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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American communist activist (1915–1988)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China,_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China%2C_1960s.jpg/220px-Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China%2C_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China%2C_1960s.jpg/330px-Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China%2C_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China%2C_1960s.jpg/440px-Vicki_Garvin_%26_Leibel_Bergman_in_China%2C_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Bergman with his then-wife <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Garvin" title="Vicki Garvin">Vicki Garvin</a> in China in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Leibel Bergman</b> (1915–1988) was an American communist activist. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> (CPUSA) from the 1930s to the 1950s, he was later involved in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Revolutionary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area Revolutionary Union">Bay Area Revolutionary Union</a> and its successor organization, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party</a> (RCP).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1965 and 1967 he lived in China, where he met and married fellow activist <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Garvin" title="Vicki Garvin">Vicki Garvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao">Mao</a>'s death in 1976 he left the RCP, co-founding the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Headquarters" title="Revolutionary Workers Headquarters">Revolutionary Workers Headquarters</a>. Bergman represented a link between the prewar CPUSA and the <a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a> of the 1970s. He was a target of <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> surveillance for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-horrock_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horrock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibel_Bergman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bergman was born in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks,_North_Dakota" title="Grand Forks, North Dakota">Grand Forks, North Dakota</a> in 1915, into a religiously observant Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a degree in mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a>, graduating at the age of 19.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After college he took a job as a statistician at the North Dakota State Planning Board.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergman joined the CPUSA in 1937, according to his FBI file.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s he traveled the Midwest and East Coast as a Party activist.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of World War II he joined the US Army (consistent with the anti-fascist position of the CPUSA at the time), serving as an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army-Air Force</a> navigator in the Pacific theater.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war he married his first wife, Anne, a fellow communist.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three children together.<sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war they settled in San Francisco, where Bergman worked in a <a href="/wiki/Drop_forge" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop forge">drop forge</a> factory.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing his activism with the CPUSA, he participated in <a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">union organizing</a> and published a newsletter, <i>The Scriber</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard12_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionist">anti-revisionist</a>, Bergman left the CPUSA after <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Kruschev's speech</a> criticizing Stalin in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960 he was called to testify before <a href="/wiki/HUAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HUAC">HUAC</a>, where he refused to provide any information, telling the committee "I am here against my will."<sup id="cite_ref-leonard15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was briefly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a> but disagreed with its strategic direction.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard16_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergman's wife Anne died of cancer in 1963, at the age of 47.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard16_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a>, in July 1965 Bergman and his sons left the US for China, where he taught English.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard16_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China he met <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Garvin" title="Vicki Garvin">Vicki Garvin</a>, who he married in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the US in 1967, with Garvin following a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a group of mostly younger activists (including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin" title="H. Bruce Franklin">H. Bruce Franklin</a> and Steve Hamilton) Bergman founded the <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Revolutionary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area Revolutionary Union">Bay Area Revolutionary Union</a> (BARU) in Spring 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, an FBI informant inside the organization described Bergman as its "dominating factor."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergman continued to help lead the BARU as it grew into a national organization and changed its name, first to the Revolutionary Union and then (in 1975) to the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a> (RCP).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Mao's death</a> in 1976, Bergman supported his successors, who Avakian and others in the RCP viewed as betraying Mao's legacy and moving China towards capitalism. With Mickey Jarvis, Bergman left the party to form the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Headquarters" title="Revolutionary Workers Headquarters">Revolutionary Workers Headquarters</a>, taking about a third of the RCP's membership with them.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergman and Garvin eventually divorced—the date is unclear from publicly available sources.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergman died in 1988 after a long illness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergman's son Lincoln Bergman is a poet and journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was poet laureate of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Bergman" title="Miranda Bergman">Miranda Bergman</a> is a muralist.<sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FBI_surveillance_and_harassment">FBI surveillance and harassment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibel_Bergman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: FBI surveillance and harassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FBI monitored Bergman for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One FBI assessment written after his return from China suggested that he had returned to act as a Chinese agent, developing a <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(politics)" title="Cadre (politics)">cadre</a> of young activists to be "held in reserve for utilization by China in 20 to 30 years."