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id="toc-American_influence_in_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostasia_and_political_instability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostasia_and_political_instability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Apostasia and political instability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostasia_and_political_instability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_"Generals'_Coup"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_"Generals'_Coup""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 A "Generals' Coup" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_"Generals'_Coup"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état_of_21_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état_of_21_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Coup d'état of 21 April </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coup_d'état_of_21_April-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coup d'état of 21 April subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état_of_21_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Role of the King </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_counter-coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_counter-coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 King's counter-coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_counter-coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junta_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junta_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Junta characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Junta_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Junta characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Junta_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Patient_in_a_cast"_and_other_metaphors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Patient_in_a_cast"_and_other_metaphors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 "Patient in a cast" and other metaphors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Patient_in_a_cast"_and_other_metaphors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 External relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociocultural_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociocultural_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Sociocultural policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociocultural_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_music_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_music_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Western music and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_music_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Greek folk music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Greek rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.5 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.6 Urban classes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.7 Greek language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Italian connection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-junta_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-junta_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Anti-junta movement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-junta_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-junta movement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-junta_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt_by_Panagoulis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt_by_Panagoulis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Assassination attempt by Panagoulis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt_by_Panagoulis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadening_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadening_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Broadening of the movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadening_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 International protest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velos_mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velos_mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Velos mutiny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velos_mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Collapse </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Collapse subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normalization_and_attempts_at_liberalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normalization_and_attempts_at_liberalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Normalization and attempts at liberalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normalization_and_attempts_at_liberalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising_at_the_Polytechnic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising_at_the_Polytechnic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Uprising at the Polytechnic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprising_at_the_Polytechnic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioannidis_coup_and_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioannidis_coup_and_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ioannidis coup and regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioannidis_coup_and_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cypriot_coup_d'état,_Turkish_invasion_and_fall_of_the_junta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cypriot_coup_d'état,_Turkish_invasion_and_fall_of_the_junta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion and fall of the junta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cypriot_coup_d'état,_Turkish_invasion_and_fall_of_the_junta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials_of_the_junta_(1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials_of_the_junta_(1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Trials of the junta (1975) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials_of_the_junta_(1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_Greek_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_Greek_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy and Greek public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_Greek_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greek junta</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="المجلس العسكري اليوناني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجلس العسكري اليوناني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictadura_de_los_Coroneles" title="Dictadura de los Coroneles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dictadura de los Coroneles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Рэжым палкоўнікаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэжым палкоўнікаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Рэжым чорных палкоўнікаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэжым чорных палкоўнікаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гръцка военна хунта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръцка военна хунта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictadura_dels_Coronels_(1967-1974)" title="Dictadura dels Coronels (1967-1974) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dictadura dels Coronels (1967-1974)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eck%C3%A1_vojensk%C3%A1_junta" title="Řecká vojenská junta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecká vojenská junta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Milit%C3%A4rdiktatur" title="Griechische Militärdiktatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Militärdiktatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonelide_diktatuur" title="Kolonelide diktatuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolonelide diktatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_(1967_-_1974)" title="Στρατιωτική δικτατορία στην Ελλάδα (1967 - 1974) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτική δικτατορία στην Ελλάδα (1967 - 1974)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictadura_de_los_Coroneles" title="Dictadura de los Coroneles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dictadura de los Coroneles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diktaturo_de_la_koloneloj" title="Diktaturo de la koloneloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diktaturo de la koloneloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronelen_diktadura" title="Koronelen diktadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koronelen diktadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حکومت نظامی یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت نظامی یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictature_des_colonels" title="Dictature des colonels – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dictature des colonels" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%95%EA%B6%8C" title="그리스 군사정권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 군사정권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka_vojna_hunta" title="Grčka vojna hunta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčka vojna hunta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_Militer_Yunani" title="Junta Militer Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Junta Militer Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dittatura_dei_colonnelli" title="Dittatura dei colonnelli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dittatura dei colonnelli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Greek military junta of 1967–1974</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military rulers of Greece, 1967–1974</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Regime of the Colonels" redirects here. For the Polish regime of colonels, see <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_colonels" title="Piłsudski's colonels">Piłsudski's colonels</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hellenic_Republic" title="History of the Hellenic Republic">History of the Hellenic Republic</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Greece (1967–1973) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος Vasíleion tís Elládos<hr />Hellenic Republic (1973–1974) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Ἑλληνικὴ Δημοκρατία Ellinikí Dimokratía</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1967–1974</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece_(1970-1975).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Greek junta"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag (1970–1975)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_(1973-1974).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms (1973–1974) of Greek junta"><img alt="Coat of Arms (1973–1974) of Greek junta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_%281973-1974%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_%281973-1974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_%281973-1974%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_%281973-1974%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hellenic_Republic_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="496" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece#Junta-proclaimed_republic_(1973–1974)" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of Arms (1973–1974)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Freedom</a> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga/Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=grc&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="grc" label="Ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ ‪(grc)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_21st_of_April" title="Anthem of the 21st of April">Anthem of the 21st of April</a> (unofficial) </div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_The_Greek_Military_Junta_(1967-1974)_-_'Ύμνος_21ης_Απριλίου'.