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lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pifre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchfl%C3%B8jte" title="Marchfløjte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marchfløjte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwegel" title="Schwegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADfano" title="Pífano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pífano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifre" title="Fifre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fifre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADf" title="Fíf – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíf" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%84)" title="Թութակ (երաժշտական գործիք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թութակ (երաժշտական գործիք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifro" title="Fifro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fifro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiffaro" title="Fiffaro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiffaro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsjfl%C3%B8yte" title="Marsjfløyte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marsjfløyte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADfano" title="Pífano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pífano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4ltpipor" title="Fältpipor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fältpipor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%AC%9B" title="管笛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管笛" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(musical_instrument)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fife (musical instrument)">Fife (musical instrument)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Woodwind musical instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fife%22+instrument">"Fife" instrument</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fife%22+instrument+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fife%22+instrument&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fife%22+instrument+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fife%22+instrument">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fife%22+instrument&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Fife</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fife-wooden,_civil_war_era.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fife-wooden%2C_civil_war_era.jpeg/250px-Fife-wooden%2C_civil_war_era.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fife-wooden%2C_civil_war_era.jpeg/375px-Fife-wooden%2C_civil_war_era.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fife-wooden%2C_civil_war_era.jpeg/500px-Fife-wooden%2C_civil_war_era.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="449" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crosby-style fife made by George and Frederick Cloos</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwind instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge-blown_aerophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge-blown aerophone">Edge-blown aerophone</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">421.121.12<br />(open side-blown flutes with fingerholes)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div style="display:table;width:150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Range_flute.png" class="mw-file-description" title="(B3) C4–C7 (F7)"><img alt="(B3) C4–C7 (F7)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Range_flute.png/150px-Range_flute.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Range_flute.png/225px-Range_flute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Range_flute.png/300px-Range_flute.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">(B3) <b>C4–C7</b> (F7) </div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegeum" title="Daegeum">Daegeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>fife</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FYFE</span></i></a>) is a small, high-pitched, transverse <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a>, that is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>. The fife originated in medieval Europe and is often used in <a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_corps" title="Fife and drum corps">fife and drum corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military units</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a>. Someone who plays the fife is called a <b>fifer</b>. The word <i>fife</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfeife</i></span>, meaning pipe, which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pipare</i></span>. </p><p>The fife is a <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonically</a> tuned instrument commonly consisting of a tube with six finger holes and an embouchure hole that produces sound when blown across. Modern versions of the fife are <a href="/wiki/Total_chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Total chromatic">chromatic</a>, having 10 or 11 finger holes that allow any note to be played. On a 10-hole fife, the index, middle and ring fingers of both hands remain in the same positions as on the six-hole fife, while both thumbs and both pinkies are used to play accidentals. An 11-hole fife has holes positioned similarly but adds a second hole under the right middle finger. </p><p>Fifes are made primarily of wood, such as <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">blackwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenadilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadilla">grenadilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosewood_(timber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewood (timber)">rosewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopane" title="Mopane">mopane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_ivory" title="Pink ivory">pink ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">cocobolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxwood_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxwood (genus)">boxwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a>. Some fifes are entirely made of metal or plastic. </p><p>Military and marching fifes have metal reinforcing bands, called <a href="/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">ferrules</a>, around the ends to protect them from damage. A fife used in less strenuous conditions may have a lathe-turned, knob-like decoration at the ends for protection. Modern fifes may have two- or three-piece constructions, and may incorporate a sliding <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuning joint</a> made of metal or cork. </p><p>Fifes are most commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_corps" title="Fife and drum corps">fife and drum corps</a>, but can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic music</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean music</a> makes use of fifes, which are usually made from <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_and_range">Key and range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key and range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_fife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Silver_fife.jpg/260px-Silver_fife.