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<li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Norse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Norse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Influence of Norse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Norse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Breton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Breton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Influence of Breton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Breton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Influence of French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Influence of English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palatalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Palatalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dental_fricative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_fricative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dental fricative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_fricative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iterative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iterative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Iterative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iterative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerunds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerunds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Gerunds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerunds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jèrriais</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="जेरियास – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जेरियास" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="جيرزية (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرزية (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_jersey%C3%A9s" title="Idioma jerseyés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma jerseyés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzenezeg" title="Jerzenezeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jerzenezeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersei%C3%A8s" title="Jerseiès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jerseiès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey%C5%A1tina" title="Jerseyština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jerseyština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_jersey%C3%A9s" title="Idioma jerseyés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma jerseyés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersiais" title="Jersiais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jersiais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B4" title="저지어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저지어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_j%C3%A8rriais" title="Dialetto jèrriais – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Caesariaca" title="Lingua Caesariaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Caesariaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ジャージー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャージー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_jersiana" title="Língua jersiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua jersiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Джерсийский диалект нормандского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джерсийский диалект нормандского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey%C4%8Dtina" title="Jerseyčtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jerseyčtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Jerseyščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jerseyščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jèrriais" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جرزیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_J%C3%A8rriais" title="Tiếng Jèrriais – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Norman spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">jèrriais</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,900 (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,800 <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a> of Jersey and Guernsey<br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoOil_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoOil_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl#Frankish_zone_(zone_francique)" title="Langues d'oïl">Frankish zone</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span></b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nrf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nrf">nrf</a></code> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jerr1238">jerr1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8649">Jèrriais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-hc">51-AAA-hc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>nrf-JE<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-b0790b129652fe874aee394454b1cab32e5f42a7-v18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-b0790b129652fe874aee394454b1cab32e5f42a7-v18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-e831537b73e6f4e6d3a73ce2f42a93724839329b-v18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-e831537b73e6f4e6d3a73ce2f42a93724839329b-v18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/250px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/375px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/500px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Jèrriais is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Ben_Spink_speaks_Jèrriais_and_recites_"Man_Bieau_P'tit_Jèrri".ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ben_Spink_speaks_J%C3%A8rriais_and_recites_%22Man_Bieau_P%27tit_J%C3%A8rri%22.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Ben_Spink_speaks_J%C3%A8rriais_and_recites_%22Man_Bieau_P%27tit_J%C3%A8rri%22.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Ben_Spink_speaks_J%C3%A8rriais_and_recites_%22Man_Bieau_P%27tit_J%C3%A8rri%22.ogg/Ben_Spink_speaks_J%C3%A8rriais_and_recites_%22Man_Bieau_P%27tit_J%C3%A8rri%22.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span> teacher Ben Spink speaks <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span> and tells the words of the song <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">"Man Bieau P'tit Jèrri"</span></span> by Frank Le Maistre.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Jersiais</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɛʁzjɛ]</a></span>; also known as the <b>Jersey language</b>, <b>Jersey French</b> and <b>Jersey Norman French</b> in English) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> and the traditional language of the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersey people</a>. It is a form of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> archipelago off the coast of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Its closest relatives are the other Norman languages, such as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></span></span>, spoken in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, and the other <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a></i></span>. </p><p>Use of <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span> has been in decline over the past century, as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration on Jersey. There are very few people who speak Jèrriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the remaining speakers, their numbers decrease annually. Despite this, efforts are being made to keep the language alive. </p><p>The language of <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>, is a descendant of the Jèrriais brought by the Jersey colonists who settled Sark in the 16th century, with <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> of mainland <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. </p><p>Jèrriais is often called "Jersey French" or "Jersey Norman French" in English (though this may give the impression that the language is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">jersiais</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">normand de Jersey</i></span> in French. Jèrriais is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a> used for legal contracts, laws and official documents by the government and administration of Jersey. For this reason, some prefer using the term "Jersey Norman" to avoid ambiguity and to dissociate the language from standard French. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg/220px-Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg/330px-Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg/440px-Jerriais_signage_at_Jersey_supermarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Some bilingual (or trilingual) signage may be seen in Jersey, such as this welcome sign at a supermarket.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although few now speak Jèrriais as a first language, until the 19th century it was used as the everyday language for the majority of the population of Jersey; even as late as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, up to half the population could still communicate in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, awareness of the decline of language use became apparent in the 19th century in scholarly circles. Among foreign linguists, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Louis Lucien Bonaparte">Louis Lucien Bonaparte</a> visited Jersey and interested himself in the language and its literature. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, during his exile in Jersey, took an interest in the language and numbered some Jèrriais writers among his circle of acquaintances and supporters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pipon_Marett" title="Robert Pipon Marett">Sir Robert Pipon Marett</a>'s prestige and influence helped to reinforce the movement toward standardisation of the writing system based on French orthography, a trend which was also helped by the Norman literary revival beginning in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> of mainland <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, where writers inspired by the example of the Norman writers of Jersey and Guernsey, also began to produce literary works. However, differing (if mutually comprehensible) writing systems have been adopted in Jersey, Guernsey, and mainland <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. It is sometimes asked whether Jèrriais should move to a writing system based on French <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>; however, this would have implications for the continuity of the literary tradition over two centuries or more, though some features of the language's writing system, such as the digraph "th" for the typical <a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">dental fricative</a> of Jèrriais, have evidently been borrowed from English orthography. </p><p>As English became dominant in Jersey in the 20th century, efforts were made to preserve the Jèrriais language. The <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eisteddfod" title="Jersey Eisteddfod">Jersey Eisteddfod</a> has included a Jèrriais section since 1912. Associations were founded; <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">L'Assembliée d'Jèrriais</i></span> was founded in 1951, while <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Le Don Balleine</i></span> is a trust set up in accordance with the will of Arthur E. Balleine (1864–1943), who bequeathed funds for the promotion of the language. <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">L'Assembliée d'Jèrriais</i></span> launched a quarterly magazine in 1952, which has been published since (with the occasional hiatus, and latterly under the editorship of <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Le Don Balleine</i></span>); a standard grammar <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Lé Jèrriais pour tous</i></span> (by Paul Birt) appeared in 1985; cassettes, booklets and other materials have also been produced. </p><p>George d'la Forge's maintenance of the language in the North American diaspora is not as surprising as it might seem, as considerable numbers of Jersey people had been involved in the economic development and exploitation of the New World (see <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>). Much of the concentration focused on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">cod</a> fisheries of the <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, which were controlled into the early 20th century by Jersey-based companies or companies of Jersey origin employing Jersey labour. The common language of business was Jèrriais, and it is reported<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that there were still some Jèrriais-speakers in Gaspé villages in the 1960s. The Gaspesian expression <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">"faire une runne"</i></span> (to go and work outside the region) comes from the Jèrriais word "run" applied to a fishing station.