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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="nytapp-vi-interactive" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title data-rh="true">Extreme Heat and Your Body: What Happens When It Gets Too Hot? - The New York Times</title> <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="High temperatures can put the body under immense stress. Here’s what that looks like."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/10/well/live/heat-body-dehydration-health.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="What Extreme Heat Does to Your Body (Published 2023)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="High temperatures can put the body under immense stress. 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To submit a letter to the editor for publication, write to <a href="mailto:letters@nytimes.com">letters@nytimes.com</a>.</div></div><div class="css-1bxnhxc"></div><div class="css-1yip8nf"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><main id="site-content"><article id="interactive" class="interactive"><section data-testid="inline-interactive" id="heat-body-dehydration-health" data-id="100000009032505" data-source-id="100000009032505" class="interactive-minimal meteredContent interactive-content interactive-size-medium css-1n5umza"><div class="css-17ih8de interactive-body"><script type="text/plain" data-attr="nyt-asset-manifest">{"css":["https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/assets/_page-e13bfb29.css","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/0-c194219d.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/1-3cbbe4be.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/2-c194219d.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/3-8b5f28ca.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/index-4b307272.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/index-629e7584.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/chunks/singletons-bca25af0.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/components/error.svelte-5e285584.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/components/layout.svelte-105c331c.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/components/pages/index/_page.svelte-370ef03f.js","https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/start-c9c97fa7.js"],"images":[]}</script>  <div id="g-2023-07-27-well-heat" class="birdkit-body g-2023-07-27-well-heat" data-preview-slug="2023-07-27-well-heat" > <div class="g-script-dependencies"></div> <div class="background-color-marker" data-color="255, 205, 52"></div><div class="g-header-container theme-news svelte-14ppu2v"> <div class="background-color-placeholder svelte-139f6p9" style="background: rgb(255, 205, 52)"></div> <div class="header-media white-sun svelte-spc8g9"><figure id="" class="g-wrapper svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <div class="g-media" role="" aria-label="" aria-hidden="false"> <img alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="" height="" src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/yellow_sun.gif" class="svelte-z1ymna nojs"></div></div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="g-header svelte-14ppu2v"> <h1 class="g-heading svelte-14ppu2v">What Extreme Heat Does to Your Body</h1> <div class="g-byline-container svelte-iu7pfu"><p id="g-byline" class="g-byline svelte-iu7pfu"><span class="g-authors svelte-iu7pfu"><span class="svelte-iu7pfu">By Dana Smith</span><span class="svelte-iu7pfu">Illustrations by Loreta Isac</span> </span> <time id="g-interactive-timestamp" class="g-interactive-timestamp svelte-216br3 capitalize" datetime="2023-08-09T21:41:54-04:00">Aug. 9, 2023</time></p> </div> <div class="g-sharetools svelte-14ppu2v"><div class="svelte-uhixsj"> </div></div></header> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu"><span class="first-graf"><strong>Heat is the leading cause</strong> of weather-related deaths in the United States. While the human body is able to withstand high temperatures, unprecedented extreme heat driven by climate change is challenging our ability to adapt. As heat waves become more common, it’s important to know why heat can be so dangerous and who is most at risk for heat-related illnesses. Here’s what happens inside your body when it gets too hot.</span></p><h2 class="g-subhed theme-news svelte-gu5b17">How the body handles heat</h2><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">When you start to heat up from exertion or the temperature outside, your body works to cool itself by moving warmer blood away from your internal organs and cooler blood toward them. It has two main techniques for doing this.</p><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Blood is redistributed from your body’s core to its periphery in order to release heat through your skin. Capillaries at the surface of the skin fill with blood, which is why people often look flushed when they are hot.