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Silver_fife.jpg/390px-Silver_fife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Silver_fife.jpg/520px-Silver_fife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A fife with six finger holes and a lead "cheater" or fipple mouthpiece attached with a brass screw, c. 1850s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of different varieties of fife follow the conventions of transposing instruments: </p> <ul><li>defining the key in which a transposing instrument sounds as the major key whose tonic is either the lowest pitch producible by that instrument without fingering or other manipulation, or the pitch produced when the player fingers a C on the staff.</li> <li>naming different subtypes of a given transposing instrument after the respective keys in which those subtypes sound.</li></ul> <p>These conventions are specific to transposing instruments. By contrast, non-transposing instruments use another convention. For example, although the trombone and the tuba each produce a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> when played at their lowest harmonic position with the slide not extended or with no valves depressed, respectively, the trombone's music parts are not transposed, and the tuba's music parts are transposed only across octaves, such that the note sounded by a tuba bears the same name as the note read by the tubist. </p> <ul><li>The standard "B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>" fife is an A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instrument</a>, meaning that prevailing scoring conventions dictate that the C position on a fife-part staff should correspond to a concert A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. The standard fife sounds a minor sixth above written, the equivalent of a major-third drop followed by an octave increase. The B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> name follows the same naming convention as with tin whistles, being named after the concert pitch produced with all six holes covered, or the instrument's D.</li> <li>Fifes pitched (i.e., constructed so as to sound) in the keys of D and of C are also common.</li> <li>Fifes in various other keys are sometimes played in musical ensembles.</li></ul> <p>A convention specific to some fife music and contradictory to the standard is for fife music to be written in the key of D regardless of the key in which the fife in question sounds. The general effect is to define sounded notes in terms of scale degree, as with a <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge#Modern_use" title="Solfège">movable-do</a> system, and then to express any pitch having a given scale degree in the context of a given musical piece, regardless of that pitch's absolute value, in terms of a staff position defined as corresponding to that scale degree. The more specific effect is to treat fife subtypes sounding in different keys as comparable to transposing-instrument subtypes (e.g., of clarinet) sounding in those keys except that the tonic of the key in which a given fife sounds is set as corresponding to D rather than C, such that the written key signature for fife music played in a given concert key would have two fewer sharps or two more flats than would the written key signature used in music written for other transposing-instrument subtypes sounding in the same key.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Irish flute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">tin whistle</a>, the ancient fife is a six-hole simple system flute. These flutes are unable to play all <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> pitches, while many of the chromatic pitches which they can play are grossly out of tune. Because of these restrictions on available notes, the common six-hole fife is for practical purposes capable of playing only in the written keys of D (concert B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) major, G (concert E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) major, A (concert F) major, and those keys’ <a href="/wiki/Relative_key" title="Relative key">relative minors</a>. </p><p>An experienced fife player can play three full <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, although the fingering patterns necessary for playing in the third octave can be daunting to a beginner. Marching bands typically play only in the second and third octave since these are the loudest and most penetrating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_folk_music">In folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the fife was used in some <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> traditions to accompany <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a> by all social classes. </p><p>The fife was one of the most important musical instruments in the United States' <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a> period, even more widespread than the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. The fife can still be heard in some <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian folk music">Appalachian folk music</a>, playing lively dance tunes. <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">American slaves</a> adopted fifes in their musical traditions, which derived from <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African music</a>. The tradition developed into <a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_blues" title="Fife and drum blues">fife and drum blues</a>, a genre that continued throughout the 20th century but has since died out. One of the most famous artists in the tradition was <a href="/wiki/Othar_Turner" title="Othar Turner">Othar Turner</a>, a musician from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, who played blues on homemade cane fifes. </p><p>There remains an active and enthusiastic group, primarily in the northeastern United States, that