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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&params=32_N_96_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°N</span> <span class="longitude">96°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32°N 96°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32; -96</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Temperate grassland region of Texas, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Texas Blackland Prairies</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Blackland_Prairie,_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve,_County_Road_1140,_Hunt_County,_Texas,_USA_(24_June_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Texas_Blackland_Prairie%2C_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg/272px-Texas_Blackland_Prairie%2C_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Texas_Blackland_Prairie%2C_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg/408px-Texas_Blackland_Prairie%2C_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Texas_Blackland_Prairie%2C_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg/544px-Texas_Blackland_Prairie%2C_Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Clymer_Meadow_Preserve" title="Clymer Meadow Preserve">Clymer Meadow Preserve</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_ecoregions.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Texas_ecoregions.gif/256px-Texas_ecoregions.gif" decoding="async" width="256" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Texas_ecoregions.gif/384px-Texas_ecoregions.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Texas_ecoregions.gif 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="429" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Texas blackland prairies (area 32 on the map)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearctic">Nearctic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Central_Texas_forests" title="East Central Texas forests">East Central Texas forests</a> (area 33 on the map)<sup id="cite_ref-texaseco_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaseco-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a> (area 30 on the map)<sup id="cite_ref-texaseco_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaseco-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a> (area 29 on the map)<sup id="cite_ref-texaseco_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaseco-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird species</th><td class="infobox-data">216<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mammal species</th><td class="infobox-data">61<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">50,300 km<sup>2</sup> (19,400 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical</a> (<i>Cfa</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Habitat loss</th><td class="infobox-data">76.458%<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected</th><td class="infobox-data">0.64%<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Texas Blackland Prairies</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">temperate grassland</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> that runs roughly 300 miles (480 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> in the south. The prairie was named after its rich, dark soil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 1% of the original Blackland prairie vegetation remains, scattered across Texas in parcels.<sup id="cite_ref-DallasNews_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DallasNews-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Texas Blackland Prairies ecoregion covers an area of 50,300 km<sup>2</sup> (19,400 sq mi), consisting of a main belt of 43,000 km<sup>2</sup> (17,000 sq mi) and two islands of <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a> southeast of the main Blackland Prairie belt; both the main belt and the islands extend northeast–southwest. </p><p>The main belt consists of oaklands and <a href="/wiki/Savannas" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannas">savannas</a> and runs from just south of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> on the Texas-<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> border through the <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area</a> and southward to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bexar_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Bexar County">Bexar County</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_forest-grasslands_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Central forest-grasslands transition">central forest-grasslands transition</a> lies to the north and northwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau savanna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipan_mezquital" title="Tamaulipan mezquital">Tamaulipan mezquital</a> lie to the southwest. </p><p>The larger of the two islands is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayette_Prairie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayette Prairie (page does not exist)">Fayette Prairie</a>, encompassing 17,000 km<sup>2</sup> (6,600 sq mi), and the smaller is the <a href="/wiki/East_Central_Texas_forests#San_Antonio_Prairie" title="East Central Texas forests">San Antonio Prairie</a>, with an area of 7,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700 sq mi). The two islands are separated from the main belt by the oak woodlands of the <a href="/wiki/East_Central_Texas_forests" title="East Central Texas forests">East Central Texas forests</a>, which surround the islands on all sides but the northeast, where the Fayette Prairie meets the East Texas <a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a>. </p><p>Texas counties that once supported blackland prairies include all or most of <a href="/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas" title="Collin County, Texas">Collin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas" title="Delta County, Texas">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas" title="Ellis County, Texas">Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas" title="Hunt County, Texas">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas" title="Kaufman County, Texas">Kaufman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas" title="Navarro County, Texas">Navarro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockwall_County,_Texas" title="Rockwall County, Texas">Rockwall</a> counties, as well as portions of <a href="/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas" title="Bastrop County, Texas">Bastrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas" title="Bell County, Texas">Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas" title="Bexar County, Texas">Bexar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas" title="Caldwell County, Texas">Caldwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas" title="Denton County, Texas">Denton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas" title="Falls County, Texas">Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas" title="Fannin County, Texas">Fannin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas" title="Franklin County, Texas">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas" title="Freestone County, Texas">Freestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas" title="Grayson County, Texas">Grayson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas" title="Guadalupe County, Texas">Guadalupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas" title="Henderson County, Texas">Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas" title="Hill County, Texas">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas" title="Hopkins County, Texas">Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas" title="Johnson County, Texas">Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas" title="Lamar County, Texas">Lamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas" title="Limestone County, Texas">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas" title="McLennan County, Texas">McLennan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milam_County,_Texas" title="Milam County, Texas">Milam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas" title="Rains County, Texas">Rains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas" title="Red River County, Texas">Red River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas" title="Titus County, Texas">Titus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas" title="Travis County, Texas">Travis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas" title="Van Zandt County, Texas">Van Zandt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas" title="Williamson County, Texas">Williamson</a> counties, all in the northwestern band of the region. The smaller southeastern band includes much of <a href="/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas" title="Grimes County, Texas">Grimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas" title="Washington County, Texas">Washington</a> counties as well as portions of <a href="/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas" title="Colorado County, Texas">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas" title="Fayette County, Texas">Fayette</a>, and the northwestern half of <a href="/wiki/Lavaca_County,_Texas" title="Lavaca County, Texas">Lavaca</a> county.