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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marie-Dominique_Culioli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marie-Dominique_Culioli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Marie-Dominique Culioli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marie-Dominique_Culioli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cécilia_Ciganer-Albéniz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cécilia_Ciganer-Albéniz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cécilia_Ciganer-Albéniz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carla_Bruni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carla_Bruni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Carla Bruni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carla_Bruni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Personal wealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early political career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early political career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Government:_1993–1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Government:_1993–1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In Government: 1993–1995 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Government:_1993–1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2002–2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2002–2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First term as Minister of the Interior: 2002–2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2002–2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Finance:_2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Finance:_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Minister of Finance: 2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Finance:_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2005–2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2005–2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Second term as Minister of the Interior: 2005–2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2005–2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UMP_leader:_2004–2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UMP_leader:_2004–2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 UMP leader: 2004–2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UMP_leader:_2004–2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election:_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election:_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Presidential election: 2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election:_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Presidency of France </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of France subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Inauguration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_of_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_of_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Release of hostages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_of_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Green policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Security policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Constitutional reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 International affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_intervention_in_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_intervention_in_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Military intervention in Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_intervention_in_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 2012 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Post-presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temporary_retirement:_2012–2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_retirement:_2012–2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Temporary retirement: 2012–2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_retirement:_2012–2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_politics:_2014–2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_politics:_2014–2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Return to politics: 2014–2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_politics:_2014–2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_retirement_from_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_retirement_from_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 2017 retirement from politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_retirement_from_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Corporate boards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-profit_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-profit_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Non-profit organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-profit_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Views on religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Controversial statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Casse-toi,_pauv'con"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Casse-toi,_pauv'con""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 "Casse-toi, pauv'con" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Casse-toi,_pauv'con"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_on_the_Iraq_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_on_the_Iraq_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Position on the Iraq war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_on_the_Iraq_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_nepotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_nepotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Accusations of nepotism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_nepotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_financial_scandals_and_criminal_convictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_financial_scandals_and_criminal_convictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Political and financial scandals and criminal convictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_financial_scandals_and_criminal_convictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Libyan_agent_of_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Libyan_agent_of_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Alleged Libyan agent of influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Libyan_agent_of_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 French Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Foreign Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Other Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Official websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Related contents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offices_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Offices and titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nicolas Sarkozy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" > 149 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8B_%E1%88%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AE%E1%8B%9A" title="ኒኮላ ሳርኮዚ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒኮላ ሳርኮዚ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Саркози, Николь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Саркози, Николь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="نيكولا ساركوزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولا ساركوزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Նիքոլա Սարքոզի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքոլա Սարքոզի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolya_Sarkozi" title="Nikolya Sarkozi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolya Sarkozi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="নিকোলা সার্কোজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোলা সার্কোজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Нікаля Сарказі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікаля Сарказі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Нікаля Сарказі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікаля Сарказі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Никола Саркози – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никола Саркози" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ནི་ཀོ་ལ་ས་ར་ཀོ་ཟི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནི་ཀོ་ལ་ས་ར་ཀོ་ཟི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="نيكولا ساركوزي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيكولا ساركوزي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AF" title="Νικολά Σαρκοζί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικολά Σαρκοζί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نیکولا سارکوزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولا سارکوزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%A7%80" title="니콜라 사르코지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라 사르코지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Նիկոլա Սարկոզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլա Սարկոզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलस सर्कोजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलस सर्कोजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99" title="ניקולא סרקוזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולא סרקוזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸರ್ಕೋಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ಕೋಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლა სარკოზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლა სარკოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Николя Саркози – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Николя Саркози" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Sarkozy" title="Nicolaus Sarkozy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikol%C4%81_Sarkoz%C4%AB" title="Nikolā Sarkozī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolā Sarkozī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Никола Саркози – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никола Саркози" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="നിക്കോളാസ് സർക്കോസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോളാസ് സർക്കോസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80" title="निकोला सार्कोझी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोला सार्कोझी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლა სარკოზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლა სარკოზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%89" title="نيكولا ساركوزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولا ساركوزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نیکلا سارکوزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکلا سارکوزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Николя Саркози – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Николя Саркози" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE" title="နီကိုလပ်စ် ဆာကိုဇီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီကိုလပ်စ် ဆာကိုဇီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलस सारकोजी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निकोलस सारकोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B8" title="ニコラ・サルコジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラ・サルコジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sark%C3%B6zy_de_Nagy-Bocsa" title="Nicolas Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nicolas Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Саркози, Николя – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Саркози, Николя" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="نیکولاس سرکوزي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیکولاس سرکوزي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Николя Саркози – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Николя Саркози" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Саркози, Николя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саркози, Николя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Николя Саркози – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Николя Саркози" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نیکۆلا سارکۆزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلا سارکۆزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Никола Саркози – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никола Саркози" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="நிக்கொலா சார்கோசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கொலா சார்கோசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikula_Sarkuzi" title="Nikula Sarkuzi – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Nikula Sarkuzi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Николя Саркози – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Николя Саркози" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="นีกอลา ซาร์กอซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีกอลา ซาร์กอซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Николя Саркозӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Николя Саркозӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Ніколя Саркозі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніколя Саркозі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نکولس سرکوزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولس سرکوزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%89" title="نىكولا ساركوزى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىكولا ساركوزى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkozy_Nicolas" title="Sarkozy Nicolas – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sarkozy Nicolas" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%A7%91%E9%BD%90" title="尼古拉·萨科齐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉·萨科齐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99" title="ניקאלא סארקאזי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאלא סארקאזי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E9%BD%8A" title="薩爾科齊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩爾科齊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nicolas Sarkozy" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikuolia_Sarkuoz%C4%AB" title="Nikuolia Sarkuozī – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nikuolia Sarkuozī" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%A7%91%E9%BD%90" title="尼古拉·萨科齐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉·萨科齐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolja_Sarkozi" title="Nikolja Sarkozi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nikolja Sarkozi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other people etc., see <a href="/wiki/Sarkozy_(surname)" title="Sarkozy (surname)">Sarkozy (surname)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarko_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sarko (disambiguation)">Sarko (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nicolas Sarkozy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_France,_Mr._Nicolas_Sarkozy,_at_Elysee_Palace,_in_Paris_on_September_30,_2008_(cropped)_(b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_France%2C_Mr._Nicolas_Sarkozy%2C_at_Elysee_Palace%2C_in_Paris_on_September_30%2C_2008_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_France%2C_Mr._Nicolas_Sarkozy%2C_at_Elysee_Palace%2C_in_Paris_on_September_30%2C_2008_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_France%2C_Mr._Nicolas_Sarkozy%2C_at_Elysee_Palace%2C_in_Paris_on_September_30%2C_2008_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="921" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sarkozy in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 May 2007 – 15 May 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other offices held </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 June 2005 – 26 March 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Dominique de Villepin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">François Baroin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 May 2002 – 30 March 2004</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vaillant" title="Daniel Vaillant">Daniel Vaillant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Dominique de Villepin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_General_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the General Council">President of the General Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 April 2004 – 14 May 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Devedjian" title="Patrick Devedjian">Patrick Devedjian</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 31 March 2004 – 29 November 2004</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Francis Mer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Hervé Gaymard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of Communications</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 July 1994 – 11 May 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Carignon" title="Alain Carignon">Alain Carignon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Trautmann" title="Catherine Trautmann">Catherine Trautmann</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Budget_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Budget Ministers of France">Minister of the Budget</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 March 1993 – 11 May 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Édouard Balladur</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Charasse" title="Michel Charasse">Michel Charasse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aubert" title="François d'Aubert">François d'Aubert</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Government_spokespeople_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Government spokespeople of France">Government Spokesperson</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 March 1993 – 19 January 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Édouard Balladur</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mermaz" title="Louis Mermaz">Louis Mermaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 April 1983 – 7 May 2002</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achille_Peretti_(politician)" title="Achille Peretti (politician)">Achille Peretti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Louis-Charles Bary </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Additional positions</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">(see <a href="#Offices_and_titles">§ Offices and distinctions</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa</div> (1955-01-28) 28 January 1955 (age 69) <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> (2015–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (1974–1976) <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (1976–2002) <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (2002–2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style 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dotted;cursor:help}</style>1982; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1996)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cilia_Attias" title="Cécilia Attias">Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1996; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">2007)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carla_Bruni" title="Carla Bruni">Carla Bruni</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">2008)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sarkozy" title="Jean Sarkozy">Jean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris_West_University_Nanterre_La_D%C3%A9fense" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris West University Nanterre La Défense">Paris West University Nanterre La Défense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Master of Advanced Studies">DEA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> (attended)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolas Sarkozy's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg/128px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg/192px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg/256px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="211" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">Conservatism in France</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#France" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme#France" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#France" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle#The_natural_order" title="La Politique naturelle">Natural order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours#Supporting_the_significance_of_Tours_as_a_world_altering_event" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a> (1864)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a> (2015)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> (formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɑːrˈkoʊzi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">sar-KOH-zee</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nikɔla pɔl stefan saʁkɔzi də naʒi bɔksa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ec\/Sarkozy.ogg\/Sarkozy.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sarkozy.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Sarkozy.ogg/Sarkozy.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sarkozy.ogg" title="File:Sarkozy.ogg">ⓘ</a>; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-prince_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-prince of Andorra">co-prince of Andorra</a> from 2007 to 2012. In 2021, he was found guilty of having tried to bribe a judge in 2014 to obtain information and spending beyond legal campaign funding limits during his 2012 re-election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-sentencerevised-2">[2]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, his roots are 1/2 Hungarian Protestant, 1/4 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Jewish">Greek Jewish</a>, and 1/4 <a href="/wiki/French_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Catholic">French Catholic</a>. Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> from 1983 to 2002, he was <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France)">Minister of the Budget</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a> (1993–1995) during <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>'s second term. During <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac%27s_second_presidential_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Chirac's second presidential term">Jacques Chirac's second presidential term</a>, he served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finances_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finances (France)">Minister of Finances</a>. He was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP) party from 2004 to 2007. He won the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 French presidential election</a> by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> (PS) candidate. During his term, he faced the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">European sovereign debt crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> (for which he negotiated a ceasefire), and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>). He initiated the <a href="/wiki/Liberties_and_Responsibilities_of_Universities_(France)" title="Liberties and Responsibilities of Universities (France)">reform of French universities</a> (2007) and the <a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_France" title="Pensions in France">pension reform</a> (2010). He married Italian-French singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Carla_Bruni" title="Carla Bruni">Carla Bruni</a> in 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a> in Paris. In the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012 French presidential election</a>, Sarkozy was defeated by the PS candidate <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> by a 3.2% margin. After leaving the presidential office, Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 and being reelected as UMP leader (renamed <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> in 2015). Being defeated at the <a href="/wiki/2016_The_Republicans_(France)_presidential_primary" title="2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary">Republican presidential primary</a> in 2016, he retired from public life. He was <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy_corruption_trial" title="Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial">charged with corruption</a> by French prosecutors in two cases, notably concerning the <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Libyan_financing_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" title="Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election">alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections</a>. In 2021, Sarkozy <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy_corruption_trial" title="Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial">was convicted</a> of corruption in two separate trials. His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years, two suspended, and one in prison; he appealed against the ruling. He received a one-year sentence for his second conviction, which he is allowed to serve under home confinement. In May 2023, Sarkozy lost an appeal to his corruption conviction.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In February 2024, his one-year sentence for the campaign finance conviction was revised so he would instead serve six months in prison and six months suspended.<a href="#cite_note-sentencerevised-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_history_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Family history of Nicolas Sarkozy">Family history of Nicolas Sarkozy</a></div> Sarkozy was born in Paris and is the son of <a href="/wiki/Family_history_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Family history of Nicolas Sarkozy">Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: nagybócsai Sárközy Pál; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈnɒɟboːt͡ʃɒi ˈʃaːrkøzi ˈpaːl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/87\/Pal_sarkozy.ogg\/Pal_sarkozy.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pal sarkozy.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Pal_sarkozy.ogg/Pal_sarkozy.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pal_sarkozy.ogg" title="File:Pal sarkozy.ogg">ⓘ</a>—in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő;<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-5">[4]</a> 5 May 1928 – 4 March 2023), a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Family_history_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Family history of Nicolas Sarkozy">Andrée Jeanne "Dadu" Mallah</a> (12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017),<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Jew">Greek Jewish</a> grandfather converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozy's French Catholic maternal grandmother.<a href="#cite_note-BBCProf-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church, <a href="/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="17th arrondissement of Paris">17th arrondissement of Paris</a>, on 8 February 1950, and divorced in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> During Sarkozy's childhood, his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy. The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozy's maternal grandfather, Benedict Mallah, in the <a href="/wiki/17th_arrondissement" class="mw-redirect" title="17th arrondissement">17th arrondissement</a> of Paris. The family later moved to <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, one of the wealthiest <a href="/wiki/Commune_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune in France">communes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Île-de-France (region)">Île-de-France</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Régions in France">région</a> immediately west of Paris. According to Sarkozy, his staunchly <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a> grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father, whom he rarely saw. Sarkozy was raised Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-BBCProf-7">[6]</a> Sarkozy said that being kept at a distance by his father shaped much of who he is today. He also has said that, in his early years, he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates.<a href="#cite_note-cath_nay-10">[9]</a> He has spoken about the difficulties he faced as a child of divorced parents at a time when divorce was uncommon. <a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> "What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood", he said later.<a href="#cite_note-cath_nay-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy was enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Chaptal" title="Lycée Chaptal">Lycée Chaptal</a>, a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris' <a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="8th arrondissement of Paris">8th arrondissement</a>, where he failed his <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France#Secondary_education" title="Education in France">sixième</a>. His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau, a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement, where he was reportedly a mediocre student,<a href="#cite_note-cath_nay-10">[9]</a> but where he nonetheless obtained his <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a> in 1973. Sarkozy enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_X:_Nanterre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris X: Nanterre">Université Paris X Nanterre</a>, where he graduated with an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> and, later, with a <a href="/wiki/DEA_(former_French_degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEA (former French degree)">D.E.A.</a> degree in business law. Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May '68</a> student movement and was still a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> students. Described as a quiet student, Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization, in which he was very active.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He completed his military service as a part-time <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">Air Force</a> cleaner.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> After graduating from university, Sarkozy entered <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>, where he studied between 1979 and 1981, but failed to graduate<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> due to an insufficient command of the English language.<a href="#cite_note-cath_nay-10">[9]</a> After passing the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a>, Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in <a href="/wiki/Business_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Business law">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a><a href="#cite_note-cath_nay-10">[9]</a> and was one of <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s French lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marie-Dominique_Culioli">Marie-Dominique Culioli</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marie-Dominique Culioli">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy married his first wife, Marie-Dominique Culioli, on 23 September 1982, with prominent right-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a> serving as best man. (Pasqua later became a political opponent.)