continues to play fife and drum music in a folk tradition that has gone on since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The center of this activity is in eastern <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a loose federation of corps, though not a governing body, called The Company of Fifers and Drummers,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which maintains a headquarters and museum in <a href="/wiki/Ivoryton,_Connecticut" title="Ivoryton, Connecticut">Ivoryton, Connecticut</a>. </p><p>Fife alone, or fife and drum, is also used in numerous European countries, especially in the South of France (<a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>): <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> and the county of Nice; in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>); and in Northern Ireland, where it is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Lambeg_drum" title="Lambeg drum">lambeg drum</a>. </p><p>Modern players of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-timey music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folk-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-rock">folk-rock</a> include fifing in their arrangements of tunes and songs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a> festival of the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> includes the music of bamboo fifes. </p><p>In the rural lands of northeast <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, people use a bamboo fife named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_fife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilian fife (page does not exist)">Brazilian fife</a> (in Brazil it is called <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pife nordestino</i></span> or just <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pife</i></span>). This fife is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> flute traditions with European fife traditions. The groups that use this instrument utilize only flute and percussive elements in their music, in a profusion of Native American, African and European traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_military_music">In military music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In military music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder warfare">Gunpowder warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manet,_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist,_or_The_Fifer,_1866_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg/220px-Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg/330px-Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg/440px-Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifer" title="The Fifer">The Fifer</a></i>, 1866. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MHS_Fife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/MHS_Fife.jpg/220px-MHS_Fife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/MHS_Fife.jpg/330px-MHS_Fife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/MHS_Fife.jpg/440px-MHS_Fife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Fife made of black wood with <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>" sterling silver end pieces. The fife was used by 3rd Minnesota Regiment during the Civil War. From the collection of the Minnesota Historical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When played in its upper register, the fife is loud and piercing, yet also extremely small and portable. According to some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2012)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> reports, a band of fifes and drums can be heard up to 3 miles (4.8 km) away over <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> fire. Because of these qualities, European armies from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> on found it useful for signaling on the battlefield. Armies from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> are known to have used the fife (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Soldatenpfeife</i>) as early as the 15th century. Swiss and German mercenaries were hired by monarchs throughout Western Europe, and they spread the practice of military fifing. The fife was a standard instrument in European infantries by the 16th century. </p><p>During the 17th and 18th centuries, the protocols of the fifes and drums became intricately associated with infantry regiments only.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not used as signaling instruments by the cavalry or artillery, which used trumpets, kettle drums or both. Each company in an infantry regiment was assigned two fifers and two drummers. When the battalion (5 companies) or regiment (10 companies) was formed up on parade or for movement en masse, these musicians would be detached from the companies to form a "band". This is how the term <i>band</i> first came to refer to a group of musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their individual companies, the signaling duties included orders to fire, retreat, advance, and so forth. By the 18th century, the military use of the fife was regulated by armies throughout Europe and its colonies. The rank of Fife Major was introduced, a <a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncommissioned officer">noncommissioned officer</a> responsible for the regiment's fifers, just as a <a href="/wiki/Drum_major_(military)" title="Drum major (military)">Drum Major</a> was responsible for the drummers. Books of military regulations included standard fife calls to be used in battle or at camp. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the British and Americans used the so-called <i>Scotch</i> and <i>English Duties</i>, specified melodies associated with various military duties. American martial music was influenced by that of the British military throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries. </p><p>By the early 19th century, warfare was changing and fifes were no longer practical as combat signaling devices, being gradually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Bugle#Uses" title="Bugle">infantry bugle</a>. They were still used as signaling (as opposed to musical) instruments by American units during the Civil War, but were gradually phased out by the 1880s (the same case in France). A similar evolution occurred in the British Army. