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(PDF) The Cambridge Companion to Seneca ed. by Shadi Bartsch, Alessandro Schiesaro (review) | Janja Soldo - Academia.edu
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{"work":{"id":27298387,"created_at":"2016-07-27T03:02:30.781-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-14T16:08:16.481-08:00","_data":{},"document_type":"book_review","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Cambridge Companion to Seneca ed. by Shadi Bartsch, Alessandro Schiesaro (review)","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [34071980]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div 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class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Cambridge Companion to Seneca ed. by Shadi Bartsch, Alessandro Schiesaro (review)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34071980" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/JanjaSoldo"><img alt="Profile image of Janja Soldo" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/34071980/10024353/11181220/s65_janja.soldo.jpg" />Janja Soldo</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span 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data-doc_id="47556587" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/27298387/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Seneca_ed_by_Shadi_Bartsch_Alessandro_Schiesaro_review_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="18319272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18319272/Courage_a_Modern_Look_at_an_Ancient_Virtue">Courage: a Modern Look at an Ancient Virtue</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2800631" href="https://auk.academia.edu/MichaelAristidou">Michael Aristidou</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38172913" href="https://auk.academia.edu/AndreiZavaliy">Andrei Zavaliy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Military Ethics, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this paper is twofold: to demystify the ancient concept of courage making it more palpable for the modern reader, and to suggest the reasonably specific constraints which would restrict the contemporary tendency of indiscriminate attribution of this virtue. The discussion of courage will incorporate both the classical interpretations of this trait of character, and the empirical studies into the complex relation between the emotion of fear and behavior. The Aristotelian thesis that courage consists in overcoming the fear of significant harm for a worthy cause will be further developed by exploring its relevance for the military professionals today. The specific criteria will be offered in order to restrict the application of the term ‘courageous’ to a certain type of action, as well as to demarcate this virtue from the related vices, such as recklessness. The normative aspect of our study aims at making sense of what could qualify as a worthy goal of a fearless action in the modern world. It will be argued that a courageous agent aims at alleviating or preventing harm for others in a situation of potential risk for the agent himself, while respecting the factual conditions which determine the probability of success.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Courage: a Modern Look at an Ancient Virtue","attachmentId":39992386,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18319272/Courage_a_Modern_Look_at_an_Ancient_Virtue","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18319272/Courage_a_Modern_Look_at_an_Ancient_Virtue"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="88882909" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88882909/Ryan_K_Balot_Courage_in_the_Democratic_Polis_Ideology_and_Critique_in_Classical_Athens_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2014">Ryan K. Balot, Courage in the Democratic Polis. Ideology and Critique in Classical Athens. Oxford, Oxford University Press 2014</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="202479121" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KatharinaKostopoulos">Katharina Kostopoulos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Historische Zeitschrift, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Courage is not only the perquisite of human beings. A dog can be courageous. If a small canine fights a much larger one to assert its rights, we'd probably say that the animal displays courage. I suppose that we understand "courage" in English as meaning that the creature displaying it will take considerable risks to maintain what it see as its rights. We don't care much how the animal (or human) reasons about its risks or its rights in such an engagement. Courage, except in dictionaries, is not necessarily a moral virtue, though its display is usually greeted with approbation. And so it was in ancient Greece. Terms such as tolmē or tharsos (and perhaps rhōmē), which mean courage, bravery, or daring (or fortitude, for rhōmē), could be used of humans or animals, and moral choice is not a requisite of their appearance (Iliad 17.570 speaks of the "tharsos of a fly"). Andreia, the word that is the focus of Ryan Balot's latest book, is also used in Greek for courage or bravery. Conceptually, however, the word looks like it should have been more limited in application than either tolmē or tharsos. This is because andreia means, at root, "manliness" (it is an abstract formulation of the Greek word for man, anēr). This word, and its adjectival form andreios, may sound as if they should be gender and species specific. A Greek speaker might have felt it strange to apply "manliness" to an animal, for example, or to a woman or to a child. But they did. Andreia is used of a woman at Sophocles, Electra 983, and andreios is used of animals by Aristotle (HA 488b17). It is not necessarily gender or species specific. If it can be applied to animals it cannot be considered to imply, exclusively, a moral virtue. How is all this relevant to Balot's very enjoyable and very thoughtful book? Balot believes that there emerged, in democratic Athens, a very special and unparalleled variety of andreia or courage (3): "an intrinsically worthwhile excellence of character, on the basis of which ethical agents knowingly strive to overcome difficult, dangerous, painful, or frightening obstacles or uncertainty, with a view to achieving noble ends." We all wouldn't easily recognize this definition and it is one that non-Athenian and many Athenian Greek speakers would not have recognized either. If not gender specific (though in practice in Balot's book it is), it is species specific and it is moral.