<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Culioli's father was a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vico,_Corse-du-Sud" title="Vico, Corse-du-Sud">Vico</a> (a village north of <a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> Corsica); her uncle was <a href="/wiki/Achille_Peretti_(politician)" title="Achille Peretti (politician)">Achille Peretti</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozy's political mentor. They had two sons, Pierre (born in 1985), now a hip-hop producer,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sarkozy" title="Jean Sarkozy">Jean</a> (born in 1986), now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career. Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996, after they had been separated for several years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cécilia_Ciganer-Albéniz">Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz">edit</a>]</div> As mayor of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cilia_Attias" title="Cécilia Attias">Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz</a> (great-granddaughter of composer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a> and daughter of a Moldovan father), when he officiated at her wedding<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> to television host <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Martin_(TV_host)" title="Jacques Martin (TV host)">Jacques Martin</a>. In 1988, she left her husband for Sarkozy, and divorced one year later. She and Sarkozy married in October 1996, with witnesses <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bouygues" title="Martin Bouygues">Martin Bouygues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Arnault" title="Bernard Arnault">Bernard Arnault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> They have one son, Louis, born 23 April 1997. Between 2002 and 2005, the couple often appeared together on public occasions, with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> On 25 May 2005, however, the Swiss newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Matin_(Switzerland)" title="Le Matin (Switzerland)">Le Matin</a> revealed that she had left Sarkozy for Moroccan national <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attias" title="Richard Attias">Richard Attias</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Publicis" title="Publicis">Publicis</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin, which led to Sarkozy <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">suing</a> the paper.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In the meantime, he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fulda" title="Anne Fulda">Anne Fulda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph3-24">[23]</a> Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007, soon after his election as president.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carla_Bruni">Carla Bruni</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carla Bruni">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg/220px-Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg/330px-Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg/440px-Obama_Sarkozy_and_Carla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni greet President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at the G8 Summit dinner in <a href="/wiki/Deauville" title="Deauville">Deauville</a>, France, 26 May 2011.</figcaption></figure> Less than a month after separating from Cécilia, Sarkozy met Italian-born singer, songwriter and former fashion model <a href="/wiki/Carla_Bruni" title="Carla Bruni">Carla Bruni</a> at a dinner party, and soon entered into a relationship with her.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> They married on 2 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The couple have a daughter, Giulia, born on 19 October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_wealth">Personal wealth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal wealth">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy declared to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a> a <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a> of €2 million, most of the assets being in the form of <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> As the French President, one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise: his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000, matching other European officeholders.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> He is also entitled to a mayoral, parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, member of the National Assembly and President of France. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> His supporters within France emphasize his <a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">charisma</a>, political innovation and willingness to "make a dramatic break" amid mounting disaffection against "politics as usual". Overall, he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians. From 2004 to 2007, Sarkozy was president of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union pour un Mouvement Populaire</a> (UMP), France's major right-wing political party, and he was <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> in the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>, with the honorific title of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a>, making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> and Villepin. His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments, as well as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Worship_(France)" title="Minister of Worship (France)">Minister of Worship</a>: in this role he created the <a href="/wiki/French_Council_of_the_Muslim_Faith" title="French Council of the Muslim Faith">French Council of the Muslim Faith</a> (CFCM). Previously, he was a député in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a>. He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment. He previously also held several ministerial posts, including <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister">Finance Minister</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Government:_1993–1995">In Government: 1993–1995</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Government: 1993–1995">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy's political career began when he was 23, when he became a city councillor in <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gaullist">Neo-Gaullist</a> party RPR, he went on to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">mayor</a> of that town, after the death of the incumbent mayor <a href="/wiki/Achille_Peretti_(politician)" title="Achille Peretti (politician)">Achille Peretti</a>. Sarkozy had been close to Peretti, as his mother was Peretti's secretary. A more senior RPR councillor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a>, wanted to become mayor, and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign. Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000. He served from 1983 to 2002. In 1988, he became a deputy in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">National Assembly</a>. In 1993, Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the "Human Bomb", a man who had <a href="/wiki/Neuilly_kindergarten_hostage_crisis" title="Neuilly kindergarten hostage crisis">taken small children hostages in a kindergarten in Neuilly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesWin-34">[33]</a> The "Human Bomb" was killed after two days of talks by <a href="/wiki/French_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Police">policemen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Recherche_Assistance_Intervention_Dissuasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion">RAID</a>, who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting. At the same time, from 1993 to 1995, he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a>. Throughout most of his early career, Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>. During his tenure, he increased France's public debt more than any other French Budget Minister, by the equivalent of €200 billion (US$260 billion) (FY 1994–1996). The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament (budgets for FY1994 and FY1995) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-35">[note 2]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of France's GDP. In 1995, he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>. After Chirac won the election, Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget, and found himself outside the circles of power. However, he returned after the right-wing defeat at the <a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997 parliamentary election</a>, as the number two candidate of the RPR. When the party leader <a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a> resigned, in 1999, he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party. But it obtained its worst result at the <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1999 European Parliament election in France">1999 European Parliament election</a>, winning 12.7% of the votes, less than the dissident <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a> of Charles Pasqua. Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg/220px-Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg/330px-Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg/440px-Sarkozy-congres-ump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy speaking at the congress of his party, 28 November 2004</figcaption></figure> In 2002, however, after his re-election as President of the French Republic (see <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002 French presidential election</a>), Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a>, despite Sarkozy's support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Following Chirac's 14 July keynote speech on road safety, Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads. In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004, Sarkozy became Finance Minister. Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party, as Sarkozy's intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> became clear. In party elections of 10 November 2004, Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote. In accordance with an agreement with Chirac, he resigned as Finance Minister. Sarkozy's ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes, such as Sarkozy's "first lieutenant", <a href="/wiki/Brice_Hortefeux" title="Brice Hortefeux">Brice Hortefeux</a>, and Chirac loyalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Debr%C3%A9" title="Jean-Louis Debré">Jean-Louis Debré</a>. Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>) by President Chirac in February 2005. He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a>. (As required by the constitution,<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002.) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station <a href="/wiki/France_Info" title="France Info">France Info</a> reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> without resigning from the UMP leadership. This was confirmed on 2 June 2005, when the members of the government were officially announced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2002–2004">First term as Minister of the Interior: 2002–2004</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First term as Minister of the Interior: 2002–2004">edit</a>]</div> Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior, in 2004, Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France, according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004. Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">Muslim community</a>. Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations, the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf. Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit <a href="/wiki/French_Council_of_the_Muslim_Faith" title="French Council of the Muslim Faith">Conseil français du culte musulman</a> ("French Council of the Muslim Faith"), an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In addition, Sarkozy has suggested amending the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 French law on the separation of Church and State">1905 law on the separation of Church and State</a>, mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> so that they are less reliant on money from outside France. It was not followed by any concrete measure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Finance:_2004">Minister of Finance: 2004</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minister of Finance: 2004">edit</a>]</div> During his short appointment as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance (France)">Minister of Finance</a>, Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies. The degree to which this reflected libéralisme (a hands-off approach to running the economy) or more traditional French state dirigisme (intervention) is controversial. He resigned the day following his election as president of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>. <ul><li>In September 2004, Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a> from 50.4 percent to 41 percent.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></li> <li>Sarkozy backed a partial <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of the large engineering company <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></li> <li>In June 2004, Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent; the success of this measure is disputed, with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></li> <li>Taxes: Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF (<a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_wealth" title="Solidarity tax on wealth">solidarity tax on wealth</a>). This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">right</a>. Some in the business world and on the liberal right, such as <a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a>, wanted it abolished. For Sarkozy, that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_as_Minister_of_the_Interior:_2005–2007">Second term as Minister of the Interior: 2005–2007</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second term as Minister of the Interior: 2005–2007">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg/220px-2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg/330px-2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg/440px-2006_09_12_sarkozy_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, after their bilateral meeting in Washington, D.C., 12 September 2006</figcaption></figure> During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior, Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities: instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order, many of his declarations addressed wider issues, since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France">Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France</a></div> However, the <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">civil unrest in autumn 2005</a> put law enforcement in the spotlight again. Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from <a href="/wiki/Housing_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing project">housing projects</a> a "rabble" ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/racaille" class="extiw" title="wikt:racaille">racaille</a>") in <a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a> near Paris, and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rcher" title="Kärcher">Kärcher</a>. After the accidental death of two youths, which sparked the riots, Sarkozy first blamed it on "hoodlums" and gangsters. These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government, Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities <a href="/wiki/Azouz_Begag" title="Azouz Begag">Azouz Begag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> After the rioting, he made a number of announcements on future policy: selection of immigrants, greater tracking of immigrants, and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UMP_leader:_2004–2007">UMP leader: 2004–2007</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: UMP leader: 2004–2007">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_%2815%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_%2815%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_%2815%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_14_December_2006_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Nicolas Sarkozy in 2006 with Cypriot opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Anastasiades" title="Nicos Anastasiades">Nicos Anastasiades</a></figcaption></figure> Before he was elected President of France, Sarkozy was president of <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>, the French conservative party, elected with 85 percent of the vote. During his presidency, the number of members increased significantly. In 2005, he supported a "yes" vote in the <a href="/wiki/French_referendum_on_the_European_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French referendum on the European Constitution">French referendum on the European Constitution</a>, but the "No" vote won. Throughout 2005, Sarkozy called for radical changes in France's economic and social policies. These calls culminated in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> on 8 September 2005, during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Among other issues: <ul><li>he called for a simplified and "fairer" <a href="/wiki/Tax_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax code">taxation system</a>, with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate (all direct taxes combined) at 50 percent of revenue;</li> <li>he approved measures reducing or denying social support to <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> workers who refuse work offered to them;</li> <li>he pressed for a reduction in the <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a>, claiming that the French state had been living off <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a> for some time.</li></ul> Such policies are what are called in France libéral (that is, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economic policies) or, with a pejorative undertone, ultra-libéral. Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist. Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system, with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quota" class="extiw" title="wikt:quota">quotas</a> designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy. He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students, saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France; instead, he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France. In early 2006, the <a href="/wiki/French_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="French parliament">French parliament</a> adopted a controversial bill known as <a href="/wiki/DADVSI" title="DADVSI">DADVSI</a>, which reforms <a href="/wiki/French_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="French copyright law">French copyright law</a>. Since his party was divided on the issue, Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved. Later, groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law, which enacted strong penalties against designers of <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election:_2007">Presidential election: 2007</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Presidential election: 2007">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg/170px-Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg/255px-Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg/340px-Meeting_Royal_2007_02_06_n11-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> was Sarkozy's final opponent during the 2007 campaign.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_presidential_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="French presidential election, 2007">French presidential election, 2007</a></div> Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a>, when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning, Sarkozy commented, "Not just when I shave".<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> On 14 January 2007, Sarkozy was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a> to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election. Sarkozy, who was running unopposed,<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> won 98 percent of the votes. Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote, 69 percent participated in the online ballot.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In February 2007, Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on <a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a> where he expressed his support for <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> and the freedom to work overtime. Despite his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, he advocated <a href="/wiki/Civil_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unions">civil unions</a> and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples. The law was voted in July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-49">[note 3]</a> On 7 February, Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second, non-<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_French_aircraft_carrier" title="Future French aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> for the national Navy (adding to the nuclear <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_(R_91)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Gaulle (R 91)">Charles de Gaulle</a>), during an official visit in <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> with Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a>. "This would allow permanently having an operational ship, taking into account the constraints of maintenance", he explained.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> On 21 March, President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy. Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party, and said: "So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support."<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> To focus on his campaign, Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> During the campaign, rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a "candidate for brutality" and of presenting hard-line views about France's future.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities. However, his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period, consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate, Ségolène Royal. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg/150px-Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg/225px-Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg/300px-Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487599014_1737ddc0d6_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrations in Paris, 6 May 2007, following the election of Nicolas Sarkozy</figcaption></figure> The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007. Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes, ahead of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> of the Socialists with 25.87 percent. In the second round, Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results, Sarkozy stressed the need for France's modernisation, but also called for national unity, mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts. In that speech, he claimed "The French have chosen to break with the ideas, habits and behaviour of the past. I will restore the value of work, authority, merit and respect for the nation." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_France">Presidency of France</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Presidency of France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy">Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Inauguration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg/220px-L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg/330px-L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg/440px-L._Bush-Sarkozy_20070608-5_d-0047-515h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy greets U.S. First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> in Germany, June 2007.</figcaption></figure> On 6 May 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic (which was established in 1958), and the 23rd President in French history. The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am (9:00 UTC) at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>, where he was given the authorization codes of the <a href="/wiki/Force_de_Frappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Force de Frappe">French nuclear arsenal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> In the afternoon, the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>. Under Sarkozy's government, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Sarkozy appointed <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a>, the left-wing founder of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a>, as his Foreign Minister, leading to Kouchner's expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a>. In addition to Kouchner, three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Besson" title="Éric Besson">Éric Besson</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a>'s economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign. Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15; one, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Rachida_Dati" title="Rachida Dati">Rachida Dati</a>, is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet. Of the 15, two attended the elite <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a> (ENA).<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The ministers were reorganised, with the controversial creation of a 'Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Co-Development'—given to his right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Brice_Hortefeux" title="Brice Hortefeux">Brice Hortefeux</a>—and of a 'Ministry of Budget, Public Accounts and Civil Administration'—handed out to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_W%C5%93rth" class="mw-redirect" title="Éric Wœrth">Éric Wœrth</a>, supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire. However, after 17 June parliamentary elections, the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers, totalling 31 officials. Sarkozy broke with the custom of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnestying</a> traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, a tradition that <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> had started in 1802 to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP_Moore-58">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Nicolas Sarkozy and General Jean-Louis Georgelin, Chief of the Defence Staff, reviewing troops during the Bastille Day 2008 military parade on the Champs-Élysées, Paris</figcaption></figure> In 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy,<a href="#cite_note-canada.com-59">[56]</a> Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, and Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a>. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.<a href="#cite_note-canada.com-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_of_hostages">Release of hostages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Release of hostages">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after taking office, Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a> and the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a>, regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group, especially Franco-Colombian politician <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Betancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Betancourt">Ingrid Betancourt</a>. According to some sources, Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARC's "chancellor" <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Granda" title="Rodrigo Granda">Rodrigo Granda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Furthermore, he announced on 24 July 2007, that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the <a href="/wiki/HIV_trial_in_Libya" title="HIV trial in Libya">Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya</a> to their country. In exchange, he signed with <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> security, health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million (168 million euros) <a href="/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILAN</a> antitank missile sale.<a href="#cite_note-WP_Moore-58">[55]</a> The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004, and was negotiated with <a href="/wiki/MBDA" title="MBDA">MBDA</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/EADS" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS">EADS</a>. Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed, according to Tripoli, with EADS for a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial Trunked Radio">TETRA radio system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> (PS) and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (France)">Communist Party</a> (PCF) criticised a "state affair" and a "barter" with a "<a href="/wiki/Rogue_state" title="Rogue state">Rogue state</a>".<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The leader of the PS, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation.<a href="#cite_note-WP_Moore-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_policy">Green policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Green policy">edit</a>]</div> On 8 June 2007, during the <a href="/wiki/33rd_G8_summit" title="33rd G8 summit">33rd G8 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heiligendamm" title="Heiligendamm">Heiligendamm</a>, Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. He then pushed forward Socialist <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a> as European nominee to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF).<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> In 2010, a study of <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> universities ranked France the most respectful country of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> concerning the environment.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP), Sarkozy's party, won a majority at the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election" title="2007 French legislative election">June 2007 legislative election</a>, although by less than expected. In July, the UMP majority, seconded by the <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouveau Centre">Nouveau Centre</a>, ratified one of Sarkozy's electoral promises, which was to partially revoke the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> The inheritance tax formerly provided €8 billion in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila,_family_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila%2C_family_photo.jpg/220px-G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila%2C_family_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila%2C_family_photo.jpg/330px-G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila%2C_family_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila%2C_family_photo.jpg/440px-G8_summit_in_L%27Aquila%2C_family_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy (at left) attending the <a href="/wiki/35th_G8_summit" title="35th G8 summit">G-8 Summit</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> Sarkozy's UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes, in particular for <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper middle-class">upper middle-class</a> people, allegedly in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">boost GDP growth</a>, but did not reduce state expenditures. He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so. On 23 July 2008, parliament voted the "loi de modernisation de l'économie" (Modernization of the Economy Law) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses. The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations, allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_addresses_the_E-G8_Forum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Nicolas Sarkozy addresses the E-G8 Forum in Paris in 2011.