CINXE.COM

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Although inconsistencies in these studies have questioned the validity of the CSC hypothesis, it is possible that different types of cancer involve distinct modes of tumorigenesis, or a combination of mechanisms. A critical experimental limitation is the ability of researchers to identify and isolate CSCs from other tumor cells. 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class="search_mobile_buttons"> <div class="ra_toggle btn btn-tertiary">Back to Research Areas </div> </div> <div class="ra_menu_block"> <div class="et-researchareas-research-topics ra_menu_items"> <div class="et-researchareas-topic-block"> <h5 class="et-researchareas-topic-title">Categories Menu</h5> <ul class="et-researchareas-topic-ul" data-count="12" id="menuResearchAreas"> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="cancer"> <a href="/research-area/cancer"> <span class="icon-cancer"> Cancer </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="cardiovascularbiology"> <a href="/research-area/cardiovascular-biology"> <span class="icon-cardiovascularbiology"> Cardiovascular Biology </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="cytokinesandgrowthfactors"> <a href="/research-area/cytokines-and-growth-factors"> <span class="icon-cytokinesandgrowthfactors"> Cytokines and Growth Factors </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="developmentalbiology"> <a href="/research-area/developmental-biology"> <span class="icon-developmentalbiology"> Developmental Biology </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="endocrinology"> <a href="/research-area/endocrinology"> <span class="icon-endocrinology"> Endocrinology </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="glycobiology"> <a href="/research-area/glycobiology"> <span class="icon-glycobiology"> Glycobiology </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="immunology"> <a href="/research-area/immunology"> <span class="icon-immunology"> Immunology </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="neuroscience"> <a href="/research-area/neuroscience"> <span class="icon-neuroscience"> Neuroscience </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="proteases&otherenzymes"> <a href="/research-area/proteases---other-enzymes"> <span class="icon-proteases&otherenzymes"> Proteases & Other Enzymes </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="signaltransduction"> <a href="/research-area/signal-transduction"> <span class="icon-signaltransduction"> Signal Transduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="stemcells"> <a href="/research-area/stem-cells"> <span class="icon-stemcells"> Stem Cells </span> </a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-topic-li " id="ubiquitinandubiquitinlikemodifiers"> <a href="/research-area/ubiquitin-and-ubiquitin--like-modifiers"> <span class="icon-ubiquitinandubiquitinlikemodifiers"> Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Modifiers </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ra_right col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-9"> <div class="search_mobile_buttons"> <div class="ra_menu_toggle btn btn-tertiary">Show Categories</div> </div> <div class="ra_header"> <h1 itemprop="name" class="et-researchareas-title">Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h1> <div itemprop="description" class="et-researchareas-body"> <p><p> As for all stem cells, oncogenically transformed cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined by their ability for self-renewal and multipotency. The CSC hypothesis states that, although CSCs represent a rare population of cells within a tumor, their high tumorigenic capacity drives tumorigenesis. Due to their intrinsic stem cell-like properties, CSC proliferation generates more CSCs, and all the differentiated cell types that compose the bulk of the tumor. Non-CSCs in the tumor have been shown to proliferate at a faster rate than CSCs, but have little tumor-initiating potential. Because CSCs exhibit increased resistance to toxic and chemical insults, this specific subpopulation of cells is believed to underlie resistance to chemotherapy and disease relapse. In fact, the CSC model posits that all CSCs must be eradicated to eliminate a tumor and prevent its recurrence. </p> <p>Unlike the differentiated cancer cells in a tumor, CSCs have been shown to form new tumors when xenotransplanted into immunodeficient animal models. Although inconsistencies in these studies have questioned the validity of the CSC hypothesis, it is possible that different types of cancer involve distinct modes of tumorigenesis, or a combination of mechanisms. A critical experimental limitation is the ability of researchers to identify and isolate CSCs from other tumor cells. To address this need, we present a table of molecules identified in the current literature as markers of CSCs detected in specific malignancies. </p> </p> </div> <div class="et-researchareas-children bullet_tile_parent"> <ul> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <a href="/research-area/other-cancer-stem-cell-molecules">Other Cancer Stem Cell Molecules</a> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Bladder Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd47">CD47</a></li> <li><a href="/target/ceacam-6-cd66c">CEACAM-6/CD66c</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Breast Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/bmi-1">BMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd24">CD24</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd133">CD133</a></li> <li><a href="/target/connexin-43-gja1">Connexin 43/GJA1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cxcr4">CXCR4</a></li> <li><a href="/target/dll4">DLL4</a></li> <li><a href="/target/epcam-trop1">EpCAM/TROP1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/erbb2-her2">ErbB2/Her2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/gli-1">GLI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/gli-2">GLI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/il-1-alpha-il-1f1">IL-1 alpha/IL-1F1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cxcr1-il-8ra">CXCR1/IL-8RA</a></li> <li><a href="/target/il-6r-alpha">IL-6R alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/target/integrin-alpha-6-cd49f">Integrin alpha 6/CD49f</a></li> <li><a href="/target/pon1">PON1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/pten">PTEN</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Colon Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/alcam-cd166">ALCAM/CD166</a></li> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd133">CD133</a></li> <li><a href="/target/dppiv-cd26">DPPIV/CD26</a></li> <li><a href="/target/epcam-trop1">EpCAM/TROP1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/gli-1">GLI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/lgr5-gpr49">Lgr5/GPR49</a></li> <li><a