<sup id="cite_ref-Schimidly_(2002)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimidly_(2002)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 311 p.">: 311 p. </span></sup> Sources and maps vary on the exact boundaries of the Blackland Prairie, and some may include or exclude different portions of peripheral counties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a> contributed to the maintenance of the prairie through <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burns</a> to make more land suitable for hunting bison and other game. Hunter-gatherers continually inhabited the prairie since <a href="/wiki/Pre-Clovis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Clovis">pre-Clovis</a> times over 15,000 years ago. In historic times, they included the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waco_people" title="Waco people">Waco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, each of whom were gradually replaced by settled agrarian society. The advent of large-scale irrigated farming and ranching in the area quickly led to widespread habitat loss. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_(1904)_(19807535823).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2819807535823%29.jpg/300px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2819807535823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2819807535823%29.jpg/450px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2819807535823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2819807535823%29.jpg/600px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2819807535823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas" title="Van Zandt County, Texas">Van Zandt County, Texas</a> in 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian">Czechoslovakian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> immigrants arrived in the region around 1825 to 1845 and found the rich black soil excellent for farming. By the end of the 19th century 98% of the blackland prairies were cultivated and it was the leading cotton region of the state, also producing sorghum, corn, wheat, and hay. The land was so valuable, crops were planted abruptly up to the roadsides, seldom fenced, and <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> areas were cleared right to the creek banks. Several of the larger cities in the state, such as <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a>, are located in the region and the agricultural activity in the area was a significant factor in their growth in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Schimidly_(2002)_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimidly_(2002)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393–394 p.">: 393–394 p. </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Wildlife_Fund_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Wildlife_Fund-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey [now the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a>], led by chief field naturalist <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bailey_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Bailey (biologist)">Vernon Bailey</a> with a crew of 12 federal field agents conducted a 17-year (1889–1905), statewide survey of the natural history of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_&_Merriam_(1905)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_&_Merriam_(1905)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey collected detailed data on the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, land use, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, as well as plant, bird, and mammal specimens, and extensive photographs of the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Schimidly_(2002)_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimidly_(2002)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3 p.">: 3 p. </span></sup> However, because the natural state of the Blackland Prairie region was so altered, even at that time, that little wildlife remained and the biological survey crew spent little time there, ca. 4% of the total fieldwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Schimidly_(2002)_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimidly_(2002)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 311 & 369 p.">: 311 & 369 p. </span></sup> The human population of Texas in 1900 was less than 3,000,000 (ca. 11 people per square mile), in 2001 it was over 20,000,000 (ca. 78 people per square mile),<sup id="cite_ref-Schimidly_(2002)_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimidly_(2002)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3 p.">: 3 p. </span></sup> in 2019 it was nearly 29,000,000 (96 people per square mile).<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although 98% of the land was cultivated around 1900, after 1950 a shift in land use occurred, with about 50% in cultivation and a significant increase in pasture for livestock production, ca. 25% tame pasture and 25% rangeland. "As a result of cultivation, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, and other imprudent land-use practices, there are few if any remnants of <a href="/wiki/Climax_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Climax vegetation">climax vegetation</a> in the region."<sup id="cite_ref-Schimidly_(2002)_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimidly_(2002)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394 p.">: 394 p. </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Blackland Prairie was a disturbance maintained <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> prior to the arrival of Europeans. Fires ignited by lightning occasionally swept the area, clearing or reducing the encroachment of trees and <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a> on the prairie, while stimulating the native <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> prairie species of <a href="/wiki/Forbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbs">forbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Pyrophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophytic">pyrophytic</a>, adapted and resistant to wildfires. The exact frequency of fires is unknown but estimated to have occurred at intervals of 5 to 10 years. Herds of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> and deer, grazed on the grasses and trampled and fertilized the soil, stimulating the growth of the tallgrass ecosystem. Bison were <a href="/wiki/Extirpated" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpated">extirpated</a> from the area by the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Wildlife_Fund_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Wildlife_Fund-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The soil of the Blackland Prairies, from which the "blackland" gets its name, contains black or dark-gray, alkaline clay in both upland and bottomland areas.