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group white-sun right svelte-o4fnd2"> <div class="sun-wrapper white-sun right svelte-16igvgd"><div class="sun svelte-16igvgd" aria-hidden="true" style="--t-x:0px; --t-y: 0px; --t-scale: 0"><img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/yellow_sun.gif" alt="Animated illustration of a sun"></div></div> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper large cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-600 svelte-1hkj11" style="max-width: 600px;"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Redistribute_Blood.png" alt="An animation of a person sitting with her head resting on her knees. Small inset circles show a view of blood moving through a hand and through the core of the body."></div> </div> </figure> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">You also start to perspire. As sweat evaporates, it cools the skin, lowering the temperature of the blood below. That blood then travels back to your internal organs to cool them down.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group svelte-o4fnd2"> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper large cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Sweating_Sun.png" alt="An animation of the side of a person’s face with sweat droplets moving and disappearing as a small sun moves past her."></div> </div> </figure> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">The body uses these two techniques all the time to maintain its internal temperature, even when you don’t feel particularly hot.</p><div class="background-color-marker" data-color="255, 182, 73"></div><div class="g-paid svelte-1h8m75l"><div id="mid0" class="place-ad" data-position="mid0" data-size-key="default"></div> </div><h2 class="g-subhed theme-news svelte-gu5b17">What happens when it’s too hot</h2><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">When the air temperature is hotter than skin temperature, which is typically about 90 degrees, the body gains more heat than it can release.</p><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">In dry climates, sweat evaporation can continue to cool the body even at high temperatures, but that process becomes less effective as humidity increases. In very humid conditions, sweat doesn’t evaporate; instead, it just drips off the skin without cooling it. That’s why dry heat can feel cooler than humid heat.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group white-sun center svelte-o4fnd2"> <div class="sun-wrapper white-sun center svelte-16igvgd"><div class="sun svelte-16igvgd" aria-hidden="true" style="--t-x:0px; --t-y: 0px; --t-scale: 0"><img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/yellow_sun.gif" alt="Animated illustration of a sun"></div></div> <div class="diptych svelte-o4fnd2"><figure id="" class="g-wrapper large cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Dry.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure><figure id="" class="g-wrapper large cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Humid.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure></div> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">As the body works harder to stay cool, the need to increase circulation to the periphery causes your heart rate to go up and your blood pressure to drop. (One cause of injury during heat waves is people fainting when they stand up because their blood pressure is too low.) As you become dehydrated from sweating, your blood volume decreases, lowering blood pressure even further.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group bright-yellow-sun left svelte-o4fnd2"> <div class="sun-wrapper bright-yellow-sun left svelte-16igvgd"><div class="sun svelte-16igvgd" aria-hidden="true" style="--t-x:0px; --t-y: 0px; --t-scale: 0"><img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/yellow_sun.gif" alt="Animated illustration of a sun"></div></div> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper small cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Heart.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Heat can become dangerous starting at temperatures as low as 80 degrees for older adults and people with pre-existing conditions that affect circulation or the sweating response, such as diabetes. People with cardiovascular issues are especially at risk because of the strain on the heart.</p><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">If you are young and healthy, temporary exposure to high heat will cause your internal temperature to rise a degree or two and then plateau; this is generally safe, though it may make you feel uncomfortably hot. But in more extreme weather conditions — for instance, 104 degrees and 50 percent humidity — or when you exert yourself in moderate heat and humidity, the body’s internal temperature continues to rise and problems can start to emerge.