href="/target/musashi-1">Musashi-1</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Gastric Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/dll4">DLL4</a></li> <li><a href="/target/lgr5-gpr49">Lgr5/GPR49</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Glioma/Medulloblastoma Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/a20-tnfaip3">A20/TNFAIP3</a></li> <li><a href="/target/abcg2">ABCG2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/bmi-1">BMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd15-lewis-x">CD15/Lewis X</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd133">CD133</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cx3cl1-fractalkine">CX3CL1/Fractalkine</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cx3cr1">CX3CR1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cxcr4">CXCR4</a></li> <li><a href="/target/hif-2-alpha-epas1">HIF-2 alpha/EPAS1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/il-6r-alpha">IL-6R alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/target/integrin-alpha-6-cd49f">Integrin alpha 6/CD49f</a></li> <li><a href="/target/l1cam">L1CAM</a></li> <li><a href="/target/c-maf">c-Maf</a></li> <li><a href="/target/musashi-1">Musashi-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/c-myc">c-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/target/nestin">Nestin</a></li> <li><a href="/target/podoplanin">Podoplanin</a></li> <li><a href="/target/sox2">SOX2</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/abcg2">ABCG2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/bmi-1">BMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/hgfr-c-met">HGFR/c-MET</a></li> <li><a href="/target/lgr5-gpr49">Lgr5/GPR49</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Leukemia Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/bmi-1">BMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd34">CD34</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd38">CD38</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd47">CD47</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd96">CD96</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd117-c-kit">CD117/c-kit</a></li> <li><a href="/target/gli-1">GLI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/gli-2">GLI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/il-3r-alpha">IL-3R alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/target/micl-clec12a">MICL/CLEC12A</a></li> <li><a href="/target/musashi-2">Musashi-2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/tim-3">TIM-3</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Liver Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/alpha-fetoprotein-afp">alpha-Fetoprotein/AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/target/aminopeptidase-n-cd13">Aminopeptidase N/CD13</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd45">CD45</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd90-thy1">CD90/Thy1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/nf2-merlin">NF2/Merlin</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Lung Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/abcg2">ABCG2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd90-thy1">CD90/Thy1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd117-c-kit">CD117/c-kit</a></li> <li><a href="/target/epcam-trop1">EpCAM/TROP1</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Melanoma Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/abcb5">ABCB5</a></li> <li><a href="/target/abcg2">ABCG2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/alcam-cd166">ALCAM/CD166</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd133">CD133</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd20">CD20</a></li> <li><a href="/target/magea1">MAGEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/magea3">MAGEA3</a></li> <li><a href="/target/magea4">MAGEA4</a></li> <li><a href="/target/nestin">Nestin</a></li> <li><a href="/target/ngfr-tnfrsf16">NGFR/TNFRSF16</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Myeloma Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/abcb5">ABCB5</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd19">CD19</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd27-tnfrsf7">CD27/TNFRSF7</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd38">CD38</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd20">CD20</a></li> <li><a href="/target/syndecan-1-cd138">Syndecan-1/CD138</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Osteosarcoma Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/abcg2">ABCG2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/endoglin-cd105">Endoglin/CD105</a></li> <li><a href="/target/nestin">Nestin</a></li> <li><a href="/target/stro-1">STRO-1</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/alpha-methylacyl-coa-racemase-amacr">alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase/AMACR</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd117-c-kit">CD117/c-kit</a></li> <li><a href="/target/endoglin-cd105">Endoglin/CD105</a></li> <li><a href="/target/ovastacin">Ovastacin</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/bmi-1">BMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd24">CD24</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cxcr4">CXCR4</a></li> <li><a href="/target/epcam-trop1">EpCAM/TROP1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/neuronostatin">Neuronostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/target/pon1">PON1</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="et-researchareas-children-li"> <div class="et-researchareas-molecule-block"> <h3 class="et-researchareas-molecule-title">Prostate Cancer Stem Cell Markers</h3> <ul class="et-researchareas-molecule-ul"> <li><a href="/target/abcg2">ABCG2</a></li> <li><a href="/target/alcam-cd166">ALCAM/CD166</a></li> <li><a href="/target/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1-a1-aldh1a1">Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-A1/ALDH1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/alpha-methylacyl-coa-racemase-amacr">alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase/AMACR</a></li> <li><a href="/target/bmi-1">BMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/target/cd151">CD151</a></li> <li><a href="/target/c-maf">c-Maf</a></li> <li><a href="/target/c-myc">c-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/target/tra-1-60-r">TRA-1-60(R)</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ra_menu_block"> <div class="et-researchareas-related-info ra_related_info ra_menu_items"> <div class="et-researchareas-related-info-block"> <h2 class="et-researchareas-related-info-title">Related Information</h2> <ul class="et-researchareas-related-info-ul" 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