<sup id="cite_ref-DallasNews_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DallasNews-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some western areas have shallow soils over chalk, while some soils in eastern areas are slightly acidic to neutral, grayish clays and loams over mottled clay subsoils (occasionally referred to as graylands). "Black gumbo" and "black velvet" are local names for this soil. The soils have <a href="/wiki/Vertisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertisols">vertisols</a> properties, shrinking and swelling with moisture content. In dry weather, deep cracks form in the clay, which can cause damage to buildings and infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">Soil management</a> problems also include water erosion, cotton root rot, soil <a href="/wiki/Tilth" title="Tilth">tilth</a>, and brush control.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> The rich black 'waxland' soil of these prairies is almost proof against burrowing rodents, which penetrate the region only along some sandy stream bottoms, while the open country tempts jack rabbits, coyotes, and other plains species eastward slightly beyond their usual bounds. Few, if any, species are restricted to these prairie, however, and the effect on distribution is mainly negative." <sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_&_Merriam_(1905)_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_&_Merriam_(1905)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19 p.">: 19 p. </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The negative effect on distribution is evident in the Texas distribution of many wide-ranging species of both eastern and western North American fauna reaching their respective distributional limits in the region of the Texas Blackland Prairies and <a href="/wiki/East_Central_Texas_forests" title="East Central Texas forests">East Central Texas forests</a> [e.g. eastern: American alligator (<i><a href="/wiki/Alligator_mississippiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator mississippiensis">Alligator mississippiensis</a></i>), eastern gray squirrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Sciurus_carolinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciurus carolinensis">Sciurus carolinensis</a></i>), southern flying squirrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Glaucomys_volans" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucomys volans">Glaucomys volans</a></i>),; western: American badger (<i><a href="/wiki/Taxidea_taxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxidea taxus">Taxidea taxus</a></i>), western diamondback rattlesnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_atrox" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus atrox">Crotalus atrox</a></i>); and other fauna listed below]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important prairie plants included <a href="/wiki/Schizachyrium_scoparium" title="Schizachyrium scoparium">little bluestem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghastrum_nutans" title="Sorghastrum nutans">yellow indiangrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">big bluestem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporobolus_compositus" title="Sporobolus compositus">tall dropseed</a>, and a variety of wildflowers including <a href="/wiki/Liatris" title="Liatris">gayfeathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphyotrichum" title="Symphyotrichum">asters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helianthus_maximiliani" title="Helianthus maximiliani">Maximilian sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptisia" title="Baptisia">wild indigos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silphium_laciniatum" title="Silphium laciniatum">compass plant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg/270px-Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg/405px-Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg/540px-Bobcat-Texas-9110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Two young bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) in a tree, photographed in the Plano, Texas area (29 June 2012)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mammals:</b> Some species found in the region include Virginia opossum (<i><a href="/wiki/Didelphis_virginiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphis virginiana">Didelphis virginiana</a></i>), nine-banded armadillo (<i><a href="/wiki/Dasypus_novemcinctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasypus novemcinctus">Dasypus novemcinctus</a></i>), Eastern red bat (<i><a href="/wiki/Lasiurus_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiurus borealis">Lasiurus borealis</a></i>), Brazilian free-tailed bat (<i><a href="/wiki/Tadarida_brasiliensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadarida brasiliensis">Tadarida brasiliensis</a></i>), fulvous harvest mouse (<i><a href="/wiki/Reithrodontomys_fulvescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Reithrodontomys fulvescens">Reithrodontomys fulvescens</a></i>), white-footed mouse (<i><a href="/wiki/Peromyscus_leucopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peromyscus leucopus">Peromyscus leucopus</a></i>), hispid cotton rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Sigmodon_hispidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmodon hispidus">Sigmodon hispidus</a>)</i>), eastern fox squirrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Sciurus_niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciurus niger">Sciurus niger</a></i>), American beaver (<i><a href="/wiki/Castor_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor canadensis">Castor canadensis</a></i>), white-tailed deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus_virginianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odocoileus virginianus">Odocoileus virginianus</a></i>), northern raccoon (<i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_lotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Procyon lotor">Procyon lotor</a></i>), striped skunk (<i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_mephitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mephitis mephitis">Mephitis mephitis</a></i>), bobcat (<i><a href="/wiki/Lynx_rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynx rufus">Lynx rufus</a></i>), gray fox (<i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon_cinereoargenteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Urocyon cinereoargenteus">Urocyon cinereoargenteus</a></i>), and coyotes (<i><a href="/wiki/Canis_latrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis latrans">Canis latrans</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidly_(2004)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidly_(2004)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reid_(2006)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_(2006)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large, <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> that once inhabited the Blackland Prairies, before the arrival of Europeans and the destruction of the tallgrass ecosystem, are now <a href="/wiki/Extirpated" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpated">extirpated</a>, including American bison (<i><a href="/wiki/Bos_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos bison">Bos bison</a></i>), gray wolf (<i><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus">Canis lupus</a></i>), red wolf (<i><a href="/wiki/Canis_rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis rufus">Canis rufus</a></i>), mountain lion (<i><a href="/wiki/Puma_concolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Puma concolor">Puma concolor</a></i>), black bear (<i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_americanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus americanus">Ursus americanus</a></i>), and pronghorn (<i><a href="/wiki/Antilocapra_americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilocapra americana">Antilocapra americana</a></i>) which once ranged into the western areas, and even jaguar (<i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_onca" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera onca">Panthera onca</a></i>) and ocelot (<i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_pardalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopardus pardalis">Leopardus pardalis</a></i>) that once occurred in the southern regions. <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> include nutria or coypu (<i><a href="/wiki/Myocastor_coypus" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocastor coypus">Myocastor coypus</a></i>), house mouse (<i><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>), roof rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Rattus_rattus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus rattus">Rattus rattus</a></i>), and Norway rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></i>). Feral house cats (<i><a href="/wiki/Felis_catus" class="mw-redirect" title="Felis catus">Felis catus</a></i>) and feral pigs (<i><a href="/wiki/Sus_scrofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sus scrofa">Sus scrofa</a></i>), are of conservation concerns and pose serious threats to native fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidly_(2004)_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidly_(2004)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reid_(2006)_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_(2006)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg/250px-Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg/375px-Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg/500px-Tyrannus_forficatus_-headstone-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (<i>Tyrannus forficatus</i>), Arlington, Tarrant Co., Texas (13 April 2009)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Birds:</b> With spring and fall migrants, wintering species, breading and summer species, well over 325 species of birds occur in the region. Various seasonal and migratory species appearing in the region include Bufflehead (<i><a href="/wiki/Bucephala_albeola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucephala albeola">Bucephala albeola</a></i>), Hooded Merganser (<i><a href="/wiki/Lophodytes_cucullatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophodytes cucullatus">Lophodytes cucullatus</a></i>), Little Blue Heron (<i><a href="/wiki/Egretta_caerulea" class="mw-redirect" title="Egretta caerulea">Egretta caerulea</a></i>), Yellow-crowned Night Heron (<i><a href="/wiki/Nyctanassa_violacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctanassa violacea">Nyctanassa violacea</a></i>), Northern Harrier (<i><a href="/wiki/Circus_hudsonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus hudsonius">Circus hudsonius</a></i>), Inca Dove (<i><a href="/wiki/Columbina_inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina inca">Columbina inca</a></i>), Yellow-billed Cuckoo (<i><a href="/wiki/Coccyzus_americanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccyzus americanus">Coccyzus americanus</a></i>), Ruby-throated Hummingbird (<i><a href="/wiki/Archilochus_colubris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archilochus colubris">Archilochus colubris</a></i>), Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (<i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannus_forficatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannus forficatus">Tyrannus forficatus</a></i>), American Pipit (<i><a href="/wiki/Anthus_rubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthus rubescens">Anthus rubescens</a></i>), Orange-crowned Warbler (<i><a href="/wiki/Leiothlypis_celata" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiothlypis celata">Leiothlypis celata</a></i>), Blue Grosbeak (<i><a href="/wiki/Passerina_caerulea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerina caerulea">Passerina caerulea</a></i>), Indigo Bunting (<i><a href="/wiki/Passerina_cyanea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerina cyanea">Passerina cyanea</a></i>), Painted Bunting (<i><a href="/wiki/Passerina_ciris" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerina ciris">Passerina ciris</a></i>), Harris's Sparrow (<i><a href="/wiki/Zonotrichia_querula" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonotrichia querula">Zonotrichia querula</a></i>), and Dickcissel (<i><a href="/wiki/Spiza_americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiza americana">Spiza americana</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mulroy_(2002)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulroy_(2002)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_(1980)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson_(1980)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few of the year round resident species include wood duck (<i><a href="/wiki/Aix_sponsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix sponsa">Aix sponsa</a></i>), blue-winged teal (<i><a href="/wiki/Anas_discors" class="mw-redirect" title="Anas discors">Anas discors</a></i>), black vulture (<i><a href="/wiki/Coragyps_atratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coragyps atratus">Coragyps atratus</a></i>), cooper's hawk (<i><a href="/wiki/Accipiter_cooperii" class="mw-redirect" title="Accipiter cooperii">Accipiter cooperii</a></i>), red-shouldered hawk (<i><a href="/wiki/Buteo_lineatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Buteo lineatus">Buteo lineatus</a></i>), American kestrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Falco_sparverius" class="mw-redirect" title="Falco sparverius">Falco sparverius</a></i>), great horned owl (<i><a href="/wiki/Bubo_virginianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubo virginianus">Bubo virginianus</a></i>), barred owl (<i><a href="/wiki/Strix_varia" class="mw-redirect" title="Strix varia">Strix varia</a></i>), greater roadrunner (<i><a href="/wiki/Geococcyx_californianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geococcyx californianus">Geococcyx californianus</a></i>), belted kingfisher (<i><a href="/wiki/Megaceryle_alcyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaceryle alcyon">Megaceryle alcyon</a></i>), red-bellied woodpecker (<i><a href="/wiki/Melanerpes_carolinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanerpes carolinus">Melanerpes carolinus</a></i>), hairy woodpecker (<i><a href="/wiki/Leuconotopicus_villosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuconotopicus villosus">Leuconotopicus villosus</a></i>), loggerhead shrike (<i><a href="/wiki/Lanius_ludovicianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanius ludovicianus">Lanius ludovicianus</a></i>), red-winged blackbird (<i><a href="/wiki/Agelaius_phoeniceus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agelaius phoeniceus">Agelaius phoeniceus</a></i>), eastern meadowlark (<i><a href="/wiki/Sturnella_magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturnella magna">Sturnella magna</a></i>), eastern bluebird (<i><a href="/wiki/Sialia_sialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sialia sialis">Sialia sialis</a></i>), tufted titmouse (<i><a href="/wiki/Baeolophus_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Baeolophus bicolor">Baeolophus bicolor</a></i>), Carolina wren (<i><a href="/wiki/Thryothorus_ludovicianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thryothorus ludovicianus">Thryothorus ludovicianus</a></i>), chipping sparrow (<i><a href="/wiki/Spizella_passerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Spizella passerina">Spizella passerina</a></i>), lark sparrow (<i><a href="/wiki/Chondestes_grammacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondestes grammacus">Chondestes grammacus</a></i>), and grasshopper sparrow (<i><a href="/wiki/Ammodramus_savannarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammodramus savannarum">Ammodramus savannarum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_(1980)_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson_(1980)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mulroy_(2002)_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulroy_(2002)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_%281%29.jpg/300px-Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_%281%29.jpg/450px-Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_%281%29.jpg/600px-Coluber_constrictor_flaviventris_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A harmless North American racer (<i>Coluber constrictor flaviventris</i>) putting on an impressive defense