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libethes_inscription_St_Helier,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Libethes_inscription_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg/250px-Libethes_inscription_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Libethes_inscription_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-Libethes_inscription_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Libethes_inscription_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg/500px-Libethes_inscription_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>An inscription, reading "Liberated" in Jèrriais, was installed at <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">La Pièche dé l'Av'nîn</span></span> in St. Helier in 2005 to mark the 60th anniversary of the Liberation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of Jèrriais is also noted during the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a> during the Second World War; the local population used it among themselves as a language which neither the occupying Germans, nor their French interpreters, could understand. However, the social and economic upheaval of the war meant that use of English increased dramatically after the Liberation. </p><p>It is considered that the last monolingual adult speakers probably died in the 1950s<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, although monolingual children were being received into schools in St. Ouen as late as the late 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Famous Jèrriais speakers include <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> painter, who are reported to have spoken to each other in the language when he was painting her portrait. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of Jèrriais <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a> goes back to 19th century <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">glossaries</a> of Philippe Langlois, A. A. Le Gros, and Thomas Gaudin. These were later revised and expanded into the <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Glossaire du Patois Jersiais</i></span> published in 1924 by <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">La <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Jersiaise" title="Société Jersiaise">Société Jersiaise</a></span></span>. The 1960 <i>Glossary of Jersey French</i> (Nichol Spence) recorded Jèrriais in a phonetic script. The 1924 <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Glossaire</i></span> inspired the research by Frank Le Maistre that culminated in the <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Dictionnaire Jersiais–Français</i></span> published in 1966 to mark the 900th anniversary of the Norman Conquest of England. The first practical English–Jèrriais dictionary was the <i>English-Jersey Language Vocabulary</i> (Albert Carré in collaboration with Frank Le Maistre and Philip de Veulle, 1972) which was itself based on the <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Dictionnaire Jersiais–Français</i></span>. A children's picture dictionary, <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Les Preunmié Mille Mots</i></span>, was published by <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">La Société Jersiaise</span></span> in 2000. In 2005, a Jèrriais–English dictionary, <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Dictionnaithe Jèrriais-Angliais</i></span> was published by <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">La Société Jersiaise</span></span>, in collaboration with <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Le Don Balleine</span></span>. A revised, modernised and expanded English–Jèrriais dictionary, <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Dictionnaithe Angliais-Jèrriais</i></span>, was published in 2008 by <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Le Don Balleine</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg/220px-Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg/330px-Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg/440px-Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Jersey Airport greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" in Jèrriais.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_Evening_Post_Jersey_Norman-French.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Jersey_Evening_Post_Jersey_Norman-French.jpg/220px-Jersey_Evening_Post_Jersey_Norman-French.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Jersey_Evening_Post_Jersey_Norman-French.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Local newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a></i> hosts a <i>Jersey Norman-French</i> feature, with Jèrriais texts accompanied by their translation into English.</figcaption></figure> <p>The latest figures come from the Jersey Annual Social Survey issued on 5 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey of 4200 households took place in June 2012 and resulted in 2400 returns. It showed that 18% of the population could speak some Jèrriais words and phrases, with more than 7% of those over 65 being fluent or able to speak a significant amount of Jèrriais. Two-thirds of adults said that they could not understand spoken Jèrriais, but more than a quarter were able to understand some, and 5% could usually or fully understand someone speaking Jèrriais. 4% of people said that they could write some Jèrriais, although under 1% could write fluently. Just under a third (32%) said that they could understand something written in Jèrriais. </p><p>These figures update those of the census of 2001, which showed that approximately 3% of the island's population spoke Jèrriais in their personal interactions, although research suggests that up to 15% of the population have some understanding of the language. The latest census figures also showed an increase in declarations of children speaking the language: the first such increase recorded in census figures (although this may be due to greater consciousness among parents rather than to language use), doubtless encouraged by the introduction of a Jèrriais teaching programme into Jersey schools. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">parish</a> with the highest proportion of Jèrriais speakers (8%) is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen, Jersey">Saint Ouen</a>, and the parish with the lowest proportion (2.1%) is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a>, although that is the largest parish and has the highest number of Jèrriais speakers. The number of census respondents who stated that they "usually" spoke Jèrriais was 113; 2,761 respondents stated that they "sometimes" spoke it. A survey carried out among a sample of Jèrriais speakers in 1996 found that 18% spoke the language more often than English, 66% spoke it as often as English, and 16% spoke it less often than English.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a> fund the teaching programme in schools and provide some support in terms of signage, such as welcome signs at harbours and the airport. Ratification of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> is under discussion. In September 2005, the States approved the development of a cultural strategy, one of whose strategic objectives was as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>Jersey almost lost its language in the 20th century. By 2001 there were less than 3,000 speakers of Jèrriais. In the 21st century strenuous efforts are being made to re-establish it. <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Le Don Balleine</span></span>, funded by the States, is leading a programme in schools teaching Jèrriais. <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">L'Assembliée d'Jèrriais</span></span> promotes the language generally. Language brings distinctiveness, a sense of localness and a whole new set of skills all of which are important qualities in attracting the creative economy. It is fundamental to the Island's identity. This objective is to work with these organisations to help in the revival and status of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In September 2009, a partnership agreement was signed by the Minister for Education, Sport and Culture and the President of <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Le Don Balleine</span></span> to formalise the role of <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">L'Office du Jèrriais</span></span> in protecting and promoting Jèrriais and to develop a language plan to help make the language more prominent on a daily basis; there is newspaper and radio output in the language, and as part of the language's promotion, from 2010, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound#2010_issue" title="Jersey pound">Jersey banknotes</a> carry the value of the note written out in Jèrriais.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jèrriais is currently classified as "threatened" by the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">Endangered Languages Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>Jèrriais is recognised as a regional language by the British and Irish governments within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a>. On 13 February 2019, the States of Jersey adopted Jèrriais as an official language, and the language is set to be used on signage and official letter headings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></div> <p>The tradition of literature in Jèrriais can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a>, a 12th century Jersey-born poet, although there is little surviving literature in Jèrriais dating to before the introduction of the first printing press in Jersey in the 1780s. The first printed Jèrriais appeared in the first newspapers at the end of the 18th century, and the earliest identified dated example of printed poetry is a fragment by <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Matchi L'Gé</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_Le_Geyt" title="Matthew Le Geyt">Matthew Le Geyt</a> 1777 – 1849), dated to 1795. A boom in competing newspapers and journals throughout the 19th century provided a platform for poets and writers to publish regularly – typically, satirical comment on the week's news, elections, Jersey politicians and notables. The first printed anthology of Jèrriais poetry, <i>Rimes Jersiaises</i>, was published in 1865. </p><p>Influential writers include "Laelius" (Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pipon_Marett" title="Robert Pipon Marett">Robert Pipon Marett</a> 1820 – 1884, <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">Bailiff</a> of Jersey, 1880–1884), "A.A.L.G." (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_Aspley_Le_Gros" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Aspley Le Gros">Augustus Aspley Le Gros</a>, 1840–1877), and "St.