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Anthem_of_The_Greek_Military_Junta_%281967-1974%29_-_%27%CE%8E%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_21%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85%27.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Anthem_of_The_Greek_Military_Junta_%281967-1974%29_-_%27%CE%8E%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_21%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85%27.ogg/Anthem_of_The_Greek_Military_Junta_%281967-1974%29_-_%27%CE%8E%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_21%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85%27.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Greece_(1973).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Europe in 1973, showing Greece highlighted in green"><img alt="Map of Europe in 1973, showing Greece highlighted in green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kingdom_of_Greece_%281973%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Greece_%281973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kingdom_of_Greece_%281973%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Greece_%281973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kingdom_of_Greece_%281973%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Greece_%281973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Europe in 1973, showing Greece highlighted in green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> (1967–1973) <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> (1 June to 25 November 1973) <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> quasi-<a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> (25 November 1973 to 24 July 1974)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">King</a> 1967–1973 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_regents_of_Greece" title="List of regents of Greece">Regent</a> 1967–1972 1972–1973 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Zoitakis" title="Georgios Zoitakis">Georgios Zoitakis</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1973 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1973–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phaedon_Gizikis" title="Phaedon Gizikis">Phaedon Gizikis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kollias" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Kollias">Konstantinos Kollias</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1973 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1973 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spyros_Markezinis" title="Spyros Markezinis">Spyros Markezinis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1973–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Androutsopoulos" title="Adamantios Androutsopoulos">Adamantios Androutsopoulos</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (nominal, suspended) <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">Rule by decree</a> (actual)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Coup d'état of 21 April </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Constantine II exiled </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1968_Greek_constitutional_referendum" title="1968 Greek constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1973 Turks attack coast but are driven back and force to recognize junta</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1973_Greek_republic_referendum" title="1973 Greek republic referendum">Republic referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Polytechnic Uprising</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi#Karamanlis_sworn_in" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1974</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1971 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.768.372</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GRD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/20px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–1000 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–1100 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1050 BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> (1100 BC–750 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> (800 BC–480 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> (500 BC–323 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> (323 BC–31 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> (146 BC–330 AD)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> (1204-1579) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> (1205-1667) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> (1363-1797) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> (1371-1912) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> (1800-1807) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> (1821-1829) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> (1822-1832) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> (1832-1924, 1935-1973) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> (1914/15-1917) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> (1924-1935) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> (1936-1941) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) (1941-1944) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> (1946-1949) </li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military Junta</a> (1967-1974) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> (1974-) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Greek junta or Regime of the Colonels<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> that ruled <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> from 1967 to 1974. On 21 April 1967, a group of colonels <a href="/wiki/1967_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Greek coup d'état">overthrew</a> the <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> a month before <a href="/wiki/1967_Greek_legislative_election" title="1967 Greek legislative election">scheduled elections</a> which <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a> was favoured to win. The <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> was characterised by policies such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, and the imprisonment, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internal_exile_in_Greece" title="Internal exile in Greece">exile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_anti-junta_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek anti-junta movement">political opponents</a>. It was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a> from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a <a href="/wiki/1973_Greek_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Greek referendum">1973 referendum on the monarchy</a> and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a>. Ioannidis ruled until it fell on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a> ("regime change"; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μεταπολίτευση) to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></div> The 1967 coup and the following seven years of military rule were the culmination of 30 years of national division between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Left_wing_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing politics">left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_wing_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Right wing politics">right</a>, that can be traced to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">resistance against Axis occupation</a> of Greece during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Worried by the strength of the communist <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> forces, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> drew up a secret document known as <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a>, which sought to avoid further conflict in Europe by dividing up Western and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>. In this negotiation, Greece was viewed by the British as an important asset against further communist progression into Europe. After the country's liberation in 1944, Greece descended into <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> (1946-1949), fought between the communist forces and those loyal to the newly returned <a href="/wiki/Greek_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government in exile">government-in-exile</a>, negating the. Clashes between the communist resistance and the Greek collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a>, largely recruited as part of an anti-communist effort, during the World War II, led to further post-war political instability. One such was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meligalas" title="Battle of Meligalas">Battle of Meligalas</a> in 1944, in which partisans <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court martialled</a> and then executed hundreds of collaborationist fighters and the villagers housing them. Right-wing governments from the post-war period until it was ended during the <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a> continued to commemorate the anniversary as a marker of left-wing violence, and the event has remained a flash-point for generations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_influence_in_Greece">American influence in Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American influence in Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio#Greece" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio § Greece</a></div>In 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill was determined to halt the Soviet encroachment in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and ordered British forces to intervene in the Greek Civil War (see <a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a>) in the wake of the retreating German military. This was to be a lengthy and open-ended commitment by the British. The United States stepped in to further help the Greek government against the communist forces in 1947. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21april1967.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/21april1967.png/170px-21april1967.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/21april1967.png/255px-21april1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/21april1967.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a> rising from its flames and the silhouette of the soldier bearing a rifle with fixed bayonet was the emblem of the Junta. On the header the word Greece (Ελλάς) and on the footer 21 April 1967, the date of the coup d'état, can be seen in Greek.