display</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Reptiles:</b> Although not particularly abundant, the American alligator (<i><a href="/wiki/Alligator_mississippiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator mississippiensis">Alligator mississippiensis</a></i>) ranges into the Blackland Prairies. The ubiquitous red-eared slider (<i><a href="/wiki/Trachemys_scripta" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachemys scripta">Trachemys scripta</a></i>) is found throughout the region, the river cooter (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudemys_concinna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudemys concinna">Pseudemys concinna</a></i>) in the northeast, the Texas cooter (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudemys_texana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudemys texana">Pseudemys texana</a></i>) in the southwest, the Mississippi map turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Graptemys_pseudogeographica" class="mw-redirect" title="Graptemys pseudogeographica">Graptemys pseudogeographica</a></i>) in the larger rivers, and several records of the rare chicken turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Deirochelys_reticularia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deirochelys reticularia">Deirochelys reticularia</a></i>). Others include eastern snapping turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Chelydra_serpentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelydra serpentina">Chelydra serpentina</a></i>), three-toed box turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Terrapene" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrapene">Terrapene</a> triunguis</i>), ornate box turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Terrapene_ornata" title="Terrapene ornata">Terrapene ornata</a></i>), Mississippi mud turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Kinosternon_subrubrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinosternon subrubrum">Kinosternon subrubrum</a></i>), eastern musk turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Sternotherus_odoratus" title="Sternotherus odoratus">Sternotherus odoratus</a></i>), spiny softshellturtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Apalone_spinifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apalone spinifera">Apalone spinifera</a></i>). Lizards include Green Anole (<i><a href="/wiki/Anolis_carolinensis" title="Anolis carolinensis">Anolis carolinensis</a></i>), Six-lined Racerunner (<i><a href="/wiki/Aspidoscelis_sexlineatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspidoscelis sexlineatus">Aspidoscelis sexlineatus</a></i>), Prairie Lizard (<i><a href="/wiki/Sceloporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceloporus">Sceloporus</a> conssbrinus</i>), Western Slender Glass Lizard (<i><a href="/wiki/Ophisaurus_attenuatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophisaurus attenuatus">Ophisaurus attenuatus</a></i>), Five-lined Skink (<i><a href="/wiki/Plestiodon_fasciatus" title="Plestiodon fasciatus">Plestiodon fasciatus</a></i>), Broad-headed Skink (<i><a href="/wiki/Plestiodon_laticeps" title="Plestiodon laticeps">Plestiodon laticeps</a></i>), Prairie Skink (<i><a href="/wiki/Plestiodon_septentrionalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plestiodon septentrionalis">Plestiodon septentrionalis</a></i>), and Ground Skink (<i><a href="/wiki/Scincella_lateralis" title="Scincella lateralis">Scincella lateralis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2013)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2013)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_et_al._(2016)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snakes are the most diverse group of reptiles in the region, species include the North American racer (<i><a href="/wiki/Coluber_constrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coluber constrictor">Coluber constrictor</a></i>), eastern hog-nosed snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Heterodon_platirhinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodon platirhinos">Heterodon platirhinos</a></i>), prairie kingsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis_calligaster" title="Lampropeltis calligaster">Lampropeltis calligaster</a></i>), speckled kingsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis_holbrooki" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampropeltis holbrooki">Lampropeltis holbrooki</a></i>), coachwhip (<i><a href="/wiki/Masticophis_flagellum" title="Masticophis flagellum">Masticophis flagellum</a></i>), yellow-bellied watersnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Nerodia_erythrogaster" title="Nerodia erythrogaster">Nerodia erythrogaster</a></i>), diamond-backed watersnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Nerodia_rhombifer" title="Nerodia rhombifer">Nerodia rhombifer</a></i>), rough greensnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Opheodrys_aestivus" title="Opheodrys aestivus">Opheodrys aestivus</a></i>), western ratsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Pantherophis_obsoletus" title="Pantherophis obsoletus">Pantherophis obsoletus</a></i>), Graham's crayfishsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Regina_grahamii" title="Regina grahamii">Regina grahamii</a></i>), flat-headed snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Tantilla_gracilis" title="Tantilla gracilis">Tantilla gracilis</a></i>), western ribbonsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_proximus" title="Thamnophis proximus">Thamnophis proximus</a></i>), and several others. Venomous species include the copperhead (<i><a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Agkistrodon contortrix">Agkistrodon contortrix</a></i>), cottonmouth (<i><a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_piscivorus" title="Agkistrodon piscivorus">Agkistrodon piscivorus</a></i>), timber rattlesnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_horridus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus horridus">Crotalus horridus</a></i>), and the Texas coralsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrurus_tener" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrurus tener">Micrurus tener</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2013)_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2013)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_et_al._(2016)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Amphibians:</b> Frogs and toads in the region include the American bullfrog (<i><a href="/wiki/Lithobates_catesbeianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithobates catesbeianus">Lithobates catesbeianus</a></i>), southern leopard frog (<i><a href="/wiki/Lithobates_sphenocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithobates sphenocephalus">Lithobates sphenocephalus</a></i>), Woodhouse's toad (<i><a href="/wiki/Anaxyrus_woodhousii" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaxyrus woodhousii">Anaxyrus woodhousii</a></i>), Hurter's spadefoot toad (<i><a href="/wiki/Scaphiopus_hurterii" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphiopus hurterii">Scaphiopus hurterii</a></i>), Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad (<i><a href="/wiki/Gastrophryne_olivacea" title="Gastrophryne olivacea">Gastrophryne olivacea</a></i>), Blanchard's cricket frog (<i><a href="/wiki/Acris_blanchardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Acris blanchardi">Acris blanchardi</a></i>), Cope's gray treefrog (<i><a href="/wiki/Hyla_chrysoscelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyla chrysoscelis">Hyla chrysoscelis</a></i>), green treefrog (<i><a href="/wiki/Hyla_cinerea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyla cinerea">Hyla cinerea</a></i>), spotted chorus frog (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudacris_clarkii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudacris clarkii">Pseudacris clarkii</a></i>), Strecker's chorus frog (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudacris_streckeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudacris streckeri">Pseudacris streckeri</a></i>), and another ten species recorded from limited areas or marginal counties