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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of commentaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_commentaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of commentaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentaries_in_verse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_in_verse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Commentaries in verse</span> </div> </a> <ul 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commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compiled_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simplified_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simplified_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Simplified commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simplified_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tirukkural_with_Parimelalakar%27s_commentary.png/200px-Tirukkural_with_Parimelalakar%27s_commentary.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tirukkural_with_Parimelalakar%27s_commentary.png/300px-Tirukkural_with_Parimelalakar%27s_commentary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tirukkural_with_Parimelalakar%27s_commentary.png/400px-Tirukkural_with_Parimelalakar%27s_commentary.png 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="4112" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <a href="/wiki/Parimelalhagar" title="Parimelalhagar">Parimelalhagar</a>'s commentary on the 39th chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkural</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Commentaries to literary works</b> remain one of the most important and telling aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">literary tradition</a>. Commentaries to ancient Tamil works have been written since the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a> and continue to be written in the modern era. Many ancient Tamil works continue to remain in comprehension chiefly due to <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">commentaries</a> written on them. The most famous examples of such works are the <a href="/wiki/Tolkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkappiyam">Tolkappiyam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkural</a>, with the latter remaining the most reviewed work in the Tamil literature. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nakkeerar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkeerar">Nakkeerar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilampooranar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilampooranar (page does not exist)">Ilampooranar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senavaraiyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senavaraiyar (page does not exist)">Senavaraiyar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paerasiriyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paerasiriyar (page does not exist)">Paerasiriyar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deivachilaiyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deivachilaiyar (page does not exist)">Deivachilaiyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacchinarkkiniyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacchinarkkiniyar">Nacchinarkkiniyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parimelalhagar" title="Parimelalhagar">Parimelalhagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalladar" title="Kalladar">Kalladar</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiyarkku_Nallar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiyarkku Nallar (page does not exist)">Adiyarkku Nallar</a> remain the most celebrated commentators in the history of Tamil literature, all of whose works are praised on par with the original works to which they wrote exegeses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a></div> <p>Tamil is one of the most ancient and classical languages with a rich literary tradition in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart,_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart,_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, it remains one of the languages of the Indian subcontinent that are richest in literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> is known for its unique <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> wherein knowledge was chiefly passed on as <a href="/wiki/Word_of_mouth" title="Word of mouth">word of mouth</a> from parents to their children and from preceptors to their students from one generation to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gradual buildup of this oral transfer of ideas through several generations resulted in an extensive corpus of knowledge, which eventually had to be written down on manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process generated a vast scholarship in every domain of life in the Indian subcontinent, and both Sanskrit and Tamil, along with other languages, saw an exponential growth in their literature over the millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentaries to Sanskrit texts, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a></i>, started appearing during the first millennia BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Datta2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datta2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western tradition</a>, where only <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">critics</a> abound, <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a> is rife with commentators who both analyze the works and write exegesis on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil literary tradition is no exception to this pan-Indian phenomenon, with commentary writing having developed as a distinct domain in the scholarly world over the millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V. Suba Manikkanar cites the ancientness of the language as a reason for such development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The developing, patronizing, and guarding of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">language</a> was taken care of by different members of the society in different periods. In the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>, the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamil land</a> took the responsibility. During <a href="/wiki/Pallava_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Dynasty">Pallava</a>'s reign in the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti era">Bhakti era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alwars" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwars">Alwars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayanmars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayanmars">Nayanmars</a> were responsible in developing the language. In the later <a href="/wiki/Chola_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola period">Chola period</a>, the responsibility shifted to the literary commentators who wrote exegesis on several ancient and contemporary works. