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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_Wireless_Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Wireless_Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types of Wireless Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Wireless_Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بث متعدد الوجهات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بث متعدد الوجهات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difusi%C3%B3_selectiva" title="Difusió selectiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Difusió selectiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiedastus" title="Multiedastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Multiedastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidifusi%C3%B3n" title="Multidifusión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Multidifusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="چندپخشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندپخشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%80%ED%8B%B0%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="멀티캐스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멀티캐스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisiar" title="Multisiar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Multisiar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91" title="רב-נתיב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-נתיב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiraide" title="Multiraide – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Multiraide" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мултикаст – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мултикаст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="マルチキャスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルチキャスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Мультивещание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мультивещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Вишесмјерно емитовање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вишесмјерно емитовање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4l%C3%A4hetys" title="Ryhmälähetys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmälähetys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flers%C3%A4ndning" title="Flersändning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flersändning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ok_y%C3%B6ne_yay%C4%B1n" title="Çok yöne yayın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çok yöne yayın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Multicast" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Computer networking technique</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about one-to-many communications in computer networks. For radio systems, see <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">Point-to-multipoint communication</a>. For broadcasting multiple programs using a single channel, see <a href="/wiki/Multicast_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast channel">Multicast channel</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multicast.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Multicast.svg/250px-Multicast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Multicast.svg/375px-Multicast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Multicast.svg/500px-Multicast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table style="float:right; clear:both; margin:1em; padding:0; border:thin solid #000; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#ddd; color:#00F12; border-bottom:thin solid #999;"><a href="/wiki/Routing#Delivery_schemes" title="Routing">Routing schemes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-bottom:thin solid #999;"><a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">Unicast</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Unicast.svg/100px-Unicast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Unicast.svg/150px-Unicast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Unicast.svg/200px-Unicast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-bottom:thin solid #999;"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)">Broadcast</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Broadcast.svg/100px-Broadcast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Broadcast.svg/150px-Broadcast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Broadcast.svg/200px-Broadcast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-bottom:thin solid #999;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multicast</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Multicast.svg/100px-Multicast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Multicast.svg/150px-Multicast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Multicast.svg/200px-Multicast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anycast" title="Anycast">Anycast</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anycast" title="Anycast"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Anycast-BM.svg/100px-Anycast-BM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Anycast-BM.svg/150px-Anycast-BM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Anycast-BM.svg/200px-Anycast-BM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a>, <b>multicast</b> is a type of group communication where <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a> is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-app_layer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app_layer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multicast can be <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">one-to-many</a> or <a href="/wiki/Many-to-many" title="Many-to-many">many-to-many</a> distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multicast differs from physical layer <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">point-to-multipoint communication</a>. </p><p>Group communication may either be <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> multicast<sup id="cite_ref-app_layer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app_layer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or network-assisted multicast, where the latter makes it possible for the source to efficiently send to the group in a single transmission. Copies are automatically created in other network elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base_station_subsystem" title="Base station subsystem">cellular network base stations</a>, but only to network segments that currently contain members of the group. Network assisted multicast may be implemented at the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> using one-to-many addressing and switching such as <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address#Ethernet" title="Multicast address">Ethernet multicast addressing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM), point-to-multipoint virtual circuits (P2MP)<sup id="cite_ref-p2mp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2mp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> multicast. Network-assisted multicast may also be implemented at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a> using <a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a>. In IP multicast the implementation of the multicast concept occurs at the IP routing level, where routers create optimal distribution paths for <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagrams</a> sent to a multicast destination address. </p><p>Multicast is often employed in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) applications of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing#Multipoint_videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">multipoint videoconferencing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethernet">Ethernet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethernet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frames</a> with a value of 1 in the least-significant bit of the first octet of the <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">destination address</a> are treated as multicast frames and are flooded to all points on the network. This mechanism constitutes multicast at the data link layer. This mechanism is used by IP multicast to achieve one-to-many transmission for IP on Ethernet networks. Modern Ethernet controllers filter received packets to reduce CPU load, by looking up the hash of a multicast destination address in a table, initialized by software, which controls whether a multicast packet is dropped or fully received. </p><p>Ethernet multicast is available on all Ethernet networks. Multicasts span the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_domain" title="Broadcast domain">broadcast domain</a> of the network. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">Multiple Registration Protocol</a> can be used to control Ethernet multicast delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP">IP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multicast_Protocols-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Multicast_Protocols-en.svg/220px-Multicast_Protocols-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Multicast_Protocols-en.svg/330px-Multicast_Protocols-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Multicast_Protocols-en.svg/440px-Multicast_Protocols-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The relationship between the multicast group management protocol family and the multicast routing protocols family based on the network topology terms.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a> is a technique for one-to-many communication over an IP network. The destination nodes send <a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">Internet Group Management Protocol</a> <i>membership report</i> and <i>leave group</i> messages, for example in the case of IPTV when the user changes from one TV channel to another. IP multicast scales to a larger receiver population by not requiring prior knowledge of who or how many receivers there are. Multicast uses network infrastructure efficiently by requiring the source to send a packet only once, even if it needs to be delivered to a large number of receivers. The nodes in the network take care of replicating the packet to reach multiple receivers only when necessary. </p><p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> protocol to use <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address" title="Multicast address">multicast addressing</a> is <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP). By its nature, UDP is not <i><a href="/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)" title="Reliability (computer networking)">reliable</a></i>—messages may be lost or delivered out of order. By adding loss detection and retransmission mechanisms, <a href="/wiki/Reliable_multicast" title="Reliable multicast">reliable multicast</a> has been implemented on top of UDP or IP by various <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> products, e.g. those that implement the <a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Publish-Subscribe_(RTPS)_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS) Protocol">Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS) Protocol</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> (OMG) <a href="/wiki/Data_Distribution_Service" title="Data Distribution Service">Data Distribution Service</a> (DDS) standard, as well as by special transport protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_General_Multicast" title="Pragmatic General Multicast">Pragmatic General Multicast</a> (PGM). </p><p>IP multicast is always available within the local subnet. Achieving IP multicast service over a wider area requires <a href="/wiki/Multicast_routing" title="Multicast routing">multicast routing</a>. Many networks, including the Internet, do not support multicast routing. Multicast routing functionality is available in enterprise-grade network equipment but typically needs to be configured by a network administrator. The Internet Group Management Protocol is used to control IP multicast delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_layer">Application layer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Application layer multicast overlay services are not based on IP multicast or <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> multicast. Instead they use multiple unicast transmissions to simulate a multicast. These services are designed for application-level group communication. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC) implements a single <a href="/wiki/Spanning_tree" title="Spanning tree">spanning tree</a> across its <a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">overlay network</a> for all conference groups.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lesser-known PSYC technology uses custom multicast strategies per conference.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> technologies employ the multicast concept known as <a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">peercasting</a> when distributing content to multiple recipients. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xcast" title="Xcast">Explicit multi-unicast</a> (Xcast) is another multicast strategy that includes addresses of all intended destinations within each packet. As such, given <a href="/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit" title="Maximum transmission unit">maximum transmission unit</a> limitations, Xcast cannot be used for multicast groups with many destinations. The Xcast model generally assumes that stations participating in the communication are known ahead of time, so that distribution trees can be generated and resources allocated by network elements in advance of actual data traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wireless_networks">Wireless networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wireless networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless communications (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_radio_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-to-point radio link">point-to-point radio links</a> using <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional antennas</a>) are inherently broadcasting media. However, the communication service provided may be <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a>, multicast, or <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)">broadcast</a>, depending on if the data is addressed to an individual node, a specific group of nodes, or all nodes in the covered network, respectively. </p><p>Wireless networks use electromagnetic waves to transmit data through the air, enabling devices to connect and communicate without physical cables. These networks come in various types, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, and satellite networks, each serving different purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_Wireless_Communication">Types of Wireless Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of Wireless Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Unicast</b>: In a unicast wireless communication, data is transmitted from a single source to a single, specific receiver. This is typical in point-to-point communication, where a device sends data directly to another device. Examples include internet browsing or file downloads. </p><p><b>Multicast</b>: In multicast communication, data is sent from one source to multiple specific receivers, often to a defined group within a network. This is efficient in scenarios like live streaming, where the data is only sent once but received by multiple devices interested in the same content. </p><p><b>Broadcast</b>: Broadcast communication involves sending data from one source to all devices within the network's range. In this case, every device receives the same data, regardless of whether it is requested. Examples of broadcast communication include certain emergency alerts and some radio communications. </p><p><b>Security Considerations</b>: Wireless networks are more vulnerable to security threats compared to wired networks, primarily because their signals can be intercepted more easily. Common security measures include encryption protocols such as WPA3 for Wi-Fi networks, firewalls, and the use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to safeguard communication. </p><p><b>Advantages and Challenges</b>: Wireless networks offer flexibility and mobility, allowing users to connect devices without being tethered to a physical connection. However, they can be affected by interference from physical obstacles, environmental factors, or even other wireless devices, leading to slower speeds or connection issues.