</figcaption></figure> However, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, Sarkozy has returned to the <a href="/wiki/State_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="State interventionism">state interventionism</a> of his predecessors, declaring that "laissez-faire capitalism is over" and denouncing the "dictatorship of the market". Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist, he responded: "Have I become socialist? Perhaps." He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_policy">Security policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Security policy">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy's government issued a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> profiling program of travellers in airports. The program, called 'Parafes', was to use fingerprints. The <a href="/wiki/Governmental_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental databases">new database</a> would be interconnected with the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a> (SIS) as well as with a national database of wanted persons (<a href="/wiki/Fichier_des_Personnes_Recherch%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichier des Personnes Recherchées">FPR</a>). The Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (<a href="/wiki/CNIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CNIL">CNIL</a>) protested against this new decree, opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR.<a href="#cite_note-Parafes-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_reform">Constitutional reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Constitutional reform">edit</a>]</div> On 21 July 2008, the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign. The vote was 539 to 357, one vote over the three-fifths majority required; the changes are not yet[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] finalized. They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency, and end the president's right of collective pardon. They would allow the president to address parliament in-session, and parliament to set its own agenda. They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments, while ending government control over parliament's committee system. He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament, while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a "consolidation of a monocracy".<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_affairs">International affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_%282011%29.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_%282011%29.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_%282011%29.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_and_Dilma_Rousseff_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>President Nicolas Sarkozy with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a></figcaption></figure> During his 2007 presidential campaign, Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the <a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">entente cordiale</a> with the United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> and closer <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">cooperation with the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008. Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> energy package before the end of his EU Presidency. This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions. In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change, Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> On 6 December 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy, as part of France's then presidency of the Council of the EU, met the <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Dalai Lama</a> in Poland and outraged China, which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg/220px-Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg/330px-Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg/440px-Cameron_and_Sarkozy_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy with British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, November 2010</figcaption></figure> On 3 April 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Summit in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, Sarkozy announced that France would offer <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> to a former <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_captive" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo captive">Guantanamo captive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HoustonChronicle2009-04-02-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-AssociatedPress2009-04-03-79">[76]</a> "We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have", French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N. Climate Summit on 22 September 2009.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> On 5 January 2009, Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict">Gaza Strip Conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The plan, which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> and talks with Israel on border security, a key issue for Israel as it says <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border. Welcoming the proposal, US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> called for a "ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security".<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_intervention_in_Libya">Military intervention in Libya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Military intervention in Libya">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg/250px-Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg/375px-Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg/500px-Paris_Summit_for_the_Support_to_the_Libyan_People_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy at the Paris Summit of 19 March 2011, which marked the start of a military intervention in Libya</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In March 2011, after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions, and persuaded by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Henri_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard-Henri Levy">Bernard-Henri Levy</a> to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government, which was then fighting a <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">civil war in Libya</a>. On 10 March 2011, Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace, three emissaries from the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">Libyan National Transitional Council</a> (NTC), brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting. Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafi's aeroplanes. He also promised them French military assistance. On 17 March 2011, at the behest of France, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">resolution 1973</a> was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations, permitting the creation of a "no fly" zone over Libya, and for the undertaking of "necessary measures" for the protection of the country's civilian population. On 19 March 2011, Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention in Libya</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Harmattan" title="Opération Harmattan">France's participation</a>. These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sondages_sarkozy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sondages_sarkozy.svg/440px-Sondages_sarkozy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sondages_sarkozy.svg/660px-Sondages_sarkozy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sondages_sarkozy.svg/880px-Sondages_sarkozy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Popularity polls during his presidency</figcaption></figure> In 2016, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> published a report stating that the military intervention "was based on erroneous assumptions" that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been "overvalued" and that the coalition "Has not verified the real threat to civilians"; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to "improve his political situation in France".<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_presidential_campaign">2012 presidential campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2012 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_presidential_election,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="French presidential election, 2012">French presidential election, 2012</a></div> Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting.<a href="#cite_note-conseil_constitutionnel-88">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> candidate, received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election, with Sarkozy coming second, meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande. He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollande's 51.62%.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-presidency">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_retirement:_2012–2014">Temporary retirement: 2012–2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Temporary retirement: 2012–2014">edit</a>]</div> After his defeat at the 2012 election, Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollande's victory. He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> commemoration in office. His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May. Shortly after, Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority" title="Qatar Investment Authority">Qatar Investment Authority</a> to back his planned buyout firm. He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_politics:_2014–2016">Return to politics: 2014–2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Return to politics: 2014–2016">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)_presidential_primary,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republicans (France) presidential primary, 2016">The Republicans (France) presidential primary, 2016</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2015-03-12_18-16-27_meeting-sarkozy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4415" data-file-height="3703" /></a><figcaption>Nicolas Sarkozy's rally, Belfort, 12 March 2015</figcaption></figure> On 19 September 2014, Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party.<a href="#cite_note-return-93">[90]</a> and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Led by Sarkozy, UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> On 13 December, the Republicans won the majority of regional office races, another set of national elections.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> (On 30 May the UMP's name was changed to the Republicans.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_retirement_from_politics">2017 retirement from politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2017 retirement from politics">edit</a>]</div> In January 2016, Sarkozy published the book <a href="/wiki/La_France_pour_la_vie" title="La France pour la vie">La France pour la vie</a>. In August 2016, he announced his candidacy for <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)_presidential_primary,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republicans (France) presidential primary, 2016">2016 Republican presidential primary</a> in November 2016, but only came in third place behind <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>. He decided to endorse Fillon and signaled that he was retiring from politics.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Being defeated at the <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)_presidential_primary,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republicans (France) presidential primary, 2016">Republican presidential primary</a> in 2016, he retired from public life. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_(2018-06-14)_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_%282018-06-14%29_29.jpg/220px-2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_%282018-06-14%29_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_%282018-06-14%29_29.jpg/330px-2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_%282018-06-14%29_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_%282018-06-14%29_29.jpg/440px-2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony_%282018-06-14%29_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy with <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Infantino" title="Gianni Infantino">Gianni Infantino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in Russia, 14 June 2018</figcaption></figure> In 2020, Sarkozy was <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy_corruption_trial" title="Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial">charged with corruption</a> by French prosecutors in two cases, notably concerning the <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Libyan_financing_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" title="Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election">alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections</a>. At issue for Sarkozy were campaign costs exceeding the maximum allowed, and how they were paid. In 2021, Sarkozy <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy_corruption_trial" title="Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial">was convicted</a> of corruption in two separate trials. His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years, two of them suspended and one in prison; he has appealed against the ruling. For his second conviction in September 2021, he received a one-year sentence, which he is allowed to serve under home confinement; his lawyer said he would appeal this decision.<a href="#cite_note-France242021-98">[95]</a> He is still a force in conservative politics in France. "Sarkozy retired from active politics in 2017, but is still playing a role behind the scenes. French media have reported that he is involved in the process of choosing a conservative candidate ahead of France's presidential election next year. But the pair of convictions could force Sarkozy to play a more discreet role in 2022's presidential race."<a href="#cite_note-France242021-98">[95]</a> Sarkozy endorsed <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> in the April 2022 election.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> In February 2023, Sarkozy together with his wife and daughter visited the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> where they expressed their enthusiasm for the "exciting place" as well as their deep friendship with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> On 12 November 2023, he took part in the <a href="/wiki/March_for_the_Republic_and_Against_Antisemitism" title="March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism">March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism</a> in Paris in response to the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">rise in antisemitism</a> since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_boards">Corporate boards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Corporate boards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère Group</a>, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accor" title="Accor">Accor</a>, Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee (since 2017)<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-92">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Lucien_Barri%C3%A8re" title="Groupe Lucien Barrière">Groupe Lucien Barrière</a>, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-profit_organizations">Non-profit organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Non-profit organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berggruen_Institute" title="Berggruen Institute">Berggruen Institute</a>, Member of the 21st Century Council<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzman_Scholars" title="Schwarzman Scholars">Schwarzman Scholars</a>, Honorary Member of the Advisory Board<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Public image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarkozy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sarkozy.jpg/190px-Sarkozy.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sarkozy.jpg/285px-Sarkozy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sarkozy.jpg/380px-Sarkozy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Nicolas Sarkozy in 2008</figcaption></figure> Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> However, Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Beside publicising, at times, and at others, refusing to publicise his ex-wife <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cilia_Ciganer-Alb%C3%A9niz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz">Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz</a>'s image,<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image, sometimes to the point of <a href="/wiki/Censorship_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship (France)">censorship</a>—such as in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Paris Match</a> affair, when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with <a href="/wiki/Publicis" title="Publicis">Publicis</a> executive Richard Attias, or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche, which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albéniz's decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In its edition of 9 August 2007, Paris Match <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">retouched</a> a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/love_handle" class="extiw" title="wikt:love handle">love handle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by <a href="/wiki/Sipa_Press" title="Sipa Press">Sipa Press</a> photographer Philippe Warrin, better known for his <a href="/wiki/Paparazzi" title="Paparazzi">paparazzi</a> work.<a href="#cite_note-Leprince-115">[112]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozy's tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media: "he censors a book, or fires the chief editor of a weekly".<a href="#cite_note-Leprince-115">[112]</a> Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">voodoo dolls</a>, in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg/175px-Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg/263px-Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg/350px-Caricature_Nicolas_Sarkozy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>A French 2007 caricature of Sarkozy</figcaption></figure> Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height; believed to be 165 cm (e.g. 5 ft 5 in).<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The French media have pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Sarkosy#Carla_Bruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarkosy">Carla Bruni</a> frequently wears flats when in public with him. In 2009, a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy. (This story was corroborated by some trade union officials.) This was the subject of a political row: the president's office called the accusation "completely absurd and grotesque", while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> after his <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 election</a> as president, to describe his desire to control everything.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Whereas in the history of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>, the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations, leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy, as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the French Fifth Republic">Constitution</a> states it,<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Indeed, he appointed a very close friend of his, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a>, as a Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the President's power.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The biopic <a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_(2011_film)" title="The Conquest (2011 film)">The Conquest</a> is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozy's rise to power, with candid portrayals of Nicolas Sarkozy himself, Chirac and Villepin.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> It was shown at the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right, most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">communist</a>-leaning magazine <a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a> accused Sarkozy of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_religions">Views on religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Views on religions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg/220px-Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg/330px-Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg/440px-Anti_Sarko_480342767_8b13c8532f_o_d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Many on the left distrust Sarkozy; specific "anti-Sarko" movements have been started.</figcaption></figure> In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book, La République, les religions, l'espérance (The Republic, Religions, and Hope),<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicanism in France">republican</a> values. He advocated reducing the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, arguing for the government <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France. After meeting with <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>, which has been seen by some as a cult.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Sarkozy was criticized by some after he claimed "the roots of France are essentially Christian" at a December 2007 speech in Rome. Similarly, he drew criticism after he called Islam "one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known" at a speech in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> in January 2008.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_statements">Controversial statements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Controversial statements">edit</a>]</div> In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy, caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of <a href="/wiki/La_Courneuve" title="La Courneuve">La Courneuve</a> in June 2005, Sarkozy went to the scene and said: "on va nettoyer au <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rcher" title="Kärcher">Kärcher</a> la cité"" ("we will clean the area with a pressure washer"). Two days before the <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">2005 Paris riots</a>, he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voyous" class="extiw" title="wikt:voyous">voyous</a>" ("thugs") and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/racaille" class="extiw" title="wikt:racaille">racaille</a>", a slang term which can be translated into English as "rabble", "scum" or "riff-raff", in answer to a resident who addressed Sarkozy with "Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille?" ("When will you rid us of these <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dregs" class="extiw" title="wikt:dregs">dregs</a>?").<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> publication, L'Humanité, branded this language as inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Following Sarkozy's use of the word racaille, many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right. His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the "banlieues", and a police "raid" on the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois" title="Clichy-sous-Bois">Clichy-sous-Bois</a> in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station. The riots began that night.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a>, of which the alleged perpetrators were <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquitted</a> for lack of proof.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of "the judge" who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections, Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Sarkozy stated that disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Paedophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedophilia">paedophilia</a> and depression have a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic</a> as well as social basis, saying "... I'd be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile, and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease"; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating, "I don't want to give parents a complex. It's not exclusively the parents' fault every time a youngster commits suicide." These statements were criticised by some scientists, including geneticist <a href="/wiki/Axel_Kahn" title="Axel Kahn">Axel Kahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Sarkozy later added, "What part is innate and what part is acquired? At least let's debate it, let's not close the door to all debate."<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> On 27 July 2007, Sarkozy delivered a <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy_Dakar_address" title="Nicolas Sarkozy Dakar address">speech in Dakar</a>, Senegal, written by Henri Guaino, in which he claimed that "the African has never really entered into history".<a href="#cite_note-news24Africa-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardianAfrica-142">[139]</a> The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans, with some viewing them as racist.<a href="#cite_note-guardianAfrica-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> South African president <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> praised Sarkozy's speech, which raised criticism by some in the South African media.<a href="#cite_note-guardianAfrica-142">[139]</a> On 30 July 2010, Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security, and he proposed "stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes".<a href="#cite_note-Casting_Out_the_Un-French-144">[141]</a> This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Casting_Out_the_Un-French-144">[141]</a> by Sarkozy's political opponents, including the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Martine_Aubry" title="Martine Aubry">Martine Aubry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> and by experts of French law, including the ex-member of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a>, who said that such action would be unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> He called for coercive methods to promote "métissage," a melting pot society, which he called an "obligation" during a press conference on 17 December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Casse-toi,_pauv'con"">"Casse-toi, pauv'con"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: "Casse-toi, pauv'con"">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touche-moi-pas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Touche-moi-pas.jpg/220px-Touche-moi-pas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Touche-moi-pas.jpg/330px-Touche-moi-pas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Touche-moi-pas.jpg/440px-Touche-moi-pas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Nicolas Sarkozy about his words "Casse-toi alors, pauvre con!" in February 2008</figcaption></figure> On 23 February 2008, Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a> having the following exchange while visiting the <a href="/wiki/Paris_International_Agricultural_Show" title="Paris International Agricultural Show">Paris International Agricultural Show</a>:<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><blockquote>While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning, in the middle of the crowd, Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand. "Ah no, don't touch me!", said the man. The president retorted immediately: "Get lost, then." "You're making me dirty", yelled the man. With a frozen smile, Sarkozy says, his teeth glistening, a refined "Get lost, then, poor dumb-ass, go."<a href="#cite_note-149">[note 4]</a></blockquote> A precise translation into English has many possible variations.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> On 28 August 2008, Hervé Eon, from <a href="/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne" title="Laval, Mayenne">Laval</a> came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov' con, the exact words Sarkozy had uttered. Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor, who in France indirectly reports to the president, requested a fine of €1000.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine, which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> This incident was widely reported on, in particular as Sarkozy, as president of the Republic, is <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">immune from prosecution</a>, notably restricting Eon's rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_on_the_Iraq_war">Position on the Iraq war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Position on the Iraq war">edit</a>]</div> Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">invasion of Iraq</a>. However, he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> expressed France's opposition to the war. Talking at the French-American Foundation in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on 12 September 2006, he denounced what he called the "French arrogance" and said: "It is bad manners to embarrass one's allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles."<a href="#cite_note-Iraq_speech-157">[153]</a> He added: "We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis." Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozy's speech was "appalling" and "a shameful act".<a href="#cite_note-Iraq_speech-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_nepotism">Accusations of nepotism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Accusations of nepotism">edit</a>]</div> In October 2009, Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son, Jean, try to become head of the public body running France's biggest business district EPAD.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> On 3 July 2012, French police raided Sarkozy's residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_financial_scandals_and_criminal_convictions">Political and financial scandals and criminal convictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Political and financial scandals and criminal convictions">edit</a>]</div> On 5 July 2010, following its investigations on the <a href="/wiki/Bettencourt_affair" title="Bettencourt affair">Bettencourt affair</a>, online newspaper <a href="/wiki/Mediapart" title="Mediapart">Mediapart</a> ran an article in which Claire Thibout, a former accountant of billionairess <a href="/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt" title="Liliane Bettencourt">Liliane Bettencourt</a>, accused Sarkozy and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Woerth" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Woerth">Eric Woerth</a> of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007, in cash.