</figcaption></figure> In 1947, the United States formulated the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, and began actively supporting a series of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> governments in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in order to ensure that these states did not fall under Soviet influence.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> In 1945, officer veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a> had organized themselves into a secret society known as the IDEA (Ieros Desmos Ellinon Axiomatikon–Holy Bond of Greek Officers).<a href="#cite_note-auto2-3">[2]</a> From 1947 onward, the Holy Bond was subsidized to the sum of $1 million annually by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) as one of Greece's main "democratic" (i.e. anti-communist) forces.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-3">[2]</a> Several of the future leaders of the junta, such as <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a>, were members of IDEA.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-3">[2]</a> With American and British aid, the civil war ended with the military defeat of the communists in 1949. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> (KKE) and its ancillary organizations were outlawed (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_509/1947" class="extiw" title="s:Νόμος 509/1947">Law 509/1947</a>), and many Communists either fled the country or faced persecution. The CIA and the Greek military began to work together closely, especially after Greece joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>) in 1952. This included notable CIA officers <a href="/wiki/Gust_Avrakotos" title="Gust Avrakotos">Gust Avrakotos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clair_George" title="Clair George">Clair George</a>. Avrakotos maintained a close relationship with the colonels who would figure in the later coup.<a href="#cite_note-crile-4">[3]</a> In 1952, IDEA issued a manifesto stating that a dictatorship was the only possible solution to Greece's problems, which the Greek scholar Christos Kassimeris called an "astonishing" statement, since the communists had been defeated in 1949, Greece was enjoying a period of relative prosperity after living standards had collapsed in the 1940s, and Greek politics were stable.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-5">[4]</a> Kassimeris argued that since Papadopoulos played a large role in writing the 1952 manifesto, that it was his "personal ambition" rather than objective fear of the sway of Greek communists as motivation. In no way could Greece be presented as on the brink of a communist take-over in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-5">[4]</a> Greece was a vital link in the NATO defence arc which extended from the eastern border of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to the northernmost point in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. Greece in particular was seen as being at risk, having experienced a communist insurgency. In particular, the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic National Intelligence Service">Hellenic National Intelligence Service</a> (EYP) and the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Raiding_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Raiding Companies">Mountain Raiding Companies</a> (LOK) maintained a very close liaison with their American counterparts. In addition to preparing for a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> invasion, they agreed to guard against a left-wing coup. The LOK in particular were integrated into the European <a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">stay-behind</a> network.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Although there have been persistent rumors about an active support of the coup by the U.S. government, there is no evidence to support such claims.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The timing of the coup apparently caught the CIA by surprise.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Nevertheless, the United States did support the military dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostasia_and_political_instability">Apostasia and political instability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apostasia and political instability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostasia_of_1965" title="Apostasia of 1965">Apostasia of 1965</a></div> After many years of conservative rule, the election of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">prime minister</a> was a sign of change. In a bid to gain more control over the country's government than his limited constitutional powers allowed, the young and inexperienced King <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II</a> clashed with liberal reformers. In July 1964, Papandreou announced his intention to fire those officers belonging to IDEA, whom the king did not want dismissed, claiming it was his royal prerogative to protect the IDEA officers, which in turn led to massive demonstrations in Athens, which had a republican flavour.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The king dismissed Papandreou in 1965, causing a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> known as the "Apostasia of 1965". After making several attempts to form governments, relying on dissident Centre Union and conservative MPs, Constantine II appointed an interim government under <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Paraskevopoulos" title="Ioannis Paraskevopoulos">Ioannis Paraskevopoulos</a>, and new elections were called for 28 May 1967. There were many indications that Papandreou's Centre Union would emerge as the largest party, but would not be able to form a single-party government and would be forced into an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Left" title="United Democratic Left">United Democratic Left</a>, which was suspected by conservatives of being a proxy for the banned KKE. This possibility was used as a pretext for the coup. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_"Generals'_Coup"">A "Generals' Coup"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A "Generals' Coup"">edit</a>]</div> Greek historiography and journalists have hypothesized about a "Generals' Coup",<a href="#cite_note-Greek_historiography-12">[11]</a> a coup that would have been deployed at Constantine's behest under the pretext of combating communist subversion.<a href="#cite_note-Greek_press_article-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sulzberger1973-14">[13]</a> Before the elections that were scheduled for 28 May 1967, with expectations of a wide Center Union victory, a number of conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Union" title="National Radical Union">National Radical Union</a> politicians feared that the policies of left-wing Centrists, including <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> (the son of Georgios Papandreou), would lead to a constitutional crisis. One such politician, <a href="/wiki/George_Rallis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Rallis">George Rallis</a>, proposed that, in case of such an "anomaly", the King should declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> as the monarchist constitution permitted him. According to Rallis, Constantine was receptive to the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Rallis-15">[14]</a> According to U.S. diplomat John Day, Washington also worried that Andreas Papandreou would have a very powerful role in the next government, because of his father's old age. According to Robert Keely and John Owens, American diplomats present in Athens at the time, Constantine asked U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Talbot" title="Phillips Talbot">William Phillips Talbot</a> what the American attitude would be to an extra-parliamentary solution to the problem. To this the embassy responded negatively in principle – adding, however, that, "U.S. reaction to such a move cannot be determined in advance but would depend on circumstances at the time." Constantine denies this.<a href="#cite_note-RWFKing1-16">[15]</a> According to Talbot, Constantine met the army generals, who promised him that they would not take any action before the coming elections. However, the proclamations of Andreas Papandreou made them nervous, and they resolved to re-examine their decision after seeing the results of the elections.<a href="#cite_note-RWFKing1-16">[15]</a> In 1966, Constantine sent his envoy, Demetrios Bitsios, to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on a mission to persuade former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Karamanlis">Constantine Karamanlis</a> to return to Greece and resume his prior role in politics. According to uncorroborated claims made by the former monarch, Karamanlis replied to Bitsios that he would return only if the King imposed martial law, as was his constitutional prerogative.<a href="#cite_note-Konstantinos_speaks-17">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Leo_Sulzberger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II">Cyrus L. Sulzberger</a> correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Karamanlis flew to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to meet with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> General <a href="/wiki/Lauris_Norstad" title="Lauris Norstad">Lauris Norstad</a> to lobby for a conservative coup that would establish Karamanlis as Greece's leader; Sulzberger alleges that Norstad declined to involve himself in such affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Sulzberger1974-18">[17]</a> Sulzberger's account rests solely on the authority of his and Norstad's word. When, in 1997, the former King reiterated Sulzberger's allegations, Karamanlis stated that he "will not deal with the former king's statements, because both their content and attitude are unworthy of comment".<a href="#cite_note-Karamanlis'_retort-19">[18]</a> The deposed King's adoption of Sulzberger's claims against Karamanlis was castigated by Greece's left-leaning media, which denounced Karamanlis as "shameless" and "brazen".<a href="#cite_note-Karamanlis'_retort-19">[18]</a> At the time Constantine referred exclusively to Sulzberger's account to support the theory of a planned coup by Karamanlis, and made no mention of the alleged 1966 meeting with Bitsios, which he referred to only after both participants had died and could not respond. As it turned out, the constitutional crisis did not originate either from the political parties, or from the Palace, but from middle-rank army <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">putschists</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_d'état_of_21_April">Coup d'état of 21 April</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coup d'état of 21 April">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pattakos,_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pattakos%2C_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg/220px-Pattakos%2C_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pattakos%2C_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg/330px-Pattakos%2C_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pattakos%2C_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg/440px-Pattakos%2C_Papadopoulos_and_Makarezos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the 1967 coup d'état: Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos" title="Stylianos Pattakos">Stylianos Pattakos</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Makarezos" title="Nikolaos Makarezos">Nikolaos Makarezos</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1967 Greek coup d'état</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 April 1967</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Coup successful <ul><li>Establishment of the Greek junta</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greek</a><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"> Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Union" title="National Radical Union">National Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Left" title="United Democratic Left">United Democratic Left</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/19px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/29px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/38px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Armed_Forces" title="Hellenic Armed Forces">Hellenic Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/15px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/29px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg/45px-Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Hellenic_Air_Force.