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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ponds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ponds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ponds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ponds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impact_on_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact_on_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Human impact on water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact_on_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere,_climate_and_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere,_climate_and_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atmosphere, climate and weather</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atmosphere,_climate_and_weather-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atmosphere, climate and weather subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere,_climate_and_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layers_of_the_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layers_of_the_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Layers of the atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layers_of_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principal_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Principal layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_global_warming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_global_warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Effects of global warming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_global_warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogeochemical_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeochemical_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Biogeochemical cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeochemical_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilderness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Wilderness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural environment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesceaftes_ymbhwyrft" title="Gesceaftes ymbhwyrft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gesceaftes ymbhwyrft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيئة طبيعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيئة طبيعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambient" title="Medio ambient – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medio ambient" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoha_renda" title="Tekoha renda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoha renda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ftraf_m%C3%BChit" title="Ətraf mühit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ətraf mühit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="دوغال چئوره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغال چئوره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n_kho%C3%A2n-k%C3%A9ng" title="Chū-jiân khoân-kéng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân khoân-kéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99-%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тирә-яҡ мөхит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тирә-яҡ мөхит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Навакольнае асяроддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навакольнае асяроддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_na_kapalibotan" title="Natural na kapalibotan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Natural na kapalibotan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Околна среда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Околна среда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="རང་བྱུང་ཁོར་ཡུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རང་བྱུང་ཁོར་ཡུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodno_okru%C5%BEenje" title="Prirodno okruženje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prirodno okruženje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi_ambient" title="Medi ambient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medi ambient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Тавралăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тавралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalikopan" title="Kalikopan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalikopan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti" title="Ambienti – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ambienti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgylchedd" title="Amgylchedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amgylchedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miljø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrliche_Umwelt" title="Natürliche Umwelt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natürliche Umwelt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskkond_(%C3%B6koloogia)" title="Keskkond (ökoloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskkond (ökoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Φυσικό περιβάλλον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικό περιβάλλον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente_natural" title="Medio ambiente natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medio ambiente natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio" title="Medio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingurumen" title="Ingurumen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingurumen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="محیط زیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محیط زیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement" title="Environnement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Environnement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpeallacht" title="Timpeallacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timpeallacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente" title="Ambiente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ambiente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korogocho_ya_nd%C5%A9ire" title="Korogocho ya ndũire – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Korogocho ya ndũire" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="زیویشر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زیویشر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD" title="자연 환경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연 환경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Շրջակա միջավայր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրջակա միջավայր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_okoli%C5%A1" title="Prirodni okoliš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodni okoliš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan_hidup" title="Lingkungan hidup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lingkungan hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BArulegt_umhverfi" title="Náttúrulegt umhverfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Náttúrulegt umhverfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente_(biologia)" title="Ambiente (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ambiente (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupengan_alam" title="Kupengan alam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kupengan alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="ბუნებრივი გარემო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნებრივი გარემო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%97%D9%84" title="ماحوٗل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماحوٗل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Қоршаған орта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоршаған орта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibidukikije" title="Ibidukikije – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibidukikije" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazingira_ya_asili" title="Mazingira ya asili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mazingira ya asili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anviw%C3%B2nman" title="Anviwònman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anviwònman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEngeha_xwezay%C3%AE" title="Jîngeha xwezayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jîngeha xwezayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1" title="ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apleice" title="Apleice – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Apleice" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumiecta_naturalia" title="Circumiecta naturalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circumiecta naturalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabisk%C4%81_vide" title="Dabiskā vide – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabiskā vide" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmwelt" title="Ëmwelt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ëmwelt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamtin%C4%97_aplinka" title="Gamtinė