of the Blackland Prairie. Salamanders include the small-mouthed salamander (<i><a href="/wiki/Ambystoma_texanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambystoma texanum">Ambystoma texanum</a></i>), central newt (<i><a href="/wiki/Notophthalmus_viridescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Notophthalmus viridescens">Notophthalmus viridescens</a></i>), and western lesser siren (<i><a href="/wiki/Siren_intermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siren intermedia">Siren intermedia</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2013)_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2013)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_et_al._(2016)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longear_sunfish_(Lepomis_megalotis)_2_(4015397483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Longear_sunfish_%28Lepomis_megalotis%29_2_%284015397483%29.jpg/300px-Longear_sunfish_%28Lepomis_megalotis%29_2_%284015397483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Longear_sunfish_%28Lepomis_megalotis%29_2_%284015397483%29.jpg/450px-Longear_sunfish_%28Lepomis_megalotis%29_2_%284015397483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Longear_sunfish_%28Lepomis_megalotis%29_2_%284015397483%29.jpg/600px-Longear_sunfish_%28Lepomis_megalotis%29_2_%284015397483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Longear sunfish (<i>Lepomis megalotis</i>) from Texas</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fish:</b> Among the many fish of the region are spotted bass (<i><a href="/wiki/Micropterus_punctulatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropterus punctulatus">Micropterus punctulatus</a></i>), white bass (<i><a href="/wiki/Morone_chrysops" class="mw-redirect" title="Morone chrysops">Morone chrysops</a></i>), black crappie (<i><a href="/wiki/Pomoxis_nigromaculatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomoxis nigromaculatus">Pomoxis nigromaculatus</a></i>), white crappie (<i><a href="/wiki/Pomoxis_annularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomoxis annularis">Pomoxis annularis</a></i>), black bullhead (<i><a href="/wiki/Ameiurus_melas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameiurus melas">Ameiurus melas</a></i>), blue catfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Ictalurus_furcatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictalurus furcatus">Ictalurus furcatus</a></i>), flathead catfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Pylodictis_olivaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylodictis olivaris">Pylodictis olivaris</a></i>), freckled madtom (<i><a href="/wiki/Noturus_nocturnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Noturus nocturnus">Noturus nocturnus</a></i>), warmouth (<i><a href="/wiki/Lepomis_gulosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepomis gulosus">Lepomis gulosus</a></i>), orangespotted sundfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Lepomis_humilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepomis humilis">Lepomis humilis</a></i>), longear sunfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Lepomis_megalotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepomis megalotis">Lepomis megalotis</a></i>), freshwater drum (<i><a href="/wiki/Aplodinotus_grunniens" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplodinotus grunniens">Aplodinotus grunniens</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_et_al._(1980)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_et_al._(1980)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page_&_Burr_(2011)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_&_Burr_(2011)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_Bonner_&_Whiteside_(2007)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_Bonner_&_Whiteside_(2007)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just a few of the smaller species include threadfin shad (<i><a href="/wiki/Dorosoma_petenense" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorosoma petenense">Dorosoma petenense</a></i>), red shiner (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyprinella_lutrensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinella lutrensis">Cyprinella lutrensis</a></i>), blacktail shiner (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyprinella_venusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinella venusta">Cyprinella venusta</a></i>), shoal chub (<i><a href="/wiki/Macrhybopsis_hyostoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrhybopsis hyostoma">Macrhybopsis hyostoma</a></i>), ghost shiner (<i><a href="/wiki/Notropis_buchanani" class="mw-redirect" title="Notropis buchanani">Notropis buchanani</a></i>), pugnose minnow (<i><a href="/wiki/Opsopoeodus_emiliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsopoeodus emiliae">Opsopoeodus emiliae</a></i>), fathead minnow (<i><a href="/wiki/Pimephales_promelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimephales promelas">Pimephales promelas</a></i>), bullhead minnow (<i><a href="/wiki/Pimephales_vigilax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimephales vigilax">Pimephales vigilax</a></i>), river carpsucker (<i><a href="/wiki/Carpiodes_carpio" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpiodes carpio">Carpiodes carpio</a></i>), blackstripe topminnow (<i><a href="/wiki/Fundulus_notatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundulus notatus">Fundulus notatus</a></i>), slough darter (<i><a href="/wiki/Etheostoma_gracile" title="Etheostoma gracile">Etheostoma gracile</a></i>), bigscale logperch (<i><a href="/wiki/Percina_macrolepida" class="mw-redirect" title="Percina macrolepida">Percina macrolepida</a></i>), and dusky darter (<i><a href="/wiki/Percina_sciera" class="mw-redirect" title="Percina sciera">Percina sciera</a></i>) and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_et_al._(1980)_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_et_al._(1980)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page_&_Burr_(2011)_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_&_Burr_(2011)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_Bonner_&_Whiteside_(2007)_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_Bonner_&_Whiteside_(2007)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the soil and climate, this ecoregion is ideally suited to crop agriculture. This has led to most of the Blackland Prairie <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> being converted to crop production, leaving less than one percent remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-DallasNews_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DallasNews-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some groups estimate that less than 0.1% of the area is remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-DallasNews_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DallasNews-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small remnants are conserved at sites such as <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a>'s 1,400-acre <a href="/wiki/Clymer_Meadow_Preserve" title="Clymer Meadow Preserve">Clymer Meadow Preserve</a> near <a href="/wiki/Celeste,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Celeste, TX">Celeste, TX</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> manages the <a href="/wiki/Caddo_National_Grassland" title="Caddo National Grassland">Caddo National Grassland</a> (17,784 acres (71.97 km<sup>2</sup>)) under the multiple-use concept, balancing resource extraction, preservation, and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Texas">State of Texas</a> administers a number of state parks and wildlife management areas in the region, however they are mostly located around human-made lakes and riparian zones of rivers and creeks, focusing on recreation, fishing, and hunting, and not prairie conservation. Many of these areas are leased, not owned, by the state (* = leased).