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>, the concept of multicast service sometimes is used to refer to <a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">content protection</a> by <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_encryption" title="Broadcast encryption">broadcast encryption</a>, i.e. encrypted <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> content over a simplex broadcast channel only addressed to paying viewers. In this case, data is broadcast to all receivers but only addressed to a specific group. </p><p>The concept of <i>interactive multicast</i>, for example using IP multicast, may be used over TV broadcast networks to improve efficiency, offer more TV programs, or reduce the required spectrum. Interactive multicast implies that TV programs are sent only over transmitters where there are viewers and that only the most popular programs are transmitted. It relies on an additional <a href="/wiki/Interactive_television" title="Interactive television">interaction channel</a> (a back-channel or <a href="/wiki/Return_channel" title="Return channel">return channel</a>), where user equipment may send join and leave messages when the user changes TV channel. Interactive multicast has been suggested as an efficient transmission scheme in <a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">DVB-H</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> terrestrial digital television systems,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar concept is <i>switched broadcast</i> over cable TV networks, where only the currently most popular content is delivered in the cable-TV network.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scalable_video_multicast" title="Scalable video multicast">Scalable video multicast</a> in an application of interactive multicast, where a subset of the viewers receive additional data for high-resolution video. </p><p><a href="/wiki/TV_gateway" title="TV gateway">TV gateways</a> converts <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> (<a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> (<a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-C2" class="mw-redirect" title="DVB-C2">DVB-C2</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">terrestrial television</a> (<a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a>) to IP for distribution using unicast and multicast in home, hospitality and enterprise applications </p><p>Another similar concept is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cell-TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cell-TV (page does not exist)">Cell-TV</a>, and implies TV distribution over 3G cellular networks using the network-assisted multicasting offered by the <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a> (MBMS) service, or over 4G/<a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> cellular networks with the eMBMS (enhanced MBMS) service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Multicast" class="extiw" title="v:Multicast"> Multicast</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anycast" title="Anycast">Anycast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Any-source_multicast" title="Any-source multicast">Any-source multicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_algorithm" title="Flooding algorithm">Flooding algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbone" title="Mbone">Mbone</a>, experimental <i>multicast backbone</i> network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicast_lightpaths" title="Multicast lightpaths">Multicast lightpaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_multicast_protocol" title="Narada multicast protocol">Narada multicast protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-broadcast_multiple-access_network" title="Non-broadcast multiple-access network">Non-broadcast multiple-access network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-specific_multicast" title="Source-specific multicast">Source-specific multicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast,_unknown-unicast_and_multicast_traffic" title="Broadcast, unknown-unicast and multicast traffic">Broadcast, unknown-unicast and multicast traffic</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-app_layer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app_layer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_layer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4excGQVTVkC&dq=multicast+%22one+to+many%22+%22group+communication%22+-IP_multicast&pg=PA302">Media-communication based on Application-Layer Multicast</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Harte, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUUqAAAACAAJ&q=multicast+%22one+to+many%22+television">Introduction to Data Multicasting</a></i>, Althos Publishing 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiAtwood2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Bing; Atwood, J. William (2016-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128616300706">"Secure receiver access control for IP multicast at the network level: Design and validation"</a>. <i>Computer Networks</i>. <b>102</b>: 109–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comnet.2016.03.010">10.1016/j.comnet.2016.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1389-1286">1389-1286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Networks&rft.atitle=Secure+receiver+access+control+for+IP+multicast+at+the+network+level%3A+Design+and+validation&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=109-128&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.comnet.2016.03.010&rft.issn=1389-1286&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Bing&rft.au=Atwood%2C+J.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1389128616300706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p2mp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p2mp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Noormohammadpour2017" class="citation web cs1">M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DCCast%3A+Efficient+Point+to+Multipoint+Transfers+Across+Datacenters&rft.pub=USENIX&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft.au=M.+Noormohammadpour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316921061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><i>A Discussion on Computer Network Conferencing</i>. sec. 2.5.1. <a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1324">1324</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Discussion+on+Computer+Network+Conferencing&rft.pages=sec.-2.5.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc1324%23id-name%3DRFC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psyc.eu/whitepaper/"><i>White paper</i></a>, EU: PSYC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+paper&rft.place=EU&rft.pub=PSYC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psyc.eu%2Fwhitepaper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticast" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_BoivieNancy_FeldmanYuji_ImaiWim_Livens2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rick Boivie; Nancy Feldman; Yuji Imai; Wim Livens & Dirk Ooms (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5058">"Explicit Multicast (Xcast) Concepts and Options"</a>. 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Vasudevan, “The statistics of switched broadcast”, Proceedings of the SCTE 2005 Conference on Emerging Technologies, Tampa, FL, USA, January 2005</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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