aplinka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamtinė aplinka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieu" title="Milieu – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Milieu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rnyezet_(term%C3%A9szet)" title="Környezet (természet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Környezet (természet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Животна средина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животна средина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontolo_iainana" title="Tontolo iainana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tontolo iainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambjent_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Ambjent (bijoloġija) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ambjent (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زیوشپیرا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زیوشپیرا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_sekitar" title="Alam sekitar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam sekitar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurlijke_omgeving" title="Natuurlijke omgeving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurlijke omgeving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然環境" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturmilj%C3%B8" title="Naturmiljø – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturmiljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environament" title="Environament – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Environament" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrof_muhit" title="Atrof muhit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atrof muhit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliyokan_no_pala" title="Taliyokan no pala – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Taliyokan no pala" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente_natural" title="Medio ambiente natural – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Medio ambiente natural" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="طبیعي چاپېریال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبیعي چاپېریال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodowisko_przyrodnicze" title="Środowisko przyrodnicze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środowisko przyrodnicze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meio_ambiente" title="Meio ambiente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meio ambiente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediu" title="Mediu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mediu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyuriq_pacha" title="Muyuriq pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muyuriq pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Окружающая среда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Окружающая среда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente" title="Ambiente – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ambiente" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjedisi_natyror" title="Mjedisi natyror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjedisi natyror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti_(spazziu)" title="Ambienti (spazziu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ambienti (spazziu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වභාවික පරිසරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වභාවික පරිසරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural environment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="قدرتي ماحول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قدرتي ماحول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%A9_prostredie" title="Životné prostredie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Životné prostredie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naravno_okolje" title="Naravno okolje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naravno okolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ژینگەی سروشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینگەی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Животна средина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животна средина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_okoli%C5%A1" title="Prirodni okoliš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prirodni okoliš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan_hirup" title="Lingkungan hirup – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lingkungan hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6" title="Luonnonympäristö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonympäristö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B6_(omgivning)" title="Miljö (omgivning) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miljö (omgivning)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likas_na_kapaligiran" title="Likas na kapaligiran – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likas na kapaligiran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99-%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Әйләнә-тирә мохит – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әйләнә-тирә мохит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="పర్యావరణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్యావరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="สิ่งแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_%C3%A7evre" title="Doğal çevre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal çevre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C9%94de%C9%9B_Mu_Nno%C9%94ma_A_Atwa_Y%C9%9Bn_Ho_Ahyia_(Natural_Environment)" title="Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Довкілля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="قدرتی ماحول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدرتی ماحول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Môi trường tự nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Môi trường tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然环境" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="סביבה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סביבה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自然環境" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然环境" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Living and non-living things on Earth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Natural force" redirects here. For the music album, see <a href="/wiki/Natural_Force" title="Natural Force"><i>Natural Force</i></a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopetoun_falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/220px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/330px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/440px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land management</a> has preserved the natural characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Hopetoun_Falls" title="Hopetoun Falls">Hopetoun Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> while allowing ample access for visitors.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/220px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/330px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/440px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7432" data-file-height="4168" /></a><figcaption>An image of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a> from satellite. It is the world's largest hot desert and third-largest desert after the <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar deserts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>natural environment</b> or <b>natural world</b> encompasses all <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">biotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a> things occurring <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">naturally</a>, meaning in this case not <a href="/wiki/Artificiality" title="Artificiality">artificial</a>. The term is most often applied to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the <i>natural environment</i> can be distinguished as components: </p> <ul><li>Complete <a href="/wiki/Ecological_unit" title="Ecological unit">ecological units</a> that function as natural systems without massive civilized human intervention, including all vegetation, <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, plateaus, mountains, the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_phenomena" title="List of natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a> that occur within their boundaries and their nature.</li> <li>Universal <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">physical phenomena</a> that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water and climate, as well as <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, not originating from civilized human actions.