<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clymer_Meadow_Preserve,_County_Road_1140,_Hunt_County,_Texas,_USA_(24_June_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg/220px-Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg/330px-Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg/440px-Clymer_Meadow_Preserve%2C_County_Road_1140%2C_Hunt_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2824_June_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clymer_Meadow_Preserve" title="Clymer Meadow Preserve">Clymer Meadow Preserve</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Texas Blackland Prairies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonham_State_Park" title="Bonham State Park">Bonham State Park</a> (261 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wildlife Management Areas in Texas">Cedar Creek Islands Wildlife Management Area</a> (160 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill_State_Park" title="Cedar Hill State Park">Cedar Hill State Park</a> (1,826 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Lake_State_Park" title="Cooper Lake State Park">Cooper Lake State Park</a> (3,026 acres) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wildlife Management Areas in Texas">Cooper Wildlife Management Area</a> (14,480 acres) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tawakoni_State_Park" title="Lake Tawakoni State Park">Lake Tawakoni State Park</a> (376 acres), Sabine River Authority of Texas*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wildlife Management Areas in Texas">Tawakoni Wildlife Management Area</a> (2,335 acres), Sabine River Authority of Texas (1,561 acres)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart_State_Park" title="Lockhart State Park">Lockhart State Park</a> (? acres)</li> <li>Purtis Creek State Park (1,582 acres)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Ren%C3%A9_Barrera_Indiangrass_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis René Barrera Indiangrass Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Louis René Barrera Indiangrass Wildlife Sanctuary</a> (281 acres)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Peripheral areas</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268,_Lavaca_County,_Texas,_USA_(19_April_2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/220px-Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/330px-Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/440px-Ranch_and_pastureland_with_wildflowers_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas._County_Road_268%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ranch and pastureland with wildflowers in <a href="/wiki/Lavaca_County,_Texas" title="Lavaca County, Texas">Lavaca County</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wildlife Management Areas in Texas">Caddo National Grasslands Wildlife Management Area</a> (16,174 acres), U.S. Forest Service*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_State_Park_(Texas)" title="Eisenhower State Park (Texas)">Eisenhower State Park</a> (463 acres), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Parker_State_Park" title="Fort Parker State Park">Fort Parker State Park</a> (ca. 1500 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bob_Sandlin_State_Park" title="Lake Bob Sandlin State Park">Lake Bob Sandlin State Park</a> (640 acres)</li> <li>Lake Summerville State Park (? acres), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinney_Falls_State_Park" title="McKinney Falls State Park">McKinney Falls State Park</a> (641 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Neff_State_Park" title="Mother Neff State Park">Mother Neff State Park</a> (400 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wildlife Management Areas in Texas">Richland Creek Wildlife Management Area</a> (13,783 acres)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview,_Johnson_County,_Texas,_USA_(26_June_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranchland seen from Highway 916 east of Grandview, Johnson County, Texas, USA (26 June 2021)"><img alt="Ranchland seen from Highway 916 east of Grandview, Johnson County, Texas, USA (26 June 2021)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview%2C_Johnson_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2826_June_2021%29.jpg/270px-Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview%2C_Johnson_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2826_June_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview%2C_Johnson_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2826_June_2021%29.jpg/405px-Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview%2C_Johnson_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2826_June_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview%2C_Johnson_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2826_June_2021%29.jpg/540px-Ranchland_seen_from_Highway_916_east_of_Grandview%2C_Johnson_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2826_June_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ranchland seen from Highway 916 east of Grandview, Johnson County, Texas, USA (26 June 2021)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339,_Limestone_County_Texas,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranch and pastureland seen from Highway 339, Limestone County Texas, USA USA (26 June 2021)"><img alt="Ranch and pastureland seen from Highway 339, Limestone County Texas, USA USA (26 June 2021)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339%2C_Limestone_County_Texas%2C_USA.jpg/270px-Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339%2C_Limestone_County_Texas%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339%2C_Limestone_County_Texas%2C_USA.jpg/405px-Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339%2C_Limestone_County_Texas%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339%2C_Limestone_County_Texas%2C_USA.jpg/540px-Ranch_and_pastureland_seen_from_Highway_339%2C_Limestone_County_Texas%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ranch and pastureland seen from Highway 339, Limestone County Texas, USA USA (26 June 2021)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_(Lupinus_texensis),_Washington_County,_Texas,_USA_(30_March_2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranchland in the Blackland Prairie eco-region of Texas with Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis), Washington County, Texas, USA (30 March 2012)."><img alt="Ranchland in the Blackland Prairie eco-region of Texas with Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis), Washington County, Texas, USA (30 March 2012)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg/270px-Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg/405px-Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg/540px-Ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region_of_Texas_with_Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ranchland in the Blackland Prairie eco-region of Texas with Texas bluebonnets (<i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_texensis" title="Lupinus texensis">Lupinus texensis</a></i>), Washington County, Texas, USA (30 March 2012).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site,_Washington_County,_Texas,_USA_(30_March_2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site, Washington County, Texas, USA (30 March 2012)."><img alt="Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site, Washington County, Texas, USA (30 March 2012)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg/270px-Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg/405px-Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg/540px-Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site%2C_Washington_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2830_March_2012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos_State_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site">Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site</a>, Washington County, Texas, USA (30 March 2012).