-Luorenchais" (<a href="/wiki/Philippe_Langlois" title="Philippe Langlois">Philippe Langlois</a>, 1817–1884). "Elie" (<a href="/wiki/Edwin_J._Luce" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin J. Luce">Edwin J. Luce</a>, 1881–1918) was editor of the French language newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey</i></span>, and a poet who wrote topical poems for the newspaper. He was also active in promoting the development of drama in Jèrriais and organised performances, ultimately leading to the establishment of a Jèrriais section of the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eisteddfod" title="Jersey Eisteddfod">Jersey Eisteddfod</a> in 1912. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a>, Nazi censors permitted little original writing to be published. However, many older pieces of literature were re-published in the newspapers as an act of cultural self-assertion and morale-boosting. Following the end of Occupation, and with the re-establishment of the free press, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Le_Brocq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Le Brocq (page does not exist)">Edward Le Brocq</a> (1877–1964) revived a weekly column in 1946 with a letter from <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">"Ph'lip et Merrienne"</span></span>, supposedly a traditional old couple who would comment on the latest news or recall times past. </p><p>The most influential writer of Jèrriais in the 20th century was a U.S. citizen, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Le_Feuvre" title="George F. Le Feuvre">George Francis Le Feuvre</a> (1891–1984), whose pen-name was "George d'la Forge". He emigrated to North America after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, but for almost forty years maintained a flow of articles in Jèrriais back to Jersey for publication in newspapers. Selections of his articles have been published in book form. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Le_Maistre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Le Maistre (page does not exist)">Frank Le Maistre</a> (1910–2002), compiler of the dictionary <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dictionnaire Jersiais–Français</i></span>, maintained a literary output starting in the 1930s with newspaper articles under the pseudonym <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Marie la Pie"</span></span>, poems, magazine articles, research into toponymy and etymology. Since Le Maistre, <a href="/wiki/Geraint_Jennings" title="Geraint Jennings">Geraint Jennings</a> has been influential in preserving the language by compiling thousands of pages of Jèrriais text online in <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Pages_J%C3%A8rriaises" title="Les Pages Jèrriaises">Les Pages Jèrriaises</a></span></span>, including parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Jèrriais is occasionally misleadingly described as a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> and French, it is more linguistically accurate to describe the language as Norse adapted to <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">langue d'oïl</a>; when Norse-speaking <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> (lit. "North-man") conquered the territory now known as <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, they began speaking the language of their new subjects, leading to its influence on the language. The Norman language is therefore in essence a Romance language with a certain amount of vocabulary of Norse origin, with the inclusion of later <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Norse">Influence of Norse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence of Norse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norse origins can be seen in Jèrriais words such as these: </p> <ul><li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mielle" class="extiw" title="wikt:mielle">mielle</a></i></span> (sand dune)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mogue" class="extiw" title="wikt:mogue">mogue</a></i></span> (mug)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bel#Jèrriais" class="extiw" title="wikt:bel">bel</a></i></span> (yard)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gradile" class="extiw" title="wikt:gradile">gradile</a></i></span> (blackcurrant)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mauve" class="extiw" title="wikt:mauve">mauve</a></i></span> (seagull)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/graie" class="extiw" title="wikt:graie">graie</a></i></span> (to prepare)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%A8rnais" class="extiw" title="wikt:hèrnais">hèrnais</a></i></span> (cart)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%A8te" class="extiw" title="wikt:bète">bète</a></i></span> (bait)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ha%C3%BBter" class="extiw" title="wikt:haûter">haûter</a></i></span> (to doze)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Breton">Influence of Breton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence of Breton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jèrriais has also adopted a small number of words from the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a> (e.g. <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pihangne" class="extiw" title="wikt:pihangne">pihangne</a></i></span> 'spider crab', from Breton <span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">bihan</i></span> 'small'; <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%A9daine" class="extiw" title="wikt:quédaine">quédaine</a></i></span> 'fast', from Breton <span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">gaden</i></span> 'hare'), although the influence on today's language has overwhelmingly been from French and, increasingly, English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_French">Influence of French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence of French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg/500px-Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg/960px-Welcome_to_French_Lane_Saint_Helier_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins%2C_Jersey.jpg/500px-Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins%2C_Jersey.jpg/960px-Rue_de_la_Poucl%C3%A9e_et_des_Quatre_Chemins%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>In this road sign, mostly in French, the word <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">pouclée</i></span> is Jèrriais for <i><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/300px-B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/450px-B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/600px-B%C3%AEngue_%C3%A0_r%27cyclier_Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3458" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A large number of <a href="/wiki/Gallicism" title="Gallicism">gallicisms</a> have been introduced into the language due to the use of French as an official language and the cultural influence of France and French literature. Some French words have displaced in modern usage Jèrriais words that can still be found in older texts from the 18th and 19th centuries, for example: </p> <ul><li>French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">leçon</i></span> (in the form <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/l%C3%A9%C3%A7on#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:léçon">léçon</a></i></span>) has displaced native <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lichon#Norman" class="extiw" title="wikt:lichon">lichon</a></i></span> (lesson)</li> <li>French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gar%C3%A7on#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:garçon">garçon</a></i></span> has displaced native <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hard%C3%A9#Norman" class="extiw" title="wikt:hardé">hardé</a></i></span> (boy)</li> <li>French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chanson#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:chanson">chanson</a></i></span> has displaced native <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">canchon</i></span> (song)</li></ul> <p>Efforts are being made to maintain some Jèrriais words which are competing in usage with French forms, for example: </p> <ul><li>native <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hielle#Norman" class="extiw" title="wikt:hielle">hielle</a></i></span> is being promoted over French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">huile</i></span> (oil)</li> <li>native <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huiptante#Norman" class="extiw" title="wikt:huiptante">huiptante</a></i></span> (eighty) is being promoted over French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quatre-vingts#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:quatre-vingts">quatre-vingts</a></i></span> (fourscore)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_English">Influence of English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence of English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some maritime vocabulary was borrowed from English at an early date, for example <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">baûsouîn</i></span> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boatswain" class="extiw" title="wikt:boatswain">boatswain</a>), but by the late 18th century some domestic vocabulary, such as: </p> <ul><li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bliatchinner" class="extiw" title="wikt:bliatchinner">bliatchinner</a></i></span> (to polish shoes, from <i>blacking</i>)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coutchi" class="extiw" title="wikt:coutchi">coutchi</a></i></span> (to cook)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">grévîn</i></span> (gravy)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">ouâchinner</i></span> (to rub in soapy water, from <i>washing</i>)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scrobbine-broche" class="extiw" title="wikt:scrobbine-broche">scrobbine-broche</a></i></span> (scrubbing brush)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C3%A2sse-paine" class="extiw" title="wikt:sâsse-paine">sâsse-paine</a></i></span> (saucepan)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stchilet" class="extiw" title="wikt:stchilet">stchilet</a></i></span> (skillet)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ticl%27ye" class="extiw" title="wikt:ticl'ye">ticl'ye</a></i></span> (from <i>tea-kettle</i>)</li></ul> <p>entered the language through the employment of Jèrriais-speaking servants in the houses of bourgeois English-speaking immigrants. </p><p>Other words borrowed from English before 1900 include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ch%C3%A2rer" class="extiw" title="wikt:chârer">chârer</a></i></span> (to share)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dr%C3%A2ses" class="extiw" title="wikt:drâses">drâses</a></i></span> (underpants, from <i>drawers</i>)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ouothinner" class="extiw" title="wikt:ouothinner">ouothinner</a></i></span> (to worry)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ouadinne" class="extiw" title="wikt:ouadinne">ouadinne</a></i></span> (cotton wool, from <i>wadding</i>)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nosse" class="extiw" title="wikt:nosse">nosse</a></i></span> (nurse)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sou%C3%AEndgi" class="extiw" title="wikt:souîndgi">souîndgi</a></i></span> (to throw, from <i>swing</i>)</li> <li><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/st%C3%A9ner" class="extiw" title="wikt:sténer">sténer</a></i></span> (to stand, to endure)</li></ul> <p>However, care needs to be taken in attempting to identify <a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">anglicisms</a> because some words, such as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mogue" class="extiw" title="wikt:mogue">mogue</a></i></span> (mug) and <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">canne</i></span> (can), which are often assumed to have been borrowed from English, were in fact Norman words exported to England in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>; and words such as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">fliotchet</i></span> (flock) and <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">ridgi</i></span> (rig) are Norman <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> of English words. </p><p>More recently, words such as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">boutchi</i></span> (to book), <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">partchi</i></span> (to park) and <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">tyeur</i></span> (tyre) have been absorbed into the language, although current initiatives in creating <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> for technological and social innovations prefer to avoid wholesale borrowing where possible. Among recent coinings are words such as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">textéthie</i></span> for <i><a href="/wiki/Short_message_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service">texting</a></i>, <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">maître-pêtre</i></span> for <i><a href="/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">webmaster</a></i> (literally <i>master-spider</i>) and <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">mégabouochi</i></span> for <i><a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Jèrriais Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> may also be heard as an approximant sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span>. </p><p>The phonological influence of Norse is debated, although the aspirated "h" may be due to Norse influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Jèrriais Oral Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ø̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ø̃ː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatalisation">Palatalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palatalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> that occurred in the development of French did not occur in northern dialects of Norman, including Jèrriais: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>French</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">acater</span></span></td> <td>to buy</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">acheter</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">cat</span></span></td> <td>cat</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">chat</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/Jer-Vaque.ogg\/Jer-Vaque.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"vaque"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jer-Vaque.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Jer-Vaque.ogg/Jer-Vaque.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">vaque</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jer-Vaque.ogg" title="File:Jer-Vaque.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>cow</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">vache</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">caud</span></span></td> <td>warm</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">chaud</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">gardîn</span></span></td> <td>garden</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">jardin</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">gambe</span></span></td> <td>leg</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">jambe</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin,_St_Helier,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin%2C_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg/250px-La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin%2C_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin%2C_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin%2C_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin%2C_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg/500px-La_Pieche_de_l%27Av%27nin%2C_St_Helier%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Palatalization is evident in Jèrriais <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">pièche</i></span> compared with French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">place</i></span> (though they are not cognate) in this bilingual placename sign.</figcaption></figure> <p>However the palatalisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> produced different results in the Norman dialect that developed into Jèrriais than in French. (Many developments are similar to those in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, cf. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cento</i></span> "hundred" and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">faccia</i></span> "face"). </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>French</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">bachîn</span></span></td> <td>basin</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">bassine</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/Jer-Fache.ogg\/Jer-Fache.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"fache"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jer-Fache.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Jer-Fache.ogg/Jer-Fache.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">fache</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jer-Fache.ogg" title="File:Jer-Fache.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>face</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">face</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">faichon</span></span></td> <td>fashion</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">façon</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">chent</span></span></td> <td>hundred</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">cent</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/250px-La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/330px-La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/500px-La_Rue_au_Tchian_Grouville_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">La Rue au Tchian</i></span> (road of the dog): Latin <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">canem</i></span> (dog) developed into <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">tchian</i></span>, an example of the palatalisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></figcaption></figure> <p>At a later date surviving <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> underwent a secondary process of palatalisation: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>French</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">motchi</span></span></td> <td>to mock</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">moquer</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">patchet</span></span></td> <td>packet</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">paquet</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">dgide</span></span></td> <td>guide</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">guide</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">idgiot</span></span></td> <td>idiot</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">idiot</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg/220px-Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg/330px-Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg/440px-Sign_English_J%C3%A8rriais_at_La_Hougue_Bie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>The word <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">partchiz</i></span> ("park") is a result of palatalization.</figcaption></figure> <p>This palatalisation continues to operate (except in initial position) as can be seen by recent borrowings from English: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">beustchi</span></span></td> <td>to busk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">coutchi</span></span></td> <td>to cook </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">pliodgi</span></span></td> <td>to plug </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">braidgeux</span></span></td> <td>bragger </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dental_fricative">Dental fricative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dental fricative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feature of Jèrriais that is immediately noticeable and distinguishes it from neighbouring languages is the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, written <i>th</i>, that typically occurs in intervocalic position: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>French</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">bathi</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">barril</span></span></td> <td>barrel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">m'suther</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">mesurer</span></span></td> <td>to measure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">paiethie</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">paierie</span></span> (payment office)</td> <td>payment </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ouothilyi</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">oreiller</span></span></td> <td>pillow </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg/220px-La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg/330px-La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg/440px-La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">La Néthe Rue</i></span> road name (meaning <i>the black road</i>) shows the <i>th</i> digraph representing the voiced dental fricative.</figcaption></figure> <p>Or in final position: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>French</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">méthe</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">mère</span></span></td> <td>mother </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">braithe</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">braire</span></span> (bray)</td> <td>to cry </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fricative devoices to assimilate with a neighbouring unvoiced consonant in words such as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">paqu'thie</i></span> (packing) or <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">malaûc'theux</i></span> (disgusting). </p><p>The fricative developed from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> + front vowel, but evidently after the 16th century as this feature is unknown in the language of Sark (colonised by Jersey families). Although the voiced dental fricative is standard in the literary language, it is not found in the eastern dialects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg/220px-George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg/330px-George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg/440px-George_Francis_Le_Feuvre_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>This gravestone of George Francis Le Feuvre ("George d'la Forge"), at St. Ouen Parish Church, describes him as <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Auteur en langue Jèrriaîthe</i></span> (Jèrriais author). The particular St. Ouennais form of <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Jèrriaise</i></span> with final dental fricative is represented.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some older speakers in St. Ouen use a dental fricative in positions where other dialects show a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. This may be represented in the orthography of particular writers. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>standard Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>St. Ouennais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">maîson</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">maiethon</span></span></td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ouaîselîn</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ouaiethelîn</span></span></td> <td>birds (collective) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">tchaîse</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">tchaîthe</span></span></td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">anglyiciser</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">anglyicîther</span></span></td> <td>anglicise </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dental fricative in the dialect of such speakers may also be heard in <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison (linguistics)">liaison</a>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="120em"><b>standard Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>St. Ouennais</b></td> <td width="120em"><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ous êtes</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ous'th êtes</span></span></td> <td>you are </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ches ôtis</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ches'th ôtis</span></span></td> <td>these tools </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">nou-s-a</span></span></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">nou-th-a</span></span></td> <td>one has </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Length is phonemic in Jèrriais. Long vowels are usually indicated in writing by a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a>. A noun ending in a vowel lengthens the final vowel to indicate the plural (shown in writing by adding an <i>s</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> occurs regularly in verb tenses, indicated by a consonant-<a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(mark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrophe (mark)">apostrophe</a>-consonant <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a>, for example: <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">ou pâl'la</i></span> (she will speak); <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">jé c'mench'chons</i></span> (we will begin); <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">i' donn'nait</i></span> (he would give). <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerunds</a> will also regularly contain geminate consonants, for example: <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">faîs'sie</i></span> (doing, making); <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">chant'tie</i></span> (singing); <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">tith'thie</i></span> (shooting); <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">brîng'gie</i></span> (sweeping); <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">gângn'nie</i></span> (winning). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>English equivalent </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td>b </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">bé, bouon</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">couochi, cat</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c (before e, i, y) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">cidre, cŷnge</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ç </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td>sh </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">fache, scienche</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td>d </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">dithe, d'vanté</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dg </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td>j </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">dgèrre, Dgèrnésy</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> </td> <td>f </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">fé, f'nêntre</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td>g </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Galles, g'nachon</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td> <td>silent </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">vîgnt</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g (before e, i) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td>zh (French j; s as in mea<u>s</u>ure or vi<u>si</u>on) </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">géniche, g'nors</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td> <td>silent </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">histouaithe, êbahi</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td>h </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">happer, hâvre</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td>y </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ièrs, ieux</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td>zh (French j; s as in mea<u>s</u>ure or vi<u>si</u>on) </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">janne, Jèrri</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">kilomètre</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td>l </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">labouother, oulle</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l (before i or y) <p><i>except l'ye</i> </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td> <td>silent </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">pliat</span></span> <i>meubl'ye</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ill </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td>y </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">travailli</span></span> (ex. <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">mille</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td>m </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">méthe, èrmèrtchi</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td> <td>n </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">nouvé, nièr</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngn </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ny (o<u>ni</u>on); think Spanish "<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>" </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">gâgni</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td>p </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">péthe, pommyi</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td> <td>silent </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">corps, sept</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>qu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">qui, quédaine</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td> <td>rr in Spanish </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">vèr, hardi</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td> <td>silent </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">haler, aimer</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td>s </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">saver, sé</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td>z </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">rose, loûser</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sc </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td>s </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">scîn</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td>t </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">tither, té</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tch </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ch </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">motchi, patchet</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ti(on) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td>s </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">suffocâtion</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">th </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">"hard" or "voiced"</a> <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9#Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩">th-sound</a> (as in <i><u><b>th</b></u>at</i>) </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">péthe, muthâle</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">"soft" or "voiceless"</a> <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9#Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩">th-sound</a> (as in <i><u><b>th</b></u></i>in) </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">maqu'thé</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> </td> <td>v </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">vèrt, vyi</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> </td> <td>w </td> <td>loan words </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td>s or z </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">souaixante</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td>y </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">yi, preunmyi</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td>z </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">gâzette, zoulou</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA </th> <th> </th> <th>English equivalent </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td>i </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td>î </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td>u </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span> </td> <td>û </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td>ou </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td> <td>oû </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td>é </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td>ée </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td>oe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> </td> <td>oê </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td>o </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td> <td>oê </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td>è </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td>ê </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> </td> <td>òe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span> </td> <td>òê </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td>â </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td>in </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽː</a></span> </td> <td>în </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ø̃</a></span> </td> <td>un </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ø̃ː</a></span> </td> <td>ûn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td> <td>on </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õː</a></span> </td> <td>ôn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td>en </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td>ên </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span> </td> <td>an </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td>ân </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aspect">Aspect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jèrriais distinguishes between simple, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive tense">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>: </p><p><i>Past</i>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a></td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">j'pâlînmes</span></span></td> <td>we spoke </td></tr> <tr> <td>progressive</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ou 'tait à pâler</span></span></td> <td>she was speaking </td></tr> <tr> <td>perfect</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ous avez pâlé</span></span></td> <td>you have spoken </td></tr> <tr> <td>imperfect</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">j'pâlais</span></span></td> <td>I spoke </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Future</i>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>simple</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">j'pâl'lai</span></span></td> <td>I