</li></ul> <p>In contrast to the natural environment is the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>. Built environments are where humans have fundamentally transformed landscapes such as urban settings and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land conversion</a>, the natural environment is greatly changed into a simplified human environment. Even acts which seem less extreme, such as building a mud <a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">hut</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">photovoltaic system</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, the modified environment becomes an artificial one. Though many animals build things to provide a better environment for themselves, they are not human, hence <a href="/wiki/Beaver_dam" title="Beaver dam">beaver dams</a> and the works of <a href="/wiki/Mound-building_termites" title="Mound-building termites">mound-building termites</a> are thought of as natural. </p><p>People cannot find <i>absolutely natural</i> environments on Earth,naturalness usually varies in a continuum, from 100% natural in one extreme to 0% natural in the other. The massive environmental changes of humanity in the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a> have fundamentally effected all natural environments including: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and pollution from <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">other chemicals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water</a>. More precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If, for instance, in an agricultural field, the <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogic composition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">structure</a> of its soil are similar to those of an undisturbed forest soil, but the structure is quite different. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcano_q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/220px-Volcano_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/330px-Volcano_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/440px-Volcano_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> fissure and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> channel</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordens_inre-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/220px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/330px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/440px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s layered structure: (1) inner core; (2) outer core; (3) lower mantle; (4) <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust</figcaption></figure> <p>Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-wheeling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheeling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as correspondent to <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> respectively. Some scientists include as part of the spheres of the Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a> (corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">pedosphere</a> (to <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>) as an active and intermixed sphere. <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> (also known as geoscience, the geographical sciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> related to the planet <a href="/wiki/Earth_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (planet)">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four major <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">disciplines</a> in earth sciences, namely <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>. These major disciplines use <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or <i><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences#Earth's_spheres" title="Outline of Earth sciences">spheres</a></i> of Earth. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_activity">Geological activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geological activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)#Earth's_crust" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, is the outermost solid surface of the planet and is chemically, physically and mechanically different from underlying <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. It has been generated greatly by <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> processes in which <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> cools and solidifies to form solid rock. Beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive element">radioactive elements</a>. The mantle though solid is in a state of <a href="/wiki/Rheid" title="Rheid">rheic</a> <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a> result primarily from the melting of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> crust material or of rising mantle at <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_on_Earth">Water on Earth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water on Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/170px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/255px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/340px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> have significant marine <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most water is found in various kinds of natural <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceans">Oceans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></div> <p>An ocean is a major body of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saline water</a> and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface of the Earth">surface of the Earth</a> (an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">continuous body of water</a> that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">seas</a>. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> is around 35 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per thousand">parts per thousand</a> (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> or global ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNAoO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAoO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deep <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabeds</a> are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> and other criteria, these divisions are : (in descending order of size) the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a></div> <p>A river is a natural <a href="/wiki/Watercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercourse">watercourse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, flowing toward an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> or another river. A few rivers simply flow into the ground and dry up completely without reaching another body of water. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hawaii_Creek.jpg/220px-Hawaii_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hawaii_Creek.jpg/330px-Hawaii_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hawaii_Creek.jpg/440px-Hawaii_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rocky <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The water in a river is usually in a <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a>, made up of a <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream bed</a> between <a href="/wiki/Stream_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream bank">banks</a>. In larger rivers there is often also a wider <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> shaped by waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological cycle">hydrological cycle</a>. Water within a river is generally collected from <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a> and the release of water stored in <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and snowpacks. </p><p>Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a>, creek and brook. Their <a href="/wiki/Current_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (stream)">current</a> is confined within a <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">bed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream bank">stream banks</a>. Streams play an important <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">corridor</a> role in connecting <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmented habitats</a> and thus in conserving <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as <i>surface <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Stream</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes">Lakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAGO_LACAR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LAGO_LACAR.JPG/220px-LAGO_LACAR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LAGO_LACAR.JPG/330px-LAGO_LACAR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LAGO_LACAR.JPG/440px-LAGO_LACAR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1car_Lake" title="Lácar Lake">Lácar Lake</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a> origin, in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Argentina" title="Provinces