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Nayakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayakar">Nayakar</a>'s regin, minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains furthered the Tamil language and literature. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial era</a> under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>, missionaries of both Indian and foreign religions and the Tamil groups established by the opulent section of the society contributed to the growth of the language. Post-<a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a>, the language continues to grow by various political parties and enthusiasts among the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commentators of the medieval era are considered instrumental in preserving the ancient works for the posterity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is widely acknowledged by scholars, including <a href="/wiki/U._V._Swaminatha_Iyer" title="U. V. Swaminatha Iyer">U. V. Swaminatha Iyer</a>, Pandithamani M. Kathiresan Chettiyar, S. Venkatarama Chettiyar, and M. Arunachalam, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201853–56_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201853–56-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashyas</a>, which are "commentary" or "exposition" of any primary or secondary text, started appearing in Sanskrit literature in the first millennia BCE. Among the earliest known <i>Bhashya</i> are the Maha-bhashya of Patanjali from the 2nd century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Datta2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datta2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Sabara Bhashya</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> school of Hinduism, dated to have been likely composed between 100 BCE and 200 CE, but no later than the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, commentaries to Tamil literary works, known as <i>urai</i>, did not exist during <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perasiriyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perasiriyar (page does not exist)">Perasiriyar</a>, verses 653 and 656 of the "Porul" section of the <i>Tolkappiyam</i> assert this fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentaries to work was literally non-existent during the Sangam era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of commentaries is thought to have begun around the medieval times during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">later Cholas</a> (11th to 14th centuries CE) and developed over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exegesis to the work <i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Kalaviyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraiyanar Kalaviyal">Iraiyanar Kalaviyal</a></i> is considered the first commentary in the Tamil literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to A. M. Paramasivanandhan, it is the first prosaic commentary to a composition in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraiyanar Kalaviyal was passed on orally to nine generations from <a href="/wiki/Nakkiranar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkiranar">Nakkiranar</a> till <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilakandanar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilakandanar (page does not exist)">Nilakandanar</a>. It was written down in manuscripts only in the 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commentaries had a humble beginning in the history of Tamil literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest commentaries were more of glossaries listing the meanings of difficult terms appearing in poetries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went by, few historical accounts pertaining to the verse on hand were appended to these glossary lists. Such commentaries were termed <i>arumpadha urai</i> (literally, glossary commentary).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commentary to the <i><a href="/wiki/Silappathigaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappathigaram">Silappathigaram</a></i> was of such kind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, with the addition of few intermittent, brief notes to the glossary explanations, these "glossary" commentaries morphed into what came to be known as <i>kurippurai</i> (literally, notes commentary).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest commentaries to the Sangam works of <i><a href="/wiki/Pathittrupatthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathittrupatthu">Pathittrupatthu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agananuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Agananuru">Agananuru</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ainkurunuru" title="Ainkurunuru">Ainkurunuru</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Paripaadal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paripaadal">Paripaadal</a></i> are examples of notes commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with most of the ancient Tamil works, not much is known about the authors of these commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With centuries of scholarships over the works, these commentaries expanded to become <i>vilakka urai</i> (literally, explanatory commentary), which contained several examples and elaborations in their briefings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the earliest commentary to <a href="/wiki/Nammalwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nammalwar">Nammalwar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruvaimoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvaimoli">Tiruvaimoli</a></i> was 6,000 lines in length, which later expanded to 9,000, then to 24,000, and finally to 36,000 lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>vilakka urai</i> commentaries are considered the best of all the commentaries and have stood the test of time, chiefly owing to their emulating the best of their <i>arumpadha urai</i> and <i>kurippurai</i> predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohan and Sokkalingam call this literary phenomenon the "survival of the fittest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the later commentaries to the <i>Tolkappiyam</i> such as those by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senavaraiyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senavaraiyar (page does not exist)">Senavaraiyar</a>, Paerasiriyar, <a href="/wiki/Nacchinarkkiniyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacchinarkkiniyar">Nacchinarkkiniyar</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deivacchilaiyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deivacchilaiyar (page does not exist)">Deivacchilaiyar</a> are preferred to the earliest commentary by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilampooranar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilampooranar (page does not exist)">Ilampooranar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 36,000-lined <i>Eedu</i> commentary to <i>Tiruvaimoli</i> fared the best among other earlier commentaries to