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marines</a> were the last American units to drop fifers from their rolls. However, the British have an unbroken tradition of using fife and drum corps attached to their infantry regiments, with whom they still parade regularly. Germany also continued an unbroken tradition of fife and drum corps until the end of World War II. They were integral to the regular German Army, Air Force and Navy, and not merely part of the Hitler Youth and the Nazi Party organizations. Bands of fifes and drums were regularly at the head of regimental parades and ceremonies of the infantry regiments, military schools and naval and air bases. The tradition of fifes and drums, though, even carried on in the Cold War, as both the West German <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> and the East German <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> formed dedicated sections. </p><p>Today the fife's military legacy can be seen in marching bands, for example in English, Welsh and Irish military units and in the pipes and drums of Scottish regiments. There are <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Fife_and_Drum_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Fife and Drum Corps">fife and drum corps</a> in Switzerland, and the United States "<a href="/wiki/3rd_U.S._Infantry_Regiment_(The_Old_Guard)" title="3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)">Old Guard</a>" has a <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_Fife_and_Drum_Corps" title="Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps">ceremonial one</a>. British fife and drum bands play at ceremonies such as the <a href="/wiki/Trooping_of_the_Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Trooping of the Colour">Trooping of the Colour</a>. Amateur <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a> groups and dedicated civil bands sometimes feature fife and drum corps sporting period military costumes from the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a> or the American Civil War. </p><p>Military fife and drum bands can be heard in Germany, where they are part of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundeswehr_Staff_Band_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundeswehr Staff Band Berlin (page does not exist)">Bundeswehr Staff Band Berlin</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundeswehr_Band_Bonn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundeswehr Band Bonn (page does not exist)">Bundeswehr Band Bonn</a> have fifes and drums assigned, as do the bands attached to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundeswehr_Military_Music_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundeswehr Military Music Service (page does not exist)">Bundeswehr Military Music Service</a> in the German Army, German Navy and the Luftwaffe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a> have dedicated fife, drum and bugle bands attached to the main military bands. They are seen especially at the annual parades on May 21 and September 18 and 19. This tradition is now adopted by various Chilean elementary and secondary schools and colleges, both public and private, which frequently appear at public events. </p><p>The Russian Army places fifes and drums at the front of major military parades such as those on Red Square in Moscow as part of a dedicated formation. In Argentina, only the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Tambor de Tacuari</i></span> military band of the <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Patricians" title="Regiment of Patricians">Regiment of Patricians</a> has fifers, in accordance with an 1809 military regulation of the Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, which allowed every militia unit in Buenos Aires to have a drummer and two fifers. The Spanish Royal Guard also has fifers, who wear the 18th–19th century uniforms of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Guardias de Corps</span></span>, and the Spanish Army's <a href="/wiki/1st_King%27s_Immemorial_Infantry_Regiment_of_AHQ" class="mw-redirect" title="1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ">1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ</a> also has a dedicated fife and drum unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_American_manufacturers">Modern American manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern American manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern era of fifing in the United States began in about 1880, with the popularizing of civilian fife and drum corps in a musical tradition that has come to be known as Ancient fife and drum (or simply Ancient). The rise of these corps led to a demand for fifes that were superior in intonation and better suited for group playing than those used during the Civil War. This call was answered by the Cloos Company of Brooklyn, New York, and their Crosby Model fife. These fifes were one piece, cylindrical bore instruments with six irregularly sized and placed tone-holes. Compared to fifes made before this time, Cloos fifes were easier to play, better tuned, and produced a much louder sound.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Cloos Company founder George Cloos in 1910, the company continued to make fifes under the aegis of his son Frederick until it was bought out by Penzel-Mueller in 1946. Penzel-Mueller continued to make Cloos fifes for another six years after the buyout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McDonagh">McDonagh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: McDonagh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1958, a new model fife designed by fifer John McDonagh was manufactured in Germany. This model was used by the three corps affiliated with him: the New York Regimentals Fife and Drum Band, St. Benedict's Jr. Fife and Drum Corps, and St. Anselm's Jr. Fife and Drum Corps. All were located in the Bronx, New York. These fifes were not otherwise available to the public. In 1960, a second generation of model evolved, specifically labeled the McDonagh Model and made by Roy Seaman, a music repairman whom John met in Manhattan. This model quickly came into popularity. These fifes were mass-produced for sale to the entire fife and drum community. They were two-piece instruments with a dual conical bore – the foot joint tapered down from the joint to about an inch before terminus, where the bore cone reversed itself and opened up again slightly. They used the popular flute and piccolo designs of the 1830s, where "cone" flutes were popular and most common. The cone flutes had fallen out of favor to the cylindrical flutes designed by Boehm, though fifes and piccolos remained popular among folk music performers. </p><p>As would be expected, these fifes were notably more internally in tune than most previous fifes, since the designs of the 1830s fell from favor, and had the added value of being tunable with each other (by sliding