of Argentina">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n_Province" title="Neuquén Province">Neuquén</a>, Argentina</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a></div> <p>A lake (from Latin <i>lacus</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Terrain_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain feature">terrain feature</a>, a body of water that is localized to the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">basin</a>. A body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, is not part of an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> and is larger and deeper than a <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">pond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG/220px-Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG/330px-Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG/440px-Everglades_Park_swamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountainous</a> areas, <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zones</a> and areas with ongoing or recent <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciation</a>. Other lakes are found in <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a> or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ponds">Ponds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ponds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></div> <p>A pond is a <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">standing water</a>, either natural or human-made, that is usually smaller than a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>. A wide variety of human-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water gardens</a> designed for aesthetic ornamentation, <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a> designed for commercial fish breeding and <a href="/wiki/Solar_pond" title="Solar pond">solar ponds</a> designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams by their <a href="/wiki/Flow_velocity" title="Flow velocity">current speed</a>. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind-driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as <a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">stream pools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impact_on_water">Human impact on water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human impact on water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans impact the water in different ways such as modifying rivers (through <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channelization_(rivers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelization (rivers)">stream channelization</a>), <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. These impact lake levels, groundwater conditions, water pollution, thermal pollution, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>. Humans modify rivers by using direct channel manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudie_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We build dams and reservoirs and manipulate the direction of the rivers and water path. Dams can usefully create reservoirs and hydroelectric power. However, reservoirs and dams may negatively impact the environment and wildlife. Dams stop fish migration and the movement of organisms downstream. Urbanization affects the environment because of deforestation and changing lake levels, groundwater conditions, etc. Deforestation and urbanization go hand in hand. Deforestation may cause flooding, declining stream flow and changes in riverside vegetation. The changing vegetation occurs because when trees cannot get adequate water they start to deteriorate, leading to a decreased food supply for the wildlife in an area.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudie_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere,_climate_and_weather"><span id="Atmosphere.2C_climate_and_weather"></span>Atmosphere, climate and weather</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atmosphere, climate and weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/220px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/440px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Atmospheric gases <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">scatter blue light more than other wavelengths</a>, creating a blue <a href="/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">halo</a> when seen from space.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG/220px-Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG/330px-Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG/440px-Troposphere_CIMG1853.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A view of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif/220px-Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric</a> discharge of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>, which occurs during <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> and certain other natural conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-noaa1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> consists of 78% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, 21% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inert_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Inert gases">inert gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atmosphere includes <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> such as carbon dioxide, methane, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>. Air also contains a variable amount of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a> of water droplets and <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> crystals seen as <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Spores">spores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_spray" title="Sea spray">sea spray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>. Various industrial <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> also may be present, such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (elementary or in compounds), <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> compounds, elemental <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in reducing the amount of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layers_of_the_atmosphere">Layers of the atmosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Layers of the atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principal_layers">Principal layers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Principal layers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. These layers are mainly determined by whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude. From highest to lowest, these layers are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a>: The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere extends from the exobase upward, mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a>: The top of the thermosphere is the bottom of the exosphere, called the <a href="/wiki/Exobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobase">exobase</a>. Its height varies with solar activity and ranges from about 350–800 km (220–500 mi; 1,150,000–2,620,000 ft). The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> orbits in this layer, between 320 and 380 km (200 and 240 mi). In another way, the thermosphere is Earth's second highest atmospheric layer, extending from approximately 260,000 feet at the mesopause to the thermopause at altitudes ranging from 1,600,000 to 3,300,000 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a>: The mesosphere extends from the stratopause to 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 262,000–279,000 ft). It is the layer where most <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteors</a> burn up upon entering the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a>: The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about 51 km (32 mi; 167,000 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Stratopause" title="Stratopause">stratopause</a>, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a>: The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (23,000 ft) at the poles and 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator, with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude. The <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other layers</dt></dl> <p>Within the five principal layers determined by temperature there are several layers determined by other properties. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> is contained within the stratosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>: The part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation, stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and typically overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere. It forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Homosphere" title="Homosphere">homosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosphere" title="Heterosphere">heterosphere</a>: The homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">planetary boundary layer</a> is the part of the troposphere that is nearest the Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent diffusion</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_global_warming">Effects of global warming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effects of global warming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gletscherschmelze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gletscherschmelze.jpg/220px-Gletscherschmelze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gletscherschmelze.jpg/330px-Gletscherschmelze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gletscherschmelze.jpg/440px-Gletscherschmelze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>The retreat of glaciers since 1850 of <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_Glacier" title="Aletsch Glacier">Aletsch Glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> (situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002), due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">Effects of global warming</a></div> <p>The dangers of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scientists are increasingly concerned about the potential <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of global warming">long-term effects of global warming</a> on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and global warming caused by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a>, or human-made releases of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, can act interactively and have adverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment and humans' existence. It is clear the planet is warming, and warming rapidly. This is due to the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This warming is also responsible for the extinction of natural habitats, which in turn leads to a reduction in wildlife population. The most recent report from the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (the group of the leading climate scientists in the world) concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius) between 1990 and 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts have been increasingly focused on the <a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigation of global warming">mitigation</a> of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation to global warming">developing adaptative strategies</a> to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> in adjusting to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a>. Some examples of recent collaboration to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">address climate change</a> and global warming include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG/220px-Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG/330px-Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG/440px-Aletschgletsjer_Zwitserland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Another view of the <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_Glacier" title="Aletsch Glacier">Aletsch Glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>, which because of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> has been decreasing</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention Treaty</a> and convention on Climate Change, to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would <a href="/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoiding dangerous climate change">prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, which is the protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change treaty, again with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative" title="Western Climate Initiative">Western Climate Initiative</a>, to identify, evaluate, and implement collective and cooperative ways to reduce greenhouse gases in the region, focusing on a market-based <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap-and-trade</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A significantly profound challenge is to identify the natural environmental dynamics in contrast to environmental changes not within natural variances. A common solution is to adapt a static view neglecting natural variances to exist. Methodologically, this view could be defended when looking at processes which change slowly and short time series, while the problem arrives when fast processes turns essential in the object of the study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClimateMap_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude. The zones, going from the equator upward (and downward) are Tropical, Dry, Moderate, Continental and Polar. There are subzones within these zones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ClimateMap_World.png/220px-ClimateMap_World.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ClimateMap_World.png/330px-ClimateMap_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ClimateMap_World.png/440px-ClimateMap_World.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Worldwide <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> classifications map</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> looks at the statistics of <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>, atmospheric particle count and other <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> elements in a given region over long periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-ncei.noaa.gov_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncei.noaa.gov-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a>, on the other hand, is the present condition of these same elements over periods up to two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-ncei.noaa.gov_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncei.noaa.gov-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climates can be <a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">classified</a> according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme is the one originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thornthwaite_climate_classification" title="Thornthwaite climate classification">Thornthwaite system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in use since 1948, uses <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> as well as temperature and precipitation information to study animal species diversity and the potential impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate changes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather">Weather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg/220px-Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg/330px-Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg/440px-Rainbow_over_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> phenomenon that causes a <a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical spectrum">spectrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a> is a set of all the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a> occurring in a given <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheric</a> area at a given <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most weather phenomena occur in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trop_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trop-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just below the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used without qualification, "weather" is understood to be the weather of Earth. </p><p>Weather occurs due to density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>. Weather systems in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-latitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-latitudes">mid-latitudes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a>, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">axis</a> is tilted relative to its orbital plane, <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On the Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in the Earth's orbit have affected the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influenced long-term climate. </p><p>Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> for a future time and a given location. The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic system</a>, and small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to <a href="/wiki/Weather_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather control">control the weather</a> have occurred throughout human history, and there is evidence that civilized human activity such as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industry</a> has inadvertently modified weather patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diversity_of_plants_(Streptophyta)_version_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/220px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/330px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/440px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">There are many <a href="/wiki/Plant_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant species">plant species</a> on the planet.