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123,Guadalupe_County,_Texas,_USA_(9_July_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farmland in the Blackland Prairie region seen from Highway 123, Guadalupe County, Texas, USA (9 July 2020)"><img alt="Farmland in the Blackland Prairie region seen from Highway 123, Guadalupe County, Texas, USA (9 July 2020)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123%2CGuadalupe_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%289_July_2020%29.jpg/270px-Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123%2CGuadalupe_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%289_July_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123%2CGuadalupe_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%289_July_2020%29.jpg/405px-Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123%2CGuadalupe_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%289_July_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123%2CGuadalupe_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%289_July_2020%29.jpg/540px-Farmland_in_the_blackland_prairie_region_seen_from_Highway_123%2CGuadalupe_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%289_July_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farmland in the Blackland Prairie region seen from Highway 123, Guadalupe County, Texas, USA (9 July 2020)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_bluebonnets_(Lupinus_texensis)_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez,_Gonzalez_County,_Texas,_USA_(19_April_2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis) in the Blackland Prairie eco-region, Highway 532 east of Gonzales, Gonzales County, Texas, USA (19 April 2014)."><img alt="Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis) in the Blackland Prairie eco-region, Highway 532 east of Gonzales, Gonzales County, Texas, USA (19 April 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez%2C_Gonzalez_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/270px-Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez%2C_Gonzalez_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez%2C_Gonzalez_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/405px-Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez%2C_Gonzalez_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez%2C_Gonzalez_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/540px-Texas_bluebonnets_%28Lupinus_texensis%29_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._Highway_532_east_of_Gonzalez%2C_Gonzalez_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Texas bluebonnets (<i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_texensis" title="Lupinus texensis">Lupinus texensis</a></i>) in the Blackland Prairie eco-region, Highway 532 east of Gonzales, Gonzales County, Texas, USA (19 April 2014).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_Glove_(Penstemon_cobaea)_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269,_Lavaca_County,_Texas,_USA_(19_April_2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fox Glove (Penstemon cobaea) on ranchland in the Blackland Prairie eco-region. County Road 269, Lavaca County, Texas, USA (19 April 2014)."><img alt="Fox Glove (Penstemon cobaea) on ranchland in the Blackland Prairie eco-region. County Road 269, Lavaca County, Texas, USA (19 April 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fox_Glove_%28Penstemon_cobaea%29_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/270px-Fox_Glove_%28Penstemon_cobaea%29_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fox_Glove_%28Penstemon_cobaea%29_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/405px-Fox_Glove_%28Penstemon_cobaea%29_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fox_Glove_%28Penstemon_cobaea%29_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg/540px-Fox_Glove_%28Penstemon_cobaea%29_on_ranchland_in_the_Blackland_Prairie_eco-region._County_Road_269%2C_Lavaca_County%2C_Texas%2C_USA_%2819_April_2014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fox Glove (<i><a href="/wiki/Penstemon_cobaea" title="Penstemon cobaea">Penstemon cobaea</a></i>) on ranchland in the Blackland Prairie eco-region. County Road 269, Lavaca County, Texas, USA (19 April 2014).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(WWF)" title="List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)">List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoekstraMolnarJenningsRevenga2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofglobalcon0000unse"><i>The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26256-0"><bdi>978-0-520-26256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Global+Conservation%3A+Changes%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Opportunities+to+Make+a+Difference&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26256-0&rft.aulast=Hoekstra&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Molnar%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+M.&rft.au=Revenga%2C+C.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Boucher%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Heibel%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Ellison%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofglobalcon0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Blackland+Prairies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texaseco-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texaseco_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texaseco_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texaseco_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/tx/tx_eco_pg.pdf">"Ecoregions of Texas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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US Forest Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Forests+and+Grasslands+in+Texas%3A+Management&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fdetail%2Ftexas%2Fabout-forest%2Fdistricts%2F%3Fcid%3Dfswdev3_008443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Blackland+Prairies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/">"Texas Parks and Wildlife"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Island Press, Washington DC.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Texas Blackland Prairies</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Texas_Blackland_Prairie" class="extiw" title="c:Texas Blackland Prairie">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Blackland_Prairie" class="extiw" title="voy:Blackland Prairie">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texasprairie.org/">Native Prairies Association of Texas (NPAT)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texasprairie.org/index.php/npat_prairies/">NPAT protected prairies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.org/">The Nature Conservancy (TNC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/land/habitats/cross_timbers/ecoregions/blackland.phtml">Texas Parks and Wildlife</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0814">"Texas blackland prairie"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Texas+blackland+prairie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fna0814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Blackland+Prairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connemaraconservancy.org">Connemara Conservancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soilphysics.okstate.edu/S257/south/mlra/86.htm">Soil Physics at Oklahoma State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217052121/http://dallas.tamu.edu/Weeds/">Weeds of the Blackland Prairie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamupress.com/product/Prairie-Time,299.aspx">Prairie Time: A Blackland Portrait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/land/tcap/documents/ecoregions_map_tcap_2011.pdf">Texas counties map showing the ecoregion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217052121/http://dallas.tamu.edu/Weeds/">Weeds of the Blackland Prairie</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in 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rights in Texas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackland Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a 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title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Creek_(Texas)" title="Wagner Creek (Texas)">Wagner Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Texas_Blackland_Prairies&params=32_N_96_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°N</span> <span class="longitude">96°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32°N 96°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32; -96</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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