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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-考古研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#考古研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>考古研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-考古研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民族" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民族"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>民族</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民族-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生活習慣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生活習慣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>生活習慣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生活習慣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-支持月氏说的文献根据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#支持月氏说的文献根据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>支持月氏说的文献根据</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-支持月氏说的文献根据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大夏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大夏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>大夏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大夏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-後裔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#後裔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>後裔</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-後裔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">吐火罗人</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。56种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تخاريون – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخاريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocarios" title="Tocarios – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tocarios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxarlar" title="Toxarlar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toxarlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="توخار‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توخار‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тоһарҙар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тоһарҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тахары – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тахары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тахары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тахары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тохари – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тохари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="টোকারীয় জাতি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোকারীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocaris" title="Tocaris – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tocaris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharov%C3%A9" title="Tocharové – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tocharové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokharere" title="Tokharere – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tokharere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharer" title="Tocharer – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tocharer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Τόχαροι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόχαροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tocharians" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%A5arianoj" title="Toĥarianoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toĥarianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocarios" title="Tocarios – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tocarios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokario" title="Tokario – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tokario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="تخارها – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخارها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaarit" title="Tokaarit – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tokaarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokhariens" title="Tokhariens – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tokhariens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טוכארים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוכארים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="तुषारी लोग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुषारी लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharci" title="Toharci – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toharci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tokharia" title="Orang Tokharia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Tokharia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokkarar" title="Tokkarar – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tokkarar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocari" title="Tocari – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tocari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="トハラ人 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トハラ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტოხარები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოხარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тохалар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тохалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="토하라인 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토하라인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тохарлар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тохарлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharai" title="Tocharai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tocharai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4kariana_(vahoaka)" title="Tôkariana (vahoaka) – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tôkariana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharoi" title="Tocharoi – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tocharoi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokharere" title="Tokharere – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tokharere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharowie" title="Tocharowie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tocharowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تخاری لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تخاری لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocarianos" title="Tocarianos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tocarianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharieni" title="Toharieni – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toharieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тохары – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тохары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohari" title="Tohari – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tohari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tocharians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochari" title="Tochari – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tochari" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokarian%C3%ABt" title="Tokarianët – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tokarianët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharci" title="Toharci – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Toharci" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokharer" title="Tokharer – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tokharer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தொச்சாரியர்கள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொச்சாரியர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Тухориён – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тухориён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharlar" title="Toharlar – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toharlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="توخارلار – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توخارلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тохари – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тохари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxarlar" title="Toxarlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toxarlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Tochari" title="Người Tochari – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Tochari" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BE%85" title="吐火羅 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="吐火羅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%BA" title="吐火羅人 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吐火羅人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>吐火罗人</b>（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc"><b>Τόχαροι</b></span>, <i>Tókharoi</i>、英語：<span lang="en"><b>Tocharians</b></span>），古代民族，原聚居在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>一帶。學者相信其源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印欧人</a>，其語言<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火羅語</a>，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>的一支已滅絕的語言，僅存於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>發現的西元六世紀到八世紀手稿。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E9%9A%AA%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="探險隊">探险队</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>库车和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>发现大批用当时尚无人知的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>书写之古本残卷，並將其带回<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>。德国學者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷德里希·穆勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Friedrich W. K. Müller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷德里希·穆勒（页面不存在）">穆勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W._K._M%C3%BCller" class="extiw" title="en:Friedrich W. K. Müller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Friedrich W. K. Müller</span></a></span>）</span></span>根据一篇<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="回鹘文">回鶻文</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">佛经</a>跋文中一段文字:“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E7%BA%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="回纥文">回纥文</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E4%B8%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" title="彌勒下生經">弥勒下生经</a>》，先从<b>库车语</b>译为twγry语，又从twγry语译为<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語">突厥語</a>”，认为twγry就是历史上的“Tokharoi”。他認為這些手稿上所記錄的語言的使用者，對應古希臘、羅馬史料中所記載的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞">巴克特里亞</a>之地的游牧民族（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc">Τόχαροι</span>, <i>Tókharoi</i>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la">Tochari</span>），即中國史書中的吐火羅<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、覩貨邏<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此將這些語言统称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火羅语</a>，說吐火羅语的人被称为吐火羅人。 </p><p>然而現在的學術界通常對穆勒的鑒定持否定態度，因為西方和中國古書記載的吐火羅人生活於<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%B1%E5%B2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葱岭">蔥嶺</a>以西的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a>一帶，說<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="巴克特里亚语">巴克特里亞語</a>，目前沒有切實的證據表明穆勒所認定的新疆“吐火羅人”與蔥嶺以西的吐火羅人有任何關聯。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="考古研究"><span id=".E8.80.83.E5.8F.A4.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>考古研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：考古研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/250px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/375px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/500px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>唐朝疆域圖中最左方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E5%8F%B6%E6%8A%A4%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="吐火罗叶护政权">吐火罗</a>，也是唐朝臣屬區之一</figcaption></figure> <p>根据对<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="库车">库车</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>出土的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a>残卷研究，以吐火罗语交談的吐火罗人属印欧语人，但很早从原始印欧语人群分离，所以還保留有很多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印歐語">原始印歐語</a>的特徵。根据对<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="塔里木">塔里木</a>乾屍與新疆古墓出土古尸骨的研究，吐火罗人的外貌特徵都是黄褐或棕褐頭髮、藍眼睛、高鼻，具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印欧人</a>特征，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E9%AA%A8" title="头骨">头骨</a>类似<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="北欧">北欧</a>型<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。塔里木乾屍生前是地處最東使用印歐語言的人，后来成为吐火罗人。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>·西域志》关于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>人有“今之<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA" title="胡人">胡人</a>青眼、赤鬚”、“其人皆深目，多鬚髯”。吐火罗人最後可能被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98" title="回鹘">回鹘</a>人在9世紀中叶后同化。部分古代遗骨DNA显示，一定比例<a class="mw-selflink selflink">吐火罗人</a>男性的<a href="/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Y染色体">Y染色体</a>为单倍群<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="R1a1a-M17" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haplogroup R1a"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R1a1a-M17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R1a1a-M17（页面不存在）">R1a1a-M17</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" class="extiw" title="en:Haplogroup R1a"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haplogroup R1a</span></a></span>）</span></span>。部分吐火罗文物被学者认为与<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="颜那亚文化">颜那亚文化</a>同源。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民族"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E6.97.8F"></span>民族</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：民族"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/350px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/525px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/700px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印歐人</a>相關文化的傳播。</figcaption></figure> <p>吐火罗人的由来和如何迁移到中国新疆地区的，目前还没有定论，只略有线索。