the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known commentary to the <a href="/wiki/Kural_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Kural text">Kural text</a> was written around the 10th century CE by <a href="/wiki/Manakkudavar" title="Manakkudavar">Manakkudavar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013115–116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013115–116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parimelalhagar" title="Parimelalhagar">Parimelalhagar</a>'s commentary, which appeared during the 13th century, is considered the best among the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Medieval_Commentators" title="Ten Medieval Commentators">ten medieval commentaries</a> to the Kural text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sivagnana Munivar's <i>Nannul Virutthi Urai</i> took precedence over older commentaries to <i><a href="/wiki/Nannul" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannul">Nannul</a></i> such as those by Mayilai Nathar and Shankara Namacchivayar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite several earlier commentaries to <i>Sivagnana Bodham</i>, the <i>Sivagnana Padiyam</i> which appeared much later is considered the best.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the first commentaries began to appear in the Tamil literary world, they appeared more in the prevalent spoken dialect. More often than not, they resembled the conversations between a preceptor and a disciple. This is because the commentators who wrote the earliest commentaries were scholars who taught students on those subjects. Examples of such commentaries include the early commentaries to <i>Iraiyanar Agapporul</i>, Senavaraiyar's commentary to Part II of the <i>Tolkappiyam</i>, Perasiriyar's commentary to <i><a href="/wiki/Tirukkovaiyar" title="Tirukkovaiyar">Tirukkovaiyar</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kaalingar" title="Kaalingar">Kaalingar</a>'s commentary to the <i>Tirukkural</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201112_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentaries to the works of the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> chiefly appeared in a mixture of Tamil and Sanskrit, known as <a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201126_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhakti literature, which proliferated during the Bhakti era that began around the eighth century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomer_and_McLeod,_19871_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomer_and_McLeod,_19871-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remained without any exegeses for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was chiefly because of the widespread notion that spiritual texts should be interpreted only through personal experience and not by the elaborations given by others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, during the time of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> in the 10th century, scholars attempted to write commentaries to the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavite">Vaishnavite</a> works of the Alvars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially met with rejection, they slowly gained acceptance with the public discourses given by religious scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These discourses were written down by scholars among the audience and grew to become exegeses on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exegeses to <a href="/wiki/Shivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivite">Shaivite</a> works, nevertheless, did not appear until the 19th century. It was only in the 20th century that scholars felt the need for literary commentaries to the Shivite literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the words of Mohan and Sokkalingam, the commentators are considered responsible for initiation the process of "return to classicism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, they are also responsible for the revival of interest among the general public in the study of olden literature and linguistics, especially when the original dialect of the language was no more in general usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122–23_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122–23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief among them were Ilampooranar, Senavaraiyar, Paerasiriyar, Nacchinarkkiniyar, Parimelalhagar, and Adiyarkku Nallar, who lived between the 11th and the 14th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars consider this period as "the golden age of Tamil prosaic literature".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Tamil literary tradition, it is conventional to regard the commentators on par with the author of the original work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201124_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201124-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with the Tamil traditional practice of naming a work eponymous with the author, the exegeses written by the commentators, too, were named after the commentators. Thus the exegetical works of Ilampooranar, Senavaraiyar, Paerasiriyar, and Nacchinarkkiniyar came to be known, respectively, as Ilampooranam, Senavaraiyam, Paerasiriyam, and Nacchinarkkiniyam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their works were hugely popular among the common public that people even went on to name their children after these commentators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to V. Suba Manikkam, efforts in literary development appeared in three forms, viz. exegeses to ancient works, supportive grammar works, and short literatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the first form, exegeses to ancient works, include the ten Medieval commentaries of the Tirukkural and the commentaries to the Tolkappiyam. Supportive grammar works included Iraiyanar Agapporul, Nambi Agapporul, <a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a>, Nannool, Yapparunkalam, Yapparunkala Kaarigai, Dhandiyalankaram, and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short literatures include Pillai Tamil, Thoodhu, Ula, Barani, Anthadhi, Kovai, Kalambagam, Kuravanji, Pallhu, Madal, Maalai, Sadhakam, Venba, Thogai, and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInam_Journal,_10_May_2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInam_Journal,_10_May_2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary criticism in Tamil tradition is said to have flourished between the 11th and 14th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201130_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201130-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_commentaries">Types of commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries_in_verse">Commentaries in verse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commentaries in verse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indian literary tradition, exegeses are also written in verse form to the original work in