Resident viruses and their interactions with the immune system

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="5LkOVcVw3eChl0yfOuwIwn6FKAWgQI2Bs2cHofnoePogZfCd17mQrdvBpq3sJh5e"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="5LkOVcVw3eChl0yfOuwIwn6FKAWgQI2Bs2cHofnoePogZfCd17mQrdvBpq3sJh5e"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="5LkOVcVw3eChl0yfOuwIwn6FKAWgQI2Bs2cHofnoePogZfCd17mQrdvBpq3sJh5e"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="5LkOVcVw3eChl0yfOuwIwn6FKAWgQI2Bs2cHofnoePogZfCd17mQrdvBpq3sJh5e"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> 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title="PubMed ID">23778792</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3760236&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3760236/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3760236 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/ni.2614&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2614" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/ni.2614 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full 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class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> The human body is colonized with a diverse resident microflora that includes viruses. Recent studies of metagenomes have begun to characterize the composition of the human 'virobiota' and its associated genes (the 'virome'), and have fostered the emerging field of host-virobiota interactions. In this Perspective, we explore how resident viruses interact with the immune system. We review recent findings that highlight the role of the immune system in shaping the composition of the virobiota and consider how resident viruses may impact host immunity. Finally, we discuss the implications of virobiota-immune system interactions for human health. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c11/7097644/7e839b0fb32c/41590_2013_Article_BFni2614_Fig1_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="700" data-image-height="513" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC3760236" data-figure-id="Fig1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c11/7097644/c325c64219ab/41590_2013_Article_BFni2614_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="700"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="513"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. Anatomical locations of resident viruses… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. Anatomical locations of resident viruses in humans. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The human body is populated by… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1. Anatomical locations of resident viruses in humans. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">The human body is populated by resident viruses that include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses. These viruses are associated with various tissues, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and the skin surface. Studies that identified viruses in various host tissues are referenced.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c11/7097644/3a560641297c/41590_2013_Article_BFni2614_Fig2_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="700" data-image-height="493" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC3760236" data-figure-id="Fig2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c11/7097644/3780f232ad32/41590_2013_Article_BFni2614_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="700"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="493"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. Pathogenic viral infection results in… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. Pathogenic viral infection results in the expansion of the enteric virobiota. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Pathogenic immunodeficiency… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2. Pathogenic viral infection results in the expansion of the enteric virobiota. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Pathogenic immunodeficiency viruses including SIV and possibly HIV can influence the expansion of resident viral populations in the intestinal tract. Expansion is likely promoted by immune suppression imposed upon the host by the pathogenic virus. Immune suppression results in a global host immune deficiency, allowing select enteric viruses to overpopulate the intestinal tract. Expansion of resident viruses is associated with damage to intestinal epithelial cells. This subsequently allows translocation of enteric viruses, commensal bacteria and bacterial antigens across the epithelial surface, resulting in inflammation and systemic infection. These findings highlight the role of the immune system in controlling intestinal virus populations.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c11/7097644/44e7f46d0b59/41590_2013_Article_BFni2614_Fig3_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="700" data-image-height="1095" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC3760236" data-figure-id="Fig3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c11/7097644/34b0f4e3d6e4/41590_2013_Article_BFni2614_Fig3_HTML.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="700"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1095"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. Model for bacteriophage recognition by… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. Model for bacteriophage recognition by antiviral innate immune sensors. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> DNA and RNA phages… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3. Model for bacteriophage recognition by antiviral innate immune sensors. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">DNA and RNA phages could be sensed by components of the mammalian innate immune system if cells directly phagocytize phage particles or if phages are delivered to the intracellular environment by phage-producing bacteria. After degradation of the phage particle, phagocytized phage nucleic acids could be sensed by endosomal Toll-like receptors such as TLR7 or TLR9. If intracellular phages are uncoated in the cytoplasm, the released nucleic acids could be sensed by the sensors cGAMP synthase (DNA) or RIG-I (RNA), which signal through stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), respectively. These viral nucleic acid sensors activate the transcription factors NF-κB, IRF3 and IRF7 to promote the transcription of antiviral effectors such as IFN-β and proinflammatory cytokines.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23778791/" ref="article_id=23778791&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="23778791" data-ga-label=""> Compartmentalized and systemic control of tissue immunity by commensals. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Belkaid Y, Naik S.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Belkaid Y, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Immunol. 2013 Jul;14(7):646-53. doi: 10.1038/ni.2604.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Immunol. 2013.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23778791</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/25944980/" ref="article_id=25944980&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="25944980" data-ga-label=""> Gut inflammation and immunity: what is the role of the human gut virome? </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Focà A, Liberto MC, Quirino A, Marascio N, Zicca E, Pavia G.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Focà A, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:326032. doi: 10.1155/2015/326032. 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dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Host-Pathogen+Interactions%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Host-Pathogen+Interactions%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" 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class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Skin / immunology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Skin / immunology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Skin / immunology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Skin%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Skin%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Skin/immunology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Skin / immunology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" 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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Viruses / genetics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Viruses / genetics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Viruses / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Viruses%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Viruses%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Viruses/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Viruses / genetics"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a 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