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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ځمک‌پوهنیز_توکي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ځمک‌پوهنیز_توکي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>ځمک‌پوهنیز توکي</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ځمک‌پوهنیز_توکي-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ځمک‌پوهنیز توکي subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ځمک‌پوهنیز_توکي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-کاني_توکي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#کاني_توکي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۱</span> <span>کاني توکي</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-کاني_توکي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ډبرې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ډبرې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۲</span> <span>ډبرې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ډبرې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_ټولې_ځمکې_جوړښت" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_ټولې_ځمکې_جوړښت"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>د ټولې ځمکې جوړښت</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-د_ټولې_ځمکې_جوړښت-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle د ټولې ځمکې جوړښت subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-د_ټولې_ځمکې_جوړښت-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-د_ځمکې_جوړښت" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_ځمکې_جوړښت"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲.۱</span> <span>د ځمکې جوړښت</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_ځمکې_جوړښت-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_تاریخ_ټاکنې_مېتودونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_تاریخ_ټاکنې_مېتودونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>د تاریخ ټاکنې مېتودونه</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-د_تاریخ_ټاکنې_مېتودونه-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle د تاریخ ټاکنې مېتودونه subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-د_تاریخ_ټاکنې_مېتودونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-نسبي_تاریخ_ټاکنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#نسبي_تاریخ_ټاکنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۱</span> <span>نسبي تاریخ ټاکنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-نسبي_تاریخ_ټاکنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-مطلقه_تاریخ_ټاکنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مطلقه_تاریخ_ټاکنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۲</span> <span>مطلقه تاریخ ټاکنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مطلقه_تاریخ_ټاکنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ځمکپېژندنه</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۸۸ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-188" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۸۸ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5_(%E1%8C%82%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%8C%82)" title="መሬት ጥናት (ጂዮሎጂ) – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሬት ጥናት (ጂዮሎጂ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheoloch%C3%ADa" title="Cheolochía – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूविज्ञान – انگيکي" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="انگيکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جيولوجيا – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جيولوجيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جيولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeolox%C3%ADa" title="Xeoloxía – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiya" title="Geologiya – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Geologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="ژئولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژئولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Geuoluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Geuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heolohiya" title="Heolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Heolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геалогія – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूबिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूबिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jialoji" title="Jialoji – بسلاما" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jialoji" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="بسلاما" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဘူမိဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘူမိဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ভূতত্ত্ব – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douarouriezh" title="Douarouriezh – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douarouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-c%C3%A9k" title="Dê-cék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زەویناسی – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەویناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolugia" title="Geolugia – کورسيکاني" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Geolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="کورسيکاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiya" title="Geologiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Geologiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Геологи – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Геологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeareg" title="Daeareg – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daeareg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6ck%C3%A4t%C3%B6upiny" title="Piööckätöupiny – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööckätöupiny" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAolociye" title="Cêolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cêolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γεωλογία – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωλογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolog%C3%AE" title="Geologî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Geologî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologio" title="Geologio – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolog%C3%ADa" title="Geología – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoloogia" title="Geoloogia – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زمین‌شناسی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoloogia" title="Geoloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Geoloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0fr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Jarðfrøði – فاروئې" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jarðfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="فاروئې" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ologie" title="Géologie – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C2%B7eologia" title="G·eologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="G·eologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologii" title="Geologii – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Geologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeologjie" title="Gjeologjie – فرائیلیین" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjeologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="فرائیلیین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geola%C3%ADocht" title="Geolaíocht – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Geolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9oloji" title="Jéoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jéoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2las" title="Geòlas – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Geòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeolox%C3%ADa" title="Xeoloxía – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyrekokuaa" title="Yvyrekokuaa – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyrekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmin_duwatsu" title="Ilmin duwatsu – هوسا" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilmin duwatsu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="هوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huli_honua" title="Huli honua – هوایی" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Huli honua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="هوایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="גאולוגיה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूविज्ञान – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Geology" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewoloji" title="Jewoloji – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jewoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geol%C3%B3gia" title="Geológia – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երկրաբանություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – ابن" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ابن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – آسا نا جبة" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="آسا نا جبة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heolohia" title="Heolohia – الوکو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Heolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوکو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologio" title="Geologio – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Geologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Jarðfræði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%A6" title="地質学 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地質学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaaloji" title="Jaaloji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jaaloji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ligytedyske" title="ligytedyske – لوجبان" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ligytedyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="لوجبان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ologi" title="Géologi – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Géologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გეოლოგია – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiya" title="Geologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Geologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunarsualerineq" title="Nunarsualerineq – کالالیست" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunarsualerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="کالالیست" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ធរណីវិទ្យា – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ធរណីវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೂರಚನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂರಚನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88%ED%95%99" title="지질학 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지질학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdnas%C3%AE" title="Erdnasî – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erdnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dororieth" title="Dororieth – کورنيشي" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dororieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="کورنيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeolojiya" title="Jeolojiya – لاډینو" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Jeolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="لاډینو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – لیګغیان" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="لیګغیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeolojia" title="Jeolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jeolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geulugia" title="Geulugia – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Geulugia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9bi_mak%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B" title="Zébi makɛ́lɛ – لنګالا" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zébi makɛ́lɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="لنګالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ທໍລະນີສາດ – لاو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທໍລະນີສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لاو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eolo%C4%A3ija" title="Ģeoloģija – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Геологиясь – موکشا" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Геологиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="موکشا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Jeôlôjia – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jeôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Геологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Геологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81tai_aro_whenua" title="Tātai