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Hellenic_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Hellenic_Air_Force.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Hellenic_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Hellenic_Air_Force.svg/45px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Hellenic_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/19px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/29px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/38px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/19px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/29px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/38px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos" title="Stylianos Pattakos">Stylianos Pattakos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/19px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/29px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/38px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Makarezos" title="Nikolaos Makarezos">Nikolaos Makarezos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000 servicemen, on foot or on tanks or armoured cars</td></tr></tbody></table> On 21 April 1967, just weeks before the scheduled elections, a group of right-wing army officers led by <a href="/wiki/Taxiarch" title="Taxiarch">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos" title="Stylianos Pattakos">Stylianos Pattakos</a> and Colonels <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">George Papadopoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Makarezos" title="Nikolaos Makarezos">Nikolaos Makarezos</a> seized power in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The colonels were able to seize power quickly by using elements of surprise and confusion. Pattakos was the commander of the Armour Training Centre (Κέντρο Εκπαίδευσης Τεθωρακισμένων, ΚΕΤΘ), based in Athens. The coup leaders placed tanks in strategic positions in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, effectively gaining complete control of the city. At the same time, a large number of small mobile units were dispatched to arrest leading politicians, authority figures, and ordinary citizens suspected of left-wing sympathies, according to lists prepared in advance. One of the first to be arrested was Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Grigorios_Spandidakis" title="Grigorios Spandidakis">Grigorios Spandidakis</a>, Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a>. The colonels persuaded Spandidakis to join them, having him activate a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio#Greece" title="Operation Gladio">previously-drafted action plan</a> to move the coup forward. Under the command of paratrooper Brigadier General Kostas Aslanides, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Raider/Paratrooper_Brigade_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Raider/Paratrooper Brigade (Greece)">LOK</a> took over the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_National_Defence_(Greece)" title="Minister for National Defence (Greece)">Greek Defence Ministry</a> while Pattakos gained control of communication centres, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">royal palace</a>, and – according to detailed lists – arrested over 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> By the early morning hours, the whole of Greece was in the hands of the colonels. All leading politicians, including acting prime minister <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a>, had been arrested and were held incommunicado by the conspirators. At 6:00 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>, Papadopoulos announced that eleven articles of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek constitution">Greek constitution</a> were suspended.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> One of the consequences of these suspensions was that anyone could be arrested without warrant at any time and brought before a <a href="/wiki/Military_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Military court">military court</a> to be tried. <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Ladas" title="Ioannis Ladas">Ioannis Ladas</a>, then the director of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Military_Police" title="Greek Military Police">ESA</a>, recounted in a later interview that "Within twenty minutes every politician, every man, every anarchist who was listed could be rounded up ... It was a simple, diabolical plan".<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> Georgios Papandreou was arrested after a nighttime raid at his villa in <a href="/wiki/Kastri,_Attica" title="Kastri, Attica">Kastri, Attica</a>. Andreas was arrested at around the same time, after seven soldiers armed with fixed <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> forcibly entered his home. Andreas Papandreou escaped to the roof of his house, but surrendered after one of the soldiers held a gun to the head of his then-fourteen-year-old son <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> Papadopoulos' junta attempted to <a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">re-engineer</a> the Greek political landscape by coup. Papadopoulos as well as the other junta members are known in Greece by the term "Aprilianoi" (Aprilians), denoting the month of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-Chondrokoukēs1983-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papandreou1976-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katrēs1983-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chondrokoukēs1976-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chondrokoukēs1976p12-26">[25]</a> The term "Aprilianoi" has become synonymous with the term "dictators of 1974".<a href="#cite_note-Εκπαιδευτικών2014-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_King">Role of the King</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role of the King">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II of Greece</a></div> When the tanks came to the streets of Athens on 21 April, the legitimate National Radical Union government, of which Rallis was a member, asked King Constantine to immediately mobilise the state against the coup; he declined to do so, and swore in a new government in accordance with the putschists' stipulations. The King, who had relented and decided to co-operate, claimed till his death that he was isolated and did not know what else to do. He has since claimed that he was trying to gain time to organise a counter-coup and oust the Junta. He did organise such a counter-coup; however, the fact that the new government had legal sanction, in that it had been appointed by the legitimate head of state, played an important role in the coup's success. The King was later to regret his decision bitterly. For many Greeks, it served to identify him indelibly with the coup and certainly played an important role in the final decision to abolish the monarchy, sanctioned by the 1974 referendum. The only concession the King could achieve was to appoint a civilian as prime minister, rather than Spandidakis. <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kollias" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Kollias">Konstantinos Kollias</a>, a former Attorney General of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Greece)">Areios Pagos</a> (supreme court), was chosen. He was a well-known royalist and had even been disciplined under the Papandreou government for meddling in the investigation of the murder of MP <a href="/wiki/Gregoris_Lambrakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoris Lambrakis">Gregoris Lambrakis</a>. Kollias was little more than a figurehead and real power rested with the army, and especially Papadopoulos, who emerged as the coup's strong man and became Minister to the Presidency of the Government. Other coup members occupied key posts. Up until then constitutional legitimacy had been preserved, since under the Greek Constitution the King could appoint whomever he wanted as prime minister, as long as Parliament endorsed the appointment with a vote of confidence or a general election was called. It was this government, sworn-in during the early evening hours of 21 April, that formalised the coup. It adopted a "Constituent Act", an amendment tantamount to a revolution, cancelling the elections and effectively abolishing the constitution, which would be replaced later. In the meantime, the government was to rule by decree. Since traditionally such Constituent Acts did not need to be signed by the Crown, the King never signed it, permitting him to claim, years later, that he had never signed any document instituting the junta. Critics claim that Constantine II did nothing to prevent the government (and especially his chosen prime minister, Kollias) from legally instituting the authoritarian government to come. This same government published and enforced a decree, already proclaimed on radio as the coup was in progress, instituting martial law. Constantine claimed he never signed that decree either. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_counter-coup">King's counter-coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King's counter-coup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r963460841"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">King Constantine's counter-coup attempt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 December 1967</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>, Greece</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Coup attempt failed <ul><li>King Constantine sent into exile.</li> <li>Monarchy abolished in 1973.