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early years of the Revolutionary Union, the Bureau used an informant to try to convince <a href="/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin" title="H. Bruce Franklin">H. Bruce Franklin</a> that Bergman himself was an FBI informant.<sup id="cite_ref-horrock_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horrock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later FBI document described him as "a principled, dedicated <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> revolutionary for many, many years."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibel_Bergman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>I Cannot See Their Faces and Keep Silent</i>. Saint Paul, MN: Prometheus Press, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Will We Remember? Poems by Leibel Bergman</i>. Chicago: Friends of Leibel Bergman, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibel_Bergman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_707/">"Leibel Bergman Papers: NYU Special Collections Finding Aids"</a>. <i>findingaids.library.nyu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=findingaids.library.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=Leibel+Bergman+Papers%3A+NYU+Special+Collections+Finding+Aids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.library.nyu.edu%2Ftamwag%2Ftam_707%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeibel+Bergman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rightsanddissent.org/news/the-secret-history-of-the-radical-70s-the-60s-didnt-just-end-and-the-fbi-was-watching/">"The Secret History of the Radical '70s: The '60s Didn't Just 'End,' and the FBI Was Watching"</a>. <i>Defending Rights & Dissent</i>. April 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defending+Rights+%26+Dissent&rft.atitle=The+Secret+History+of+the+Radical+%2770s%3A+The+%2760s+Didn%27t+Just+%27End%2C%27+and+the+FBI+Was+Watching&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rightsanddissent.org%2Fnews%2Fthe-secret-history-of-the-radical-70s-the-60s-didnt-just-end-and-the-fbi-was-watching%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeibel+Bergman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafalko2011" class="citation book cs1">Rafalko, Frank J. (October 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fv4MivHsnWUC&dq=leibel+bergman&pg=PA172"><i>MH/CHAOS: The CIA's Campaign Against the Radical New Left and the Black Panthers</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-070-5"><bdi>978-1-61251-070-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MH%2FCHAOS%3A+The+CIA%27s+Campaign+Against+the+Radical+New+Left+and+the+Black+Panthers&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-070-5&rft.aulast=Rafalko&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfv4MivHsnWUC%26dq%3Dleibel%2Bbergman%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeibel+Bergman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horrock-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horrock_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horrock_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrock1977" class="citation news cs1">Horrock, Nicholas M. (November 22, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/22/archives/fbi-releases-most-files-on-its-programs-to-disrupt-dissident-groups.html">"F.B.I. Releases Most Files on Its Programs to Disrupt Dissident Groups"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.B.I.+Releases+Most+Files+on+Its+Programs+to+Disrupt+Dissident+Groups&rft.date=1977-11-22&rft.aulast=Horrock&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F11%2F22%2Farchives%2Ffbi-releases-most-files-on-its-programs-to-disrupt-dissident-groups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeibel+Bergman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeWebb2019" class="citation book cs1">Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B. (May 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRjOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22leibel+bergman%22+fbi&pg=PA216"><i>Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories in American History: [2 volumes]</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5811-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-5811-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracies+and+Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5811-6&rft.aulast=Fee&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Jeffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRjOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522leibel%2Bbergman%2522%2Bfbi%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeibel+Bergman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leonard12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard12_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_J._Leonard" title="Aaron J. Leonard">Leonard, Aaron J.</a> and Conor A. Gallagher. <i>Heavy Radicals: The FBI's Secret War on America's Maoists</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zer0_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Zer0 books">Zer0 books</a>. 2014. Page 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leonard16-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leonard16_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard16_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard16_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard16_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergman, Lincoln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lincolnbergman.com/Lincoln_Bergman/Lincoln_Bergman_Website_files/long%20bio%20in%20ID2%20june%202011.pdf">Who Me Be/Who Be Me</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leonard15-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leonard15_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leonard15_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 211–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2017" class="citation web cs1">Boyd, Herb (February 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2017/02/03/vicki-garvin-was-revolutionary-home-and-abroad/">"Vicki Garvin was a revolutionary at home and abroad"</a>. <i>New York Amsterdam News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Vicki+Garvin+was+a+revolutionary+at+home+and+abroad&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famsterdamnews.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F03%2Fvicki-garvin-was-revolutionary-home-and-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeibel+Bergman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC513_scans/Vicki_Garvin/513.VickiGarvin.MemorialProgram.pdf">Vicki Garvin Memorial Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engagingthesensesfoundation.com/poet/lincoln-bergman/">Lincoln Bergman</a>. Engaging the Senses Foundation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duke-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duke_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duke_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/2278/chapter/371019/IntroductionMarch-of-the-Volunteers">"Introduction: March of the Volunteers"</a>, The East Is Black: Cold War China in the Black Radical Imagination, Robeson Taj Frazier</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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