aro whenua – ماوري" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tātai aro whenua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="ماوري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геологија – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂഗർഭശാസ്ത്രം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂഗർഭശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Геологи – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Геологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भूशास्त्र – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0eolo%C4%A1ija" title="Ġeoloġija – مالټايي" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġeoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="مالټايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – مرانديز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="مرانديز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဘူမိဗေဒ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘူမိဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7" title="زمین درست کر چیزها – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زمین درست کر چیزها" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81lmatiliztli" title="Tlālmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlālmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuloggia" title="Giuloggia – نيپالين" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giuloggia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="نيپالين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूविज्ञान – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भूविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भूगर्भशास्त्र – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भूगर्भशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ologie" title="Géologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Géologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%27ooloojii" title="Ji'ooloojii – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ji'ooloojii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Геологи – اوسيټک" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Геологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسيټک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – پاپيامينتو" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="پاپيامينتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolodjie" title="Jolodjie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jolodjie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiolojii" title="Jiolojii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jiolojii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolog%C3%ACa" title="Geologìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Geologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="دھرتی پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دھرتی پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiksimuyu_yachay" title="Tiksimuyu yachay – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiksimuyu yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґеолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґеолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="प्राचीनभूगर्भशास्त्रम् – سنسکریټ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्राचीनभूगर्भशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سنسکریټ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giolugg%C3%ACa" title="Gioluggìa – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gioluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Geology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ارضيات – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارضيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnakalt" title="Tasnakalt – تاکلهیټ" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnakalt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="تاکلهیټ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8A%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="ပၢႆးလႅင်ႊလိၼ် – شان" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးလႅင်ႊလိၼ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="شان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="භූවේදය – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geol%C3%B3gia" title="Geológia – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ارضیات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ارضیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambachisi" title="Ruambachisi – شونا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambachisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="شونا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeologjia" title="Gjeologjia – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геологија – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeoloji" title="Jeoloji – سويلي سوتو" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeoloji" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="سويلي سوتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Geologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ologi" title="Géologi – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Géologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiolojia" title="Jiolojia – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலவியல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭೂವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Заминшиносӣ – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Заминшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ธรณีวิทยา – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธรณีวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi%C3%BDa" title="Geologiýa – ترکمني" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Geologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ترکمني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heolohiya" title="Heolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Heolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologij%C9%99" title="Geologijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Geologijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeoloji" title="Jeoloji – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jeoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология – توینیان" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Геология" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="توینیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گېئولوگىيە – اويغوري" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېئولوگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="اويغوري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геологія – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ارضیات – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارضیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiya" title="Geologiya – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeo%C5%82ozia" title="Zeołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zeołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologii" title="Geologii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Geologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa chất học – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa chất học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talav" title="Talav – والاپوک" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Talav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="والاپوک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeyolodjeye" title="Djeyolodjeye – والون" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djeyolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="والون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heolohiya" title="Heolohiya – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Heolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="地質學 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地質學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJioloji" title="IJioloji – خوسا" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJioloji" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="خوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გეოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გეოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="געאלאגיע – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地质学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-chit-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tē-chit-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-chit-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="地質學 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地質學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1069#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style><div class="infobox_v3 infobox"><div style="justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"><div>ځمکپېژندنه</div></div><div style="border:unset;padding:unset"><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png/260px-Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png/390px-Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png/520px-Mapa_litol%C3%B3gico_de_Genicera.png 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="2263" /></a></span></div></div><table><caption style="display:table-caption;background-color:#E1E1E1;text-align:center;color:#000000">ټوليز مالومات</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">عمومي مالومات</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DB%90" title="د علم څانګې">د علم څانګې</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11862829" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q11862829"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">پوهنتوني رشته</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-5e600324573628e0f554dcd6794572cb92f5e377_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5e600324573628e0f554dcd6794572cb92f5e377-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2267705" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2267705"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">ښوونيزه رشته</span></a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1047113" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1047113"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">ځانګړتيا</span></a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069?uselang=ps#P31" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">ځانګړې وېشنيزه</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90" title="طبيعي پوهنې">طبيعي پوهنې</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90" title="ځمکپوهنې">ځمکپوهنې</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069?uselang=ps#P279" title="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا"><img alt="ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered" style="display:block;flex:auto;border-top:2px dotted #E1E1E1;width:100%"><span class="plainlinks" style="background:inherit;text-align:right;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87&veaction=edit&section=0">سمول</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&section=0">سرچینه سمول</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069" class="extiw" title="d:Q1069">ويکي‌ډېټا سمول</a></span><span style="text-align:left;float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لاسوند وګورئ"><img alt="لاسوند وګورئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/30px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/45px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/60px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></p></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Jordens_inre-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/220px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/330px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/440px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earth (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Earth</a>'s layered structure. (1) inner core; (2) outer core; (3) lower mantle; (4) upper mantle; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust</figcaption></figure> <p><b>ځمکپېژندنه</b> یا <i>جيولوجي</i> په لومړي ځل د يونان له ژبې راوتلی ويېک دی او د <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ځمکې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ځمکې</a> پېژندنې نه مانا او مفهوم داسې څرگندېږي . ځمکه پېژندنه هغه پوهه يا علم دی چې پکې د ځمکې څېره، مساهت ،ډول ، فيزيکي څرنگوالی (پږنۍ څرنگوالی) او د ځمکې د پېښليک (تاريخ ) پوره انځوريزه بشپړ پوهاوی او شننه پلاس راکوي او راښيي. </p><p><b>ځمک‌پوهنه</b> د ځمکې د علومو یوه څانګه ده چې له مایع او جامدې ځمکې، جوړوونکو ډبرو او هغو پروسو سره اړوندېږي چې د وخت په تېرېدو سره بدلون کوي. په ځمک‌پوهنه کې د سپوږمۍ او مریخ په څېر د هرې ځمکنۍ سیارې یا طبیعي سپوږمکۍ د جامدو ځانګړنو څېړنه هم شاملېدای شي. معاصره ځمک‌پوهنه د ځمکې له نورو علومو لکه هایدرولوژۍ او اتومسفیري علومو سره په پراخ ډول غاړه غړۍ ده او له همدې امله د ځمکني سیستم د علم او سیاره‌يي علومو یو مهم اړخ بلل کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ځمک‌پوهنه د ځمکې په سطحه کې او تر سطحې لاندې د ځمکې جوړښت او هغه پروسې تشرېح کوي چې دغه جوړښت یې رغولی دی. د دې تر څنګ په یوه ځانګړي ځای کې د پیدا شویو ډبرو نسبي او مطلق عمرونه ټاکي او د دغو ډبرو تاریخچه تشرېح کوي. د دغو وسایلو په مرسته ځمک‌پوهان د ځمکې جیولوژيکي تاریخ په ټولیز ډول تشرېح کولی او د ځمکې عمر څرګندولی شي. ځمک‌پوهنه د تخته‌يي جوړښت، د ژوند د تکامل د تاریخچې او د ځمکې د تېر اقلیم لپاره لومړني شواهد برابروي.