will speak </td></tr> <tr> <td>progressive</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">tu s'sa à pâler</span></span></td> <td>you will be speaking </td></tr> <tr> <td>perfect</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">oulle étha pâlé</span></span></td> <td>she will have spoken </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Present</i>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>simple</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">j'pâle</span></span></td> <td>I speak </td></tr> <tr> <td>progressive</td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">i' sont à pâler</span></span></td> <td>they are speaking </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iterative">Iterative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Iterative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs can be made iterative in aspect by prefixing <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">èr-</i></span> (long form) or <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">r'</i></span> (short form): </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">aver</span></span></td> <td>have </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èraver</span></span></td> <td>have again </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">êt'</span></span></td> <td>be </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èrêt'</span></span></td> <td>be again </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">netti</span></span></td> <td>clean </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èrnettit</span></span></td> <td>clean again </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">muchi</span></span></td> <td>hide </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èrmuchi</span></span></td> <td>hide again </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èrgarder</span></span></td> <td>watch </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èrèrgarder</span></span></td> <td>watch again </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">téléphoner</span></span></td> <td>phone </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">èrtéléphoner</span></span></td> <td>phone again </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerunds">Gerunds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gerunds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg/250px-Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg/330px-Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg/500px-Fa%C3%AEs%27sie_d%27Cidre_2008_%C3%AAcritchieau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>This sign for a <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cidermaking</a> event demonstrates the <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">s's</i></span> in the gerund <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">faîs'sie</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Verbs can be transformed into <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerunds</a>, which are commonly used: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">chanter</span></span></td> <td>sing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">chant'tie</span></span></td> <td>singing </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">faithe</span></span></td> <td>make </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">faîs'sie</span></span></td> <td>making </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">haler</span></span></td> <td>pull </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">hal'lie</span></span></td> <td>hauling, haulage </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">partchi</span></span></td> <td>park </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">parqu'thie</span></span></td> <td>parking </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">liéthe</span></span></td> <td>read </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">liéthie</span></span></td> <td>reading </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">faxer</span></span></td> <td>fax </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">faxéthie</span></span></td> <td>faxing </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg/250px-Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg/330px-Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg/500px-Make_Poverty_History_banner_2005_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual banner for <a href="/wiki/Make_Poverty_History" title="Make Poverty History">Make Poverty History</a>, July 2005, reading <span title="Jèrriais-language text"><i lang="nrf-JE">Nânnîn à la pouôrreté</i></span> (No to poverty)</figcaption></figure> <table cellspacing="7px" width="15%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="30%"><b>Jèrriais</b></td> <td width="30%"><b>French</b></td> <td width="30%"><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrri</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Jersey</span></span></td> <td>Jersey </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">beinv'nu</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">bienvenue</span></span></td> <td>welcome </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">bel</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">cour</span></span></td> <td>garden (yard) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">bieauté</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">beauté</span></span></td> <td>beauty </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">bouônjour</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">bonjour</span></span></td> <td>hello </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/73\/Jer-Braies.ogg\/Jer-Braies.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"braies"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jer-Braies.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Jer-Braies.ogg/Jer-Braies.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">braies</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jer-Braies.ogg" title="File:Jer-Braies.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">pantalon</span></span></td> <td>trousers </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">brînge</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">brosse</span></span></td> <td>brush </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">chièr</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">cher</span></span></td> <td>dear </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">compather</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">comparer</span></span></td> <td>compare </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">l'êtrangi</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">l'étranger</span></span></td> <td>abroad </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">janmais</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">jamais</span></span></td> <td>never </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">lian</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">lien</span></span></td> <td>link </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/59\/Jer-Pouque.ogg\/Jer-Pouque.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pouque"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jer-Pouque.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Jer-Pouque.ogg/Jer-Pouque.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pouque</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jer-Pouque.ogg" title="File:Jer-Pouque.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">sac</span></span></td> <td>bag </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">tchaîse</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">chaise</span></span></td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/Jer-Tchian.ogg\/Jer-Tchian.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tchian"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jer-Tchian.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Jer-Tchian.ogg/Jer-Tchian.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">tchian</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jer-Tchian.ogg" title="File:Jer-Tchian.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">chien</span></span></td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">ticl'ye</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">bouilloire</span></span></td> <td>kettle </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">viages</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">voyages</span></span></td> <td>journeys </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">yi</span></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">œil</span></span></td> <td>eye </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nrm:"> Norman language (including Jèrriais) edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is, conversely, no complete Bible in Jèrriais; despite the widespread use of the language, French was the predominant language used by the Church in Jersey until the 20th century. However, versions of well-known Bible texts in Jèrriais do exist, and most sermons would be preached, or passages of the Bible explained, in Jèrriais in country areas.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nrf/"><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Jèrriais</span></span></a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoOil-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111104954/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Oil&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Foila1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manuel pratique de philologie romane</i>, Pierre Bec, 1970–1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-b0790b129652fe874aee394454b1cab32e5f42a7-v18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-b0790b129652fe874aee394454b1cab32e5f42a7-v18_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"Jèrriais/Guernésiais"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=J%C3%A8rriais%2FGuern%C3%A9siais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-e831537b73e6f4e6d3a73ce2f42a93724839329b-v18-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-e831537b73e6f4e6d3a73ce2f42a93724839329b-v18_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"Jersey"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/jerriais">"World Atlas of Languages: Jèrriais"</a>. <i>en.wal.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages%3A+J%C3%A8rriais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fjerriais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFallu" class="citation web cs1">Fallu, Jean-Marie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729143459/http://www.museedelagaspesie.ca/pdf/magazine/sommaire_sujets_traites_magazine.pdf">"La Gaspésie jersiaise"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Magazine Gaspésie, Été 2012, no 174</i>. Musée de la Gaspésie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museedelagaspesie.ca/pdf/magazine/sommaire_sujets_traites_magazine.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magazine+Gasp%C3%A9sie%2C+%C3%89t%C3%A9+2012%2C+no+174&rft.atitle=La+Gasp%C3%A9sie+jersiaise&rft.aulast=Fallu&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museedelagaspesie.ca%2Fpdf%2Fmagazine%2Fsommaire_sujets_traites_magazine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionnaithe Angliais-Jèrriais</i>, Jersey 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904210-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904210-09-0">1-904210-09-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS2012%2020121204%20SU.pdf">"Jersey Annual Social Survey 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jersey+Annual+Social+Survey+2012&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520JASS2012%252020121204%2520SU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jèrriais: Jersey's Native Tongue</i>, Jones 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111031/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm">"Development of a Cultural Strategy for The Island - States of Jersey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+a+Cultural+Strategy+for+The+Island+-+States+of+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesassembly.gov.je%2Fdocuments%2Fpropositions%2F22189-12814-1972005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJersey" class="citation web cs1">Jersey, States of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/TaxesMoney/JerseyCurrency/Pages/JerseyCurrencyNew.aspx">"Jersey's bank notes"</a>. <i>www.gov.je</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.je&rft.atitle=Jersey%27s+bank+notes&rft.aulast=Jersey&rft.aufirst=States+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FTaxesMoney%2FJerseyCurrency%2FPages%2FJerseyCurrencyNew.