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/220px-Animal_diversity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/330px-Animal_diversity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Animal_diversity.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">An example of the many <a href="/wiki/Animal_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal species">animal species</a> on the Earth</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></div> <p>Evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life on Earth</a> has existed for about 3.7 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a> via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism. </p><p>Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>, response to <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> from <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic matter</a>, including the capacity for growth, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">functional activity</a> and the continual change preceding death.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A diverse variety of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> on Earth, and properties common to these organisms—plants, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>—are a <a href="/wiki/Carbon-based_life" title="Carbon-based life">carbon</a>- and water-based <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> form with complex <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> and heritable <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic</a> information. Living organisms undergo <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, possess a capacity to <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">grow</a>, respond to <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduce" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduce">reproduce</a> and, through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/220px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/330px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/440px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">Rainforests</a> often have a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> with many plant and animal species. This is the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Niokolo-Koba_National_Park" title="Niokolo-Koba National Park">Niokolo-Koba National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> (also called an environment) is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (<a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (<a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a>) factors of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that <a href="/wiki/Living_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Living organism">living organisms</a> are continually engaged in a highly interrelated set of relationships with every other element constituting the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> in which they exist. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Odum" title="Eugene Odum">Eugene Odum</a>, one of the founders of the science of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (i.e.: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg/220px-Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg/330px-Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg/440px-Creek_and_old-growth_forest-Larch_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Old-growth forest</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Creek_(tidal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (tidal)">creek</a> on <a href="/wiki/Larch_Mountain_(Multnomah_County,_Oregon)" title="Larch Mountain (Multnomah County, Oregon)">Larch Mountain</a>, in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The human ecosystem concept is then grounded in the deconstruction of the human/nature <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a>, and the emergent premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their <a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotope</a>. </p><p>A more significant number or variety of species or <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a> of an ecosystem may contribute to greater resilience of an ecosystem because there are more species present at a location to respond to change and thus "absorb" or reduce its effects. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's structure changes to a different state. This is not universally the case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level. </p><p>The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-made environments, such as <a href="/wiki/Human_ecosystem" title="Human ecosystem">human ecosystems</a> and human-influenced ecosystems. It can describe any situation where there is relationship between living organisms and their environment. Fewer areas on the surface of the earth today exist free from human contact, although some genuine <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> areas continue to exist without any forms of human intervention. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogeochemical_cycles">Biogeochemical cycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biogeochemical cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/220px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/330px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/440px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplasts</a> conduct <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and are found in <a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">plant cells</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> organisms. These are chloroplasts visible in the cells of <i>Plagiomnium affine</i> — many-fruited thyme-moss.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeochemical cycles">Biogeochemical cycles</a></div> <p>Global <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a> are critical to life, most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> is the transformation of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. It is a cycle which includes gaseous components.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water can change states among liquid, vapour, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">oxygen cycle</a> is the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmospheric composition and life.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus cycle</a> is the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movements of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilderness">Wilderness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wilderness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG/220px-Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG/330px-Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG/440px-Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">conifer forest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Park" title="Swiss National Park">National Park</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togiak_Wilderness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Togiak_Wilderness.jpg/220px-Togiak_Wilderness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Togiak_Wilderness.jpg/330px-Togiak_Wilderness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Togiak_Wilderness.jpg/440px-Togiak_Wilderness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ahklun_Mountains" title="Ahklun Mountains">Ahklun Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Togiak_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Togiak Wilderness">Togiak Wilderness</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Togiak_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Togiak National Wildlife Refuge">Togiak National Wildlife Refuge</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a> is generally defined as a natural environment on Earth that has not been significantly modified by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> activity. The <a href="/wiki/WILD_Foundation" title="WILD Foundation">WILD Foundation</a> goes into more detail, defining wilderness as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet – those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilderness areas and protected <a href="/wiki/Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Parks">parks</a> are considered important for the survival of certain <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, ecological studies, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">conservation</a>, solitude, and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>. Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> reasons. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word, "wilderness", derives from the notion of <a href="/wiki/Wildness" title="Wildness">wildness</a>; in other words that which is not controllable by humans. The word <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>wildeornes</i>, which in turn derives from <i>wildeor</i> meaning <i>wild beast</i> (wild + deor = beast, deer).