verse, which remained a widespread practice since the ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this is more common with Sanskrit works, the Tamil literary tradition, too, has had this practice since the middle ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exemplifying <a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">venbas</a> of the <i>Sivagyana Bodham</i> and Siddhiyar remain in verse forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Periyapuranam" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyapuranam">Periyapuranam</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sekkilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekkilar">Sekkilar</a>'s exegesis to the <i><a href="/wiki/Thevaram" title="Thevaram">Thevaram</a></i> appears in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an exegesis in verse to the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam work</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Akananuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Akananuru">Akananuru</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many earliest commentaries of the Tirukkural appear in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the arrival of prosaic commentaries to the Kural text, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Medieval_Commentators" title="Ten Medieval Commentators">ten medieval commentaries</a>, as many as 21 verse commentaries to the Kural text were written in the medieval times, such as the Murugesar Muduneri Venba, Jinendra Venba, Irangesa Venba, Sivasiva Venba, Dhinakara Venba, Vadamalai Venba, and Somesar Mudumoli Venba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENedunchezhiyan,_1991ix_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENedunchezhiyan,_1991ix-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraikuruvanar,_200953–59_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraikuruvanar,_200953–59-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumarakurubarar's <i>Needhineri Vilakkam</i> explains several Kural couplets in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalladam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalladam (page does not exist)">Kalladam</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kalladar" title="Kalladar">Kalladar</a> has written verse exegesis in <i>akaval</i> <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a> to 100 verses of the <i>Tirukkovaiyar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aandippulavar's 15th-century exegesis to the <i><a href="/wiki/Nannul" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannul">Nannul</a></i> and Gurugyanasambandar's <i>Gyanavarana Vilakkam</i>, which is an exegesis to the Sivagyana Siddar's philosophy, are all examples of commentaries in verse form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of writing exegeses in verse form continued well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include verse commentaries to the Kural literature such as <i>Tirukkural Akaval</i>, <i>Kutti Kural</i>, and <i>Tirukkural Isai Maalai</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a>'s elaborations of some of the <a href="/wiki/Kurunthogai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurunthogai">Kurunthogai</a> verses, and <a href="/wiki/Kannadasan" title="Kannadasan">Kannadasan</a>'s elaborations of some of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mutthollayiram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutthollayiram">Mutthollayiram</a></i> verses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-written_commentaries">Self-written commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-written commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-written commentaries are commentaries that are written by the author himself/herself. According to the 17th-century work <i>Prayoga Vivegam</i>, the practice of writing self-written commentaries in the Indian Subcontinent began in Sanskrit literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first self-written commentary in the Tamil literature was the one written by Iyyanaridhanar for his work <i>Purapporul Venbamaalai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by several others, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The exegesis of the 12th-century author for his work <i>Thandiyalankaaram</i></li> <li>Meikkanda Thevar's exegesis to the 12 axioms of his work <i>Sivagyana Bodham</i></li> <li>The late-13th-century author Naarkavirajanambi's exegesis to his grammar work <i>Akapporul Vilakkam</i></li> <li>The 17th-century author Subramaniya Dikshitar's exegesis to his grammar work <i>Prayoga Vivegam</i></li> <li>Vaidhyanatha Desikar's exegesis to his grammar work <i>Ilakkana Vilakkam</i></li> <li>Swaminatha Desikar's exegesis to his grammar work <i>Ilakkana Kotthu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constanzo_Beschi" title="Constanzo Beschi">Constanzo Beschi</a>'s exegesis to his work <i>Thonnul Vilakkam</i></li></ul> <p>This trend, too, continued well into the 20th century, with authors such as <a href="/wiki/R._Raghava_Iyengar" title="R. Raghava Iyengar">R. Raghava Iyengar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagavira_Pandiyanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagavira Pandiyanar">Jagavira Pandiyanar</a>, and Bharathidasan writing their own exegesis to their respective works of Paari Kaadhai, Kumaresa Venba, and Pudhiya Aatthicchudi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogic_commentaries">Dialogic commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialogic commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of writing prosaic commentaries to the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">itihasas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">puranas</a>, and other Indian epics, which were originally written in verse, began in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exegeses to epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabaratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabaratha">Mahabaratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periya_Puranam" title="Periya Puranam">Periya Puranam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanda_Puranam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanda Puranam">Kanda Puranam</a>, began to appear in Tamil, and these came to be known as <i>vasanam</i> or dialogic commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, dialogic commentaries to the Sangam works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Eight Anthologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Ten Idylls</a> series of texts, began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compiled_commentaries">Compiled commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compiled commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twentieth century witnessed the practice of comparative study and compilation of exegeses from different periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime example of this type of anthological exegeses is that of the Tirukkural. Commentaries to the Kural text are available at least from the 10th century CE, and scholars have been continuously analyzing various Kural commentaries ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have resulted in the publication of various commentary compilations to the Kural text in the 20th century, such as <i>Tirukkural Urai Kotthu</i> (Compendium of Kural exegeses), <i>Tirukkural Urai Valam</i> (Kural exegeses omnibus), and <i>Tirukkural Urai Vettrumai</i> (Differences in Kural exegeses).