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8649">"Endangered Languages Project - Jèrriais"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages+Project+-+J%C3%A8rriais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F8649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesassembly.gov.je/news/pages/States-agree-to-promote-J%C3%A8rriais.aspx">"States agree to promote Jèrriais"</a>. <i>statesassembly.gov.je</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statesassembly.gov.je&rft.atitle=States+agree+to+promote+J%C3%A8rriais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesassembly.gov.je%2Fnews%2Fpages%2FStates-agree-to-promote-J%25C3%25A8rriais.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/sdllj/norse.html">"Jèrriais words of Norse origin"</a>. <i>members.societe-jersiaise.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=members.societe-jersiaise.org&rft.atitle=J%C3%A8rriais+words+of+Norse+origin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.societe-jersiaise.org%2Fsdllj%2Fnorse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddicoat1994" class="citation book cs1">Liddicoat, Anthony (1994). <i>A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands The Dialects of Jersey and Sark</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Norman+French+of+the+Channel+Islands+The+Dialects+of+Jersey+and+Sark&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Liddicoat&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A8rriais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_2">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lé Jèrriais Pour Tous</i> by Paul W. Birt, 1985.</li> <li><i>Dictionnaire Jersiais–Français</i>, 1966.</li> <li><i>A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands: The Dialects of Jersey and Sark</i> by Anthony J. Liddicoat, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087728-1">978-3-11-087728-1</a></li> <li><i>Jersey Norman French: A Linguistic Study of An Obsolescent Dialect </i>. Mari C. Jones, 2001</li> <li><i>Jèrriais: Jersey's Native Tongue</i> by Mari C. Jones, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904210-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904210-03-0">978-1-904210-03-0</a></li> <li><i>Dictionnaithe Jèrriais-Angliais</i>. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901897-40-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-901897-40-X">0-901897-40-X</a></li> <li><i>Les Chroniques du Don Balleine</i>/<i>Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine</i> (magazine). Jersey 1979 – current.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A8rriais&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:J%C3%A8rriais" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerriais.org.je">L'Office du Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403005322/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/langsec/">La Société Jersiaise – La Section de la langue Jèrriaise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422195456/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/jerriais.html">La Société Jersiaise – Les Pages Jèrriaises</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/about_jersey/general_info/about_jerriais.shtml">BBC Radio Jersey – Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205065538/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-jerriais.html">The Lord's prayer in Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/jerriais.shtml">Jèrriais and Sercquiais today</a> by Mari C. Jones – from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230716-jerrais-the-secret-british-language-that-was-used-to-outwit-the-nazis">“The secret British language that was used to outwit the Nazis”, BBC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jersey_topics" title="Template:Jersey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jersey_topics" title="Template talk:Jersey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jersey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jersey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jersey_articles517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechsschartenturm,_Heavy_MG_bunker,_La_Mare_Mill" title="Sechsschartenturm, Heavy MG bunker, La Mare Mill">Sechsschartentürme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohlgangsanlage_tunnels,_Jersey" title="Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey">German tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohlgangsanlage_8" title="Hohlgangsanlage 8">War Tunnels Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Lothringen" title="Battery Lothringen">Battery Lothringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Moltke" title="Battery Moltke">Battery Moltke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society (CIOS)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmills_in_Jersey" title="Windmills in Jersey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_Jersey" title="Coastal fortifications of Jersey">Coastal fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perquage" title="Perquage">Perquages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Specifics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Cotte_de_St_Brelade" title="La Cotte de St Brelade">La Cotte de St Brelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_dolmens" title="Jersey dolmens">Dolmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosnez_Castle" title="Grosnez Castle">Grosnez Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Castle" title="Elizabeth Castle">Elizabeth Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Riots" title="Corn Riots">Corn Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="La Corbière">La Corbière Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Railway" title="Jersey Railway">Jersey Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eastern_Railway" title="Jersey Eastern Railway">Jersey Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Heritage" title="Jersey Heritage">Jersey Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Jersey" title="National Trust for Jersey">National Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Schools37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Jersey" title="List of schools in Jersey">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grainville_School" title="Grainville School">Grainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_Valle%C3%A9" title="Haute Valleé">Haute Valleé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautlieu_School" title="Hautlieu School">Hautlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_College_for_Girls" title="Jersey College for Girls">Jersey College for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Rocquier_School" title="Le Rocquier School">Le Rocquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Quennevais_School" title="Les Quennevais School">Les Quennevais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Jersey" title="Victoria College, Jersey">Victoria College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_College,_Jersey" title="Highlands College, Jersey">Highlands College, Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Convent_School" title="Beaulieu Convent School">Beaulieu Convent School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Jersey" title="De La Salle College, Jersey">De La Salle College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Preparatory School">St Michael's Preparatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jersey" title="Geology of Jersey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_on_Jersey" title="List of reservoirs on Jersey">Reservoirs</a></li> <li>Places in the islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aubin,_Jersey" title="Saint Aubin, Jersey">Saint Aubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">Bailiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Jersey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Jersey)" title="Council of Ministers (Jersey)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Customs_and_Immigration_Service" title="States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service">Customs and Immigration Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_relations_of_Jersey" title="External relations of Jersey">External relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_Assembly_(Jersey)" title="Parish Assembly (Jersey)">Parish Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Jersey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn%C3%A9table_(Jersey_and_Guernsey)" title="Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)">Connétable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procureur_du_Bien_Public" title="Procureur du Bien Public">Procureur du Bien Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Militia_of_the_Island_of_Jersey" title="Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey">Royal Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_States_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the States Assembly">List of members of the States Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Viscounts_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viscounts of Jersey">Viscounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Jersey" title="Courts of Jersey">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_(Jersey)" title="Royal Court (Jersey)">Royal</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_La_Moye" title="HM Prison La Moye">HM Prison La Moye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_judiciary_of_Jersey" title="List of members of the judiciary of Jersey">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurat#Jersey" title="Jurat">Jurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police" title="States of Jersey Police">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Jersey" title="Financial services in Jersey">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Electricity_Company" title="Jersey Electricity Company">Jersey Electricity Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Financial_Services_Commission" title="Jersey Financial Services Commission">Jersey Financial Services Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Jersey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Jersey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_livre" title="Jersey livre">Livre <span style="font-size: 85%;">(former currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Jersey">Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roads_Committee" title="Roads Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite_du_Branchage" title="Visite du Branchage">Visite du Branchage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Jersey" title="Taxation in Jersey">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JT_Group_Limited" title="JT Group Limited">JT Group Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtel_Solutions" title="Newtel Solutions">Newtel Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel-Vodafone" title="Airtel-Vodafone">Airtel-Vodafone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jersey" title="Tourism in Jersey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">airport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Battle_of_Flowers" title="Jersey