the joint or the head cork). In addition, they gave the player greater dynamic control and could be played even louder than traditional fifes, the result of the lower cone in the bore. At first, only six hole (Model J) fifes were made, but by 1962, McDonagh designed and Seaman manufactured a 10-hole (Model L). Two of the holes were used by the right hand middle finger – covering only one of the two produced F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>. Some players found this quite difficult, so eventually (c. 1970s), an 11-hole model was introduced, the Model M, with both the original double right hand middle finger holes and a right hand thumb hole to choose from for the F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>. These were actually ideas derived from several makers of the days of the 19th century, including Giorgi, even though there was no need for F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span> in traditional fife music. </p><p>Around this time, Roy Seaman had been deeply involved in the making of piccolos under his name, the body style of which resembled the McDonagh Model fife. Roy retired from actively manufacturing fifes and sold the operation of making McDonagh fifes to an apprentice, Larry Trout. Operating on his own, Trout soon chose to mark the fife with his own fish symbol, which replaced the script mark of Roy Seaman's name. In time, the quality of the instrument eventually suffered and other models of fifes began to emerge in the United States. </p><p>McDonagh was involved with fife and drum activities for many years. That began to change by 1988 when McDonagh began to meet with some former fifing colleagues and newer players. John also renewed his collaborative friendship with Roy Seaman, who was now living in Arizona. </p><p>In 1997, John McDonagh, along with a newly formed fife study group, made changes to the original 1962 ten-hole fife. A new manufacturer, Wilson Woods, with oversight from Roy Seaman once again, produced the new fife, designated the Regimental Model. Along with this new fife, a number of fingering changes were suggested to take full advantage of the improved design. For a number of years, both Larry Trout and Wilson Woods made McDonagh fifes jointly – Trout the fish-marked familiar McDonagh Model and Wilson the Regimental Model. Eventually, both men discontinued making fifes as of 2003. </p><p>Most recently, The Cooperman Company, founded by Patrick H. Cooperman, took over the manufacture of McDonagh fifes. Cooperman had ventured himself into the concert-fifemaking world in about 1985 with his own version of a two-piece fife, as well as an acoustically correct one-piece version, through the assistance of a few key players. Though the fifes played and sold well, they had not reached the popularity of the McDonagh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healy">Healy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Healy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 1990s saw the emergence of the Healy Flute Company as a major player in the manufacture of fifes. Founder Skip Healy is a champion fife player and well known <a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Irish flute</a> player from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>. His fifes are two-piece, six or ten hole instruments with a Boehm style bore (cylindrical foot and truncated parabolic head) and large tone holes. Custom "Swiss Cheese" models feature even larger tone holes, to produce a stronger and more mellow tone when played in the lowest octave. Tuning is further refined than on the McDonagh. Healy fifes also offer more dynamic control than the McDonagh models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferrary,_Model_F,_and_Peeler"><span id="Ferrary.2C_Model_F.2C_and_Peeler"></span>Ferrary, Model F, and Peeler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ferrary, Model F, and Peeler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simultaneously with the emergence of the McDonagh fife, a maker named Ed Ferrary assumed the mantle of the now-defunct Cloos company, producing traditional 6-hole cylindrical fifes. For those who continue to play traditional fifes, the Ferrary became the fife of choice. After Mr. Ferrary's death, his tooling and equipment were purchased for Ed Bednarz of <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_Point,_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehouse Point, Connecticut">Warehouse Point, Connecticut</a>, who markets his fifes through outside sellers, including fellow Lancraft fifer Ed Boyle of Philadelphia and the well-known Ancient sutler, Leo Brennan of Madison, Connecticut. Bednarz brands his fifes with the name "Model F".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2000, another Connecticut maker, Ron Peeler, established Peeler Fifes in Moodus, Connecticut, producing a Ferrary-style instrument as well as several other, more historically-oriented models copied from original early instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperman">Cooperman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cooperman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cooperman Fife and Drum was founded in 1961. Cooperman fifes were based on the Cloos tradition, with variations intended to improve intonation. In 1975, Patrick Cooperman opened his full-time workshop in <a href="/wiki/Centerbrook,_Connecticut" title="Centerbrook, Connecticut">Centerbrook, Connecticut</a>, making traditional fifes, drums and drumsticks. The Cooperman Company has remained in operation under the control of other family members since Patrick's death in 1995, and in 2006 combined its Connecticut and Vermont operations under one roof in <a href="/wiki/Bellows_Falls,_Vermont" title="Bellows Falls, Vermont">Bellows Falls, Vermont</a>. Now known as the Cooperman Company, Cooperman continues to make student fifes in plastic and domestic hardwoods, as well as the original Cooperman model one piece fife in exotic woods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweet_and_Yamaha">Sweet and Yamaha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sweet and Yamaha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other manufacturers of Ancient fifes include Ralph Sweet of <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut" title="Enfield, Connecticut">Enfield, Connecticut</a>'s Sweetheart Flute Company, whose Cloos model fifes most closely resemble the original instrument. After Ralph Sweet's death, his flute shop was taken over by Joseph Morneault, and is now known as Musique Morneaux.