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge, Gilbert Azibert, in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding. Mr Azibert, one of the most senior judges at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal (France)">Court of Appeal</a>, was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody, although his predecessor, Jacques Chirac, was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> After 15 hours in police custody, Sarkozy was put under official investigation for "active corruption", "misuse of influence" and "obtained through a breach of professional secrecy" on 2 July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Mr Azibert and Sarkozy's lawyer, Thierry Herzog, are also now under official investigation. The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozy's attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Nevertheless, he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_22_August_2016-170">[166]</a> but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_21_November_2016-171">[167]</a> A trial on this case, Sarkozy's first, started on 23 November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-abc1-172">[168]</a> On 16 February 2016, Sarkozy was indicted on "illegal financing of political campaign" charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement#Bygmalion_Scandal" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Bygmalion scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> In April 2016, Arnaud Claude, former law partner of Sarkozy, was named in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> On 23 November 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy_corruption_trial" title="Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial">trial of Nicolas Sarkozy</a> started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling, for an attempted <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a> of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Sarkozy_20220927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Sarkozy in 2022</figcaption></figure> On 1 March 2021, a court in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Azibert" title="Gilbert Azibert">Gilbert Azibert</a> and Sarkozy's former lawyer <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Herzog" title="Thierry Herzog">Thierry Herzog</a>. Both men were tried with him and convicted as well. Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-verdictandsentence-180">[176]</a> Sarkozy appealed the ruling, which suspends its application.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> On 20 May 2021, a second criminal trial, this time pertaining to the Bygmalion Scandal related to illegal campaign funding, began for Sarkozy, as well as 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-trialnext-184">[180]</a> Sarkozy's second corruption trial involved allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up.<a href="#cite_note-trialnext-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-sarkozysecond-185">[181]</a> The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events.<a href="#cite_note-sarkozysecond-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-trialnext-184">[180]</a> On 30 September 2021, Sarkozy was convicted along with his co-defendants.<a href="#cite_note-sarkozyagainconviction-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-sarkozysecond-185">[181]</a> For this conviction, Sarkozy was given a one-year prison sentence, though he was also given the option to serve this sentence at home with an electronic bracelet.<a href="#cite_note-sarkozysecond-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-sarkozyagainconviction-186">[182]</a> In 2023, Sarkozy's attempt to appeal the decision was denied and he has been banned from holding public office for three years and but will still have the option of serving his sentence from home with an electronic bracelet.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> In February 2024, an appeals court in Paris upheld a lower court decision requiring Sarkozy to serve his sentence for the campaign overspending conviction.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> However, the one-year sentence was revised so he would instead serve six months of it in prison and six months of it suspended.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Libyan_agent_of_influence">Alleged Libyan agent of influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Alleged Libyan agent of influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Libyan_influence_in_the_2007_French_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged Libyan influence in the 2007 French elections">Alleged Libyan influence in the 2007 French elections</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/150px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/225px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/300px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi allegedly paid €50 million to Sarkozy in exchange for access.</figcaption></figure> Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy invited Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> to France over the objections of both the political opposition, and members of his own government.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2007-190">[186]</a> The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and, during it, France agreed to sell Libya 21 <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2007-190">[186]</a> Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> fighter jets, plus military helicopters, were also initiated during the trip.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> During the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> – a conflict in which France intervened – <a href="/wiki/Saif-al-Islam_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi</a> said in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">euronews</a> that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy.<a href="#cite_note-ind-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-eun12-193">[189]</a> Investigative website <a href="/wiki/Mediapart" title="Mediapart">Mediapart</a> subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million, and also published a claim by <a href="/wiki/Ziad_Takieddine" title="Ziad Takieddine">Ziad Takieddine</a> (disclaimer by the same person in another video) that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy.<a href="#cite_note-ind-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc897-194">[190]</a> French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister <a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Shukri Ghanem</a> in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-f3242-195">[191]</a> Shortly thereafter, however, Ghanem was found dead, floating in the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries.<a href="#cite_note-eun12-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-f3242-195">[191]</a> In January 2018, British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-france3533-196">[192]</a> Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy.<a href="#cite_note-france3533-196">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> in August 2023,<a href="#cite_note-figaro-23-197">[193]</a> Sarkozy said that Ukraine should remain "neutral" and not join NATO or the EU; that France and Russia "need each other"; and that Macron should "renew dialogue" with Putin.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-cohen-23-198">[194]</a> In the same interview, Sarkozy called for Ukraine to accept the <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Russian occupation of Crimea</a> as well as other contested territory, describing the return of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> to Ukraine as "illusory". He condemned the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> but insisted that "Russia will remain our neighbour whether we like it or not. We must find ways and means to re-establish neighbourly, or at least calmer, relations" and "take into account Russia’s historic fear of being encircled by unfriendly neighbours."<a href="#cite_note-figaro-23-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-19-08-2023-199">[195]</a> Critics have reproved his comments as "shameful" and "shocking", and others have accused Sarkozy of being a "Kremlin influencer".<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-19-08-2023-199">[195]</a> Sarkozy has also received support from others for his position, arguing that it presents a "diplomatic way out" of the war.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>President of the French Republic: 2007–2012.</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council of France</a>: since 2012.</li></ul> Governmental functions <ul><li>Minister of Budget and government's spokesman: 1993–1995.</li> <li>Minister of Communication and government's spokesman: 1994–1995.</li> <li>Minister of State, minister of Interior, of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms: 2002–2004.</li> <li>Minister of State, minister of Economy, Finance and Industry: March–November 2004 (resignation).</li> <li>Minister of State, minister of Interior and Land Planning: 2005–2007 (resignation).</li></ul> Electoral mandates European Parliament <ul><li>Member of the European Parliament: July–September 1999 (resignation). Elected in 1999.</li></ul> National Assembly of France <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a> (6th constituency): 1988–1993 (became minister in 1993) / 1995–2002 (became minister in 2002) / March–June 2005 (became minister in June 2005). Elected in 1988, reelected in 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2005.</li></ul> Regional Council <ul><li>Regional councillor of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Île-de-France (region)">Île-de-France</a>: 1983–1988 (resignation). Elected in 1986.</li></ul> General Council <ul><li>President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine: 2004–2007 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007).</li> <li>Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine: 1986–1988 (resignation).</li> <li>General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine, elected in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of France">canton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>-Nord: 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007).</li></ul> Municipal Council <ul><li>Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 1983–2002 (resignation). Reelected in 1989, 1995, and 2001.</li> <li>Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 2002–2005 (resignation).</li> <li>Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 1977–2005 (resignation). Reelected in 1983, 1989, 1995, and 2001.</li></ul> Political functions <ul><li>President of <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a>: 2015–2016.</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a>: 2004–2007 and 2014–2015 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007). Reelected in 2014.</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>: April–October 1999.</li> <li>General secretary of the Rally for the Republic: 1998–1999.</li> <li>Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic: 1992–1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Honours">French Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: French Honours">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross (2007—automatic when taking office)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Knight (2004)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/40px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">National Order of Merit</a> (2007—automatic when taking office)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Honours">Foreign Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Foreign Honours">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_bar_of_Order_of_Glory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribbon bar of Order of Glory"><img alt="Ribbon bar of Order of Glory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ribbon_bar_of_Order_of_Glory.png/40px-Ribbon_bar_of_Order_of_Glory.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ribbon_bar_of_Order_of_Glory.png/60px-Ribbon_bar_of_Order_of_Glory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ribbon_bar_of_Order_of_Glory.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a> Gran Cross of the Order of Glory (<a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>) - 2011<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg/40px-BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg/60px-BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg/80px-BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Commander_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) - 2004<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>) - 2009<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg/40px-BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg/60px-BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg/80px-BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Stara_Planina" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Stara Planina">Order of the Balkan Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) - 2007<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg/40px-GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg/60px-GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg/80px-GEO_St-George_Victory_Order_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Medal of the <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Order_of_Victory" title="St. George's Order of Victory">St. George's Order of Victory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) - 2011<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GRE Order Redeemer 1Class"><img alt="GRE Order Redeemer 1Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg/40px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg/60px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg/80px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>) - 2008<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/40px-Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Ivory_Coast" title="National Order of the Ivory Coast">National Order of the Ivory Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>) - 2012<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif/40px-Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif/60px-Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif/80px-Ord.GoldenEagle-ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Eagle" title="Order of the Golden Eagle">Order of the Golden Eagle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) - 2009<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_(Kuwait)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/40px-Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/80px-Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great" title="Order of Mubarak the Great">Order of Mubarak the Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>) - 2009<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif/40px-Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif/60px-Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif/80px-Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="46" /></a> Extraordinary Grade of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Lebanon)" title="Order of Merit (Lebanon)">Order of Merit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>) - 2009<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribbon Bar of None"><img alt="Ribbon Bar of None" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg/40px-Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg/60px-Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg/80px-Ribbon_Bar_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Muhammad" title="Order of Muhammad">Order of Muhammad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) - 2007<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Order of Saint-Charles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>) – 25 April 2008<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Independence_(Qatar)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Order_of_Independence_%28Qatar%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/40px-Order_of_Independence_%28Qatar%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Order_of_Independence_%28Qatar%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_Independence_%28Qatar%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Order_of_Independence_%28Qatar%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/80px-Order_of_Independence_%28Qatar%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Independence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of the Independence (page does not exist)">Order of the Independence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>) - 2008<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_King_Abdulaziz,_1st_Class_(Saudi_Arabia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/40px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/60px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/80px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud">Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>) - 2008<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) – 2011<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/40px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/80px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) – 2009<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg/40px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg/60px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg/80px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_GC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="62" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) – 2004<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif/40px-Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif/60px-Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif/80px-Order_of_7th_November_1987.gif 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="29" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Seventh_of_November&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of the Seventh of November (page does not exist)">Order of the Seventh of November</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) – 28 April 2008<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/40px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/60px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/80px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="550" /></a> First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) – 2010<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Zayed Ribbon"><img alt="Order of Zayed Ribbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg/40px-Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg/60px-Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg/80px-Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_Zayed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Zayed" title="Order of Zayed">Order of Zayed</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>) – 2008<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) – 2008<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Honours">Other Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other Honours">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>: <a href="/wiki/Honorary_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary canons">Proto-canon</a> of the Papal Basilicas of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. John Lateran">St. John Lateran</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's</a> (2007–2012; the post is held ex officio by the French Head of State)<a href="#cite_note-Diocese_of_Rome-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Premio Mediterraneo<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bourgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bourgi (page does not exist)">Robert Bourgi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Sarkozy" is the westernized, or internationalized, version of his Hungarian name. In Hungarian, the given name comes last rather than first. The French aristocratic particle "de" is also used instead of the Hungarian aristocratic ending "-i". This westernization of Hungarian names is frequent, particularly for people with an aristocratic name. For example, the leader of Hungary from 1920 to 1944, whose Hungarian name is nagybányai Horthy Miklós, is known in English as <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya</a>. The French name of Pál Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa changed in 1948 to Paul Étienne Arnaud Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa when Pál was translated as Paul in French. The acute accents on the "a" of Sarközy and the "o" of Bocsa were dropped as these letters never carry an acute accent (accent aigu) in French. The <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">trema</a> on the "o" of Sárközy was kept, probably because French typewriters allow this combination, whereas it is impossible to write "a" or "o" with an acute accent using a French typewriter. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> See also <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dette_publique_de_la_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Dette publique de la France">Dette publique de la France</a> (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> It was included in the paquet fiscal that has been one of the first laws passed in Parliament. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> In French: "Lors de sa traversée éclair du salon samedi matin, en plein bain de foule, Sarkozy croise un visiteur récalcitrant qui refuse sa poignée de main. «Ah non, touche-moi pas», prévient-il. Le chef de l'État rétorque sans détour: «Casse-toi, alors.» «Tu me salis», embraye l'homme. Le sourire se crispe. Sarkozy lâche, desserrant à peine les dents, un raffiné «Casse-toi alors, pauv'con, va.» </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56237818">"Sarkozy: Former French president sentenced to jail for corruption"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Expansion&rft.atitle=Grande+distribution+%3A+l%27accord+Sarkozy+%C3%A0+moiti%C3%A9+appliqu%C3%A9&rft.date=2004-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpansion.com%2Fart%2F2576.78716.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartine2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martine, Gilson (20 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208204557/http://www.nouvelobs.com/articles/p2063/a241461.html">"ISF, la tentation des députés"</a> [press review]. Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nouvelobs.com/articles/p2063/a241461.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvel+Observateur&rft.atitle=ISF%2C+la+tentation+des+d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s&rft.date=2004-05-20&rft.aulast=Martine&rft.aufirst=Gilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nouvelobs.com%2Farticles%2Fp2063%2Fa241461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=921072">Azouz Begag, principal opposant à Nicolas Sarkozy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504120121/http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=921072">Archived</a> 4 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, 2 November 2005 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarkozyblog.free.fr/index.php?2005/09/07/170-le-meilleur-pour-la-france">"Interview with Le Monde, 8 September 2005"</a>. Sarkozy Blog. 19 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230052512/http://sarkozyblog.free.fr/index.php?2005%2F09%2F07%2F170-le-meilleur-pour-la-france">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Le+Monde%2C+8+September+2005&rft.pub=Sarkozy+Blog&rft.date=2004-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsarkozyblog.free.fr%2Findex.php%3F2005%2F09%2F07%2F170-le-meilleur-pour-la-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtl.fr/rtlinfo/article.asp?dicid=159060">Broadcast of "France 2"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050427000943/http://www.rtl.fr/rtlinfo/article.asp?dicid=159060">Archived</a> 27 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 19 November 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084218/http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2288253&rubId=4076">"Boutin renonce à se présenter et soutient Sarkozy"</a>. La Croix. France. 3 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2288253&rubId=4076">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Boutin+renonce+%C3%A0+se+pr%C3%A9senter+et+soutient+Sarkozy&rft.date=2006-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-croix.com%2Farticle%2Findex.jsp%3FdocId%3D2288253%26rubId%3D4076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6260275.stm">Sarkozy nod for presidential run</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116141101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6260275.stm">Archived</a> 16 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 14 January 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712192502/http://www.marianne2007.info/index.php?id_plugin=266&path=newsAFP%2Fpage2News.php&ftpUrl=070207164849.bmmbl7vt.txt&pos=1&action=plugin">Sarkozy pour un deuxième porte-avions français</a> (AFP) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouet2007" class="citation news cs1">Louet, Sophie (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-election-chirac-idUSL2145446120070321">"France's Chirac backs Sarkozy presidential bid"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173903/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-election-chirac-idUSL2145446120070321">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France%27s+Chirac+backs+Sarkozy+presidential+bid&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.aulast=Louet&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-france-election-chirac-idUSL2145446120070321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1546278/Chirac-finally-endorses-his-old-rival-Sarkozy.html">"Chirac finally endorses his old rival Sarkozy"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. 21 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107225817/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1546278/Chirac-finally-endorses-his-old-rival-Sarkozy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Chirac+finally+endorses+his+old+rival+Sarkozy&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1546278%2FChirac-finally-endorses-his-old-rival-Sarkozy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6566649.stm">French confused over the real Sarkozy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427000445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6566649.stm">Archived</a> 27 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 18 April 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Élection présidentielle de 2007—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2007/FE.html">résultats définitifs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803125756/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2007/FE.html">Archived</a> 3 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> French Ministry of the Interior </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2007" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry (17 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023042542/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fwfra17.xml">"Radiant Cécilia puts Sarkozy in the shade"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/17/wfra17.xml">the original</a> on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Radiant+C%C3%A9cilia+puts+Sarkozy+in+the+shade&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fwfra17.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais_attente/salle_de_presse/communique_concernant_la_nommination_du_premier_ministre.76689.html">Communiqué de la Présidence de la République concernant la nomination du Premier ministre.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519071357/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais_attente/salle_de_presse/communique_concernant_la_nommination_du_premier_ministre.76689.html">Archived</a> 19 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>, 17 May 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9226982">France's New Government – A study in perpetual motion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716000336/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9226982">Archived</a> 16 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, 23 June 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_Moore-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_Moore_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP_Moore_58-1">b</a> Molly Moore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/03/AR2007080301950.html">France's Sarkozy Off to a Running Start</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/03/AR2007080301950.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, 4 August 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-canada.com-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canada.com_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canada.com_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210643/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=079abc91-ed93-41c2-bce4-0579af73ea32&p=1">"Sarkozy professes love for Quebec and Canada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=079abc91-ed93-41c2-bce4-0579af73ea32&p=1">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarkozy+professes+love+for+Quebec+and+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fmontrealgazette%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D079abc91-ed93-41c2-bce4-0579af73ea32%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells" class="citation web cs1">Wells, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-quebec-unite-on-eu-free-trade-accord">"Canada and Quebec Unite on EU Free Trade Accord"</a>. Maclean's Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926051959/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0013123">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Canada+and+Quebec+Unite+on+EU+Free+Trade+Accord&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcanada-and-quebec-unite-on-eu-free-trade-accord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacronica.com/EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Internacional/08062007/244942.aspx">Llama G8 a FARC contribuir a liberación de rehenes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225022851/http://www.lacronica.com/EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Internacional/08062007/244942.aspx">Archived</a> 25 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, La Cronica, 8 June 2007 (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100215053855/http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2007/08/02/tripoli-annonce-un-contrat-d-armement-avec-la-france-l-elysee-dans-l-embarras_941475_3210.html">"Tripoli annonce un contrat d'armement avec la France, l'Elysée dans l'embarras"</a>. LeMonde.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2007/08/02/tripoli-annonce-un-contrat-d-armement-avec-la-france-l-elysee-dans-l-embarras_941475_3210.