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ryan K. Balot, Courage in the Democratic Polis. Ideology and Critique in Classical Athens. Oxford, Oxford University Press 2014","attachmentId":92783904,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88882909/Ryan_K_Balot_Courage_in_the_Democratic_Polis_Ideology_and_Critique_in_Classical_Athens_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2014","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88882909/Ryan_K_Balot_Courage_in_the_Democratic_Polis_Ideology_and_Critique_in_Classical_Athens_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2014"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="44920436" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44920436/SOCRATES_ON_COURAGE">SOCRATES ON COURAGE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46877567" href="https://independent.academia.edu/alvinsario">ALVIN SARIO</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Supang, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In Plato’s Apology, an account of Socrates’ trial which provides us his defense speech of himself, Socrates displayed (much) soberness and hardiness, that is, manliness and pride. He showed the close link between intellectual knowledge and moral behavior. His unconventional views made him extraordinary. He believed in the divine sign and voice that was something different for the religious authorities of Athens. He is revolutionary; Socrates was perceived to be a religious reformer. In Xenophon’s Recollections of Socrates, an earliest extant recollection which is a collection of sayings and deeds ascribed to a master collected by his disciples, Xenophon admired Socrates for doubtless bravery and firmness together with extreme sobriety and toughness. This is also manifested in the grandiloquent manner of speaking Socrates used as described in Xenophon’s Socrates’ Defense before the Jury. Truly and categorically, Socrates is a man of courage, as seen in his thoughts, words, and actions. This brings us to an interesting question, what is Socrates’ conception of courage? If Socrates is a courageous man, then he must have some descriptions or principles relative to courage that made him firm and strong with and given his personal moral beliefs. This leads us to three persons who would serve as our connection to know (the historical) Socrates: Plato, Xenophon, and Aristophanes. The way these three portrayed Socrates is not accurate for they contradicted each other. Aristophanes depicted Socrates as ‘a paid nature philosopher,’ ‘a bungling fool,’ and ‘concerned with absurd and trivial matters.’ Xenophon depicted Socrates as ‘conservative and unthreatening,’ ‘did nothing irreligious,’ ‘did anything to obey the religious rituals and sacrifices,’ and ‘had a prophetic voice that told him what to do and what not to do.’ For Plato, Socrates’ divine sign ‘only tells him what not to do, not what to do’ and ‘Socrates did not engage in traditional religious rituals.’ But regardless the inaccuracies of these data and the implications of these inaccuracies, we may ask, what are the ideas that speak of ‘Socratic courage,’ directly or indirectly, in Plato’s Apology and Xenophon’s Memorabilia? And how do these ideas speak of ‘courage’ as virtue? These questions would make it sufficient to say that we can identify a conception of the virtue ‘courage’ according to Socrates of Athens based on Plato’s Apology and Xenophon’s Memorabilia. Those descriptions or principles would substantiate the basic Socratic claim that courage is virtue.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SOCRATES ON COURAGE","attachmentId":65444445,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44920436/SOCRATES_ON_COURAGE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44920436/SOCRATES_ON_COURAGE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="33933406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33933406/Brecht_Plato_Socratic_Courage_and_the_Fabel_An_Analysis_of_what_Brecht_had_to_Say_and_Method_of_Saying_It">Brecht, Plato, Socratic Courage and the Fabel: An Analysis of what Brecht had to Say and Method of Saying It</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8338918" href="https://stateofshakespeare.academia.edu/AnthonySquiers">Anthony Squiers</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay does two things. First, it provides a framework for understanding Brecht within analytic philosophy by demonstrating how his use of his adaptation's Fabel positions him within philosophical discourse. Second, it provides a case study of Brecht's adapted story, " Socrates Wounded " using that framework. This case study examines the story in relation to Plato's accounts of Socrates fighting at the battle of Delium with specific attention to the theme of courage. It finds that while both agree that courage is found in the wisdom to do the morally just action, they disagree on the nature of that wisdom and on what acts can be considered morally justified. It also finds that while both authors insist on a moral imperative to act courageously, the respective imperatives have different roots and that the two thinkers disagree as to whether or not one must be steadfast in order to be brave.