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph Sweet's son, Walt D. Sweet, has also established his own manufactory, Walt Sweet Flutes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plastic instruments referred to as "fifes" are available from Yamaha<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Angel, but these are not true fifes and are more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>. They are in the key of C and include a left-hand thumb hole used to play middle C. Books are published on playing this instrument through Just Flutes and Choral Seas Press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_re-enactor_preferences">Historical re-enactor preferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical re-enactor preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fife_(instrument)" title="Special:EditPage/Fife (instrument)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historical re-enactors find that the traditional fifes – Ferrary, Model F, Peeler, Cooperman, and Sweet fifes – are much better suited to their historical requirements while simultaneously allowing their fifers to play together without the discordance that can result when using instruments from multiple manufacturers. Those who play competitively usually choose McDonagh or Healy fifes, corresponding with a vaguely geographical delineation (New York, New Jersey and western Connecticut groups are more likely to choose McDonagh fifes while competitors in central-to-eastern Connecticut tend towards the Healys). The notable exception to this tendency, is the fife line of the Yalesville Ancient Fife and Drum Corps, who continue to use the six-hole, straight-bore metal fifes manufactured by Patrick Caccavale in Kensington, Connecticut from 1945 until his death in 1982. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> – Class of musical ensembles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_drums" title="Corps of drums">Corps of drums</a> – Army unit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_corps" title="Fife and drum corps">Fife and drum corps</a> – Military musical ensemble</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a> – Six-holed woodwind instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisha">Pisha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121043247/http://www.cooperman.com/fife-news/fifes-basic-key-materials/">"Basics: Key and Materials Choice"</a>. <i>Cooperman</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WD+Sweet+Flutes&rft.atitle=About+Maker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdsweetflutes.com%2Faboutmaker.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFife+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usa.yamaha.com/products/musical_instruments/winds/recorders/abs_resin_fife/index.html">"Fife"</a>. <i>Fife</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fife&rft.atitle=Fife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusa.yamaha.com%2Fproducts%2Fmusical_instruments%2Fwinds%2Frecorders%2Fabs_resin_fife%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFife+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFrank2001" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Howard Mayer; Frank, Jaap; et al. (2001). "Fife". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>. Vol. 8. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fife&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Howard+Mayer&rft.au=Frank%2C+Jaap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFife+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fife_(military_flute)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fife (military flute)">Fife (military flute)</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifemuseum.com/">The Fife Museum</a></li> <li>Digitized copy of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.nls.uk/94689564">Compleat tutor for the fife: Containing the best & easiest instructions to learn that instrument, with a collection of celebrated march's & airs perform'd in the Guards & other regiments & c</a> published by Charles & Samuel Thompson, 1765, from <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>. JPEG, PDF, XML versions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029151208/http://www.history.org/history/fife%26drum/about.cfm">The Virginia State Garrison Fifes and Drums</a>, a history of the development of the Virginia State Garrison Regiment fifes and drums and their representation today</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtcn.free.fr/mtcn-traditional-music-midi-farandole.php">Fife traditional music in the county of Nice (France)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfg.woodwind.org/tinwhistle/">Fife fingering guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luton-lambeg.org/music/music_portal.htm">Ulster Scots and Scots Irish Fifing Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://companyoffifeanddrum.org/">The Company of Fifers and Drummers</a>, organization of corps and individuals who perpetuate the Ancient (U.S.) fife and drum tradition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ammu/hd_ammu.htm">Military Music in American and European Traditions</a>, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfdc.us/">The Plymouth Fife and Drum Corps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English folk music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;24px&#124;Flag_of_England_English_folk_music223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/36px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk music by era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1500%E2%80%931899)" title="English folk music (1500–1899)">1500–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="English folk music (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1950%E2%80%931959)" title="English folk music (1950–1959)">1950–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="English folk music (1960–1969)">1960–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="English folk music (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="English folk music (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="English folk music (1990–1999)">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="English folk music (2000–2009)">2000–2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and fusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_folk_rock" title="British folk rock">British folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_folk" title="Progressive folk">Progressive folk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbots_Bromley_Horn_Dance" title="Abbots Bromley Horn Dance">Abbots Bromley Horn Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_country_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="English