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2010 – via wayback.archive-it.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LeMonde.fr&rft.atitle=Tripoli+annonce+un+contrat+d%27armement+avec+la+France%2C+l%27Elys%C3%A9e+dans+l%27embarras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F02%2Ftripoli-annonce-un-contrat-d-armement-avec-la-france-l-elysee-dans-l-embarras_941475_3210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_Moore-63"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Moore_63-0">^</a> Molly Moore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/03/AR2007080301950.html">France's Sarkozy Off to a Running Start</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/03/AR2007080301950.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, 4 August 2007 (in English) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/20070710.WWW000000271_fmi_strauss_kahn_candidat_officiel_de_lunion_europeenne.html">FMI: Strauss-Kahn candidat officiel de l'Union européenne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813023639/http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/20070710.WWW000000271_fmi_strauss_kahn_candidat_officiel_de_lunion_europeenne.html">Archived</a> 13 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, 10 July 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSPAB00331220070707">France's Sarkozy wants Strauss-Kahn as IMF head</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415183641/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSPAB00331220070707">Archived</a> 15 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, 7 July 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> (in French) La France au 7e rang mondial pour l'environnement – <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/pratique-patrimoine/20070713.FIG000000211_les_deputes_votent_la_quasi_suppression_des_droits_de_succession.html">Les députés votent la quasi-suppression des droits de succession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715124826/http://www.lefigaro.fr/pratique-patrimoine/20070713.FIG000000211_les_deputes_votent_la_quasi_suppression_des_droits_de_succession.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, 13 July 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/266891.FR.php">Les droits de succession (presque) supprimés</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LEFIGARO&rft.atitle=Royaume-Uni+%3A+un+rapport+parlementaire+%C3%A9reinte+Sarkozy+et+Cameron+pour+l%27intervention+en+Libye&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2F01003-20160914ARTFIG00259-royaume-uni-un-rapport-parlementaire-ereinte-sarkozy-et-cameron-pour-l-intervention-en-libye.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conseil_constitutionnel-88"><a href="#cite_ref-conseil_constitutionnel_88-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417021012/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/download/cc2012listecandidats.pdf">Décision du 19 mars 2012 arrêtant la liste des candidats à l'élection présidentielle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Conseil Constitutionnel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/FE.html">"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle 2012 Sarkozy lost the second round to the socialist candidate François Hollande making Hollande the new President of France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512003940/http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/FE.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+pr%C3%A9sidentielle+2012+Sarkozy+lost+the+second+round+to+the+socialist+candidate+Fran%C3%A7ois+Hollande+making+Hollande+the+new+President+of+France.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.interieur.gouv.fr%2FPR2012%2FFE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/france/2min/20120506-france-socialist-hollande-wins-presidential-election-sarkozy">"Socialist Hollande triumphs in French presidential poll – France 24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 6 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193613/http://www.france24.com/en/france/2min/20120506-france-socialist-hollande-wins-presidential-election-sarkozy">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialist+Hollande+triumphs+in+French+presidential+poll+%E2%80%93+France+24&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F2min%2F20120506-france-socialist-hollande-wins-presidential-election-sarkozy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Anne-Sylvaine Chassany and Camilla Hall (March 28, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/52b9eaba-97be-11e2-b7ef-00144feabdc0">Nicolas Sarkozy's road from the Elysée to private equity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110235902/https://www.ft.com/content/52b9eaba-97be-11e2-b7ef-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> 10 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ft.com-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_92-1">b</a> Anne-Sylvaine Chassany (21 February 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/1ed0309c-f859-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65">Nicolas Sarkozy joins AccorHotels to head international strategy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924215906/https://www.ft.com/content/1ed0309c-f859-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65">Archived</a> 24 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-return-93"><a href="#cite_ref-return_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2014" class="citation web cs1">Willsher, Kim (19 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/19/sarkozy-return-politics-france-ump">"Sarkozy announces return to politics in France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919152011/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/19/sarkozy-return-politics-france-ump">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sarkozy+announces+return+to+politics+in+France&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F19%2Fsarkozy-return-politics-france-ump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2014" class="citation web cs1">Willsher, Kim (29 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/29/nicolas-sarkozy-ump-party-leadership-elected">"Nicolas Sarkozy elected to head French opposition party in comeback bid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129230724/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/29/nicolas-sarkozy-ump-party-leadership-elected">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy+elected+to+head+French+opposition+party+in+comeback+bid&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fnov%2F29%2Fnicolas-sarkozy-ump-party-leadership-elected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32104760">"French local elections: Exit polls suggest Conservative win"</a>. bbc.com. 29 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130034722/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32104760">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=French+local+elections%3A+Exit+polls+suggest+Conservative+win&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-32104760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> BBC News, 13 December 2015 "French Far Right National Front 'Routed' in Key Vote" </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38047046">"France Sarkozy: Ex-president exits after defeat"</a>. 21 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206215412/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38047046">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France+Sarkozy%3A+Ex-president+exits+after+defeat&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-38047046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France242021-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-France242021_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-France242021_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.france24.com/en/france/20210930-former-french-president-sarkozy-found-guilty-of-illegal-campaign-financing">"France's ex-president Nicolas Sarkozy to serve a year of house arrest for illegal campaign financing"</a>. France 24. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=France%27s+ex-president+Nicolas+Sarkozy+to+serve+a+year+of+house+arrest+for+illegal+campaign+financing&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.france24.com%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F20210930-former-french-president-sarkozy-found-guilty-of-illegal-campaign-financing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2022" class="citation news cs1">Batchelor, Tom (12 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/macron-le-pen-france-elections-sarkozy-b2056309.html?amp">"France's ex-President Sarkozy endorses Macron in election battle against Le Pen"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=France%27s+ex-President+Sarkozy+endorses+Macron+in+election+battle+against+Le+Pen&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmacron-le-pen-france-elections-sarkozy-b2056309.html%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matzav.com/former-french-president-sarkozy-visits-the-kosel/">"Former French President Sarkozy Visits the Kosel | Matzav.com"</a>. Matzav.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matzav.com&rft.atitle=Former+French+President+Sarkozy+Visits+the+Kosel+%7C+Matzav.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatzav.com%2Fformer-french-president-sarkozy-visits-the-kosel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajosBalleBérardBerrod2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bajos, Par Sandrine; Balle, Catherine; Bérard, Christophe; Berrod, Nicolas; Bureau, Éric; Choulet, Frédéric; Collet, Emeline; Souza, Pascale De; Doukhan, David (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/marche-contre-lantisemitisme-francois-hollande-marylise-leon-agnes-jaoui-pourquoi-ils-sengagent-11-11-2023-WREACIPV4BEOZEDCWAGRM5ZNRA.php">"Marche contre l'antisémitisme : François Hollande, Marylise Léon, Agnès Jaoui... pourquoi ils s'engagent"</a>. leparisien.fr (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leparisien.fr&rft.atitle=Marche+contre+l%27antis%C3%A9mitisme+%3A+Fran%C3%A7ois+Hollande%2C+Marylise+L%C3%A9on%2C+Agn%C3%A8s+Jaoui...+pourquoi+ils+s%27engagent&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft.aulast=Bajos&rft.aufirst=Par+Sandrine&rft.au=Balle%2C+Catherine&rft.au=B%C3%A9rard%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Berrod%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Bureau%2C+%C3%89ric&rft.au=Choulet%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Collet%2C+Emeline&rft.au=Souza%2C+Pascale+De&rft.au=Doukhan%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fsociete%2Fmarche-contre-lantisemitisme-francois-hollande-marylise-leon-agnes-jaoui-pourquoi-ils-sengagent-11-11-2023-WREACIPV4BEOZEDCWAGRM5ZNRA.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last5=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Benoit Van Overstraeten and Maya Nikolaeva (27 February 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lagardere-board/frances-lagardere-adds-nicolas-sarkozy-to-its-board-idUSP6N29Y00C">France's Lagardere adds Nicolas Sarkozy to its board</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229102533/https://www.reuters.com/article/lagardere-board/frances-lagardere-adds-nicolas-sarkozy-to-its-board-idUSP6N29Y00C">Archived</a> 29 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.accor.com/nicolas-sarkozy-joins-accorhotels-board-of-directors-to-support-its-international-vision%e2%80%8b/?lang=en">Nicolas Sarkozy joins AccorHotels' Board of Directors to support its international vision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804183219/https://press.accor.com/nicolas-sarkozy-joins-accorhotels-board-of-directors-to-support-its-international-vision%e2%80%8b/?lang=en">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Accor" title="Accor">Accor</a>, press release of 21 February 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Dominique Vidalon (21 February 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-accorhotels-sarkozy/accorhotels-beats-profit-expectations-ex-president-sarkozy-joins-board-idUSKBN1602BJ">AccorHotels beats profit expectations, ex-president Sarkozy joins board</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120956/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-accorhotels-sarkozy/accorhotels-beats-profit-expectations-ex-president-sarkozy-joins-board-idUSKBN1602BJ">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groupebarriere.com/en/our-group/governance-shareholders/board-of-directors.html">Board of Directors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104607/https://www.groupebarriere.com/en/our-group/governance-shareholders/board-of-directors.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Lucien_Barri%C3%A8re" title="Groupe Lucien Barrière">Groupe Lucien Barrière</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berggruen.org/people/group/21st-century-council/">21st Century Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821155415/https://www.berggruen.org/people/group/21st-century-council/">Archived</a> 21 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Berggruen_Institute" title="Berggruen Institute">Berggruen Institute</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/about/advisors/">Advisors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205212711/https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/about/advisors/">Archived</a> 5 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Schwarzman_Scholars" title="Schwarzman Scholars">Schwarzman Scholars</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/french-president-is-best-dressed-pol/">French President Is Best Dressed Pol</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, 9 August 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/01/04/gord-at-no-10-down-n-out-street-115875-21940661/">Gordon Brown tops GQ worst dressed man poll</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920032455/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/01/04/gord-at-no-10-down-n-out-street-115875-21940661/">Archived</a> 20 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>, 4 January 2010 (original GQ article no longer available) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Frédéric Pagès, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lecanardenchaine.fr/une4530.html">Cécilia, dame d'enfer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824162852/http://www.lecanardenchaine.fr/une4530.html">Archived</a> 24 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="Le Canard enchaîné">Le Canard enchaîné</a>, 22 August 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rue89.com/2007/05/13/cecilia_sarkozy_na_pas_vote_un_scoop_censure_du_jdd">Cécilia Sarkozy n'a pas voté... scoop censuré du JDD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910224607/http://www.rue89.com/2007/05/13/cecilia_sarkozy_na_pas_vote_un_scoop_censure_du_jdd">Archived</a> 10 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rue_89" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue 89">Rue 89</a>, 13 May 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/info/quotidien/actu.asp?id=13512">Sarkozy: les poignées de l'amour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824095525/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/quotidien/actu.asp?id=13512">Archived</a> 24 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Express_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a>, 22 August 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rue89.com/2007/08/23/un-bourrelet-relance-le-debat-sur-la-retouche-dimages">Un bourrelet relance le débat sur la retouche d'images</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013215/http://rue89.com/2007/08/23/un-bourrelet-relance-le-debat-sur-la-retouche-dimages">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rue_89" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue 89">Rue 89</a>, 23 August 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/node/5967">Topless Sarkozy's love handles airbrushed away</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165532/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/node/5967">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback 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Retrieved 28 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conseil+Constitutionnel&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+4+October+1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fconseil-constitutionnel%2Froot%2Fbank_mm%2Fanglais%2Fconstiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> (in English) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2007" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Roger (23 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html">"OP-ED COLUMNIST; Sarkozy's New Order"</a>. 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France. 2 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214150705/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2005-11-02/2005-11-02-817109">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy+pompier+pyromane&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.presse.fr%2Fjournal%2F2005-11-02%2F2005-11-02-817109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> The Independent, 17 April 2007, p. 20, "The banlieues prepare to vote: We hate Sarkozy because he hates us." </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.nouvelobs.com/societe/20051001.OBS0822.html">"Incendie de Pau : les 8 accusés acquittés"</a>. Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). France. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 1 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvel+Observateur&rft.atitle=Incendie+de+Pau+%3A+les+8+accus%C3%A9s+acquitt%C3%A9s&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.nouvelobs.com%2Fsociete%2F20051001.OBS0822.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050626010734/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3224,36-665357@51-660372,0.html">"Nicolas Sarkozy veut faire " payer " un juge pour " sa faute ""</a>. Le Monde (in French). 23 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3224,36-665357@51-660372,0.html">the original</a> (Fee required for full article) on 26 June 2005. Retrieved 3 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy+veut+faire+%22+payer+%22+un+juge+pour+%22+sa+faute+%22&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Farticle%2F0%2C1-0%402-3224%2C36-665357%4051-660372%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philomag.com/article,dialogue,nicolas-sarkozy-et-michel-onfray-confidences-entre-ennemis,288.php">online extracts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715074700/http://www.philomag.com/article,dialogue,nicolas-sarkozy-et-michel-onfray-confidences-entre-ennemis,288.php">Archived</a> 15 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophie Magazine, nr 8, April 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070604061336/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2007-04-04/2007-04-04-848961">"Un gène ne commande jamais un destin humain"</a>, 4 April 2007, <a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-823448,36-894367@51-893376,0.html">"Tollé dans la communauté scientifique après les propos de Nicolas Sarkozy sur la génétique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226181644/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-823448,36-894367@51-893376,0.html">Archived</a> 26 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 11 April 2007<a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,2053956,00.html">"Row over Sarkozy's paedophilia comment refuses to go away"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173906/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/10/france">Archived</a> 30 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 10 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-news24Africa-141"><a href="#cite_ref-news24Africa_141-0">^</a> News24.com; 28 July 2007; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2154961,00.html">Sarkozy's Africa vision under fire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210956/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2154961,00.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianAfrica-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianAfrica_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianAfrica_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianAfrica_142-2">c</a> Chris McGreal;The Guardian (UK) 27 August 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,2156809,00.html">Mbeki criticised for praising 'racist' Sarkozy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173932/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/27/southafrica.france">Archived</a> 30 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Michel Agier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vacarme.eu.org/article1493.html">l'Afrique en France après le discours de Dakar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405020136/http://vacarme.eu.org/article1493.html">Archived</a> 5 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vacarme n°42 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-Casting_Out_the_Un-French-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casting_Out_the_Un-French_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casting_Out_the_Un-French_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/opinion/06fri2.html?_r=1&ref=nicolas_sarkozy">"Casting Out the Un-French"</a>. The New York Times. 5 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723115229/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/opinion/06fri2.html?_r=1&ref=nicolas_sarkozy">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Casting+Out+the+Un-French&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F06%2Fopinion%2F06fri2.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dnicolas_sarkozy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/securite-aubry-denonce-la-derive-antirepublicaine-de-sarkozy-et-de-sa-majorite-01-08-2010-1221034_20.php">"SÉCURITÉ – Aubry dénonce la "dérive antirépublicaine" de Sarkozy et de sa majorité, actualité Politique: Le Point"</a>. Le Point. France. August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806210740/http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/securite-aubry-denonce-la-derive-antirepublicaine-de-sarkozy-et-de-sa-majorite-01-08-2010-1221034_20.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Point&rft.atitle=S%C3%89CURIT%C3%89+%E2%80%93+Aubry+d%C3%A9nonce+la+%22d%C3%A9rive+antir%C3%A9publicaine%22+de+Sarkozy+et+de+sa+majorit%C3%A9%2C+actualit%C3%A9+Politique%3A+Le+Point&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fsecurite-aubry-denonce-la-derive-antirepublicaine-de-sarkozy-et-de-sa-majorite-01-08-2010-1221034_20.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/08/02/badinter-rappelle-a-sarkozy-l-egalite-de-tous-les-francais-devant-la-loi_1394701_823448.html">"Badinter rappelle à Sarkozy l'égalité de tous les Français devant la loi"</a>. Le Monde. France. 2 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123040615/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/08/02/badinter-rappelle-a-sarkozy-l-egalite-de-tous-les-francais-devant-la-loi_1394701_823448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Badinter+rappelle+%C3%A0+Sarkozy+l%27%C3%A9galit%C3%A9+de+tous+les+Fran%C3%A7ais+devant+la+loi&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpolitique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F08%2F02%2Fbadinter-rappelle-a-sarkozy-l-egalite-de-tous-les-francais-devant-la-loi_1394701_823448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwPPRYl0xQE">Sarkozy – Métissage obligatoire | cultural mixing is necessary [full press conference]</a>. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarkozy+%E2%80%93+M%C3%A9tissage+obligatoire+%7C+cultural+mixing+is+necessary+%5Bfull+press+conference%5D&rft.date=2016-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqwPPRYl0xQE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718082514/http://videos.leparisien.fr/video/iLyROoaftL1D.html">"Premiers pas mouvementés de Sarkozy au salon de l'agriculture"</a>. Le Parisien (in French). France. 23 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videos.leparisien.fr/video/iLyROoaftL1D.html">the original</a> (<a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a>) on 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Premiers+pas+mouvement%C3%A9s+de+Sarkozy+au+salon+de+l%27agriculture&rft.date=2008-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideos.leparisien.fr%2Fvideo%2FiLyROoaftL1D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhammer2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldhammer" title="Arthur Goldhammer">Goldhammer, Arthur</a> (25 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artgoldhammer.blogspot.com/2008/02/found-on-web.html">"Found on the web"</a>. French Politics. An American observer comments on French politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708023831/http://artgoldhammer.blogspot.com/2008/02/found-on-web.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Found+on+the+web&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.aulast=Goldhammer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartgoldhammer.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F02%2Ffound-on-web.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=713778">"French supporters defend Sarkozy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222231753/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=713778">Archived</a> 22 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, 25 February 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmer2008" class="citation news cs1">Balmer, Crispian (26 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=334307">"Sarkozy runs afoul of critics with rank reply"</a>. National Post. Toronto. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. p. A2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Sarkozy+runs+afoul+of+critics+with+rank+reply&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft.aulast=Balmer&rft.aufirst=Crispian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D334307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] <ul><li>Article noted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpinfomart.ca/news/ar_results.php?q=1136115&sort=pubd&page=1&n%5Bdb%5D%5B%5D=ntnp&n%5Bby%5D%5B%5D=Crispian+Balmer">fpinfomart.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173952/https://fpadvisor.financialpost.com/">Archived</a> 30 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, but is not available.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoignard2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poignard, Anne-Claire (24 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/10/24/casse-toi-pauvre-con-quatre-mots-a-1-000-euros_1110685_823448.html">"" Casse-toi, pauvre con ! " : quatre mots à 1 000 euros"</a> (Fee required for full article). Le Monde (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027093048/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/10/24/casse-toi-pauvre-con-quatre-mots-a-1-000-euros_1110685_823448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%22+Casse-toi%2C+pauvre+con+%21+%22+%3A+quatre+mots+%C3%A0+1+000+euros&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft.aulast=Poignard&rft.aufirst=Anne-Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpolitique%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F24%2Fcasse-toi-pauvre-con-quatre-mots-a-1-000-euros_1110685_823448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEon2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eon (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rue89.com/2008/09/04/casse-toi-povcon-au-tribunal-pour-outrage-au-president">"" Casse-toi pov'con " : au tribunal pour outrage au Président"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Rue_89" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue 89">Rue 89</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029182135/http://www.rue89.com/2008/09/04/casse-toi-povcon-au-tribunal-pour-outrage-au-president">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22+Casse-toi+pov%27con+%22+%3A+au+tribunal+pour+outrage+au+Pr%C3%A9sident&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.au=Eon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rue89.com%2F2008%2F09%2F04%2Fcasse-toi-povcon-au-tribunal-pour-outrage-au-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rue89.com/2008/11/06/casse-toi-povcon-30-euros-avec-sursis-pour-herve-eon">"" Casse-toi pov'con" : 30 euros avec sursis pour Hervé Eon"</a>. Rue89. 14 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703094422/http://www.rue89.com/2008/11/06/casse-toi-povcon-30-euros-avec-sursis-pour-herve-eon">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22+Casse-toi+pov%27con%22+%3A+30+euros+avec+sursis+pour+Herv%C3%A9+Eon&rft.pub=Rue89&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rue89.com%2F2008%2F11%2F06%2Fcasse-toi-povcon-30-euros-avec-sursis-pour-herve-eon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphaëlle_Besse_Desmoulières2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raphaëlle Besse Desmoulières (23 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2008/10/23/le-delit-d-outrage-est-une-infraction-obsolete_1110460_3224.html">"Le délit d'outrage est une infraction obsolète"</a>. Le Monde (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027013150/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2008/10/23/le-delit-d-outrage-est-une-infraction-obsolete_1110460_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Le+d%C3%A9lit+d%27outrage+est+une+infraction+obsol%C3%A8te&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.au=Rapha%C3%ABlle+Besse+Desmouli%C3%A8res&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fsociete%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F23%2Fle-delit-d-outrage-est-une-infraction-obsolete_1110460_3224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraq_speech-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_speech_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_speech_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibération2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> (18 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/205032.FR.php">"Chirac juge "lamentable" l'atlantisme de Sarkozy"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819050053/http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/205032.FR.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chirac+juge+%22lamentable%22+l%27atlantisme+de+Sarkozy&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft.au=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Factualite%2Fpolitiques%2F205032.FR.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Angelique Chrisafis (Oct 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/09/jean-sarkozy-nepotism-row">"Sarkozy's son sparks nepotism row after being tipped for top public job"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722194539/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/09/jean-sarkozy-nepotism-row">Archived</a> 22 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Guardian, Friday 9 October 2009. Accessed 2 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2009" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry (23 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/6410101/Nicolas-Sarkozys-son-will-not-seek-high-profile-post-after-nepotism-row.html">"Nicolas Sarkozy's son will not seek high-profile post after nepotism row"</a>. The Telegraph. United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309180846/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/6410101/Nicolas-Sarkozys-son-will-not-seek-high-profile-post-after-nepotism-row.