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old exegeses to the <a href="/wiki/Naladiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Naladiyar">Naladiyar</a> were compiled and published in two volumes entitled <i>Naladiyar Urai Valam</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Mahal_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Mahal Library">Saraswati Mahal Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar compiled commentaries have appeared for other works such as the <a href="/wiki/Tirumurugattrupadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumurugattrupadai">Tirumurugattrupadai</a> and the Tolkappiyam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compiled commentaries to the Tolkappiyam have appeared exclusively for each of the three parts of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simplified_commentaries">Simplified commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Simplified commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simplified commentaries are commentaries written on age-old commentaries, which are complex by virtue of their ancientness, in order to make them comprehensive to the contemporary public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of writing simplified commentaries began in 1949 with M. Varadharajan's exegesis on the Tirukkural titled <i>Tirukkural Thelivurai</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013469_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013469-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose 175th edition was published in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several similar commentaries started appearing on other ancient works such as the Tolkappiyam and the Athichudi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_medieval_commentators" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten medieval commentators">Ten medieval commentators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart,_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart,_2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart,_2000">Hart, 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201111_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_20119_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Datta2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Datta2009_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Datta2009_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Datta (2009), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume 2, Sahitya Akademi, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126023844" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126023844">978-8126023844</a>, page 1338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201852_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAravindan,_2018">Aravindan, 2018</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201853–56-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAravindan,_201853–56_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAravindan,_2018">Aravindan, 2018</a>, pp. 53–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othmar Gächter (1990), Hermeneutics and Language in Purva Mimamsa: A Study in Sabara Bhasya, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120806924" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120806924">978-8120806924</a>, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201121_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201110_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201113_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201114_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013115–116-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013115–116_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013">Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201112-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201112_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201126-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201126_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomer_and_McLeod,_19871-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomer_and_McLeod,_19871_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchomer_and_McLeod,_1987">Schomer and McLeod, 1987</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122–23-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201122–23_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201124-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201124_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201125_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201123–24_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInam_Journal,_10_May_2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInam_Journal,_10_May_2019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInam_Journal,_10_May_2019">Inam Journal, 10 May 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201130-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201130_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201115_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201116_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENedunchezhiyan,_1991ix-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENedunchezhiyan,_1991ix_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNedunchezhiyan,_1991">Nedunchezhiyan, 1991</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraikuruvanar,_200953–59-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraikuruvanar,_200953–59_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIraikuruvanar,_2009">Iraikuruvanar, 2009</a>, pp. 53–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201117_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201118_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201119–20_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_201120_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011">Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013469-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013469_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovaimani_and_Nagarajan,_2013">Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan_and_Sokkalingam,_2011" class="citation book 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Tanjavur: Tamil University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7090-435-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7090-435-9"><bdi>978-81-7090-435-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88+%5BTirukkural+Research+Papers%5D&rft.place=Tanjavur&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Tamil+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-7090-435-9&rft.au=M.+G.