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ځمک‌پوهان د ځمکې پر جوړښت او تکامل د پوهېدو لپاره ګڼ مېتودونه کاروي چې په دې کې ساحوي څېړنې، د ډبرو تشرېحات، جیوفزیکي تخنیکونه، کیمیایي تحلیلونه، فزیکي ازمېښتونه او عددي ماډلونه یادولی شو. له علمي نظره ځمک‌پوهنه د کاني توکو او هایدرو کاربن د اکتشاف او ګټې اخیستنې، د اوبو د سرچینو د ارزونې، پر طبیعي خطرونو د پوهېدو، د چاپېریالي ستونزو د حلولو او د تېرو اقلیمي بدلونونو په اړه د لیدلوري وړاندې کولو لپاره مهمه ده. ځمک‌پوهنه د مهمو اکاډمیکو څانګو له ډلې ده چې د جیولوژيکي انجنیرۍ لپاره مرکزي اهمیت لري او په جیوتخنیکي انجنیرۍ کې مهم رول لري. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ځمک‌پوهنیز_توکي"><span id=".DA.81.D9.85.DA.A9.E2.80.8C.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.DB.8C.D8.B2_.D8.AA.D9.88.DA.A9.D9.8A"></span>ځمک‌پوهنیز توکي</h2></div> <p>د ځمک‌پوهنې ډېره برخه ډېټا له هغو څېړنو څخه ترلاسه کېږي چې د ځمکې د جامدو توکو په اړه کېږي. اسماني ډبرې او نور تر ځمکې ور هاخوا طبیعي توکي د ځمک‌پوهنیزو یا جیولوژيکي مېتودونو پر بنسټ څېړل کېږي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="کاني_توکي"><span id=".DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A_.D8.AA.D9.88.DA.A9.D9.8A"></span>کاني توکي</h3></div> <p>کاني توکي هغه طبیعي عناصر او ترکیبونه دي چې مشخص متجانس کیمیایي ترکیب او اتومي تریب لري. </p><p>هر کاني توکی بېلې فزیکي ځانګړنې لري او د هرې ځانګړنې د مشخصولو لپاره یې ګڼ ازمېښتونه موجود دي. ځینې ازمېښتي بېلګې په لاندې مورادو کې ازمویلی شو:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ځلا: د یوه مېنرال یا کاني توکي له سطحې څخه د منعکس شوي نور څرنګوالی دی. د بېلګې په توګه فلزي، مرغلین یا مرواریدي، مومي یا تت.</li> <li>رنګ: کاني توکي د رنګونو له مخې ډلبندي کېږي. تر ډېره تشخیصي دی، خو ناخالص‌والی کولای شي د یوه کاني توکي رنګ بدل کړي.</li> <li>رګ: دا کار پر چیني تخته د مېنرالي بېلګې په ګرولو سره ترسره کېږي. د رګ رنګ د کاني توکي یا مېنرال په نامه کې مرسته کولی شي.</li> <li>کلکوالی: د ګرېدو په مقابل کې د یوه کاني توکي مقاومت دی.</li> <li>ځانګړی دروندوالی: د یوه کاني توکي د ټاکلي حجم وزن دی.</li> <li>جوش: پر کاني توکي هایدرولیک اسید ور څڅول کېږي چې جوش یې وکتل شي.</li> <li>مقناطیسیت: په دې کې مقناطیس کارول کېږي تر څو د یوه کاني توکي مقناطیسیت وازمویل شي.</li> <li>خوند: کاني توکي بېلابېل خوندونه لرلای شي، لکه هالیټ (چې مالګې ته ورته خوند لري).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ډبرې"><span id=".DA.89.D8.A8.D8.B1.DB.90"></span>ډبرې</h3></div> <p>ډبره د هرې جامدې طبیعي کتلې یا د مېنرالونو یا هم منرال ته ورته توکو د ټولګې په معنا ده. په ځمک‌پوهنه کې ډېری څېړنې د ډبرو له څېړنو سره اړوندې دي، ځکه چې ډبرې د ځمکې د جیولوژيکي تاریخ ډېری لومړني سوابق وړاندې کوي. ډبرې درې مهم یا لوی ډولونه لري چې اتشفشاني، رسوبي او مېټامورفیک ډبرې بلل کېږي. د ډبرو څرخه د ډبرو خپل‌منځي اړیکې څرګندوي. </p><p>کله چې یوه ډبره له ویلې یا ذوب حالت څخه جامد ته بدلېږي، دا یوه اتشفشاني ډبره ده. دا ډبره هوا وهلی او خرابېدلی شي، بیا بېرته رسوب کوي او پر رسوبي ډبره بدلېږي. بیا وروسته د تودوخې او فشار په مرسته پر مېټامورفیک ډبره بدلېدای شي چې دغه چاره یې کاني محتوا بدلوي. د ډبرو دا درې واړه ډولونه ښايي بیاځلي ویلې شي او کله چې ویلې کېږي، نوې مګما [ویلې شوي ناسوچه فلزي مواد] ترې جوړېږي چې ښايي بل ځل بیا هم یوه نرمه یا ویلې شوې ډبره پر جامد حالت واړوي. عضوي مواد لکه د ډبرو سکاره، قیر، تېل او طبیعي ګاز تر ډېره له هغو رسوبي ډبرو سره اړوند دي چې پراخ عضوي مواد لري. </p><p>ځمک‌پوهان د دغو درې واړو ډبرو د څېړنې لپاره هغه کاني توکي او نورې فزیکي ځانګړنې ارزوي چې دا ډبرې ترې جوړې شوې دي.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_ټولې_ځمکې_جوړښت"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.BC.D9.88.D9.84.DB.90_.DA.81.D9.85.DA.A9.DB.90_.D8.AC.D9.88.DA.93.DA.9A.D8.AA"></span>د ټولې ځمکې جوړښت</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_ځمکې_جوړښت"><span id=".D8.AF_.DA.81.D9.85.DA.A9.DB.90_.D8.AC.D9.88.DA.93.DA.9A.D8.AA"></span>د ځمکې جوړښت</h3></div> <p>په لوړه تودوخه او لوړ فشار کې په زلزله‌پوهنه، کمپیوټري ماډل‌جوړونو، مېنرال‌پوهنه او کریسټالوګرافۍ کې شوي پرمختګونه د ځمکې د داخلي ترکیب او جوړښت په اړه ځینې لیدلوري په لاس راکوي. </p><p>زلزله‌پوهان کولای شي د زلزله‌ييزو څپو د را رسېدو وختونه د ځمکې د داخلي عکاسۍ لپاره وکاروي. په دې برخه کې لومړنیو پرمختګونو یوه بیرونۍ مایع هسته (په هغه ځای کې چې غوڅېدونکې څپې د خپرېدو وړ نه وې) او یوه جامده داخلي هسته وښوده. د دغو پرمختګونو په پایله کې د ځمکې طبقه‌يي ماډل جوړ شو چې په سر کې یې یوه طبقه او لټوسفیر دي، په بېخ کې یو پوښ دی (چې د زلزله‌ييز انفصال له امله په ۴۱۰ او ۶۶۰ کلیومترۍ کې جلا شوی) او تر هغه لاندې بیرونۍ او داخلي هستې لري. په وروستیو کې زلزله‌پوهان توانېدلي چې د ځمکې په داخل کې د څپو د سرعت دقیق انځورونه واخلي، کټ مټ لکه ډاکتر چې د سي ټي سکن په مرسته د یوه بدن عکس اخلي. دغو عکسونو د ځمکې د داخل یوه ډېره دقیقه کتنه رامنځته کړې او ساده طبقه‌يي ماډل یې پر یوه لا ډېر خوځند ماډل بدل کړی دی. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_تاریخ_ټاکنې_مېتودونه"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE_.D9.BC.D8.A7.DA.A9.D9.86.DB.90_.D9.85.DB.90.D8.AA.D9.88.D8.AF.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د تاریخ ټاکنې مېتودونه</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="نسبي_تاریخ_ټاکنه"><span id=".D9.86.D8.B3.D8.A8.D9.8A_.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE_.D9.BC.D8.A7.DA.A9.D9.86.D9.87"></span>نسبي تاریخ ټاکنه</h3></div> <p>د نسبي تاریخ ټاکنې مېتودونه هغه مهال رامنځته شول چې ځمک‌پوهنه د لومړي ځل لپاره د یوه طبیعي علم په توګه را څرګنده شوه. دا مهال ځمک‌پوهان لا هم د ځمک‌پوهنې د تاریخ او د جیولوژيکي پېښو د وخت په اړه د معلوماتو وړاندې کولو لپاره لاندې اصول کاروي. </p><p>د ورته‌والي اصل وايي، په هغو عملیو کې لیدل شوې جیولوژيکي پروسې چې دا مهال د ځمکې طبقه بدلوي، د جیولوژیک وخت په اوږدو کې یې کابو په همدې ډول عمل کړی دی. د ځمک‌پوهنې یو بنسټیز اصل چې په اتلسمه پېړۍ کې سکاټلنډي ډاکتر او ځمک‌پوه «جېمز هاټون» وړاندې کړ، دا دی چې «اوس مهال د تېرو وختونو کیلي ده». هاټون وايي: "زموږ د نړۍ تاریخ باید د هغو پېښو په مټ تشرېح شي چې دا مهال د پېښېدو په حال کې دي."