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy%27s+son+will+not+seek+high-profile+post+after+nepotism+row&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F6410101%2FNicolas-Sarkozys-son-will-not-seek-high-profile-post-after-nepotism-row.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2012" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry (6 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9249521/France-election-2012-Nicolas-Sarkozy-booted-out-of-office-having-exhausted-France.html">"France election 2012: Nicolas Sarkozy booted out of office having exhausted France"</a>. The Telegraph. United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509032112/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9249521/France-election-2012-Nicolas-Sarkozy-booted-out-of-office-having-exhausted-France.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=France+election+2012%3A+Nicolas+Sarkozy+booted+out+of+office+having+exhausted+France&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F9249521%2FFrance-election-2012-Nicolas-Sarkozy-booted-out-of-office-having-exhausted-France.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisafis2012" class="citation news cs1">Chrisafis, Angelique (3 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/03/nicolas-sarkozy-home-raided-police?newsfeed=true">"Nicolas Sarkozy's home raided by French police"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510212816/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/03/nicolas-sarkozy-home-raided-police?newsfeed=true">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy%27s+home+raided+by+French+police&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft.aulast=Chrisafis&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjul%2F03%2Fnicolas-sarkozy-home-raided-police%3Fnewsfeed%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediapart.fr">"L'ex-comptable des Bettencourt accuse: des enveloppes d'argent à Woerth et à Sarkozy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224155948/http://www.mediapart.fr/">Archived</a> 24 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, original report (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e72598de-88d5-11df-8925-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss">"Financial Times article"</a>. Financial Times. 6 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173914/https://www.ft.com/content/e72598de-88d5-11df-8925-00144feab49a?ftcamp=rss">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Financial+Times+article&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fe72598de-88d5-11df-8925-00144feab49a.html%3Fftcamp%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> BBC News (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28103223">"French ex-President Sarkozy held over influence claims"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205171821/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28103223">Archived</a> 5 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 1 July 2014. Accessed 1 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Kim Willsher (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/nicolas-sarkozy-detained-questioning-alleged-corruption">"Nicolas Sarkozy detained for questioning over alleged corruption"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908234744/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/nicolas-sarkozy-detained-questioning-alleged-corruption">Archived</a> 8 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Guardian, 1 July 2014. Accessed 1 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> BBC News (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28122473">"France's ex-President Sarkozy put under investigation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205170230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28122473">Archived</a> 5 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 2 July 2014. Accessed 2 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Kim Willsher (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/nicolas-sarkozy-faces-criminal-charge-after-being-placed-under-investigation">"Nicolas Sarkozy under official investigation after questioning"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927155757/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/nicolas-sarkozy-faces-criminal-charge-after-being-placed-under-investigation">Archived</a> 27 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 2 July 2014. Accessed 2 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> BBC News (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28103223">"French ex-President Sarkozy held over influence claims"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205171821/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28103223">Archived</a> 5 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 1 July 2014. Accessed 1 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10942094/Nicolas-Sarkozy-I-am-victim-of-a-grotesque-witch-hunt.html">"Nicolas Sarkozy: I am victim of a 'grotesque' witch-hunt"</a>. Daily Telegraph. 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702202802/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10942094/Nicolas-Sarkozy-I-am-victim-of-a-grotesque-witch-hunt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy%3A+I+am+victim+of+a+%27grotesque%27+witch-hunt&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F10942094%2FNicolas-Sarkozy-I-am-victim-of-a-grotesque-witch-hunt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_22_August_2016-170"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_22_August_2016_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11576712">"Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. BBC. 22 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401164649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3673102.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Nicolas+Sarkozy&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11576712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_21_November_2016-171"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_21_November_2016_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38047046">"France Sarkozy: Ex-president exits after defeat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. BBC. 21 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212050256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38047046">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=France+Sarkozy%3A+Ex-president+exits+after+defeat&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-38047046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc1-172"><a href="#cite_ref-abc1_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Vaux-Montagny_and_Sylvie_Corbet2020" class="citation news cs1">Nicolas Vaux-Montagny and Sylvie Corbet (23 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/french-president-sarkozy-stands-trial-corruption-74356391">"French ex-President Sarkozy's trial for corruption suspended"</a>. ABC News. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124021439/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/french-president-sarkozy-stands-trial-corruption-74356391">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=French+ex-President+Sarkozy%27s+trial+for+corruption+suspended&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft.au=Nicolas+Vaux-Montagny+and+Sylvie+Corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2FwireStory%2Ffrench-president-sarkozy-stands-trial-corruption-74356391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/02/16/01016-20160216ARTFIG00072-affaire-bygmalion-nicolas-sarkozy-actuellement-entendu-par-les-juges.php">"Affaire Bygmalion : Nicolas Sarkozy est mis en examen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217091556/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/02/16/01016-20160216ARTFIG00072-affaire-bygmalion-nicolas-sarkozy-actuellement-entendu-par-les-juges.php">Archived</a> 17 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Le Figaro, 16 February 2016, Accessed 16 February 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35592077">"Nicolas Sarkozy investigated over France campaign funds – BBC News"</a>. BBC News. 16 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217231640/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35592077">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2016. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trend.az&rft.atitle=French+President+to+be+awarded+Altyn+Kyran+Order&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fazerbaijan%2Fpolitics%2F1553525.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/le-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-recoit-la-medaille-du-grand-moubarak-al-kebir-de-sa-cheikh-sabah-al-ahmed-al-jaber-al-sabah-au-palais-bayan-a-koweit-le-11-fevrier-2009-le-president-nicolas-sarkozy-effectue-une-visite-officielle-de-deux-jours-en-oman-au-bahrein-et-au-koweit-photo-de-christophe-guibbbaud-abacapress-com-image398011691.html?imageid=AD3A966C-56C7-437E-B1D7-802AF842A644&p=1366776&pn=1&searchId=15daa55ba6ae76d426c3075ac8e5d6ca&searchtype=0">"Le président français Nicolas Sarkozy reçoit la médaille du Grand Moubarak Al Kebir de sa Cheikh Sabah Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah au Palais Bayan à Koweït"</a>. alamyimages.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alamyimages.fr&rft.atitle=Le+pr%C3%A9sident+fran%C3%A7ais+Nicolas+Sarkozy+re%C3%A7oit+la+m%C3%A9daille+du+Grand+Moubarak+Al+Kebir+de+sa+Cheikh+Sabah+Al+Ahmed+Al+Jaber+Al+Sabah+au+Palais+Bayan+%C3%A0+Kowe%C3%AFt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamyimages.fr%2Fle-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-recoit-la-medaille-du-grand-moubarak-al-kebir-de-sa-cheikh-sabah-al-ahmed-al-jaber-al-sabah-au-palais-bayan-a-koweit-le-11-fevrier-2009-le-president-nicolas-sarkozy-effectue-une-visite-officielle-de-deux-jours-en-oman-au-bahrein-et-au-koweit-photo-de-christophe-guibbbaud-abacapress-com-image398011691.html%3Fimageid%3DAD3A966C-56C7-437E-B1D7-802AF842A644%26p%3D1366776%26pn%3D1%26searchId%3D15daa55ba6ae76d426c3075ac8e5d6ca%26searchtype%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/le-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-pose-avec-des-medailles-remises-par-le-president-libanais-michel-sleiman-a-l-elysee-a-paris-en-france-le-16-mars-2009-michel-sleiman-est-en-france-pour-une-visite-d-etat-de-trois-jours-axee-sur-l-aide-militaire-et-economique-francaise-au-liban-alors-que-son-pays-a-ouvert-aujourd-hui-sa-toute-premiere-ambassade-dans-l-ancien-courtier-en-puissance-syrien-et-prepare-des-elections-legislatives-en-juin-2009-photo-d-abd-rabbo-mousse-abacapress-com-image398028893.html?imageid=B6E84912-5761-4D55-AC69-46385EC9F419&p=1366776&pn=2&searchId=f13485f44aae563e34df5ef1553c12ae&searchtype=0">"Le président français Nicolas Sarkozy pose avec des médailles remises par le président libanais Michel Sleiman à l'Elysée à Paris"</a>. alamyimages.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alamyimages.fr&rft.atitle=Le+pr%C3%A9sident+fran%C3%A7ais+Nicolas+Sarkozy+pose+avec+des+m%C3%A9dailles+remises+par+le+pr%C3%A9sident+libanais+Michel+Sleiman+%C3%A0+l%27Elys%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamyimages.fr%2Fle-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-pose-avec-des-medailles-remises-par-le-president-libanais-michel-sleiman-a-l-elysee-a-paris-en-france-le-16-mars-2009-michel-sleiman-est-en-france-pour-une-visite-d-etat-de-trois-jours-axee-sur-l-aide-militaire-et-economique-francaise-au-liban-alors-que-son-pays-a-ouvert-aujourd-hui-sa-toute-premiere-ambassade-dans-l-ancien-courtier-en-puissance-syrien-et-prepare-des-elections-legislatives-en-juin-2009-photo-d-abd-rabbo-mousse-abacapress-com-image398028893.html%3Fimageid%3DB6E84912-5761-4D55-AC69-46385EC9F419%26p%3D1366776%26pn%3D2%26searchId%3Df13485f44aae563e34df5ef1553c12ae%26searchtype%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/le-roi-mohammed-vi-du-maroc-remet-le-cadeau-de-wissan-mohammad-au-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-lors-d-une-reception-au-palais-royal-de-marrakech-au-maroc-le-22-octobre-2007-photo-de-ludovic-pool-abacapress-com-image401368037.html">"Le roi Mohammed VI du Maroc remet le cadeau de Wissan Mohammad au président français Nicolas Sarkozy lors d'une réception au palais royal de Marrakech"</a>. alamyimages.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alamyimages.fr&rft.atitle=Le+roi+Mohammed+VI+du+Maroc+remet+le+cadeau+de+Wissan+Mohammad+au+pr%C3%A9sident+fran%C3%A7ais+Nicolas+Sarkozy+lors+d%27une+r%C3%A9ception+au+palais+royal+de+Marrakech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamyimages.fr%2Fle-roi-mohammed-vi-du-maroc-remet-le-cadeau-de-wissan-mohammad-au-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-lors-d-une-reception-au-palais-royal-de-marrakech-au-maroc-le-22-octobre-2007-photo-de-ludovic-pool-abacapress-com-image401368037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909/3d792baf2ae397cac1257439002c17be!OpenDocument">"N° 7857 du VENDREDI 25 AVRIL 2008 * Ordonnance Souveraine n° 1.622 du 25 avril 2008 portant élévation à la dignité d"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232434/http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909/3d792baf2ae397cac1257439002c17be!OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N%C2%B0+7857+du+VENDREDI+25+AVRIL+2008+%2A+Ordonnance+Souveraine+n%C2%B0+1.622+du+25+avril+2008+portant+%C3%A9l%C3%A9vation+%C3%A0+la+dignit%C3%A9+d&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legimonaco.mc%2FDataweb%2Fjourmon.nsf%2F100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909%2F3d792baf2ae397cac1257439002c17be%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/l-emir-cheikh-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani-du-qatar-recoit-le-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-au-palais-emiri-de-doha-au-qatar-le-14-janvier-2008-a-l-occasion-de-la-deuxieme-etape-de-sa-visite-dans-la-region-du-golfe-arabo-persique-photo-par-eric-hadj-pool-abacapress-com-image398778347.html?imageid=03227922-A9A1-4CDD-9262-55C8F8E24DA2&p=1366776&pn=1&searchId=5c9bc0a9a22a08eae26ffdb71ddbe91d&searchtype=0">"L'émir cheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani du Qatar reçoit le président français Nicolas Sarkozy au Palais Emiri de Doha, au Qatar"</a>. alamyimages.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alamyimages.fr&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9mir+cheikh+Hamad+Bin+Khalifa+Al+Thani+du+Qatar+re%C3%A7oit+le+pr%C3%A9sident+fran%C3%A7ais+Nicolas+Sarkozy+au+Palais+Emiri+de+Doha%2C+au+Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamyimages.fr%2Fl-emir-cheikh-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani-du-qatar-recoit-le-president-francais-nicolas-sarkozy-au-palais-emiri-de-doha-au-qatar-le-14-janvier-2008-a-l-occasion-de-la-deuxieme-etape-de-sa-visite-dans-la-region-du-golfe-arabo-persique-photo-par-eric-hadj-pool-abacapress-com-image398778347.html%3Fimageid%3D03227922-A9A1-4CDD-9262-55C8F8E24DA2%26p%3D1366776%26pn%3D1%26searchId%3D5c9bc0a9a22a08eae26ffdb71ddbe91d%26searchtype%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/le-president-nicolas-sarkozy-pose-apres-avoir-recu-la-medaille-du-roi-abdelaziz-a-la-residence-du-roi-a-riyad-en-arabie-saoudite-le-13-janvier-2008-photo-par-ammar-abd-rabbo-abacapress-com-image398777852.html?imageid=98379F46-2395-434D-91BB-BD83D417AB12&p=1366776&pn=1&searchId=e070ea975918156c4b122ac9ffc10bfd&searchtype=0">"Le président Nicolas Sarkozy pose après avoir reçu la médaille du roi Abdelaziz à la résidence du roi à Riyad, en Arabie Saoudite"</a>. alamyimages.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alamyimages.fr&rft.atitle=Le+pr%C3%A9sident+Nicolas+Sarkozy+pose+apr%C3%A8s+avoir+re%C3%A7u+la+m%C3%A9daille+du+roi+Abdelaziz+%C3%A0+la+r%C3%A9sidence+du+roi+%C3%A0+Riyad%2C+en+Arabie+Saoudite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamyimages.fr%2Fle-president-nicolas-sarkozy-pose-apres-avoir-recu-la-medaille-du-roi-abdelaziz-a-la-residence-du-roi-a-riyad-en-arabie-saoudite-le-13-janvier-2008-photo-par-ammar-abd-rabbo-abacapress-com-image398777852.html%3Fimageid%3D98379F46-2395-434D-91BB-BD83D417AB12%26p%3D1366776%26pn%3D1%26searchId%3De070ea975918156c4b122ac9ffc10bfd%26searchtype%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/11/25/internacional/1322232120.html">"El Rey concede el Toisón de Oro a Sarkozy"</a>. El Mundo. 25 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125182217/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/11/25/internacional/1322232120.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=El+Rey+concede+el+Tois%C3%B3n+de+Oro+a+Sarkozy&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2011%2F11%2F25%2Finternacional%2F1322232120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18623">"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2011-18623"</a>. BOE.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023212407/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18623">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOE.es&rft.atitle=BOE.es+%E2%80%93+Documento+BOE-A-2011-18623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2011-18623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2009-6944">"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2009-6944"</a>. BOE.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023212215/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2009-6944">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOE.es&rft.atitle=BOE.es+%E2%80%93+Documento+BOE-A-2009-6944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2009-6944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2004-538">"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2004-538"</a>. BOE.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023201813/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2004-538">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOE.es&rft.atitle=BOE.es+%E2%80%93+Documento+BOE-A-2004-538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2004-538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/fraction-journal-officiel/2008/2008F/041/TF20083134.pdf">"Décrets et arrêtés"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173437/http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/fraction-journal-officiel/2008/2008F/041/TF20083134.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9crets+et+arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.tn%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffraction-journal-officiel%2F2008%2F2008F%2F041%2FTF20083134.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=934%2F2010">Указ Президента України No. 934/2010 від 6 жовтня 2010 року «Про нагородження орденом князя Ярослава Мудрого»</a>(in Ukrainian) </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamyimages.fr/le-president-des-emirats-arabes-unis-sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-al-nahyan-recoit-le-president-nicolas-sarkozy-au-palais-presidentiel-d-abu-dhabi-aux-emirats-arabes-unis-le-15-janvier-2008-la-france-et-les-eau-ont-signe-divers-accords-mais-le-plus-important-est-la-mise-en-oeuvre-d-une-base-militaire-francaise-dans-le-golfe-la-premiere-du-genre-photo-de-ludovic-marin-pool-abacapress-com-image398778895.html?imageid=D0130CEB-6DCC-4067-B61B-B04CD8848D57&p=1366776&pn=1&searchId=fc57066c5b1eba80692ea0c98811667e&searchtype=0">"Le président des Émirats arabes Unis, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, reçoit le président Nicolas Sarkozy au Palais présidentiel d'Abu Dhabi, aux Émirats arabes Unis"</a>. alamyimages.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alamyimages.fr&rft.atitle=Le+pr%C3%A9sident+des+%C3%89mirats+arabes+Unis%2C+Sheikh+Khalifa+Bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan%2C+re%C3%A7oit+le+pr%C3%A9sident+Nicolas+Sarkozy+au+Palais+pr%C3%A9sidentiel+d%27Abu+Dhabi%2C+aux+%C3%89mirats+arabes+Unis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamyimages.fr%2Fle-president-des-emirats-arabes-unis-sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-al-nahyan-recoit-le-president-nicolas-sarkozy-au-palais-presidentiel-d-abu-dhabi-aux-emirats-arabes-unis-le-15-janvier-2008-la-france-et-les-eau-ont-signe-divers-accords-mais-le-plus-important-est-la-mise-en-oeuvre-d-une-base-militaire-francaise-dans-le-golfe-la-premiere-du-genre-photo-de-ludovic-marin-pool-abacapress-com-image398778895.html%3Fimageid%3DD0130CEB-6DCC-4067-B61B-B04CD8848D57%26p%3D1366776%26pn%3D1%26searchId%3Dfc57066c5b1eba80692ea0c98811667e%26searchtype%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23439015-663,00.html">"Queen hosts French President Nicolas Sarkozy and wife Carla"</a>. News.com.au. 27 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904071841/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23439015-663,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=Queen+hosts+French+President+Nicolas+Sarkozy+and+wife+Carla&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fheraldsun%2Fstory%2F0%2C21985%2C23439015-663%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diocese_of_Rome-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Diocese_of_Rome_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=674">"Ente – Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano"</a> (in Italian). Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075647/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=674">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ente+%E2%80%93+Santissimo+Salvatore+e+Santi+Giovanni+Battista+ed+Evangelista+in+Laterano&rft.pub=Vicariate+of+the+Diocese+of+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicariatusurbis.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D188%26ID%3D674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=675">"Ente – San Pietro in Vaticano"</a> (in Italian). Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109163326/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=675">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ente+%E2%80%93+San+Pietro+in+Vaticano&rft.pub=Vicariate+of+the+Diocese+of+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicariatusurbis.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D188%26ID%3D675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083340/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=528878&KeyW=">"A Sarkozy il Premio Mediterraneo Istituzioni"</a>. Denaro.it (in Italian). 13 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=528878&KeyW=">the original</a> on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Denaro.it&rft.atitle=A+Sarkozy+il+Premio+Mediterraneo+Istituzioni&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denaro.it%2FVisArticolo.aspx%3FIdArt%3D528878%26KeyW%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkozy1994" class="citation book cs1">Sarkozy, Nicolas (1994). [Georges Mandel] : le moine de la politique. Paris: B. Grasset. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-246-46301-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-246-46301-6"><bdi>978-2-246-46301-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BGeorges+Mandel%5D+%3A+le+moine+de+la+politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=B.+Grasset&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-246-46301-6&rft.aulast=Sarkozy&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttenheimer1994" class="citation book cs1">Ottenheimer, Ghislaine (1994). Les deux Nicolas: la machine Balladur. Paris: Plon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-259-18115-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-259-18115-5"><bdi>2-259-18115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+deux+Nicolas%3A+la+machine+Balladur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=2-259-18115-5&rft.aulast=Ottenheimer&rft.aufirst=Ghislaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkozyMichel1995" class="citation book cs1">Sarkozy, Nicolas; Michel, Denisot (1995). Au bout de la passion, l'équilibre. Paris: A. Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-07616-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-226-07616-6"><bdi>2-226-07616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Au+bout+de+la+passion%2C+l%27%C3%A9quilibre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Michel&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=2-226-07616-6&rft.aulast=Sarkozy&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Michel%2C+Denisot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">, interviews with Michel Denisot</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser1995" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Anita (1995). Sarkozy: l'ascension d'un jeune homme pressé. Paris: Belfond. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7144-3235-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7144-3235-2"><bdi>2-7144-3235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarkozy%3A+l%27ascension+d%27un+jeune+homme+press%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Belfond&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=2-7144-3235-2&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">, Grand livre du mois 1995</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkozy2003" class="citation book cs1">Sarkozy, Nicolas (2003). Libre. Paris: Pocket. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-266-13303-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-266-13303-9"><bdi>2-266-13303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-266-13303-9&rft.aulast=Sarkozy&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">, subject(s): Pratiques politiques—France—1990–, France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantoux2003" class="citation book cs1">Mantoux, Aymeric (2003). Nicolas Sarkozy: l'instinct du pouvoir. Paris: First Éd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87691-783-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-87691-783-1"><bdi>2-87691-783-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy%3A+l%27instinct+du+pouvoir&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=First+%C3%89d.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-87691-783-1&rft.aulast=Mantoux&rft.aufirst=Aymeric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayaffre2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Damon_Mayaffre" title="Damon Mayaffre">Mayaffre, Damon</a> (2012). Nicolas Sarkozy : Mesure et démesure du discours (2007-2012) (in French). Paris: Presses de <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2724612431" title="Special:BookSources/978-2724612431"><bdi>978-2724612431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy+%3A+Mesure+et+d%C3%A9mesure+du+discours+%282007-2012%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+de+Sciences+Po&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2724612431&rft.aulast=Mayaffre&rft.aufirst=Damon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNay2007" class="citation book cs1">Nay, Catherine (2007). Un pouvoir nommé désir. Paris: l'Archipel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84187-495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84187-495-8"><bdi>978-2-84187-495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+pouvoir+nomm%C3%A9+d%C3%A9sir&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=l%27Archipel&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-84187-495-8&rft.aulast=Nay&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser2003" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Anita (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpouvoirnommdsi0000nayc">Sarkozy: itinéraire d'une ambition</a>. Paris: Grasset. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-246-68001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-246-68001-7"><bdi>978-2-246-68001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarkozy%3A+itin%C3%A9raire+d%27une+ambition&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Grasset&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-246-68001-7&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpouvoirnommdsi0000nayc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Canard_enchaîné_(periodical)2003" class="citation book cs1">Le Canard enchaîné (periodical) (2003). Sarkozy, l'homme (trop) pressé. Les dossiers du "Canard enchaîné". Vol. 89. Paris. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0292-5354">0292-5354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarkozy%2C+l%27homme+%28trop%29+press%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Les+dossiers+du+%22Canard+encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9%22&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0292-5354&rft.au=Le+Canard+encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9+%28periodical%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenach2004" class="citation book cs1">Domenach, Nicolas (2004). Sarkozy au fond des yeux. Paris: Jacob-Duvernet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84724-064-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-84724-064-0"><bdi>2-84724-064-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarkozy+au+fond+des+yeux&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Jacob-Duvernet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-84724-064-0&rft.aulast=Domenach&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocier2004" class="citation book cs1">Blocier, Antoine (2004). Voyage à Sarkoland. Pantin: le Temps des cerises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84109-449-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84109-449-9"><bdi>2-84109-449-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+%C3%A0+Sarkoland&rft.place=Pantin&rft.pub=le+Temps+des+cerises&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-84109-449-9&rft.aulast=Blocier&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabu2004" class="citation book cs1">Cabu (2004). Sarko circus =. Paris: le Cherche Midi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7491-0277-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-7491-0277-4"><bdi>2-7491-0277-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarko+circus+%3D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=le+Cherche+Midi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-7491-0277-4&rft.au=Cabu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">, subject(s): Sarkozy, Nicolas (1955–)—Caricatures et dessins humoristiques</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Gurrey, Béatrice (2004). Le rebelle et le roi. Paris: A. Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-15576-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-226-15576-7"><bdi>2-226-15576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+rebelle+et+le+roi&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Michel&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-226-15576-7&rft.aulast=Gurrey&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">, Grand Livre du mois 2004, subject(s): Chirac, Jacques (1932–), Sarkozy, Nicolas (1955–), France—Politique et gouvernement—1995–</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkozyVerdin,_PhilippeCollin,_Thibaud2004" class="citation book cs1">Sarkozy, Nicolas; Verdin, Philippe; Collin, Thibaud (2004). La République, les religions, l'espérance : entretiens avec Thibaud Collin et Philippe Verdin. Paris: les éd. du Cerf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-204-07283-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-204-07283-4"><bdi>2-204-07283-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9publique%2C+les+religions%2C+l%27esp%C3%A9rance+%3A+entretiens+avec+Thibaud+Collin+et+Philippe+Verdin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=les+%C3%A9d.