172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920382-6&rft.aulast=Rippon&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondmedievalvi00ripp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamerow, Helena <i>Herrenhöfe in Anglo-Saxon England</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dobie, Judith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/researchnews4.pdf">"Reconstructing Anglo-Saxon dress from graves at Mucking, Essex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research News</i>: 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+News&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Anglo-Saxon+dress+from+graves+at+Mucking%2C+Essex&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dobie&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2Fresearchnews4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=94345&partid=1&searchText=mucking+belt+buckle&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=1">British Museum catalogue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Margaret. "The Mucking Excavation 1976". <i>Panorama, the Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society</i>. <b>20</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panorama%2C+the+Journal+of+the+Thurrock+Local+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mucking+Excavation+1976&rft.volume=20&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldWardle1981" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, C. J.; Wardle, P. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1071658">"Early medieval settlement patterns in England"</a>. <i>Medieval Archaeology</i>. <b>25</b>: 145–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1071658">10.5284/1071658</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Early+medieval+settlement+patterns+in+England&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=145-149&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1071658&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Wardle%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5284%252F1071658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucking+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Rippon <i>Beyond the Medieval Village</i> (OUP, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Della Hooke, <i>The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (Leicester University Press, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. John Baker <i>Cultural Transition in the Chilterns and Essex Region</i> (University of Hertfordshire Press, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Nowell Linton Myres <i>The English settlements</i> (Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 131)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">by Francis Pryor and others. Pryor's argument is summarised by Stephen Oppenheimer in <i>The Origins of the British</i> (Constable and Robinson, 2007, page 363)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?mucking_eh_2008">Mucking - Prehistoric and Roman</a>, Cambridge Archaeological Unit ALSF Project Archive</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&oldid=1236649153">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mucking_(archaeological_site)&oldid=1236649153</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Thurrock" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Thurrock">Archaeological sites in Thurrock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_sites_in_England" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon sites in England">Anglo-Saxon sites in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cemeteries_in_Essex" title="Category:Cemeteries in Essex">Cemeteries in Essex</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 July 2024, at 20:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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