+Kovaimani+and+P.+V.+Nagarajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommentaries+in+Tamil+literary+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInam_Journal,_10_May_2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inamtamil.com/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A/">"Idea's of literary genres"</a>. <i>Inam International e-Journal of Tamil Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (17). IIETS India. 10 May 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2455-0531">2455-0531</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inam+International+e-Journal+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.atitle=Idea%27s+of+literary+genres&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.issn=2455-0531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finamtamil.com%2F%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF-%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2588-%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%259A%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommentaries+in+Tamil+literary+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamil_Veith_Zvelebil1974" class="citation book cs1">Kamil Veith Zvelebil (1974). <i>A History of Indian Literature: Volume X. Tamil Literature</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 231–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Volume+X.+Tamil+Literature&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=231-234&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Kamil+Veith+Zvelebil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommentaries+in+Tamil+literary+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._P._Meenakshisundaram1965" class="citation book cs1">T. P. Meenakshisundaram (1965). <i>A History of Tamil Literature</i>. Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu: Annamalai University Publication. pp. 173–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.place=Annamalai+Nagar%2C+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=173-177&rft.pub=Annamalai+University+Publication&rft.date=1965&rft.au=T.+P.+Meenakshisundaram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommentaries+in+Tamil+literary+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilakkiyam.com">தமிழ் இலக்கியம் – A repository of Tamil Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valaitamil.com/literature">Largest Collections of Tamil Literature Articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thamizhilakkiyam.com/">Tamil Literature Collection – தமிழ் மொழி ஆர்வலர்களுக்காக</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095909/http://thamizhilakkiyam.com/">Archived</a> 2016-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamilnation.org/literature/index.htm">Tamil Language & Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Tamil">Modern Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-South_Dravidian_language" title="Proto-South Dravidian language">Proto-South Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sangam">First Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sangam">Second Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sangam">Third Sangam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Tamil_dialects" title="Bangalore Tamil dialects">Bangalore Tamil dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sociolects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Conference" title="World Tamil Conference">World Tamil Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Tamil books of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Great_Epics_of_Tamil_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangam_poets" title="List of Sangam poets">List of Sangam poets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Devotional<br />literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar#Literary_works" title="Umaru Pulavar">Cīrappurānam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kampa Irāmāyaṉam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembavani" title="Thembavani">Tēmpāvaṉi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_literature_works_about_Ganesha" title="List of Tamil literature works about Ganesha">Tamil Ganaptya texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural_(poetic_form)" title="Kural (poetic form)">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraichchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraichchi">Iraichchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akam_(poetry)" title="Akam (poetry)">Akam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puram_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puram (poetry)">Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinai">Thinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullurai" title="Ullurai">Ullurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(poetry)" title="Ula (poetry)">Ulā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Grammars and<br />dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period" title="Tamil literature">Caturakarāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon_dictionary" title="Tamil Lexicon dictionary">Tamil Lexicon dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mathematics and<br />natural science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthana_Kolahalam" title="Asthana Kolahalam">Asthana Kolahalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87akkatik%C4%81ram" title="Kaṇakkatikāram">Kaṇakkatikāram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87ita_T%C4%ABpikai" title="Kaṇita Tīpikai">Kaṇita Tīpikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerambam" title="Yerambam">Yerambam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil and<br /> other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Koleḻuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava grantha">Pallava grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Modern script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lexis and<br /> grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_honorifics" title="Tamil honorifics">Tamil honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_onomatopoeia" title="Tamil onomatopoeia">Tamil onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_prosody" title="Tamil prosody">Tamil prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Moḻi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardisation_of_Tamil_script" title="Standardisation of Tamil script">Standardisation of Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Tamil_script" title="Simplified Tamil script">Simplified Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_in_Tamil_language" title="Printing in Tamil language">Printing in Tamil language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Heritage_Foundation" title="Tamil Heritage Foundation">Ancient manuscript digitalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Classical_Tamil" title="Central Institute of Classical Tamil">Formation of CICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Madurai" title="Project Madurai">Project Madurai</a></li></ul> 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