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Brecht, Plato, Socratic Courage and the Fabel: An Analysis of what Brecht had to Say and Method of Saying It","attachmentId":53900787,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33933406/Brecht_Plato_Socratic_Courage_and_the_Fabel_An_Analysis_of_what_Brecht_had_to_Say_and_Method_of_Saying_It","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33933406/Brecht_Plato_Socratic_Courage_and_the_Fabel_An_Analysis_of_what_Brecht_had_to_Say_and_Method_of_Saying_It"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="20407762" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20407762/An_Exploration_of_the_Theaetetus_and_Courage">An Exploration of the Theaetetus and Courage</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41791073" href="https://independent.academia.edu/eabrotherton">Eric A Brotherton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay began as an analysis of the moral education evinced by Plato's Theaetetus, namely the title-character's Socratic assistance towards a specifically philosophical courage. To do so, the problem of knowledge, the guiding question throughout the dialogue, was intentionally marginalized for the sake of teasing out the moral implications of Socrates's discussion with Theaetetus arising from the dramatic action and form of the dialogue. However, this effort is strained by the difficulty of separating form from content, and the attempt to clearly distinguish the two in the dialogue faltered. Ultimately, consideration of the philosophic content of the arguments in the dialogue proved integral to the understanding of its ethical content. The harmony of the two is brought to our attention at the end of the dialogue: it does not resolve on the definition of knowledge, but on the good that the discussion has brought Theaetetus. The dialogue reveals that the various approaches to the problem of knowledge have immediate consequences with respect to individual character. Concluding the philosophic discourse on the note of aporia, Socrates suggests that Theaetetus has not only been made a better philosopher, but a better man. In order to avoid unfairly treating the content of the dialogue, we will first endeavor to consider the motion of the narrative in terms of its dramatic context, in the attempt to consider both form and content together. The first movement we will discuss is the attempt to distinguish Theaetetus from Theodorus. Secondly, we will consider the relationship between character and philosophic discourse generally; a theme frequently alluded to throughout the dialogue. Finally, we will consider how the dialogue as a whole reflects the Socratic education towards philosophic virtue in the midst of difficult, inconclusive, and disorienting problems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Exploration of the Theaetetus and Courage","attachmentId":41348157,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20407762/An_Exploration_of_the_Theaetetus_and_Courage","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20407762/An_Exploration_of_the_Theaetetus_and_Courage"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="36126010" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36126010/_Readings_in_the_Narrative_Literature_of_Roman_Courage_2006_">"Readings in the Narrative Literature of Roman Courage" (2006)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43503938" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/WilliamVHarris">William V. Harris</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Readings in the Narrative Literature of Roman Courage\" (2006)","attachmentId":56018543,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36126010/_Readings_in_the_Narrative_Literature_of_Roman_Courage_2006_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36126010/_Readings_in_the_Narrative_Literature_of_Roman_Courage_2006_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="7881812" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7881812/Courage_in_the_Democratic_Polis_article_"> Courage in the Democratic Polis (article)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13665570" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RBalot">Ryan Balot</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper argues that the collective experience of classical Athenians hinged, at least in part, on the relationship between courage and democracy. Compared to other Mediterranean imperialists, such as the Persians or the Romans, the Athenians had extremely limited military resources. Moreover, from the time of its inception, the Athenian democracy was a fragile experiment in self-government. Yet its successes, both during the Persian Wars and in establishing an Aegean empire, were remarkable. They encouraged Athenians to draw close connections between their form of political organization and their courage on the battlefield. After the Persian Wars, drawing such connections was characteristic of all Greek states that had joined the resistance, but Athens differentiated itself from the others through a distinctive conception of courage. The problem was that Athens had to produce courageous citizens, without reinventing the city as a militaristic camp, and without compromising the cherished democratic ideal of freedom. The Athenians' solution was to develop an understanding of courage as both an outgrowth of and a foundation for democratic values, such as freedom, equality, and security of the individual. Their public conversations helped them develop significantly novel ways of thinking about courage in relation to democracy. For example, as I argue elsewhere, they developed a novel conception of courage as a civilian virtue that enabled citizens to think autonomously and to carry out their civic duties effectively. 1 In this paper, I will approach their creation of a distinctive vision of military courage that matched the innovations characteristic of democracy as a political system.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":" Courage in the Democratic Polis\t(article)","attachmentId":34369868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7881812/Courage_in_the_Democratic_Polis_article_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7881812/Courage_in_the_Democratic_Polis_article_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7881997" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7881997/Subordinating_Courage_to_Justice">Subordinating Courage to Justice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13665570" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RBalot">Ryan Balot</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">After discussing the relationship of courage to justice in modern and ancient political thought, this paper explores the debate between Athenian democratic orators and Plato on the subject of andreia, or "manly courage." While the orators set andreia in a particular relation to justice by embedding andreia within a salvific narrative of the city's history, Plato used the figure of Callicles to draw attention to the democrats' self-serving construal of andreia within their own politics. Plato's arguments suggest that statecraft must begin with a deeper "soulcraft" than Athenian politics is capable of. 2 Sontag's letter appeared in "The Talk of the Town," The New Yorker (9/24/2001).