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy loyalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/15px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/29px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="750" /></a> Army dissidents</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Greek junta</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Kollias" title="Constantine Kollias">Konstantinos Kollias</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></td></tr></tbody></table> From the outset, the relationship between Constantine and the colonels was an uneasy one. The colonels were not willing to share power, whereas the young king, like his father before him, was used to playing an active role in politics and would never consent to being a mere figurehead, especially in a military administration. Although the colonels' strong anti-communist, pro-NATO, and pro-Western views appealed to the United States, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> – in an attempt to avoid an international backlash – told Constantine that it would be best to replace the junta with a new government according to Paul Ioannidis in his book Destiny Prevails: My life with Aristóteles Onassis. Constantine took that as an encouragement to organize a counter-coup, although no direct help or involvement of the U.S. (or Britain)<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> was forthcoming. The King finally decided to launch his counter-coup on 13 December 1967. Since Athens was militarily in the hands of the colonels, Constantine decided to fly to the small northern city of <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>, where he hoped to be among troops loyal only to him. The vague plan that Constantine and his advisors had conceived was to form a unit that would invade and take control over <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, where an alternative administration would be installed. Constantine hoped that international recognition and internal pressure between the two governments would force the junta to resign, leaving the field clear for him to return triumphant to Athens. In the early morning hours of 13 December, the King boarded the royal plane, together with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne-Marie_of_Greece" title="Queen Anne-Marie of Greece">Queen Anne-Marie</a>, their two baby children <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexia_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark">Princess Alexia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavlos,_Crown_Prince_of_Greece" title="Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece">Crown Prince Pavlos</a>, his mother <a href="/wiki/Frederika_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederika of Hanover">Frederika</a>, and his sister, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark">Princess Irene</a>. Constantine also took with him Prime Minister Kollias. At first, things seemed to be going according to plan. Constantine was well received in Kavala, which was under the command of a general loyal to him. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a>, both strongly royalist and not involved in the junta, immediately declared for him and mobilised. Another of Constantine's generals effectively cut all communication between Athens and northern Greece. However, Constantine's plans were overly bureaucratic, naïvely supposing that orders from a commanding general would automatically be obeyed. In the circumstances, middle-ranking pro-junta officers neutralised and arrested Constantine's royalist generals and took command of their units, and subsequently put together a force to advance on Kavala to arrest the King. The junta, not at all shaken by the loss of their figurehead premier, ridiculed Constantine by announcing that he was hiding "from village to village". Realising that the counter-coup had failed, Constantine fled Greece on board the royal plane, taking his family and the helpless Kollias with him. They landed in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> early in the morning of 14 December. Constantine remained in exile during the remainder of military rule. Although he subsequently returned to Greece, the abolition of the monarchy in 1973 removed his status as King. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency">Regency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regency">edit</a>]</div> The flight of Constantine and Kollias left Greece with no legal government or head of state. This did not concern the military junta. Instead the Revolutionary Council, composed of Pattakos, Papadopoulos, and Makarezos, appointed another member to the military administration, Major General <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Zoitakis" title="Georgios Zoitakis">Georgios Zoitakis</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent of Greece">regent</a>. Zoitakis then appointed Papadopoulos as prime minister. This became the only government of Greece following the failure of the King's attempted counter-coup, as Constantine was unwilling to set up an alternative administration in exile. In hopes of giving legal sanction to the regime, the junta drafted a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1968" title="Greek Constitution of 1968">new constitution</a>. It made the military the guardians of "social and political order", with wide autonomy from governmental and parliamentary oversight. It also heavily circumscribed the activities of political parties. The new constitution was approved in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_referendum,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek constitutional referendum, 1968">15 November referendum</a>, with over 92 per cent approval. However, the referendum was conducted in less-than-free circumstances; the regime deployed extensive propaganda in favour of the new document while muzzling any opposition. Under the new constitution, the regency would continue until elections were held, unless the junta called Constantine back sooner (though Constantine never acknowledged, let alone recognized, the regency). However, the junta announced that the "Revolution of April 21" (as the regime called itself) would need time to reform the "Greek mentality" before holding elections. It also suspended most of the constitution's guarantees of civil rights until the restoration of civilian rule. In a legally controversial move, even under the junta's own Constitution, the Cabinet voted on 21 March 1972 to oust Zoitakis and replace him with Papadopoulos, thus combining the offices of regent and prime minister. It was thought Zoitakis was problematic and interfered too much with the military. The King's portrait remained on coins, in public buildings, etc., but slowly, the military chipped away at the institution of the monarchy: the royal family's tax immunity was abolished, the complex network of royal charities was brought under direct state control, the royal arms were removed from coins, the Navy and Air Force dropped their "Royal" names, and newspapers were prohibited from publishing the King's photo or any interviews. During this period, resistance against the colonels' rule became better organized among exiles in Europe and the United States. There was also considerable political infighting within the junta. Still, up until 1973, the junta appeared in firm control of Greece, and not likely to be ousted by violent means. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Junta_characteristics">Junta characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Junta characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece_(1970-1975).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Under the regime, the old flag of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a> became the sole national flag. A darker shade of blue was preferred at this time, but the variant is not exclusively associated with this time period.</figcaption></figure> The colonels preferred to call the coup an Ethnosotirios Epanastasis (Εθνοσωτήριος Επανάστασις, 'revolution to save the nation'). Their official justification was that a "communist conspiracy" had infiltrated Greece's bureaucracy, academia, press, and military, to such an extent that drastic action was needed to protect the country from communist takeover. Thus, the defining characteristic of the Junta was its staunch <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>. They used the term anarchokommounisté (αναρχοκομμουνισταί, '<a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communist">anarcho-communist</a>') to describe leftists in general. In a similar vein, the junta attempted to steer Greek public opinion not only by <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> but also by inventing <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">new words</a> and slogans, such as paleokommatismos (Παλαιοκομματισμός, '<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">old-partyism</a>') to discredit <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>, or Ellas Ellinon Christianon (Ελλάς Ελλήνων Χριστιανών, '<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">Greece for Christian Greeks</a>') to underscore its ideology. The junta's main ideological spokesmen included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Georgalas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Georgalas (page does not exist)">Georgios Georgalas</a> and journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savvas_Konstantopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savvas Konstantopoulos (page does not exist)">Savvas Konstantopoulos</a>, both former <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>. In 1970, Georgalas published a book The Decline of Consumer Society, stating that consumerism had destroyed the Christian spiritual values of the West, leaving Greece as the last solitary outpost of Christian civilization.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-29">[28]</a> In the same book, Georgalas stated the solution to social problems was not as many believed increased employment, but instead "lengthy psycho-therapeutic programmes" which would create "the free man in harmonious co-existence with himself and his fellow beings".<a href="#cite_note-auto4-30">[29]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Clogg" title="Richard Clogg">Richard Clogg</a> described the writings of Georgalas and Konstantopoluos as "pretentious verbiage", claiming that they tended to use elaborate and impressive-sounding language to mask the shallowness of their theories.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-29">[28]</a> In essence, intellectuals like Georgalas and Konstantopoulos argued that materialism and consumerism were corroding the spiritual strength of the Greek people, and the military regime would "cure" the Greeks by restoring the traditional values of Orthodoxy (Greek Christianity).<a href="#cite_note-auto4-30">[29]</a> One of Papadopoulos' first acts after the coup was to change the pension laws to allow the veterans of the Security Battalions to collect pensions.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> A central part of the regime's ideology was xenophobia, which presented Greeks as the creators of civilization with the rest of the world jealous of the debts they owed to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-32">[31]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Ladas" title="Ioannis Ladas">Ioannis Ladas</a>, the Secretary-general of the Ministry of Public Order, came to international prominence in the summer of 1968 when he personally beat up Panayiotis Lambrias, the editor of magazine Eikones for running an article saying that homosexuality was accepted as normal in ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-32">[31]</a> When the BBC's Greek service reported the incident, Ladas gave a rant at a press conference, claiming that the BBC was run by homosexuals, making him into a sort of unofficial spokesman for the regime.