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. The mere presence or activity of people does not disqualify an area from being "wilderness". Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild". This way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without very noticeable human interference. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> includes all non-<a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> plants, animals and other organisms. Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, rain forests, plains, and other areas—including the most developed <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> sites—all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by civilized human factors, most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is (now) impacted by human activities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg/900px-Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg/1350px-Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg/1800px-Ahja_j%C3%B5e_%C3%BCrgorg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6700" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A view of <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> in Estonia</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/220px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/330px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/440px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Before <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> was installed, the <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air-polluting</a> emissions from this power plant in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> contained excessive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg/220px-Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg/330px-Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg/440px-Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth, including some that have evolved within the past few hundred thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a></div> <p>It is the common understanding of <i>natural environment</i> that underlies <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> — a broad <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> movement that advocates various actions and policies in the interest of protecting what nature remains in the natural environment, or restoring or expanding the role of nature in this environment. While true wilderness is increasingly rare, <i>wild</i> nature (e.g., unmanaged <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a>, uncultivated <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildflower" title="Wildflower">wildflowers</a>) can be found in many locations previously inhabited by humans. </p><p>Goals for the benefit of people and natural systems, commonly expressed by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental scientist">environmental scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalists</a> include: </p> <ul><li>Elimination of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxicants</a> in air, water, soil, buildings, manufactured goods, and food.</li> <li>Preservation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and protection of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable use">sustainable use</a> of resources such as <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> land, air, energy, raw materials, and natural resources.</li> <li>Halting human-induced <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, which represents pollution, a threat to biodiversity, and a threat to human populations.</li> <li>Shifting from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> in electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation, which addresses pollution, global warming, and sustainability. This may include <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed generation</a>, which have benefits for traffic congestion and electric reliability.</li> <li>Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-based diets">plant-based diets</a> in order to help mitigate <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> for recreational purposes and ecosystem preservation.</li> <li>Sustainable and less polluting <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> including <a href="/wiki/Waste_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste reduction">waste reduction</a> (or even <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">zero waste</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">composting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">waste-to-energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a> of sewage sludge.</li> <li>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">profligate consumption</a> and clamping down on <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">logging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Slowing and stabilisation of <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">human population growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reducing the import of second hand electronic appliances from developed countries to developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cultures the term environment is meaningless because there is no separation between people and what they view as the natural world, or their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically in the United States and Arabian countries many native cultures do not recognize the "environment", or see themselves as environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Index_of_environmental_articles" title="Index of environmental articles">Index of environmental articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation topics">List of conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">List of environmental books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_websites" title="List of environmental websites">List of environmental websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-25</span></span>. <q>[a Lake is] any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams are relatively fast-moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-25</span></span>. <q>a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Flake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goudie-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goudie_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goudie_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudie2000" class="citation book cs1">Goudie, Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanimpactonn00goud/page/203"><i>The Human Impact on the Natural Environment</i></a>. 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(January 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/life">"Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213211541/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/life">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18268%2FBSGM2016v68n3a3">"Diagnóstico y análisis de los factores que influyen en la vulnerabilidad de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable a la Ciudad de México, México"</a>. <i>Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana</i> (in Spanish). <b>68</b> (3): 409–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18268%2FBSGM2016v68n3a3">10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Geol%C3%B3gica+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Diagn%C3%B3stico+y+an%C3%A1lisis+de+los+factores+que+influyen+en+la+vulnerabilidad+de+las+fuentes+de+abastecimiento+de+agua+potable+a+la+Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-427&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18268%2FBSGM2016v68n3a3&rft.au=Escolero%2C+O.&rft.au=Kralisch%2C+S.