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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fossil record and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_urchins_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_urchins_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sea urchins as food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_urchins_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="قنفذ البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنفذ البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoidea" title="Equinoidea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Equinoidea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_kirpil%C9%99ri" title="Dəniz kirpiləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz kirpiləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دنیز کیرپیلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز کیرپیلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Марскія вожыкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марскія вожыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Марскія вожыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марскія вожыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayom" title="Tayom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tayom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Морски таралежи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морски таралежи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_je%C5%BEevi" title="Morski ježevi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Morski ježevi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teureug" title="Teureug – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teureug" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri%C3%A7ons_de_mar" title="Eriçons de mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eriçons de mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swakigtuyom" title="Swakigtuyom – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Swakigtuyom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BEovky" title="Ježovky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ježovky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8pindsvin" title="Søpindsvin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søpindsvin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeigel" title="Seeigel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeigel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1h_adiji%C5%82ii" title="Táłtłʼááh adijiłii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłtłʼááh adijiłii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merisiilikud" title="Merisiilikud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merisiilikud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αχινός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αχινός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sea urchin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ведьсеель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведьсеель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A5ino" title="Eĥino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eĥino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsas_triku" title="Itsas triku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsas triku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="توتیای دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توتیای دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C3%A1n_mara" title="Cuán mara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuán mara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourizo_de_mar" title="Ourizo de mar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ourizo de mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%98" title="성게류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성게류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծովոզնիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծովոզնիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="जलसाही – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलसाही" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BEinci" title="Ježinci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ježinci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekino" title="Ekino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landak_laut" title="Landak laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Landak laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dgulker" title="Ígulker – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ígulker" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קיפודי ים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיפודי ים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზღვის ზღარბები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზღვის ზღარბები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Теңіз кірпілері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңіз кірпілері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Деңиз кирписи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деңиз кирписи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6_%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%B9" title="Тангыж шӱлӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тангыж шӱлӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_e%C5%BEi" title="Jūras eži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras eži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABr%C5%B3_e%C5%BEiai" title="Jūrų ežiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūrų ežiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%AB-eechele" title="Zieë-eechele – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieë-eechele" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecinoideo" title="Ecinoideo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ecinoideo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeris%C3%BCn%C3%B6k" title="Tengerisünök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengerisünök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Морски ежови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Морски ежови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soky" title="Soky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8" title="കടൽച്ചേന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽച്ചേന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="قنفذ البحر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قنفذ البحر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB" title="ကၞုချ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကၞုချ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landak_laut" title="Landak laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Landak laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သံပခြုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံပခြုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee-egels" title="Zee-egels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zee-egels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8B" title="ウニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaiigler" title="Siaiigler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siaiigler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8piggsvin" title="Sjøpiggsvin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjøpiggsvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A5kebolle" title="Kråkebolle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kråkebolle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz_tipratikanlari" title="Dengiz tipratikanlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz tipratikanlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BCowce" title="Jeżowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeżowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoide" title="Echinoide – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Echinoide" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_askanku" title="Yaku askanku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku askanku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Морские ежи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морские ежи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sea urchin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BEovky" title="Ježovky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ježovky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_je%C5%BEki" title="Morski ježki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morski ježki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Морски јежеви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морски јежеви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BEinci" title="Ježinci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ježinci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merisiilit" title="Merisiilit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merisiilit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6borrar" title="Sjöborrar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöborrar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salungo" title="Salungo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salungo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="மூரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ade%C9%A3mus" title="Adeɣmus – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adeɣmus" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="เม่นทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เม่นทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎺᏉ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏟᏲᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎺᏉ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏟᏲᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizkestanesi" title="Denizkestanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Denizkestanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88iz_Kirpisi" title="Deňiz Kirpisi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Deňiz Kirpisi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%97%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Морські їжаки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морські їжаки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_gai" title="Cầu gai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu gai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAe-egels" title="Zêe-egels – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêe-egels" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea" title="Echinoidea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Echinoidea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%83%86" title="海胆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海胆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%86%BD" title="海膽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海膽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%86%BD" title="海膽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海膽" data-language-autonym="中文" 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Sea urchin </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeaUrchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SeaUrchin.jpg/230px-SeaUrchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SeaUrchin.jpg/345px-SeaUrchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SeaUrchin.jpg/460px-SeaUrchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subphylum"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echinozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echinozoa (not yet started)">Echinozoa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="class"><b>Echinoidea</b></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Sea urchins</b> are spiky members of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Echinoidea</b> of the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a>. Like the rest of the echinoderms, they are entirely <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a>. They are globe-shaped, and protected by <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> plates and spines. </p><p><i>Urchin</i> is an old word for <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehog</a>, and in many foreign languages these animals are called sea hedgehogs. </p><p>Like other echinoderms they have five-fold <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> (called pentamerism) and move by means of hundreds of tiny, transparent, adhesive 'tube feet'. The symmetry is not obvious in the living animal, but is easily visible in the dried test. </p><p>Sea urchins mostly feed on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and small animals. They have a special chewing apparatus called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle%27s_lantern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotle's lantern (not yet started)">Aristotle's lantern</a></i>, after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> who was fascinated by sea urchins. With this apparatus they can scrape organisms stuck to the surface over which the urchin is moving. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spines">Spines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Spines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Spines"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spines are long and sharp in some species,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and protect the urchin from <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. The spines inflict a painful wound when they penetrate human skin, but are usually not dangerous. Echinoids also have pincer-like pedicellaria all over their body between the spines. The job of these is to deal with anything (like larvae) settling on the test (outer shell).<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p101</sup> It is not known if the spines are venomous unlike the pedicellariae between the spines, which are VENOMOUS. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical sea urchins have spines that are 1 to 3 centimetres (0.39 to 1.18 in) in length, 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) thick, and not terribly sharp. <i>Diadema antillarum</i>, familiar in the Caribbean, has thin, potentially dangerous spines that can reach 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teeth">Teeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Teeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Teeth"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sea urchins have five <a href="/wiki/Jaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaws">jaws</a> with one <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a> each. The teeth grow throughout the sea urchin's life. The teeth of the pink sea urchin chip against each other to stay sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-PinkTeeth_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinkTeeth-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Espinosa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinosa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Ecology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ecology"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeaDSC01286.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SeaDSC01286.JPG/230px-SeaDSC01286.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SeaDSC01286.JPG/345px-SeaDSC01286.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SeaDSC01286.JPG/460px-SeaDSC01286.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><i>Echinothrix calamaris</i>, a sea urchin with huge banded spines. The sphere, top, middle, is its anus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sea urchins feed mainly on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, but can also feed on sea cucumbers, and a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittle_star" title="Brittle star">brittle stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea urchins are one of the favorite foods of <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a> and wolf <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a>. Without predators to eat them, urchins breed in large numbers and eat almost all the nearby kelp, creating an <i><a href="/wiki/Urchin_barren" title="Urchin barren">urchin barren</a></i>, devoid of macroalgae and associated <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHMag_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHMag-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea otters have re-entered <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, dramatically improving coastal ecosystem health by eating sea urchins.<sup id="cite_ref-dfo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record_and_evolution">Fossil record and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Fossil record and evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Fossil record and evolution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first echinoid <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> are from the Lower <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period. The earliest forms had flexible tests, with plates that could slide over each other. Echinoids were a relatively unimportant part of the <a href="/wiki/Biota" title="Biota">biota</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a>. Only one group survived the <a href="/wiki/P/Tr_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="P/Tr extinction event">P/Tr extinction event</a> to form the basis of all later echinoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarkson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarkson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group which survived into the Triassic, the Cidaroids, radiated into all other modern groups, which are known as the Euechinoids. </p><p>The break with perfect symmetry, which happened in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, gave them definite front and back ends. This opened up new habitats, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrowing</a> habitat. <a href="/wiki/Sand_dollar" title="Sand dollar">Sand dollars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_urchin" title="Heart urchin">heart urchins</a> have been highly successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living echinoids are now important members of the biota, especially in shallow and in-shore waters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_urchins_as_food">Sea urchins as food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Sea urchins as food" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sea urchins as food"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some humans eat the reproductive organs of sea urchins (which they call <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>). This is popular in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, this kind of <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> is called <i>uni</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeigel-Saugfuesse(Galicien2005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seeigel-Saugfuesse%28Galicien2005%29.jpg/200px-Seeigel-Saugfuesse%28Galicien2005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seeigel-Saugfuesse%28Galicien2005%29.jpg/300px-Seeigel-Saugfuesse%28Galicien2005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seeigel-Saugfuesse%28Galicien2005%29.jpg/400px-Seeigel-Saugfuesse%28Galicien2005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Tube feet in action: how a sea urchin moves</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubber slippers will protect feet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols D. 1962. <i>Echinoderms</i>. Hutchinson, London. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-065994-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-065994-5">0-09-065994-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSlaughter_RJ,_Beasley_DM,_Lambie_BS,_Schep_LJ2009" class="citation journal cs1">Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM, Lambie BS, Schep LJ (2009). "New Zealand's venomous creatures". <i>N.Z. Med. J</i>. <b>122</b> (1290): 83–97. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19319171">19319171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.Z.+Med.+J.&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+venomous+creatures&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1290&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19319171&rft.au=Slaughter+RJ%2C+Beasley+DM%2C+Lambie+BS%2C+Schep+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASea+urchin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PinkTeeth-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PinkTeeth_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCell_Press2019" class="citation news cs1">Cell Press (September 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-09-pink-sea-urchins-teeth-sharpen.html">"These pink sea urchins have teeth that sharpen themselves"</a>. Phys.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=These+pink+sea+urchins+have+teeth+that+sharpen+themselves&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.au=Cell+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-09-pink-sea-urchins-teeth-sharpen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASea+urchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espinosa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Espinosa_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHoratio_D._EspinosaAlireza_ZaheriHoang_NguyenDavid_Restrepo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Horatio D. Espinosa; Alireza Zaheri; Hoang Nguyen; David Restrepo; Matthew Daly; Michael Frank; Joanna McKittrick (September 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/matter/fulltext/S2590-2385(19)30173-0">"In situ Wear Study Reveals Role of Microstructure on Self-Sharpening Mechanism in Sea Urchin Teeth"</a>. <i>Matter</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 1246–1261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matt.2019.08.015">10.1016/j.matt.2019.08.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203651036">203651036</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matter&rft.atitle=In+situ+Wear+Study+Reveals+Role+of+Microstructure+on+Self-Sharpening+Mechanism+in+Sea+Urchin+Teeth&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1246-1261&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.matt.2019.08.015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203651036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Horatio+D.+Espinosa&rft.au=Alireza+Zaheri&rft.au=Hoang+Nguyen&rft.au=David+Restrepo&rft.au=Matthew+Daly&rft.au=Michael+Frank&rft.au=Joanna+McKittrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fmatter%2Ffulltext%2FS2590-2385%2819%2930173-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASea+urchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumiller T.K. 2008. Crinoid ecological morphology. <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i> <b>36</b>: 221–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHMag-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NHMag_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Simpson2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Doug Simpson (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturalhistorymag.com/features/153361/underwater-barrens">"Underwater Barrens: Monitoring the fate of Southern Californian kelp requires a long view"</a>. Natural History Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Underwater+Barrens%3A+Monitoring+the+fate+of+Southern+Californian+kelp+requires+a+long+view.&rft.date=2017-02&rft.au=Doug+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaturalhistorymag.com%2Ffeatures%2F153361%2Funderwater-barrens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASea+urchin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929135054/https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/news/with-otters-away-what-keeps-urchins-at-bay">"With otters away, what keeps urchins at bay?"</a>. California Sea Grant. March 14, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/news/with-otters-away-what-keeps-urchins-at-bay">the original</a> on September 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+otters+away%2C+what+keeps+urchins+at+bay%3F&rft.pub=California+Sea+Grant&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaseagrant.ucsd.edu%2Fnews%2Fwith-otters-away-what-keeps-urchins-at-bay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASea+urchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dfo_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080123224702/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species/species_seaOtter_e.asp">"Aquatic Species at Risk - Species Profile - Sea Otter"</a>. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species/species_seaOtter_e.asp">the original</a> on January 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquatic+Species+at+Risk+-+Species+Profile+-+Sea+Otter&rft.pub=Fisheries+and+Oceans+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfo-mpo.gc.ca%2Fspecies-especes%2Fspecies%2Fspecies_seaOtter_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASea+urchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarkson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarkson_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarkson E.N.K. 1998. <i>Invertebrate palaeontology and evolution</i>. 4th ed, Blackwell, Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-47990-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-47990-7">0-412-47990-7</a>. (Chapter 9 covers Echinoderms).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary#Relationship_with_humans" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu#Relationship_with_humans" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">Pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quails_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Quails as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)#Human_interaction" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livestock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison#As_livestock" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel#Meat" title="Camel">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat meat">Chevon (goat meat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escargot" class="mw-redirect" title="Escargot">Escargot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig#As_food" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig#As_food" title="Guinea pig">Cuy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_yak" title="Domestic yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar#As_a_game_animal_and_food_source" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade#Meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare#As_food" title="Hare">Hare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle#As_food,_traditional_medicine,_and_cosmetics" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shellfish and<br />other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamari" title="Calamari">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicada#As_food_and_folk_medicine" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)#As_food" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper#As_food" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust#As_food" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori#Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chop" class="mw-redirect" title="Chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" class="mw-redirect" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beef dishes">Beef dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_fish_dishes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of fish dishes (not yet started)">Fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pork dishes">Pork dishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ham_dishes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ham dishes (not yet started)">Ham dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sausages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sausages (not yet started)">Sausages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_seafood_dishes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of seafood dishes (not yet started)">Seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of veal dishes">Veal dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_meat_dishes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of meat dishes (not yet started)">List of meat dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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