Battle of Flowers">Battle of Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jersey" title="Catholic Church in Jersey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrell Wildlife Park">Durrell Wildlife Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Jersey" title="Category:Education in Jersey">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eisteddfod" title="Jersey Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jèrriais language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersey people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royal_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Royal potato">Jersey Royal potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Live" title="Jersey Live">Jersey Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Opera_House" title="Jersey Opera House">Opera House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jersey" title="Sport in Jersey">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Jersey" title="Theatre of Jersey">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Jersey" title="Mass media in Jersey">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Jersey" title="BBC Radio Jersey">BBC Radio Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_103" title="Channel 103">Channel 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Home_(anthem)" title="Island Home (anthem)">Anthem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Jersey" title="Beautiful Jersey">Beautiful Jersey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jersey" title="Flag of Jersey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Day (Jersey)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vingtaines_by_parish380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaines</a> by <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">parish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Ville" title="Vingtaine de la Ville">de la Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rouge_Bouillon" title="Vingtaine du Rouge Bouillon">du Rouge Bouillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Bas_du_Mont_au_Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Vingtaine de Bas du Mont au Prêtre">de Bas du Mont au Prêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Haut_du_Mont_au_Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Vingtaine de Haut du Mont au Prêtre">de Haut du Mont au Prêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Mont_%C3%A0_l%27Abb%C3%A9" title="Vingtaine du Mont à l'Abbé">du Mont à l'Abbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Mont_Cochon" title="Vingtaine du Mont Cochon">du Mont Cochon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grouville" title="Grouville">Grouville</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Marais" title="Vingtaine des Marais">des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Rue" title="Vingtaine de la Rue">de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Longueville" title="Vingtaine de Longueville">de Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Rocque" title="Vingtaine de la Rocque">de la Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Brelade" title="St Brelade">St Brelade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Noirmont" title="Vingtaine de Noirmont">de Noirmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin" title="Vingtaine du Coin">du Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Quennevais" title="Vingtaine des Quennevais">des Quennevais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Moye" title="Vingtaine de la Moye">de la Moye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Clement,_Jersey" title="St Clement, Jersey">Saint Clement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Vingtaine_(St_Clement)" title="Grande Vingtaine (St Clement)">Grande Vingtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rocquier" title="Vingtaine du Rocquier">du Rocquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Samar%C3%A8s" title="Vingtaine de Samarès">de Samarès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_John,_Jersey" title="St John, Jersey">Saint John</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Nord_(St_John)" title="Vingtaine du Nord (St John)">du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_H%C3%A9rupe" title="Vingtaine de Hérupe">de Hérupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Douet_(St_John)" title="Vingtaine du Douet (St John)">du Douet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence,_Jersey" title="St Lawrence, Jersey">Saint Lawrence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Vingtaine de la Vallée">de la Vallée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_H%C3%A2tain" title="Vingtaine du Coin Hâtain">du Coin Hâtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Motier" title="Vingtaine du Coin Motier">du Coin Motier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Tourgis_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vingtaine du Coin Tourgis Nord">du Coin Tourgis Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Tourgis_Sud" title="Vingtaine du Coin Tourgis Sud">du Coin Tourgis Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Jersey" title="St Martin, Jersey">Saint Martin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Rozel" title="Vingtaine de Rozel">de Rozel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Faldouet" title="Vingtaine de Faldouet">de Faldouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Qu%C3%A9ru%C3%A9e" title="Vingtaine de la Quéruée">de la Quéruée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_l%27%C3%89glise" title="Vingtaine de l'Église">de l'Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Fief_de_la_Reine" title="Vingtaine du Fief de la Reine">du Fief de la Reine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary,_Jersey" title="St Mary, Jersey">Saint Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Sud" title="Vingtaine du Sud">du Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Nord_(St_Mary)" title="Vingtaine du Nord (St Mary)">du Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Ouen,_Jersey" title="St Ouen, Jersey">Saint Ouen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_Cueillette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite Cueillette (page does not exist)">Petite Cueillette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_Cueillette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grande Cueillette (page does not exist)">Grande Cueillette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Grantez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Grantez (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Grantez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Millais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Millais (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Millais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Vinchelez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Vinchelez (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Vinchelez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_L%C3%A9oville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Léoville (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Léoville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Jersey" title="St Peter, Jersey">Saint Peter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Douet_(St_Peter)" title="Vingtaine du Douet (St Peter)">du Douet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_St._Nicolas" title="Vingtaine de St. Nicolas">de St. Nicolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Vingtaine_(St_Peter)" title="Grande Vingtaine (St Peter)">Grand Vingtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Augerez" title="Vingtaine des Augerez">des Augerez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Varin" title="Vingtaine du Coin Varin">du Coin Varin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Saviour,_Jersey" title="St Saviour, Jersey">Saint Saviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Maufant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Maufant (page does not exist)">de Maufant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Sous_la_Hougue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Sous la Hougue (page does not exist)">de Sous la Hougue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_des_Pigneaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine des Pigneaux (page does not exist)">des Pigneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_la_Grande_Longueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de la Grande Longueville (page does not exist)">de la Grande Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_la_Petite_Longueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de la Petite Longueville (page does not exist)">de la Petite Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Sous_l%27%C3%89glise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Sous l'Église (page does not exist)">de Sous l'Église</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Jersey" title="Trinity, Jersey">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Ville-%C3%A0-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Vingtaine de la Ville-à-l'Évêque">de la Ville-à-l'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Rozel" title="Vingtaine de Rozel">de Rozel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rondin" title="Vingtaine du Rondin">du Rondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Augr%C3%A8s" title="Vingtaine des Augrès">des Augrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Croiserie" title="Vingtaine de la Croiserie">de la Croiserie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jersey" title="Outline of Jersey">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jersey" title="Bibliography of Jersey">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jersey" title="Category:Jersey">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norman_language80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norman_language" title="Template:Norman language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norman_language" title="Template talk:Norman language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norman_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norman language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norman_language80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channel Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jèrriais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais/Sèrtchais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Auge" title="Pays d'Auge">Pays d'Auge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a> (highly influenced by Jèrriais)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norman_language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Norman language writers">List of Norman language writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrarese_dialect" title="Ferrarese dialect">Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_dialect" title="Old Lombard dialect">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance" title="Old Gallo-Romance">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebro_Valley_Aragonese" title="Ebro Valley Aragonese">Ebro Valley Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Riojan" title="Old Riojan">Old Riojan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Aragonese" title="Valencian Aragonese">Valencian Aragonese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language_of_Aas" title="Whistled language of Aas">Aas whistled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuatschin_dialect_(Romansh)" title="Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)">Tuatschin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" title="Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sutsilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul><li><a 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