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-32">[31]</a> At a subsequent speech before a visiting group of Greek-Americans on 6 August 1968, Ladas quoted <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s statement that the ancient Greeks invented everything and went on to say: "Foreigners confess and acknowledge Greek superiority. Human civilization was wholly fashioned by our race. Even the enemies of Greece recognize that civilization is an exclusively Greek creation".<a href="#cite_note-auto3-32">[31]</a> Ladas went on to denounce young men with long hair as "the degenerate phenomenon of hippy-ism", calling hippies "anti-social elements, drug addicts, sex maniacs, thieves, etc. It is only natural that they should be enemies of the army and the ideals which the military way of life serves".<a href="#cite_note-auto6-33">[32]</a> Ladas ended his speech by arguing that Greeks for racial reasons were still the world's preeminent people, but had only declined of inadequate leadership, a problem which had been solved by the "revolution" of 21 April 1967.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-33">[32]</a> Ladas claimed that Greece under military leadership would be "cured" of its problems and resume its rightful place in the world. Clogg noted that before the coup, Ladas had been associated with the far-right <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Party" title="4th of August Party">4th of August Party</a>, and contributed many articles to that party's journal, which was a "racist and anti-Semitic" magazine which glorified not only 4 August Regime, but also the Third Reich.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-33">[32]</a> The Greek novelist <a href="/wiki/Yiorgos_Theotokas" title="Yiorgos Theotokas">Yiorgos Theotokas</a> once coined the term progonoplexia (Προγονοπληξία, 'ancestoritis') to describe an obsession with the heritage of the past, which many felt that Papadopoulos and the rest of the junta suffered from.<a href="#cite_note-auto-34">[33]</a> Papadopoulos often described the Greeks in his speeches as the "elect of God", claiming the regenerated Ellas Ellinon Christianon ('Greece for Christian Greeks') would be the example to the rest of the world as maintained that people all over the world would regard his ideology of "Helleno-Christian civilization" alongside the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle as the summit of intellectual achievement.<a href="#cite_note-auto-34">[33]</a> The Greek junta has been characterized as <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The junta's <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a>, militaristic, and deeply anti-communist character has been liked to that of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">interwar</a> dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>, leading to many scholars describing the regime as fascistic.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Patient_in_a_cast"_and_other_metaphors">"Patient in a cast" and other metaphors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Patient in a cast" and other metaphors">edit</a>]</div> Throughout his tenure as the junta strongman, Papadopoulos often employed what have been described by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as <a href="/wiki/Graphic_violence" title="Graphic violence">gory</a> medical metaphors,<a href="#cite_note-The_Listener-39">[38]</a> where he or the junta assumed the role of the "medical doctor".<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1983-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Current_Biography_Yearbook-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greek_Report-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2004-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyck1998-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnstone1972-45">[44]</a> The supposed "patient" was Greece. Typically Papadopoulos or the junta portrayed themselves as the "doctor" who operated on the "patient" by putting the patient's "foot" in an orthopedic cast and applying restraints on the "patient", tying him on a surgical bed and putting him under anesthesia to perform the "operation" so that the life of the "patient" would not be "endangered" during the operation. In one of his famous speeches Papadopoulos mentioned:<a href="#cite_note-Dyck1998-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emmi_Mikedakis-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Athens_Academy-47">[46]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We are in front of a patient who we have on a surgical bed, and who, should the surgeon not strap on the surgical bed during the operation and the anesthesia, there is a probability, rather than the surgery granting him the restoration of the health, to lead him to his death. ... The restrictions are the strapping of the patient to the surgical bed so that he will undergo the surgery without danger.</blockquote> In the same speech Papadopoulos continued:<a href="#cite_note-Dyck1998-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emmi_Mikedakis-46">[45]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have a patient. We have put him in a plaster cast. We are checking him to find out if he can walk without the plaster cast. We break the initial cast, potentially to replace it with a new one, where necessary. The referendum shall become a general overview of the patient's capabilities. Let us pray for him never to need a cast again; and should he need one, we will put it to him. And the one thing I can promise you, is to invite you to witness the foot without a cast!</blockquote> Other metaphors contained religious imagery related to the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrection of Christ</a> at Easter: "Χριστός Ανέστη – Ελλάς Ανέστη" ("Christ has risen – Greece has risen"), alluding that the junta would save Greece and resurrect her into a greater, new Land.<a href="#cite_note-Emmi_Mikedakis-46">[45]</a> The theme of rebirth was used many times as a standard reply to avoid answering any questions as to how long the dictatorship would last: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Because the latter is someone else's concern. They are the concerns of those, who lit the fuse of the dynamite for the explosion which led to the rebirth of the State the night of 21 April 1967.</blockquote> The religious themes and rebirth metaphors are also seen in the following:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our obligations are described by both our religion and our history. Christ teaches concord and love. Our history demands faith in the Fatherland. ... Hellas is being reborn, Hellas will accomplish great things, Hellas will live forever.<a href="#cite_note-Emmi_Mikedakis-46">[45]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Civil rights">edit</a>]</div> As soon as the coup d'état was announced over Greek radio, martial music was continuously broadcast over the airwaves.<a href="#cite_note-Ind._obit.-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swift2010-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Spectator-50">[49]</a> This was interrupted from time to time with announcements of the junta issuing orders, which always started with the introduction, Apofasizomen ke diatassomen (Αποφασίζομεν και διατάσσομεν, 'We decide and we order').<a href="#cite_note-To_Dentro-51">[50]</a> Long-standing political freedoms and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, that had been taken for granted and enjoyed by the Greek people for decades, were instantly suppressed. Article 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Constitution">Greek Constitution</a>, which protected <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, was immediately and fraudulently suspended.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Military courts were established, and political parties were dissolved. Legislation that took decades to fine tune and multiple parliaments to enact was thus erased in a matter of days. The rapid dismantling of Greek democracy had begun. In fact, the junta crackdown was so fast that by September 1967, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands went before the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights" title="European Commission of Human Rights">European Commission of Human Rights</a> to accuse Greece of violating most of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> protected by the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becket-54">[53]</a> 6,188 suspected communists and political opponents were imprisoned or exiled to remote Greek islands within the first week after the coup.<a href="#cite_note-Answering-55">[54]</a> Under the junta, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> became a deliberate practice carried out both by the Security Police and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Military_Police" title="Greek Military Police">Greek Military Police</a> (ESA),<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> with an estimated 3,500 people detained in torture centres run by ESA.<a href="#cite_note-Becket-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Answering-55">[54]</a> Commonly used methods of torture included, but were not limited to, beating the soles of detainees' feet, sexual torture, choking and ripping out body hair. The Special Interrogation Unit of the Greek Military Police (EAT/ESA) used a combination of techniques that included continuous standing in an empty room, sleep and food deprivation, beatings and loud sounds.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg/220px-Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg/330px-Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg/440px-Gyaros_Luftbild_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gyaros" title="Gyaros">Gyaros</a>, a prison island for dissidents</figcaption></figure> According to recent research based on new interviews with survivors, in the period from May to November 1973 this combination of interrogation techniques also included the repetition of songs that were popular hits of the time.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> These were played loudly and repeatedly from loudspeakers. These methods attacked the senses without leaving any visible traces and have been classified since as torture by international organisations.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_(AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_%28AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis%29.jpg/170px-EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_%28AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_%28AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis%29.jpg/255px-EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_%28AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_%28AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis%29.jpg/340px-EAT-ESA_Door_to_Cells_%28AUTH-_Vasilis_Gimisis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="4008" /></a><figcaption>The cell of officer <a href="/wiki/Spyros_Moustaklis" title="Spyros Moustaklis">Spyros Moustaklis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Military_Police" title="Greek Military Police">EAT-ESA</a> building. During a torture session, he suffered brain trauma and was left paralyzed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christos_Sartzetakis_(1989)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Christos_Sartzetakis_%281989%29_cropped.jpg/170px-Christos_Sartzetakis_%281989%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Christos_Sartzetakis_%281989%29_cropped.jpg/255px-Christos_Sartzetakis_%281989%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Christos_Sartzetakis_%281989%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Later <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of Greece</a>, Magistrate <a href="/wiki/Christos_Sartzetakis" title="Christos Sartzetakis">Christos Sartzetakis</a> was discharged and imprisoned by the junta due to his investigation on <a href="/wiki/Grigoris_Lambrakis" title="Grigoris Lambrakis">Lambrakis</a>' murder.