country dance">English country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_Dance" title="Furry Dance">Furry Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_dance" title="Garland dance">Garland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Maypole dance">Maypole dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapper_sword" title="Rapper sword">Rapper dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2/4 Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2/2 and 4/4 Dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3/4 Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3/2 Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe#Folk_hornpipes" title="Hornpipe">Triple Hornpipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6/8 Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9/8 Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">Slip jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">Children's songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song#Early_protest_songs_from_Britain" title="Protest song">Protest songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdy-crawn" title="Crowdy-crawn">Crowdy-crawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_bagpipe" title="Lancashire bagpipe">Lancashire bagpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_bagpipes" title="Lincolnshire bagpipes">Lincolnshire bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Melodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_smallpipes" title="Northumbrian smallpipes">Northumbrian smallpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_(instrument)" title="Tabor (instrument)">Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_bagpipe" title="Yorkshire bagpipe">Yorkshire bagpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_pipes" title="Border pipes">Half-long pipes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northumbria" title="Music of Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somerset#Folk_music" title="Music of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sussex" title="Music of Sussex">Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_traditional_music" title="Danish traditional music">Folk music of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_club" title="Folk club">Folk clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">Folk festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CEDBEA; text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">Portal:England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Portal:Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flutes_and_whistles135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flutes" title="Template:Flutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flutes" title="Template talk:Flutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flutes_and_whistles135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">Side-<br />blown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegeum" title="Daegeum">Daegeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)" title="Dizi (instrument)">Dizi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-key_flute" title="Five-key flute">Five-key flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Fue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagurabue" title="Kagurabue">Kagurabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komabue" title="Komabue">Komabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minteki" title="Minteki">Minteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohkan" title="Nohkan">Nohkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABteki" title="Ryūteki">Ryūteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">Shinobue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokobue" title="Yokobue">Yokobue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_flute" title="Glass flute">Glass flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Irish flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koudi" title="Koudi">Koudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1o" title="Sáo">Sáo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_system_flute" title="Simple system flute">Simple system flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambin" title="Tambin">Tambin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindi_(instrument)" title="Xindi (instrument)">Xindi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Concert55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_western_concert_flute_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the western concert flute family">Concert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_flute" title="Treble flute">Treble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_flute" title="Soprano flute">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte_d%27amour" title="Flûte d'amour">Flûte d'amour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">Contra-alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">Subcontrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_contrabass_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Double contrabass flute">Double contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbass_flute" title="Hyperbass flute">Hyperbass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/End-blown_flute" title="End-blown flute">End-<br />blown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anasazi_flute" title="Anasazi flute">Anasazi flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danso" title="Danso">Danso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frilka" title="Frilka">Frilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Fue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">Hotchiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaval" title="Kaval">Kaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dauau" title="Kōauau">Kōauau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_flute" title="Nose flute">Nose flute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalaleng" title="Kalaleng">Kalaleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_whistle" title="Nose whistle">Nose whistle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkillu" title="Pinkillu">Pinkillu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quena" title="Quena">Qina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quray" title="Quray">Quray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodina" title="Sodina">Sodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopilka" title="Sopilka">Sopilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0upelka" title="Šupelka">Šupelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svirel" title="Svirel">Svirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washint" title="Washint">Washint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">Xiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuvytsi" title="Kuvytsi">Kuvytsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larchemi" title="Larchemi">Larchemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(pan_flute)" title="Nai (pan flute)">Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskal" title="Miskal">Miskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paixiao" title="Paixiao">Paixiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siku_(instrument)" title="Siku (instrument)">Siku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larchemi" title="Larchemi">Soinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wot_(instrument)" title="Wot (instrument)">Wot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fipple" title="Fipple">Fipple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almpfeiferl" title="Almpfeiferl">Almpfeiferl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenteben" title="Atenteben">Atenteben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsivka" title="Dentsivka">Dentsivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diple" title="Diple">Diple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvoyanka" title="Dvoyanka">Dvoyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabiol" title="Flabiol">Flabiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flageolet" title="Flageolet">Flageolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frula" title="Frula">Frula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khloy" title="Khloy">Khloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlui" title="Khlui">Khlui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuisi" title="Kuisi">Kuisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_whistle" title="Low whistle">Low whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_flute" title="Native American flute">Native American flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">Organ pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamuri" title="Salamuri">Salamuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvi" title="Shvi">Shvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B8fl%C3%B8yte" title="Sjøfløyte">Sjøfløyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_whistle" title="Slide whistle">Slide whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spil%C3%A5pipa" title="Spilåpipa">Spilåpipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabule" title="Stabule">Stabule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka_(flute)" title="Tarka (flute)">Tarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-hole_pipe" title="Three-hole pipe">Tabor pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txistu" title="Txistu">Txistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">Whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirula" title="Xirula">Xirula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuffolo" title="Zuffolo">Zuffolo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Recorders43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">Recorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garklein_recorder" title="Garklein recorder">Garklein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopranino_recorder" title="Sopranino recorder">Sopranino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_recorder" title="Soprano recorder">Soprano (descant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_recorder" title="Alto recorder">Alto (treble)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_flute" title="Voice flute">Voice flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_recorder" title="Tenor recorder">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_recorder" title="Bass recorder">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_bass_recorder" title="Great bass recorder">Great bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_recorder" title="Contrabass recorder">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-great_bass_recorder" title="Sub-great bass recorder">Sub-great bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-contrabass_recorder" title="Sub-contrabass recorder">Sub-contrabass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overtone_flute" title="Overtone flute">Overtone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyuka">Kalyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koncovka" title="Koncovka">Koncovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_flute" title="Willow flute">Willow flute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vessel_flute" title="Vessel flute">Vessel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemshorn" title="Gemshorn">Gemshorn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pifana" title="Pifana">Pifana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_(instrument)" title="Hun (instrument)">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinukai" title="Molinukai">Molinukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">Ocarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonette" title="Tonette">Tonette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_(instrument)" title="Xun (instrument)">Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_whistle" title="Shepherd's whistle">Shepherd's whistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_flute_music" title="Chinese folk flute music">Chinese folk flute music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_for_flute" title="List of compositions for flute">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">Tone hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uakti_(myth)" title="Uakti (myth)">Uakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_flute" title="Vertical flute">Vertical flute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2255516#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2255516#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2255516#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&oldid=1275289632">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fife_(instrument)&oldid=1275289632</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Side-blown_flutes" title="Category:Side-blown flutes">Side-blown flutes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_musical_instruments" title="Category:Portuguese musical instruments">Portuguese musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_musical_instruments" title="Category:Swiss musical instruments">Swiss musical 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