</p><div class="background-color-marker" data-color="255, 139, 74"></div><h2 class="g-subhed theme-news svelte-gu5b17">The danger of overheating</h2><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Heat exhaustion sets in when you have a high internal temperature, generally between 101 and 103 degrees, and usually in combination with dehydration. (A fever can also cause body temperatures this high, especially in children, but it won’t lead to the same cascade of problems.) At that point, you will start to feel fatigued and, if you’re doing an activity, your muscles will tire more quickly. This is thought to be a protective signal from your brain to stop exerting yourself, which can further raise your temperature. You might also experience nausea, headache, a fast heart rate and shallow breathing.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group yellow-sun left-right svelte-o4fnd2"> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper medium cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Heat_Exhaustion.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Heat stroke occurs when the body reaches an internal temperature of 104 degrees and above. By this point, blood pressure has often dropped too low for too long, causing internal organs to become deprived of blood and therefore oxygen. The high temperature itself can also cause cell death, leading to organ failure.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group svelte-o4fnd2"> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper small cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/HeatStroke_Alpha.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Some of the most important organs affected by extreme heat are the kidneys, heart, gut and brain.</p><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">When the body is dehydrated, the brain sends a signal to stop circulating as much blood to the kidneys to avoid losing fluid in the form of urine. The kidneys quickly become deprived of oxygen, which damages cells there and can cause kidney failure.</p><div class="g-paid svelte-1h8m75l"><div id="mid1" class="place-ad" data-position="mid1" data-size-key="default"></div> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">When the heart, which is working in overdrive, can’t keep up with the demand of increased circulation, it also doesn’t receive enough blood and becomes deprived of oxygen. This can cause potentially deadly damage. It’s especially a concern for people with underlying conditions that weaken the heart muscle.</p><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Cells in the gut appear to be particularly susceptible to heat. When they become too hot, the wall of the intestines can start to break down, allowing bacteria to leak into the bloodstream.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group svelte-o4fnd2"> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper large cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/DELIRIUM.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure> </div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">The defining characteristic of heat stroke is confusion and delirium as the brain becomes overheated and starved of oxygen. The hypothalamus, which acts as the brain’s internal thermometer, can even start to malfunction and stop sending the signal that the body needs to cool itself. As a result, people with heat stroke might stop sweating while their organs burn up inside.</p><div class="background-color-marker" data-color="255, 78, 44"></div><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">Exactly how long it takes someone exposed to high temperatures to develop heat stroke and experience permanent organ damage or death differs from person to person. It’s possible to adapt to hot weather to a certain extent — some athletes accustomed to heat are able to function even with internal temperatures above 104 degrees.</p><p class="g-text svelte-juk6mu">When someone does start to experience symptoms of heat stroke, cooling the person down immediately is essential; every minute counts when it comes to minimizing organ damage. The best and fastest way to do this is to immerse the person in an ice bath. If that’s unavailable, wrapping him or her in cold, wet cloths can also help.</p><div class="cinemagraph-group svelte-o4fnd2"> <figure id="" class="g-wrapper xlarge cinemagraph svelte-1ir3u04" role="group" aria-label=""> <div class="g-block g-block-margin svelte-1hkj11"><div class="g-block-width g-max-width-body svelte-1hkj11"> <img src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Ice.png" alt="alt text of video/illo"></div> </div> </figure> </div> <script type="module" data-sveltekit-hydrate="icxurv"> import { start } from "https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/_app/immutable/start-c9c97fa7.js"; start({ assets: "", env: {"PUBLIC_BIRDKIT_PROJECT_SLUG":"2023-07-27-well-heat","PUBLIC_BIRDKIT_CSS_SCOPED_CLASS":"g-2023-07-27-well-heat"}, target: document.querySelector('[data-sveltekit-hydrate="icxurv"]').parentNode, version: "1691646231076", hydrate: { node_ids: [0, 3], data: [{type:"data",data:null,uses:{}},{type:"data",data:{body:[{type:"background-color",value:{color:"255, 205, 52"}},{type:"header",value:{sharetools:{show:true,theme:"dark-transparent"},custombyline:"By Dana Smith \u003Cbr/> Illustrations by Loreta Isac",media:{assetType:"localImage",assetSlug:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/yellow_sun.gif",breakpointName:void 0,assetErrors:[],url:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/6e8c563f-ce55-4a8b-8b13-9846df0d4dca/_assets/yellow_sun.gif",mediaComponent:"Image"},headline:"What Extreme Heat Does to Your Body",leadin:"",bylines:[{prefix:"By",creatorSnapshots:[{displayName:"Dana G. 