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Perevochtchikova%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18268%252FBSGM2016v68n3a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrayer2019" class="citation news cs1">Drayer, Lisa (January 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/18/health/plant-based-diet-climate-change-food-drayer/index.html">"Change your diet to combat climate change in 2019"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213222306/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/18/health/plant-based-diet-climate-change-food-drayer/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Change+your+diet+to+combat+climate+change+in+2019&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft.aulast=Drayer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F10%2F18%2Fhealth%2Fplant-based-diet-climate-change-food-drayer%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumer2019" class="citation news cs1">Plumer, Brad (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html">"Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614201836/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Humans+Are+Speeding+Extinction+and+Altering+the+Natural+World+at+an+%27Unprecedented%27+Pace&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Plumer&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Fclimate%2Fbiodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeGaletti2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>. <b>67</b> (12): 1026–1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">10.1093/biosci/bix125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F71342">11336/71342</a></span>. <q>It is also time to re-examine and change our individual behaviors, including limiting our own reproduction (ideally to replacement level at most)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=World+Scientists%27+Warning+to+Humanity%3A+A+Second+Notice&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1026-1028&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F71342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Wolf%2C+C&rft.au=Newsome%2C+TM&rft.au=Galetti%2C+M&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+M&rft.au=Crist%2C+E&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+MI&rft.au=Laurance%2C+WF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbiosci%252Fbix125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-29/the-rich-world-s-electronic-waste-dumped-in-ghana">"The Rich World's Electronic Waste, Dumped in Ghana"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 2019-05-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416041601/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-29/the-rich-world-s-electronic-waste-dumped-in-ghana">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Rich+World%27s+Electronic+Waste%2C+Dumped+in+Ghana&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-05-29%2Fthe-rich-world-s-electronic-waste-dumped-in-ghana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/india-electronic-waste-provides-poor-children-a-dangerous-living/a-64656699">"India: E-waste provides poor children a dangerous living – DW – 02/09/2023"</a>. <i>dw.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506023312/https://www.dw.com/en/india-electronic-waste-provides-poor-children-a-dangerous-living/a-64656699">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=India%3A+E-waste+provides+poor+children+a+dangerous+living+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+02%2F09%2F2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Findia-electronic-waste-provides-poor-children-a-dangerous-living%2Fa-64656699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamieson, Dale. (2007). "The Heart of Environmentalism". In R. Sandler & P. C. Pezzullo. <i>Environmental Justice and Environmentalism</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. pp. 85–101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262195522" title="Special:BookSources/9780262195522">9780262195522</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, T. (2000). <i>Sustaining the Forest, the People, and the Spirit. State University of New York</i>. pp. 1–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791444153" title="Special:BookSources/9780791444153">9780791444153</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:97%;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsDavid_Lambert2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Simon; David Lambert (2006). <i>Earth Science: An illustrated guide to science</i>. New York NY 10001: Chelsea House. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6164-5"><bdi>0-8160-6164-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Science%3A+An+illustrated+guide+to+science&rft.place=New+York+NY+10001&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8160-6164-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=David+Lambert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Allaby, Michael, and Chris Park, eds. <i>A dictionary of environment and conservation</i> (Oxford University Press, 2013), with a British emphasis.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://okfirst.mesonet.org/train/meteorology/EnergyBudget.html">"Earth's Energy Budget"</a>. Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 1996–2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Energy+Budget&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Climatological+Survey&rft.date=1996%2F2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fokfirst.mesonet.org%2Ftrain%2Fmeteorology%2FEnergyBudget.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldroyd2006" class="citation book cs1">Oldroyd, David (2006). <i>Earth Cycles: A historical perspective</i>. Westport, Connicticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33229-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33229-0"><bdi>0-313-33229-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Cycles%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connicticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33229-0&rft.aulast=Oldroyd&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimison,_W._Brian2007" class="citation web cs1">Simison, W. Brian (2007-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tecmech.html">"The mechanism behind plate tectonics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+mechanism+behind+plate+tectonics&rft.date=2007-02-05&rft.au=Simison%2C+W.+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fgeology%2Ftecmech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithAurora_Pun2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gary A.; Aurora Pun (2006). <i>How Does the Earth Work? Physical Geology </i>and the<i> Process of Science</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-034129-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-034129-0"><bdi>0-13-034129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Does+the+Earth+Work%3F+Physical+Geology+and+the+Process+of+Science&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ+07458&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-034129-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft.au=Aurora+Pun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li></ul></div> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, G. Tyler (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentalsci0000mill_5thEd."><i>Environmental science</i></a></span>. California: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning#Brands.2Fimprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Wadsworth</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-21588-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-21588-2"><bdi>0-534-21588-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+science&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-534-21588-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=G.+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvironmentalsci0000mill_5thEd.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallumGwendolynn_W._Bury2013" class="citation journal cs1">McCallum, Malcolm L.; Gwendolynn W. Bury (2013). "Google search patterns suggest declining interest in the environment". <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>22</b> (6–7): 1355–1367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BiCon..22.1355M">2013BiCon..22.1355M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-013-0476-6">10.1007/s10531-013-0476-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15593201">15593201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Google+search+patterns+suggest+declining+interest+in+the+environment.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.pages=1355-1367&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15593201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-013-0476-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013BiCon..22.1355M&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+L.&rft.au=Gwendolynn+W.+Bury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+environment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_environment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/natural_environment" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/natural environment">natural environment</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> 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chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/100px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/150px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/200px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioecology" title="Radioecology">Radioecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport encouragement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">Road ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_sciences" title="List of environmental journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_research_institutes" title="List of environmental research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_environment" title="List of years in the environment">Environment by year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_science" title="Category:Environmental science">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_scientists" title="Category:Environmental scientists">scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a 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