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="مطلقه_تاریخ_ټاکنه"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B7.D9.84.D9.82.D9.87_.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE_.D9.BC.D8.A7.DA.A9.D9.86.D9.87"></span>مطلقه تاریخ ټاکنه</h3></div> <p>د شلمې پېړۍ په پیل کې د راډیو اکټیو ایزوټوپونو او نورو مېتودونو په مرسته د جیولوژيکي پېښو د مطلقې تاریخ ټاکنې د وړتیا په رامنځته کېدو سره د ځمک‌پوهنې په علم کې پرمختګونه اسانه شول. دغې چارې د جیولوژيکي وخت په اړه پوهه بدله کړه. تر دې وړاندې ځمک‌پوهانو د ډبرو د تاریخ ټاکنې لپاره یوازې فوسیلونه کارولی شوای. د ایزوټوپي تاریخ ټاکنو په مرسته د ډبرو د مطلقو عمرونو ټاکنه شونې شوه، په دې توګه دغه مطلق تاریخونه پر هغو فوسیلي لړیو هم عملي کېدای شي چې د تاریخ ټاکنې وړ مواد په کې دي او پخواني نسبي عمرونه پر نویو مطلقو عمرونو بدلېدای شي.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5e600324573628e0f554dcd6794572cb92f5e377-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5e600324573628e0f554dcd6794572cb92f5e377_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ذکر کېدنه: <i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1227538" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1227538"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Directory of Open Access Journals</span></a></i>. Quotation: <span lang="en">Geology</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:OEtymD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:OEtymD (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:OEtymD</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:LSJ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:LSJ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:LSJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGunten1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gunten, Hans R. von (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/292801/files/ract.1995.7071.special-issue.305.pdf">"Radioactivity: A Tool to Explore the Past"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radiochimica Acta</i>. 70–71 (s1): 305–413. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fract.1995.7071.special-issue.305">10.1524/ract.1995.7071.special-issue.305</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-3405">2193-3405</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:100441969">100441969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Radioactivity%3A+A+Tool+to+Explore+the+Past&rft.volume=70%E2%80%9371&rft.issue=s1&rft.pages=305-413&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A100441969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2193-3405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fract.1995.7071.special-issue.305&rft.aulast=Gunten&rft.aufirst=Hans+R.+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F292801%2Ffiles%2Fract.1995.7071.special-issue.305.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/MinRockID/MinTests.html">"Mineral Identification Tests"</a>. <i>Geoman's Mineral ID Tests</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geoman%27s+Mineral+ID+Tests&rft.atitle=Mineral+Identification+Tests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjersey.uoregon.edu%2F~mstrick%2FMinRockID%2FMinTests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/gsu/gmp/categories/overview.htm">"Surficial Geologic Maps"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216095807/http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/gsu/gmp/categories/overview.htm">Archived</a> 2016-02-16 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>. in New Hampshire Geological Survey, Geologic maps. des.nh.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harold L. (2010). <i>The earth through time</i> (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. p. 18. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-470-38774-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-470-38774-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-470-38774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earth+through+time&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38774-0&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reijer Hooykaas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TgYAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1"><i>Natural Law and Divine Miracle: The Principle of Uniformity in Geology, Biology, and Theology</i></a>, Leiden: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EJ_Brill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EJ Brill (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">EJ Brill</a>, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerBradleyVer_StraetenHarris1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, R.D.; Bradley, D.C.; Ver Straeten, C.A.; Harris, A.G.; Ebert, J.R.; McCutcheon, S.R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203632/https://alaska.usgs.gov/staff/geology/bradley/bradley_pubs/Tucker_Dev_time_scale_1998.pdf">"New U–Pb zircon ages and the duration and division of Devonian time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>158</b> (3–4): 175–186. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998E&PSL.158..175T">1998E&PSL.158..175T</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.498.7372">10.1.1.498.7372</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2898%2900050-8">10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00050-8</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alaska.usgs.gov/staff/geology/bradley/bradley_pubs/Tucker_Dev_time_scale_1998.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2018-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=New+U%E2%80%93Pb+zircon+ages+and+the+duration+and+division+of+Devonian+time&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=175-186&rft.date=1998&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.498.7372%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2898%2900050-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998E%26PSL.158..175T&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=R.D.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+D.C.&rft.au=Ver+Straeten%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Harris%2C+A.G.&rft.au=Ebert%2C+J.R.&rft.au=McCutcheon%2C+S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falaska.usgs.gov%2Fstaff%2Fgeology%2Fbradley%2Fbradley_pubs%2FTucker_Dev_time_scale_1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a 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