+du+Cerf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-204-07283-4&rft.aulast=Sarkozy&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Verdin%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Collin%2C+Thibaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988">, subject(s): Laïcité—France—1990–, Islam—France—1990–</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarmon2004" class="citation book cs1">Darmon, Michaël (2004). Sarko Star. Paris: Éd. du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-066826-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-066826-2"><bdi>2-02-066826-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarko+Star&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+du+Seuil&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-02-066826-2&rft.aulast=Darmon&rft.aufirst=Micha%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2005" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Jean-Pierre (2005). Dans la peau de Sarko et de ceux qui veulent sa peau. Paris: Michalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84186-270-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-84186-270-4"><bdi>2-84186-270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dans+la+peau+de+Sarko+et+de+ceux+qui+veulent+sa+peau&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Michalon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-84186-270-4&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoir2005" class="citation book cs1">Noir, Victor (2005). Nicolas Sarkozy, le destin de Brutus. Denoël. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-207-25751-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-207-25751-7"><bdi>2-207-25751-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy%2C+le+destin+de+Brutus&rft.pub=Deno%C3%ABl&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-207-25751-7&rft.aulast=Noir&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard2005" class="citation book cs1">Reinhard, Philippe (2005). Chirac Sarkozy, mortelle randonné. Paris: First Éd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7540-0003-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7540-0003-8"><bdi>2-7540-0003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chirac+Sarkozy%2C+mortelle+randonn%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=First+%C3%89d.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-7540-0003-8&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSautreau2005" class="citation book cs1">Sautreau, Serge (2005). Nicoléon, roman. Paris: L' Atelier des Brisants. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84623-074-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84623-074-9"><bdi>2-84623-074-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicol%C3%A9on%2C+roman&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27+Atelier+des+Brisants&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-84623-074-9&rft.aulast=Sautreau&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Sarkozy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicolas_Sarkozy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" class="extiw" title="commons:Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_websites">Official websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Official websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elysee.fr/">President of France</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521010650/http://www.u-m-p.org/">Website of the UMP, Sarkozy's party</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111231836/http://www.sarkozy.fr/">Official personal website</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lafranceforte.fr/">2012 campaign website</a></li> <li>(in English and French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/france.shtml">Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations</a> during the General Debate of the 63rd Session, 23 September 2008. Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Press">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/110/article_2809.asp">Radio France International feature</a> Sarkozy's 90-minute address to the nation, 6 February 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702144537/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article2959989.ece">"Hosing Sarkozy"</a> an article in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-tls.co.uk">TLS</a> by Sudhir Hazareesingh, 28 November 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/english/20070607.WWW000000541_interview_with_french_president_nicolas_sarkozy.html">Interview after One Month in Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214181125/http://www.lefigaro.fr/english/20070607.WWW000000541_interview_with_french_president_nicolas_sarkozy.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Le Figaro, 7 June 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4048917.stm">Sarkozy takes over Chirac's UMP party</a> (BBC News)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3673102.stm">Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (BBC News)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804112548/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articleshow.asp?ID=713&cid=3&sid=9">Nicolas Sarkozy: French Choose the American Way?</a> by David Storobin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townhall.com/columnists/SuzanneFields/2006/09/18/vive_this_difference">Vive this difference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503081026/http://www.townhall.com/columnists/SuzanneFields/2006/09/18/vive_this_difference">Archived</a> 3 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Suzanne Fields</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9005216">France's chance</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, 12 April 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/23/070423fa_fact_kramer">Letter From Europe- Round 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111004900/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/23/070423fa_fact_kramer">Archived</a> 11 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jane Kramer, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 23 April 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vacarme.eu.org/article1507.html">On the so-called "rupture" by Sarkozy</a>, Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui, Vacarme n°41, Winter 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100707-bettencourt-scandal-cranks">The Bettencourt/L'Oréal scandal</a> Radio France Internationale in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100708-french-politics-no-stranger-scandals">French politics no stranger to scandals</a> Radio France Internationale in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100708-will-bettencourt-scandal-help-far-right">L'Oréal, scandals and the far right</a> Radio France Internationale in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/nicolas-sarkozy">Articles and Coverage</a> (Guardian UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_contents">Related contents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Related contents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/francia/nicolas_sarkozy">Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503100428/http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/francia/nicolas_sarkozy">Archived</a> 3 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sondages-en-france.fr/sondages/Popularit%C3%A9/Nicolas%20Sarkozy">Sarkozy's opinion poll tracker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024034847/http://www.sondages-en-france.fr/sondages/Popularit%C3%A9/Nicolas%20Sarkozy">Archived</a> 24 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lescitations.net/citations/auteurs/Nicolas_Sarkozy.html">Some of Sarkozy's quotations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0765324/">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1019580">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices_and_titles">Offices and titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Offices and titles">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Achille_Peretti_(politician)" title="Achille Peretti (politician)">Achille Peretti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> 1983–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_Bary" title="Louis-Charles Bary">Louis-Charles Bary</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mermaz" title="Louis Mermaz">Louis Mermaz</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Government_spokespeople_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Government spokespeople of France">Government Spokesperson</a> 1993–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Charasse" title="Michel Charasse">Michel Charasse</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Budget_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Budget Ministers of France">Minister of the Budget</a> 1993–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aubert" title="François d'Aubert">François d'Aubert</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Carignon" title="Alain Carignon">Alain Carignon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Minister of Communications 1994–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Trautmann" title="Catherine Trautmann">Catherine Trautmann</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vaillant" title="Daniel Vaillant">Daniel Vaillant</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> 2002–2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_General_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the General Council">President of the General Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a> 2004–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Devedjian" title="Patrick Devedjian">Patrick Devedjian</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Francis Mer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France)">Minister of Finance</a> 2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Hervé Gaymard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> 2005–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">François Baroin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> 2007–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> 2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mirek_Topol%C3%A1nek" title="Mirek Topolánek">Mirek Topolánek</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Acting President of <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> 1999 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> 2004–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> 2014–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Party abolished </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New political party </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> 2015–2016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez" title="Laurent Wauquiez">Laurent Wauquiez</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</a> 2007–2012 With <a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_Sic%C3%ADlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Enric Vives Sicília">Joan Enric Vives Sicília</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_Sic%C3%ADlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Enric Vives Sicília">Joan Enric Vives Sicília</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_Sic%C3%ADlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Enric Vives Sicília">Joan Enric Vives Sicília</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Canon">Honorary Canon</a> of the Papal Basilicas of <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">St. John Lateran</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter</a> 2007–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of 8</a> 2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">Group of 20</a> 2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/French_order_of_precedence" title="French order of precedence">Order of precedence of France</a> as Former President of the Republic </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a></div>as Former President of the Republic </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_France" title="Template:Presidents of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_France" title="Template talk:Presidents of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of France"><abbr title="Edit this 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Adolphe_Thiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Adolphe Thiers (page does not exist)">1871–1873</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Adolphe_Thiers" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Adolphe Thiers">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Patrice de Mac Mahon (page does not exist)">1873–1879</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Patrice de Mac Mahon">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Jules Grévy (page does not exist)">1879–1887</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Jules Grévy">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot_(statesman)" title="Sadi Carnot (statesman)">Sadi Carnot</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Sadi_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Sadi Carnot (page does not exist)">1887–1894</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Sadi_Carnot" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Sadi Carnot">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Jean Casimir-Perier</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jean_Casimir-Perier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Jean Casimir-Perier (page does not exist)">1894–1895</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jean_Casimir-Perier" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Jean Casimir-Perier">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">Félix Faure</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_F%C3%A9lix_Faure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Félix Faure (page does not exist)">1895–1899</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_F%C3%A9lix_Faure" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Félix Faure">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_%C3%89mile_Loubet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Émile Loubet (page does not exist)">1899–1906</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27%C3%89mile_Loubet" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Émile Loubet">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Armand_Falli%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Armand Fallières (page does not exist)">1906–1913</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Armand Fallières">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Raymond Poincaré (page does not exist)">1913–1920</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Raymond Poincaré">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deschanel" title="Paul Deschanel">Paul Deschanel</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Paul_Deschanel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Paul Deschanel (page does not exist)">1920</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Paul_Deschanel" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Paul Deschanel">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Alexandre_Millerand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Alexandre Millerand (page does not exist)">1920–1924</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Alexandre_Millerand" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Alexandre Millerand">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Gaston_Doumergue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Gaston Doumergue (page does not exist)">1924–1931</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Gaston_Doumergue" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Gaston Doumergue">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Paul_Doumer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Paul Doumer (page does not exist)">1931–1932</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Paul_Doumer" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Paul Doumer">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Albert_Lebrun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Albert Lebrun (page does not exist)">1932–1940</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Albert_Lebrun" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Albert Lebrun">fr</a>])</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1947–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Vincent_Auriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Vincent Auriol (page does not exist)">1947–1954</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Vincent_Auriol" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Vincent Auriol">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Ren%C3%A9_Coty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of René Coty (page does not exist)">1954–1959</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Ren%C3%A9_Coty" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de René Coty">fr</a>])</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> (1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">1959–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Georges Pompidou">1969–1974</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Georges_Pompidou" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Georges Pompidou">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (page does not exist)">1974–1981</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of François Mitterrand">1981–1995</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de François Mitterrand">fr</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacques_Chirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Jacques Chirac">1995–2007</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy">2007–2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="Presidency of François Hollande">2012–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron" title="Presidency of Emmanuel Macron">2017–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Acting presidents are denoted by italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_finance_ministers_of_France" title="List of finance ministers of France">Finance ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances" title="Superintendent of Finances">Superintendent of Finances</a> (1561–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> (1661–1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1518–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Beaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Beaune (page does not exist)">de Beaune</a> (1518–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Babou" title="Philibert Babou">Babou</a> (1524–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Thiers" title="Jean du Thiers">du Thiers</a> (1544–1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_d%27Annebault" title="Claude d'Annebault">d'Annebault</a> (1546–1552)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Guillart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Guillart (page does not exist)">Guillart</a> (1552–1556)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_d%27Avan%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean d'Avançon (page does not exist)">d'Avançon</a> (1556–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">de Lorraine</a> (1559–1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artus_de_Coss%C3%A9-Brissac" class="mw-redirect" title="Artus de Cossé-Brissac">de Cossé-Brissac</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_d%27Ongnyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis d'Ongnyes (page does not exist)">d'Ongnyes</a> (1561–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">de Birague</a> (1568–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre" title="Pomponne de Bellièvre">de Bellièvre</a> (1574–1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1588–1589)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1589–1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully" title="Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully">de Béthune</a> (1598–1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jeannin" title="Pierre Jeannin">Jeannin</a> (1614–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Schomberg" title="Henri de Schomberg">de Schomberg</a> (1619–1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1623–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny" title="Jean Bochart de Champigny">de Champigny</a>/<a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac" title="Michel de Marillac">de Marillac</a> (1624–1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Co%C3%ABffier_de_Ruz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé">de Ruzé</a> (1626–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Bullion" title="Claude de Bullion">de Bullion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1632–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1640–1643)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Bailleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas de Bailleul (page does not exist)">de Bailleul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes,_comte_d%27Avaux" title="Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux">de Mesmes</a> (1643–1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de La Porte">de La Porte</a> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Mesmes">de Mesmes</a> (1649–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Longueil" title="René de Longueil">de Longueil</a> (1650–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1651–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Servien" title="Abel Servien">Servien</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1653–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1659–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a> (1661–1683)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Le_Pelletier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Le Pelletier (page does not exist)">Le Pelletier</a> (1683–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Phélypeaux</a> (1689–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chamillart" title="Michel Chamillart">Chamillart</a> (1699–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarets" title="Nicolas Desmarets">Desmarets</a> (1708–1715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">de Noailles</a> (1715–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jacques_Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force">de Caumont</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">Law</a> (January–May 1720)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (May–December 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Le_Pelletier_de_La_Houssaye" title="Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye">de La Houssaye</a> (December 1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gaspard_Dodun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gaspard Dodun (page does not exist)">Dodun</a> (1722–1726)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (1726–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Orry" title="Philibert Orry">Orry</a> (1730–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d%27Arnouville" title="Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville">d'Arnouville</a> (1745–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moreau_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Jean Moreau de Séchelles">de Séchelles</a> (1754–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Peyrenc_de_Moras" title="François Marie Peyrenc de Moras">de Moras</a> (1756–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Boullonges" title="Jean de Boullonges">de Boullonges</a> (1757–1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Silhouette" title="Étienne de Silhouette">de Silhouette</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Bertin</a> (1759–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laverdy" title="Clément Charles François de Laverdy">de Laverdy</a> (1763–1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maynon_d%27Invault" title="Étienne Maynon d'Invault">d'Invault</a> (1768–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray" title="Joseph Marie Terray">Terray</a> (1769–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a> (1774–1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_%C3%89tienne_Bernard_Ogier_de_Clugny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Étienne Bernard Ogier de Clugny (page does not exist)">de Clugny</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Gabriel_Taboureau_des_R%C3%A9aux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Gabriel Taboureau des Réaux (page does not exist)">des Réaux</a> (1776–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1777–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Joly_de_Fleury" title="Jean-François Joly de Fleury">de Fleury</a> (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Paule_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27Ormesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri François de Paule Lefèvre d'Ormesson">d'Ormesson</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">de Calonne</a> (1783–1787)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Bouvard_de_Fourqueux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Bouvard de Fourqueux (page does not exist)">de Fourqueux</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">de Brienne</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1788–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">de Breteuil</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Claude_Guillaume_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert (page does not exist)">Lambert</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">de Lessart</a> (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hardouin_Tarb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hardouin Tarbé (page does not exist)">Tarbé</a> (1791–March 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (March–13 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Duranthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Duranthon">Duranthon</a> (13 June–18 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_%C3%89mile_Fran%C3%A7ois_Herv%C3%A9_de_Beaulieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Émile François Hervé de Beaulieu (page does not exist)">de Beaulieu</a> (18 June–29 July 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Delaville-Leroulx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Delaville-Leroulx (page does not exist)">Delaville-Leroulx</a> (29 July–10 August 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (10 August–21 September 1792)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a> (1792–1804)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (21 September 1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gr%C3%A9goire_Deschamps_Destournelles" title="Louis Grégoire Deschamps Destournelles">Destournelles</a> (1793–1794)</li> <li>Vacant (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult" title="Guillaume-Charles Faipoult">Faipoult</a> (1795–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret" title="Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret">Ramel-Nogaret</a> (1796–July 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Lindet</a> (July–November 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1799–1804)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1804–1814)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1814–1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">House of Bonaparte</a> (1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (March–July 1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a> (1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–September 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_Corvetto" title="Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto">Corvetto</a> (September 1815–December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (7 December–29 December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (December 29, 1818–November 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1819–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">de Villèle</a> (1821–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol" title="Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol">de Crouzol</a> (1829–May 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Isidore_Baron_de_Montbel" title="Guillaume-Isidore Baron de Montbel">de Montbel</a> (May–July 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–August 1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (August–November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a> (1830–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1831–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (1832–10 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (10 November–18 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (18 November 1834–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d%27Argout" title="Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout">d'Argout</a> (January–September 1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanneguy_Duch%C3%A2tel" title="Tanneguy Duchâtel">Duchâtel</a> (1836–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1837–March 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89lie_Gautier" title="Jean-Élie Gautier">Gautier</a> (March–May 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (May 1839–March 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pelet_de_la_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Pelet de la Lozère">de la Lozère</a> (March 1840–October 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (October 1840–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1842–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sylvain_Dumon" title="Pierre Sylvain Dumon">Dumon</a> (1847–February 1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> (1848–1852)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (February–March 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a> (March–May 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a> (May–June 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (June–October 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariste_Jacques_Trouv%C3%A9-Chauvel" title="Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel">Trouvé-Chauvel</a> (October–December 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (December 1848–October 1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (October 1849–January 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_B%C3%A8gue_de_Germiny" title="Charles Le Bègue de Germiny">de Germiny</a> (January–April 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (April–October 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blondel" title="Antoine Blondel">Blondel</a> (October–November 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">de Casabianca</a> (November–December 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (December 1851–January 1852)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau" title="Jean-Martial Bineau">Bineau</a> (January 1852–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">La Roquette</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Rouher</a> (January–November 1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1867–January 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (January–April 1870)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Alexis_Segris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Alexis