1979年，德裔（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a>）英国语言学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨宁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walter Bruno Henning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨宁（页面不存在）">亨宁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" class="extiw" title="en:Walter Bruno Henning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walter Bruno Henning</span></a></span>）</span></span>的遗作《历史上最初的印欧人》，对吐火罗人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的出现，提出了一種研究论点。他认为，塔里木盆地的吐火罗人就是前2300年左右出现在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>西部<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="札格羅斯山脈">札格罗斯山脈</a>附近区域，并活跃于<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%B9%96" title="爾米亞湖">尔米亚湖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>東部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E6%B9%96" title="凡湖">凡湖</a>之间的游牧民族<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="库提人">库提人</a>和Tukris(<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="札格羅斯山脈">札格羅斯山脈</a>土著)。亨宁还发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="库提人">库提人</a>具有明显的讲吐火罗语特征。公元前2000末，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="库提人">库提人</a>突然在近东历史舞台上消失。亨宁相信，古提人大概就在这个时候离开<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="巴比伦">巴比伦</a>，长途跋涉，向东迁徙到塔里木盆地。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>亨宁认为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="汉谟拉比">汉谟拉比</a>铭文中提到的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="库提人">库提人</a>和Tukris最终在新疆定居下来，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="库提人">库提人</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A" title="河西走廊">河西走廊</a>发展成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>部落，而Tukri人则占据了今<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>南部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="库车">库车</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>，他们后来被称为<b>吐火罗人</b>。 </p><p>吐火罗人分北路及南路往东方进发，直至受<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>所阻为止，但考古基因證明，匈奴也有不少原始印歐血統，事實上史前時代原始印歐人的遺址東至外蒙古。北路的部份在龟兹及焉耆定居，建立了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>等国，并分别发展了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="龟兹语">龟兹语</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%89%E8%80%86%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="焉耆语（页面不存在）">焉耆语</a>。另一支往南路分佈的吐火罗人则曾建立了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97" title="于阗">于阗</a>，及东接<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A" title="河西走廊">河西走廊</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AF%E5%96%84" class="mw-redirect" title="鄯善">鄯善</a>等国家。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/220px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/330px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/440px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>塔里木9世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB" title="壁畫">壁畫</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1890年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>军官鲍威尔（Bower）在库车从当地农民手中买到一些桦树皮写本，后经研究后发现为迄今最古的4世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>写本，引起轰动。除<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>外，学者们很快从中区分出两种过去从来不为人知的古代语言，其中一种即现在所谓的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a>作为一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="印欧语">印欧语</a>，却不像居于东方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="印欧语">印欧语</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>等）一样属於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9A%EF%BC%8D%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%8C%E8%A8%80%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="颚－咝音同言线">噝音類</a>（satem语组），而是与居于西方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="印欧语">印欧语</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="凯尔特语">凯尔特语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日爾曼語">日尔曼语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>等）一样同属<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9A%EF%BC%8D%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%8C%E8%A8%80%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="颚－咝音同言线">顎音類</a>（centum语组）。有人說他們不同於其他印歐民族，可能是與<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉爾語系">烏拉爾語系</a>民族接觸有關。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文字"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span>文字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：文字"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="吐火罗字母">吐火羅字母</a></div> <p>當<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>传入，吐火羅人便開始接觸印度的各種文字，他們使用其中一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆罗米文</a>拼写自己的语言，成了吐火罗語的文字。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生活習慣"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E7.BF.92.E6.85.A3"></span>生活習慣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：生活習慣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donor_figures_from_Kizil_Cave_189.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Donor_figures_from_Kizil_Cave_189.png/220px-Donor_figures_from_Kizil_Cave_189.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Donor_figures_from_Kizil_Cave_189.png 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%9C%E5%B0%94%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="克孜尔石窟">克孜爾石窟</a>的吐火羅供養人壁畫，3世紀–8世紀。</figcaption></figure> <p>根据中国历史文献，吐火羅人能歌善舞，善賈市爭分銖，善騎馬射箭，已有妓寮。下文是一些关于他们生活的描述： </p><p>“龟兹，……。横千里，纵六百里。土宜麻、麦、粳稻、蒲陶，出黄金。俗善歌乐，旁行书，贵浮图法。产子以木压首。俗断发齐顶，惟君不翦发。姓白氏。居伊逻庐城，北倚河羯田山，亦曰白山，常有火。王以锦冒顶，锦袍、宝带。岁朔，斗羊马橐它七日，观胜负以卜岁盈耗云。葱岭以东俗喜淫，龟兹、于阗置女肆，徵其钱。”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“屈支国。东西千馀里。南北六百馀里。国大都城周十七八里。宜穈麦有粳稻，出蒲萄石榴。多梨柰桃杏。土产黄金铜铁铅锡。气序和风俗质。文字取则印度。粗有改变。管弦伎乐特善诸国。服饰锦褐断发巾帽。货用金钱银钱小铜钱。……所以此国多出善马。” </p><p>“出鐵門，至睹貨邏國（舊曰吐火羅國，訛也）。其地南北千餘里，東西三千餘里。東阨蔥嶺，西接波剌斯，南大雪山，北據鐵門，縛芻大河中境西流。自數百年，王族絕嗣，酋豪力競，各擅君長，依川據險，分為二十七國。雖畫野區分，總役屬突厥。氣序既溫，疾疫亦眾。冬末春初，霖雨相繼。故此境已南，濫波已北，其國風土，並多溫疾。而諸僧徒以十二月十六日入安居，三月十五日解安居，斯乃據其多雨，亦是設教隨時也。其俗則志性恇怯；容貌鄙陋，粗知信義，不甚欺詐。語言去就，稍異諸國。字源二十五言，轉而相生，用之備物，書以橫讀，自左向右，文記漸多，逾廣窣利。多衣<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%8A%E6%AF%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疊毛（页面不存在）">疊毛</a>，少服褐。貨用金、銀等錢，模樣異於諸國。”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系"><span id=".E5.90.90.E7.81.AB.E7.BD.97.E5.92.8C.E6.9C.88.E6.B0.8F.E3.80.81.E5.A4.A7.E5.A4.8F.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>研究吐火罗的学者大致分为两派： </p> <ul><li>主张吐火罗是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>的有<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="艾密尔·西克">西克</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西格林（页面不存在）">西格林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BB%B4" title="西尔万·莱维">萊維</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C" title="伯希和">伯希和</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%95%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痕宁（页面不存在）">痕宁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本">蒲立本</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E7%84%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈然（页面不存在）">奈然</a>、林梅村、张广达、黃盛璋等。</li> <li>主张吐火罗是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD)" title="大夏 (中亚古国)">大夏</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4" title="王国维">王国维</a>主张大夏西迁为吐火罗说。