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Subordinating Courage to Justice","attachmentId":34369978,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7881997/Subordinating_Courage_to_Justice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7881997/Subordinating_Courage_to_Justice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="33774425" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33774425/The_Critical_Perspectives_on_Courage_Readings_from_Foucault_Plato_and_Aristotle">The Critical Perspectives on Courage: Readings from Foucault, Plato, and Aristotle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40902622" href="https://uvic.academia.edu/CatusBrooks">Catus Brooks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Copyright of Catus Brooks, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Critical Perspectives on Courage: Readings from Foucault, Plato, and Aristotle","attachmentId":53762789,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33774425/The_Critical_Perspectives_on_Courage_Readings_from_Foucault_Plato_and_Aristotle","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33774425/The_Critical_Perspectives_on_Courage_Readings_from_Foucault_Plato_and_Aristotle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="35481166" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35481166/Anatomy_of_Courage_revised_">Anatomy of Courage (revised)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33385434" href="https://utexas.academia.edu/LorrainePangle">Lorraine Pangle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper analyzes Aristotle's discussion of courage, the first and paradigmatic virtue in his account of moral virtue, as the perfection of human beings' natures as both political and rational. It identifies unrecognized complexities in his definition of courage as "a mean with respect to fear and confidence," in his subtle analysis of citizen courage, and especially in what he reveals to be the conflict-riddled reasons people find courage noble and good. While working to moderate the excessive fieriness of traditional heroism and to render citizens' courage more sober and moderate, Aristotle shows why political courage can in fact never be made perfectly rational, pointing to a key limit to human rationality altogether.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anatomy of Courage (revised)","attachmentId":55343751,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35481166/Anatomy_of_Courage_revised_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35481166/Anatomy_of_Courage_revised_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47556587,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47556587,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47556587" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="120732566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120732566/Aristotles_Account_of_the_Virtue_of_Courage_in_Nicomachean_Ethics_III_6_9">Aristotle's Account of the Virtue of Courage in Nicomachean Ethics III.6-9</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="524151" href="https://ttu.academia.edu/HowardCurzer">Howard Curzer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aristotle's Account of the Virtue of Courage in Nicomachean Ethics III.6-9","attachmentId":115790067,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120732566/Aristotles_Account_of_the_Virtue_of_Courage_in_Nicomachean_Ethics_III_6_9","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120732566/Aristotles_Account_of_the_Virtue_of_Courage_in_Nicomachean_Ethics_III_6_9"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div 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href="https://www.academia.edu/7882038/Pericles_Anatomy_of_Democratic_Courage">Pericles' Anatomy of Democratic Courage</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13665570" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RBalot">Ryan Balot</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pericles' Anatomy of Democratic Courage","attachmentId":34370005,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7882038/Pericles_Anatomy_of_Democratic_Courage","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7882038/Pericles_Anatomy_of_Democratic_Courage"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="124928592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124928592/The_Courage_of_Conviction_Andreiaas_Precondition_for_Philosophic_Examination_in_PlatosProtagorasandRepublic">The Courage of Conviction:Andreiaas Precondition for Philosophic Examination in Plato'sProtagorasandRepublic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="323646765" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarelliPaul">Paul Carelli</a></div><p 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href="https://www.academia.edu/124928592/The_Courage_of_Conviction_Andreiaas_Precondition_for_Philosophic_Examination_in_PlatosProtagorasandRepublic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="38194358" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38194358/The_Anatomy_of_Courage_in_Aristotles_Nicomachean_Ethics">The Anatomy of Courage in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33385434" href="https://utexas.academia.edu/LorrainePangle">Lorraine Pangle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of Politics, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Anatomy of Courage in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics","attachmentId":58232033,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38194358/The_Anatomy_of_Courage_in_Aristotles_Nicomachean_Ethics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38194358/The_Anatomy_of_Courage_in_Aristotles_Nicomachean_Ethics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div 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