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(One cause of injury during heat waves is people fainting when they stand up because their blood pressure is too low.) As you become dehydrated from sweating, your blood volume decreases, lowering blood pressure even further."},{type:"cinemagraph",value:{mov:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/mov/Heart_ProRes_Alpha_NoSound.mov",webm:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/webm/Heart_ProRes_Alpha_NoSound.webm",poster:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Heart.png",altText:"alt text of video/illo",className:"small",sun:"bright-yellow-sun left"}},{type:"text",value:"Heat can become dangerous starting at temperatures as low as 80 degrees for older adults and people with pre-existing conditions that affect circulation or the sweating response, such as diabetes. 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At that point, you will start to feel fatigued and, if you’re doing an activity, your muscles will tire more quickly. This is thought to be a protective signal from your brain to stop exerting yourself, which can further raise your temperature. You might also experience nausea, headache, a fast heart rate and shallow breathing."},{type:"cinemagraph",value:{mov:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/mov/Heat_Exhaustion_ProRes_Alpha_NoSound.mov",webm:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/webm/Heat_Exhaustion_ProRes_Alpha_NoSound.webm",poster:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/Heat_Exhaustion.png",altText:"alt text of video/illo",sun:"yellow-sun left-right",className:"medium"}},{type:"text",value:"Heat stroke occurs when the body reaches an internal temperature of 104 degrees and above. By this point, blood pressure has often dropped too low for too long, causing internal organs to become deprived of blood and therefore oxygen. The high temperature itself can also cause cell death, leading to organ failure."},{type:"cinemagraph",value:{mov:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/mov/HeatStroke_ProRes_Alpha_NoSound2.mov",webm:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/webm/HeatStroke_ProRes_Alpha_NoSound2.webm",poster:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/HeatStroke_Alpha.png",altText:"alt text of video/illo",className:"small"}},{type:"text",value:"Some of the most important organs affected by extreme heat are the kidneys, heart, gut and brain."},{type:"text",value:"When the body is dehydrated, the brain sends a signal to stop circulating as much blood to the kidneys to avoid losing fluid in the form of urine. The kidneys quickly become deprived of oxygen, which damages cells there and can cause kidney failure."},{type:"ad",value:{id:1,size:void 0}},{type:"text",value:"When the heart, which is working in overdrive, can’t keep up with the demand of increased circulation, it also doesn’t receive enough blood and becomes deprived of oxygen. This can cause potentially deadly damage. It’s especially a concern for people with underlying conditions that weaken the heart muscle."},{type:"text",value:"Cells in the gut appear to be particularly susceptible to heat. When they become too hot, the wall of the intestines can start to break down, allowing bacteria to leak into the bloodstream."},{type:"cinemagraph",value:{mov:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/mov/DELIRIUM_ProRes_Alpha_Sun_NoSound.mov",webm:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_big_assets/webm/DELIRIUM_ProRes_Alpha_Sun_NoSound.webm",poster:"https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-07-27-well-heat/_images/DELIRIUM.png",altText:"alt text of video/illo",className:"large"}},{type:"text",value:"The defining characteristic of heat stroke is confusion and delirium as the brain becomes overheated and starved of oxygen. The hypothalamus, which acts as the brain’s internal thermometer, can even start to malfunction and stop sending the signal that the body needs to cool itself. As a result, people with heat stroke might stop sweating while their organs burn up inside."},{type:"background-color",value:{color:"255, 78, 44"}},{type:"text",value:"Exactly how long it takes someone exposed to high temperatures to develop heat stroke and experience permanent organ damage or death differs from person to person. It’s possible to adapt to hot weather to a certain extent — some athletes accustomed to heat are able to function even with internal temperatures above 104 degrees."},{type:"text",value:"When someone does start to experience symptoms of heat stroke, cooling the person down immediately is essential; every minute counts when it comes to minimizing organ damage. The best and fastest way to do this is to immerse the person in an ice bath. 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