主张大夏说的还有馬迦特、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%9D%99%E5%A6%82" title="王静如">王静如</a>、余太山、王欣等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="支持月氏说的文献根据"><span id=".E6.94.AF.E6.8C.81.E6.9C.88.E6.B0.8F.E8.AF.B4.E7.9A.84.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.E6.A0.B9.E6.8D.AE"></span>支持月氏说的文献根据</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：支持月氏说的文献根据"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《三國志·魏志》引《西戎傳》：“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="敦煌">敦煌</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>至南山中從婼姜西至<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%B1%E5%B2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葱岭">蔥嶺</a>數千里有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>遺種。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>出生在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a>的高僧<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什">鸠摩罗什</a>在所譯《大智度論》中“吐火罗”旁註“小月氏”三字。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>431年翻译的《求那跋摩經》（Gunavarman）将<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>“吐火罗”译为<b>月氏</b>。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>敦煌文件《西天路竟》：“又西一日至<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="高昌">高昌</a>国，又西行一千里至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>国，又西行一千里至<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a>国。”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>高昌、龟兹之间为<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>，即月氏。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大夏"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E5.A4.8F"></span>大夏</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：大夏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬迦特（页面不存在）">馬迦特</a>曾建议将Thogar训为Dat-ga，即“大夏”古读音，但伯希和指出，根据<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89" title="高本汉">高本汉</a>古代汉语对音，大夏古代读音Dat-ga不太可靠<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="後裔"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E8.A3.94"></span>後裔</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：後裔"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中華民國學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%91%E4%BB%B2%E5%8B%89" title="岑仲勉">岑仲勉</a>認為西戎中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E6%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="義渠">義渠</a>為吐火羅人後代。中華人民共和國學者林梅村提出類似看法，認為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E6%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="義渠">義渠</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%84%E5%A4%B7" title="緄夷">緄夷</a>皆為吐火羅人分支。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="隋書">隋書</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2" title="北史">北史</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="舊唐書">舊唐書</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="新唐書">新唐書</a>》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98" title="大唐西域記">大唐西域記</a>》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/tokol">Tocharian Online: Series Introduction</a>. Linguistics Research Center. University of Texas at Austin. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318173320/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/tokol">存档</a>于2022-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Tocharian+Online%3A+Series+Introduction&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Todd+B.&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Feieol%2Ftokol&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">徐文堪. 新疆古尸的新发现与吐火罗人的起源问题. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E4%BB%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="昆仑出版社">昆仑出版社</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7800407993" title="Special:网络书源/7800407993"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7800407993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%96%87%E5%A0%AA&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7800407993&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E6%98%86%E4%BB%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨宁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walter Bruno Henning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨宁（页面不存在）">亨宁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" class="extiw" title="en:Walter Bruno Henning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walter Bruno Henning</span></a></span>）</span></span>著，徐文堪译注. <span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>历史上最初的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐人">印欧人</a><span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突厥民族研究（页面不存在）">突厥民族研究</a>》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=%22%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E5%88%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%22&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E4%BA%A8%E5%AE%81%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Walter+Bruno+Henning%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E4%BA%A8%E5%AE%81%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EWalter+Bruno+Henning%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%E8%91%97%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%90%E6%96%87%E5%A0%AA+%E8%AF%91%E6%B3%A8&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1992%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC2%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E4%B9%A6" title="新唐书">新唐书</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="大唐西域记">大唐西域记</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4" title="列维">列維</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火羅語</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯希和·列維（页面不存在）">伯希和·列維</a>. 吐火罗语考. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中華書局">中華書局</a>. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-101-04083-7" title="Special:网络书源/7-101-04083-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-101-04083-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD&rft.btitle=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%80%83&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-101-04083-7&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C" title="伯希和">伯希和</a>《吐火羅語與庫車》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">徐文堪著《吐火罗人起源研究·总论》第35页 2005 昆仑出版社 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787800407994" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-80040-799-4</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">伯希和《吐火羅語與庫車》</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="北匈奴">北匈奴</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="南匈奴">南匈奴</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">车师</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0" title="嚈噠">嚈噠</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人">匈人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">吐火罗人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="薩馬提亞人">萨尔马提亚人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a> ·</span> <span 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