Segris (page does not exist)">Segris</a> (April–August 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (August–September 1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Picard" title="Ernest Picard">Picard</a> (September 1870–19 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (19 February–25 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier" title="Augustin Pouyer-Quertier">Pouyer-Quertier</a> (1871–1872)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Goulard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène de Goulard (page does not exist)">de Goulard</a> (April–December 1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (December 1872–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1873–1874)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mathieu-Bodet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mathieu-Bodet (page does not exist)">Mathieu-Bodet</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1875–May 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Caillaux" title="Eugène Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (May 1877–November 1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Dutilleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Dutilleul (page does not exist)">Dutilleul</a> (November–December 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magnin" title="Pierre Magnin">Magnin</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Allain-Targ%C3%A9" title="François Allain-Targé">Allain-Targé</a> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (January–August 1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (August 1882–6 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Clamageran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Clamageran">Clamageran</a> (6 April–16 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a> (16 April 1885–December 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dauphin" title="Albert Dauphin">Dauphin</a> (December 1886–May 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (May–December 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (December 1887–April 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April 1888–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1889–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (1892–April 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April–December 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Burdeau" title="Auguste Burdeau">Burdeau</a> (December 1893–May 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (May 1894–January 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (January–November 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (November 1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1896–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1902–1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Merlou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Merlou (page does not exist)">Merlou</a> (1905–March 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (March–October 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (October 1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1910–March 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (March–June 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (June 1911–March 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (March–December 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (December 1913–March 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a> (March–June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cl%C3%A9mentel" title="Étienne Clémentel">Clémentel</a> (9 June–13 June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noullens" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Noullens">Noullens</a> (June–August 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (August 1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thierry" title="Joseph Thierry">Thierry</a> (March–September 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1917–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lasteyrie" title="Charles de Lasteyrie">de Lasteyrie</a> (1922–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (March–June 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clementel" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Clementel">Clementel</a> (June 1924–3 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (3 April–17 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (April–October 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a> (October–November 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Loucheur</a> (November–December 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (December 1925–March 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Péret</a> (March–June 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (June–July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (19 July–23 July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (July 1926–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (1928–February 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (February–March 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (March–December 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (December 1930–January 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a> (January 1931–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (June–December 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (December 1932–January 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (January 1933–January 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">Piétri</a> (January–February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (4 February–9 February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (February 1934–June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1 June–7 June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_R%C3%A9gnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Régnier (page does not exist)">Régnier</a> (June 1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Auriol</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (1937–January 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (January–March 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a> (March–April 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (April–November 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (November 1938–March 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Lamoureux_(France)" title="Lucien Lamoureux (France)">Lamoureux</a> (March–June 1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> (1940–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bouthillier" title="Yves Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Cathala</a> (1942–1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> (1941–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Diethelm" title="André Diethelm">Diethelm</a> (1942–June 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (June–November 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">France</a> (November 1943–September 1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a> (1944–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Lepercq" title="Aimé Lepercq">Lepercq</a> (September–November 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (November 1944–January 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (January–June 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (June–October 1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1946–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (October–December 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (December 1946–January 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (January–November 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (November 1947–July 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (July–September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a> (5 September–11 September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a> (September 1948–January 1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Petsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Petsche (page does not exist)">Petsche</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (1951–January 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (January–March 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (March 1952–January 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a> (January–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buron" title="Robert Buron">Buron</a> (January–February 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (February 1955–February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Lacoste</a> (1 February–14 February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a> (February 1956–June 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (June–November 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (November 1957–May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (May–June 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (June–October 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> (1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (October 1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid_Baumgartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfrid Baumgartner (page does not exist)">Baumgartner</a> (1960–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1962–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a> (1966–May 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (May–July 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">Ortoli</a> (July 1968–June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade" title="Jean-Pierre Fourcade">Fourcade</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a> (1976–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Monory" title="René Monory">Monory</a> (1978–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Delors</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1984–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alphand%C3%A9ry" title="Edmond Alphandéry">Alphandéry</a> (1993–May 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Madelin</a> (May–August 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthuis" title="Jean Arthuis">Arthuis</a> (August 1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Strauss-Kahn</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sautter" title="Christian Sautter">Sautter</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Mer</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarkozy</a> (March–November 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Gaymard</a> (November 2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Breton</a> (2005–May 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Borloo</a> (May–June 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a> (June 2007–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">Baroin</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici" title="Pierre Moscovici">Moscovici</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Le Maire</a> (2017–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Armand" title="Antoine Armand">Armand</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Constitutional_Council_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_Constitutional_Council_of_France" title="Template:Member Constitutional Council of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_Constitutional_Council_of_France" title="Template talk:Member Constitutional Council of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_Constitutional_Council_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member Constitutional Council of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Constitutional_Council_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a> of France</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ex officio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appointed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Maestracci" title="Nicole Maestracci">Nicole Maestracci</a> (P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Bazy-Malaurie" title="Claire Bazy-Malaurie">Claire Bazy-Malaurie</a> (A)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corinne_Luquiens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corinne Luquiens (page does not exist)">Corinne Luquiens</a> (A)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Pinault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Pinault (page does not exist)">Michel Pinault</a> (S)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Lottin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Lottin (page does not exist)">Dominique Lottin</a> (S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> (A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_M%C3%A9zard" title="Jacques Mézard">Jacques Mézard</a> (P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pillet" title="François Pillet">François Pillet</a> (S)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Nominated by: (P) <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">President of the Republic</a> • (S) <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">President of the Senate</a> • (A) <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">FN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Besancenot" title="Olivier Besancenot">Olivier Besancenot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">LCR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">Philippe de Villiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">MPF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-George_Buffet" title="Marie-George Buffet">Marie-George Buffet</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Voynet" title="Dominique Voynet">Dominique Voynet</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">LV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bov%C3%A9" title="José Bové">José Bové</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">miscellaneous left</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Nihous" title="Frédéric Nihous">Frédéric Nihous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hunting,_Fishing,_Nature_and_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting, Fishing, Nature and Traditions">CPNT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Schivardi" title="Gérard Schivardi">Gérard Schivardi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party (France)">PT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_2012_French_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_2012_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_2012_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_2012_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_2012_French_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_presidential_campaign" title="2012 François Hollande presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>; incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">FN</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012_Marine_Le_Pen_presidential_campaign" title="2012 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(France)" title="Left Front (France)">FG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Joly" title="Eva Joly">Eva Joly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europe_Ecology_%E2%80%93_The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Ecology – The Greens">EELV</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012_Eva_Joly_presidential_campaign" title="2012 Eva Joly presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Dupont-Aignan" title="Nicolas Dupont-Aignan">Nicolas Dupont-Aignan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">DLR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Poutou" title="Philippe Poutou">Philippe Poutou</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">NPA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Arthaud" title="Nathalie Arthaud">Nathalie Arthaud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cheminade" title="Jacques Cheminade">Jacques Cheminade</a> (<a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">SP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Fillon_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fillon_I" title="Template:Fillon I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fillon_I" title="Template talk:Fillon I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fillon_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fillon I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Fillon_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a> government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Morin" title="Hervé Morin">Hervé Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Hortefeux" title="Brice Hortefeux">Brice Hortefeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachida_Dati" title="Rachida Dati">Rachida Dati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Jean-Louis Borloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_W%C5%93rth" class="mw-redirect" title="Éric Wœrth">Éric Wœrth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bertrand" title="Xavier Bertrand">Xavier Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Boutin" title="Christine Boutin">Christine Boutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Darcos" title="Xavier Darcos">Xavier Darcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Valérie Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Albanel" title="Christine Albanel">Christine Albanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roselyne_Bachelot" title="Roselyne Bachelot">Roselyne Bachelot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of France"><img alt="Coat of Arms of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/50px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/75px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/100px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of France</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Fillon_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fillon_II" title="Template:Fillon II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fillon_II" title="Template talk:Fillon II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fillon_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fillon II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Fillon_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Second <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a> government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">François Baroin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Jean-Louis Borloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Morin" title="Hervé Morin">Hervé Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Hortefeux" title="Brice Hortefeux">Brice Hortefeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Darcos" title="Xavier Darcos">Xavier Darcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_W%C5%93rth" class="mw-redirect" title="Éric Wœrth">Éric Wœrth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Besson" title="Éric Besson">Éric Besson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Chatel" title="Luc Chatel">Luc Chatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Bruno Le Maire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Valérie Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mitterrand" title="Frédéric Mitterrand">Frédéric Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roselyne_Bachelot" title="Roselyne Bachelot">Roselyne Bachelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mercier" title="Michel Mercier">Michel Mercier</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of France"><img alt="Coat of Arms of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/50px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/75px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/100px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of France</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_European_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Template:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Template talk:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_European_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Presidents of the</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman-in-Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman-in-Office">President-in-Office</a> (1975–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Cosgrave" title="Liam Cosgrave">Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Cossiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Haughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Van Agt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Schlüter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">FitzGerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Santer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Cavaco_Silva" title="Aníbal Cavaco Silva">Cavaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen" title="Poul Nyrup Rasmussen">Nyrup Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Dini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">Bruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Klima" title="Viktor Klima">Klima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen" title="Paavo Lipponen">Lipponen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Persson" title="Göran Persson">Persson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Fogh Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Simitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Ahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende" title="Jan Peter Balkenende">Balkenende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Vanhanen" title="Matti Vanhanen">Vanhanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%B3crates" title="José Sócrates">Sócrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirek_Topol%C3%A1nek" title="Mirek Topolánek">Topolánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Fischer_(politician)" title="Jan Fischer (politician)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Reinfeldt" title="Fredrik Reinfeldt">Reinfeldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Permanent President (since 2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Van Rompuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Republicans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Republicans_(France)" title="Template:The Republicans (France)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Republicans_(France)" title="Template talk:The Republicans (France)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Republicans_(France)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Republicans (France)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Republicans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement#Leadership" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Predecessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a> (1947–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Social_Republicans" title="National Centre of Social Republicans">National Centre of Social Republicans</a> (1954–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a> (1958–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (1967–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (1976–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (2002–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez" title="Laurent Wauquiez">Laurent Wauquiez</a> (2016 ad interim, 2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leonetti" title="Jean Leonetti">Jean Leonetti</a> (2019 ad interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Jacob_(politician)" title="Christian Jacob (politician)">Christian Jacob</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Genevard" title="Annie Genevard">Annie Genevard</a> (2022 ad interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Éric Ciotti</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;;width:1%">Secretaries-general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez" title="Laurent Wauquiez">Laurent Wauquiez</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Woerth" title="Éric Woerth">Éric Woerth</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Accoyer" title="Bernard Accoyer">Bernard Accoyer</a> (2016–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Genevard" title="Annie Genevard">Annie Genevard</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Pradi%C3%A9" title="Aurélien Pradié">Aurélien Pradié</a> (2019–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;;width:1%">Presidential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Valérie Pécresse</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;;width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_The_Republicans_(France)_presidential_primary" title="2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary">2016 presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_The_Republicans_(France)_leadership_election" title="2017 The Republicans (France) leadership election">2017 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_The_Republicans_(France)_leadership_election" title="2019 The Republicans (France) leadership election">2019 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_The_Republicans_congress" title="2021 The Republicans congress">2021 presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_The_Republicans_(France)_leadership_election" title="2022 The Republicans (France) leadership election">2022 leadership election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0043B0; color:white;;width:1%">Parliamentary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_group_(National_Assembly)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republicans group (National Assembly)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_group_(Senate)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republicans group (Senate)">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Template:Union for a Popular Movement"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Template talk:Union for a Popular Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union for a Popular Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic#Leadership" title="Rally for the Republic">Predecessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a> (1947–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Social_Republicans" title="National Centre of Social Republicans">National Centre of Social Republicans</a> (1954–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a> (1958–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (1967–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (1976–2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cop%C3%A9" title="Jean-François Copé">Jean-François Copé</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Vice Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Chatel" title="Luc Chatel">Luc Chatel</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Kosciusko-Morizet" title="Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet">Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie" title="Pierre Méhaignerie">Pierre Méhaignerie</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Devedjian" title="Patrick Devedjian">Patrick Devedjian</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bertrand" title="Xavier Bertrand">Xavier Bertrand</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cop%C3%A9" title="Jean-François Copé">Jean-François Copé</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Tabarot" title="Michèle Tabarot">Michèle Tabarot</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Chatel" title="Luc Chatel">Luc Chatel</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez" title="Laurent Wauquiez">Laurent Wauquiez</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Presidential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> (2007–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Congresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Union_for_a_Popular_Movement_leadership_election" title="2002 Union for a Popular Movement leadership election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Union_for_a_Popular_Movement_leadership_election" title="2004 Union for a Popular Movement leadership election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Union_for_a_Popular_Movement_leadership_election" title="2012 Union for a Popular Movement leadership election">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Strong_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="The Strong Right">The Strong Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Right" title="The Social Right">The Social Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Humanist_France" title="Modern and Humanist France">Modern and Humanist France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism,_a_way_forward_for_France" title="Gaullism, a way forward for France">Gaullism, a way forward for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Popular_Right" title="The Popular Right">The Popular Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Spanish_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_Spanish_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Template:Members of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_Spanish_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Template talk:Members of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_Spanish_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Spanish_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Grand Master</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> of Spain (1981)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Fleece_Collar_(Knight).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Golden_Fleece_Collar_%28Knight%29.svg/80px-Golden_Fleece_Collar_%28Knight%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Golden_Fleece_Collar_%28Knight%29.svg/120px-Golden_Fleece_Collar_%28Knight%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Golden_Fleece_Collar_%28Knight%29.svg/160px-Golden_Fleece_Collar_%28Knight%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Knights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>King Emeritus <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> of Spain (1941)</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a> of Sweden (1983)</li> <li>Emperor Emeritus <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> of Japan (1985)</li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix of the Netherlands</a> (1985)</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a> (1985)</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Albert II of Belgium</a> (1994)</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V of Norway</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Concha" title="Víctor García de la Concha">Víctor García de la Concha</a> (2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: Within parentheses, the year when inducted into the Order</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122836296">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102308054">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/348208/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkHkmxtfXPkdj4YPckCcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119343487">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94036859">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12387508f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12387508f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01164831">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV120195">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20050822008&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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