</figcaption></figure> According to a human rights report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, in the first month of the 21 April coup an estimated 8,000 people were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Becket-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Answering-55">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Becket" title="James Becket">James Becket</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> an American attorney and author of Barbarism in Greece,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Greece-63">[62]</a> was sent to Greece by Amnesty International. He wrote in December 1969 that "a conservative estimate would place at not less than two thousand" the number of people tortured.<a href="#cite_note-Becket-54">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">right of assembly</a> was revoked and no political demonstrations were allowed. Surveillance on citizens was a fact of life, even during permitted social activities.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> That had a continuously chilling effect on the population who realized that, even though they were allowed certain social activities, they could not overstep the boundaries and delve into or discuss forbidden subjects. This realization, including the absence of any <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> as well as maltreatment during police arrest, ranging from threats to beatings or worse, made life under the junta a difficult proposition for many ordinary citizens. Photography by ordinary citizens was banned in public locations. The junta allowed citizens to participate in ordinary societal events such as rock concerts. However, citizens lived in extreme fear, as any behaviour that the junta disapproved of, coupled with the complete absence of any civil rights or freedoms, could easily result in torture, beatings, exile or imprisonment, and the labelling of the victims as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communists</a>. The absence of a valid code of jurisprudence led to the unequal application of the law among the citizens and to rampant favouritism and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>. Absence of elected representation meant that the citizens' stark and only choice was to submit to these arbitrary measures exactly as dictated by the junta. The country had become a true <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Psychological_Origins-66">[65]</a> Thousands were jailed for political reasons by the dictatorship and thousands were forced into exile.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-10">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] More than 10,000 were estimated to have been arrested in the first few days after the coup.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Complete lack of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press freedom</a> coupled with nonexistent civil rights meant that continuous cases of civil rights abuses could neither be reported nor investigated by an independent press or any other reputable authority. This led to a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> among the citizens during the Papadopoulos dictatorship, which became worse under Ioannidis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relations">External relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></div> The military government was given support by the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ally, due to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European">Eastern European</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a>, and the fact that the previous <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a> had given the country millions of dollars in economic aid to discourage <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. U.S. support for the junta, which was staunchly anti-communist, is claimed to be the cause of rising <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a> in Greece during and following the junta's undemocratic rule.<a href="#cite_note-Poly-Papadopoulos-68">[67]</a> Though all NATO members except for Portugal, then under the authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> regime, despised the Regime of the Colonels, there was a mixed response to the junta from Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands <a href="/wiki/Greek_case" title="Greek case">filed a complaint</a> before the Human Rights Commission of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in September 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Pedaliu2016-70">[69]</a> The Commission on Human Rights took the exceptional step of constituting a Sub-Commission to investigate the accusations of gross human rights abuses. The sub-commission reported its extensive on-site investigation and unearthed significant evidence of torture and human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-Report_of_the_Sub-Commission-71">[70]</a> Greece however opted to leave the Council of Europe in December 1969 before a full verdict of the commission could be handed down.<a href="#cite_note-Pedaliu2016-70">[69]</a> Countries such as the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> on the other hand were voicing criticism about Greece's human rights record but supported the country's continued membership in the Council of Europe and NATO because of the country's strategic value for the western alliance.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nafpliotis2012-74">[73]</a> Unusually, in spite of the anti-communism of the Regime of the Colonels, it developed better relations with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a>, ruled by the similarly brutal and despotic <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>. Ceaușescu's rationale for seeking good working relations with the Greek junta stemmed from a mutual desire to maintain stability in the Balkans and due to the shared dictatorial characters of the two regimes.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociocultural_policies">Sociocultural policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sociocultural policies">edit</a>]</div> To gain support for his rule, Papadopoulos projected an image that appealed to some key segments of Greek society. The son of a poor but educated rural family, he was educated at the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Military_Academy" title="Hellenic Military Academy">Hellenic Military Academy</a>. Papadopoulos allowed substantial social and cultural freedoms to all <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>, but political <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> were at times heavy-handed, especially in areas deemed sensitive by the junta, such as political activities, and politically related art, literature, film and music. <a href="/wiki/Costa-Gavras" title="Costa-Gavras">Costa-Gavras</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Z_(1969_film)" title="Z (1969 film)">Z</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>'s music, among others, were never allowed even during the most relaxed times of the dictatorship, and an index of prohibited songs, literature and art was kept. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_music_and_film">Western music and film</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Western music and film">edit</a>]</div> Remarkably, after some initial hesitation and as long as they were not deemed to be politically damaging to the junta, junta censors allowed wide access to Western music and films. Even the then-racy West German film <a href="/wiki/Helga_%E2%80%93_Vom_Werden_des_menschlichen_Lebens" title="Helga – Vom Werden des menschlichen Lebens">Helga</a>, a 1967 <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> featuring a live birth scene, had no trouble making its debut in Greece just like in any other Western country.<a href="#cite_note-Helga_on_IMDB-76">[75]</a> Moreover, the film was only restricted for those under 13 years of age. In 1971 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hartford-Davis" title="Robert Hartford-Davis">Robert Hartford-Davis</a> was allowed by the junta to film the classic horror film <a href="/wiki/Incense_for_the_Damned" title="Incense for the Damned">Incense for the Damned</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Macnee" title="Patrick Macnee">Patrick Macnee</a> and suitably featuring Chryseis (Χρυσηίς), a beguiling Greek <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">siren</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> tendencies, on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Hydra,_Saronic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra, Saronic Islands">Hydra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blood_suckers-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Incense_for_the_Damned-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_review-79">[78]</a> In 1970 the film <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_(film)" title="Woodstock (film)">Woodstock</a> was shown all over Greece, with reports of arrests and disturbances especially in Athens as many youths flocked to see the film and filled theatres to capacity, while many others were left outside.<a href="#cite_note-Woodstock-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matt_Barrett,_The_Rise_of_the_Junta_in_Greece-81">[80]</a> Films such as <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Stop!" title="Marijuana Stop!">Marijuana Stop!</a> dealt with the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie culture">hippie culture</a> and its perception in Greek society as drug-using.<a href="#cite_note-Papadogiannis2015-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kornetis2013-83">[82]</a> Meanwhile, at <a href="/wiki/Matala,_Crete" title="Matala, Crete">Matala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> colony which had been living in the caves since the 1960s was never disturbed. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> was inspired to write the song "<a href="/wiki/Carey_(song)" title="Carey (song)">Carey</a>" after staying in the Matala caves with the hippie community in 1971. Hippie colonies also existed in other popular tourist spots such as "Paradise Beach" in <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matt_Barrett,_November_17th,_Cyprus_and_the_Fall_of_the_Junta-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_folk_music">Greek folk music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Greek folk music">edit</a>]</div> During its rule, the dictatorship heavily utilized <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">folk music</a> in mass media in order to help solidify the relationship between the junta and Greek national identity, in turn legitimizing its rule over the country. The regime sponsored song contests and concerts featuring folk musicians throughout its existence. The favoured types of music employed by the government were those which accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsamiko" title="Tsamiko">Tsamiko</a> folk dances. Additionally, the regime encouraged the production of new folk songs with lyrics praising the government and its leaders, like Georgios Papadopoulos. Because the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a> was so strongly featured in the music of the junta, it remains associated with the Colonels by many Greeks today. The ideology behind the promotion of folk music was twofold: to bridge the gap of continuity with Greece's past and present, and to limit foreign cultural influences such as <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic music</a> (which could hold political connotations contrary to those of the junta) by substituting them with traditionally Greek ones. Folk music was also used as an ideological weapon against dissidents, and it was played constantly in detention centres to help break prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_rock">Greek rock</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greek rock">edit</a>]</div> In the early days of the dictatorship, Western music broadcasts were limited from the airwaves in favour of <a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">martial music</a>, but this was eventually relaxed. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> programmes such as the one hosted by famous Greek music/radio/<a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_language_television_channels#Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek language television channels">television</a> personality and <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">promoter</a> <a href="/wiki/Nico_Mastorakis" title="Nico Mastorakis">Nico Mastorakis</a> were very popular throughout the dictatorship years both on radio and television.<a href="#cite_note-Nikos_Mastorakis-86">[85]</a> Most Western record sales were similarly not restricted. In fact, even rock concerts and tours were allowed such as by the then popular <a href="/wiki/Rock_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock band">rock groups</a> <a href="/wiki/Socrates_Drank_the_Conium" title="Socrates Drank the Conium">Socrates Drank the Conium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nostradamos_(band)" title="Nostradamos (band)">Nostradamos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Athens_Guide_on_Socrates-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOSTRADAMOS_radiogold.com-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Another pop group, <a href="/wiki/Poll_(band)" title="Poll (band)">Poll</a>, was a pioneer of Greek pop music in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Its lead singer and composer was Robert Williams, who was later joined, in 1971, by <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Tournas" title="Kostas Tournas">Kostas Tournas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kostas_Tournas_website-92">[91]</a> Poll enjoyed a number of nationwide hits, such as "Anthrope Agapa (Mankind Love One Another)", an <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> song composed by Tournas, and "Ela Ilie Mou (Come, My Sun)",<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> composed by Tournas, Williams.<a href="#cite_note-Anthrope_agapa-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Tournas later pursued a solo career and in 1972 produced the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic</a> hit solo album Aperanta Chorafia (Απέραντα Χωράφια, 'Infinite Fields').<a href="#cite_note-Kostas_Tournas-96">[95]</a> He wrote and arranged the album using an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> and a rock group ("Ruth") combination, producing a <a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">rock opera</a> which is considered a landmark of <a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Greek rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Athinorama-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-musicpaper.gr-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsbeast.gr-99">[98]</a> In 1973 Kostas Tournas created the album Astroneira (Stardreams), influenced by <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars">Ziggy Stardust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Songwriter <a href="/wiki/Dionysis_Savvopoulos" title="Dionysis Savvopoulos">Dionysis Savvopoulos</a>, who was initially imprisoned by the regime, nevertheless rose to great popularity and produced a number of influential and highly politically <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a>, especially against the junta, albums during the period, including To Perivoli tou Trellou (Το Περιβόλι του Τρελλού, 'The Madman's Orchard'), Ballos (Μπάλλος, the name of Greek folk dance) and Vromiko Psomi (Βρώμικο Ψωμί, 'Dirty Bread').<a href="#cite_note-Matt_Barrett,_The_Rise_of_the_Junta_in_Greece-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">tourism</a> was actively encouraged by Papadopoulos' government and, funding scandals notwithstanding, there was great development of the tourist sector. With tourism came nightlife. However, under Papadopoulos, in the absence of any civil rights these sociocultural freedoms existed in a legal vacuum that meant they were not guaranteed, but rather dispensed at the whim of the junta. In addition any transgressing into political matters during social or cultural activities usually meant arrest and punishment. Tourism was furthered by the <a href="/wiki/1969_European_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 European Championships in Athletics">1969 European Championships in Athletics</a> in Athens which showed political normality. Even the boycott of the West German team was not directed against the junta, but against its own team leadership.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Although discos and nightclubs were, initially, subjected to a curfew, partially due to an <a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">energy crisis</a>, this was eventually extended from 1:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. as the energy crisis eased.<a href="#cite_note-Matt_Barrett,_November_17th,_Cyprus_and_the_Fall_of_the_Junta-84">[83]</a> These freedoms were later reversed by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a> after his coup. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> The farmers were Papadopoulos's natural constituency and were more likely to support him, seeing him as one of their own because of his rural roots. He cultivated this relationship by appealing to them, calling them i rahokokalia tou laou (η ραχοκοκαλιά του λαού, '<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">the backbone of the people</a>') and cancelling all agricultural loans.<a href="#cite_note-Google_Book-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> By further insisting on promoting, but not really enforcing for fear of middle-class backlash, religion and patriotism, he further appealed to the simpler ideals of rural Greece and strengthened his image as people's champion among farmers, who tended to ridicule the middle class. Furthermore, the regime promoted a policy of economic development in rural areas, which were mostly neglected by the previous governments, that had focused largely on urban industrial development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_classes">Urban classes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Urban classes">edit</a>]</div> While never strongly supported by the urban middle class, they at first generally accepted Papadopoulos's rule (albeit reluctantly). Bourgeois Greeks acquiesced to the junta with the understanding that the dictatorship would be temporary and that the colonels would hold free elections upon the restoration of order.<a href="#cite_note-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was-105">[104]</a> In addition, the Greek business community largely approved of the regime's economic policies, especially its promotion of tourism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_language">Greek language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Greek language">edit</a>]</div> On the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a> of whether Greece should adopt <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>, based on Ancient Greek, or <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>, based on the vernacular actually spoken by most Greek, the junta came firmly down on the side of Katharevousa. In 1968, Katharevousa was made the official language of the state, including education; Demotic was banned from schools except for the first three years of primary classes, and even there the Demotic used was altered to make it as much like Katharevousa as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Mackridge_2009-106">[105]</a> Katharevousa became so closely identified with the junta that its eventual downfall settled the question once and for all in favor of Demotic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic policies">edit</a>]</div> The 1967–1973 period was marked by high rates of economic growth coupled with low inflation and low unemployment. Economic growth was driven by investment in the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a>, loose emigration policies, public spending, and pro-business incentives that fostered both domestic and foreign capital spending. Several international companies invested in Greece at the time, including <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>. Economic growth started losing steam by 1972.<a href="#cite_note-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was-105">[104]</a> In addition, large scale construction of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric dam</a> projects, such as in <a href="/wiki/Haliacmon" title="Haliacmon">Aliakmon</a>, Kastrakion, Polyphytos, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoelectric">thermoelectric</a> generation units and other significant infrastructure development, took place. The junta used to proudly announce these projects with the slogan: I Ellas ine ena ergotaxion (Η Ελλάς είναι ένα εργοτάξιον, 'Greece is a construction zone'). The always smiling <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos" title="Stylianos Pattakos">Stylianos Pattakos</a>, also known as to proto mistri tis elladas (Το πρώτο μυστρί της Ελλάδας, 'the first trowel of Greece'), since he frequently appeared at project inaugurations with a <a href="/wiki/Trowel" title="Trowel">trowel</a> in hand, starred in many of the Epikaira propaganda documentaries that were screened before feature film presentation in Greek cinemas.<a href="#cite_note-Pattakos_on_Kathimerini-107">[106]</a> Economists have criticized the waste, fraud, and abuse derived from the junta's economic policies. One notable example is tourism minister <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Ladas" title="Ioannis Ladas">Ioannis Ladas'</a> practice of granting ill advised loans to would be hoteliers in order to promote the tourism industry. This fostered the erection of a multitude of hotels, sometimes in non-tourist areas, and with no underlying business rationale. Several such hotels were abandoned unfinished as soon as the loans were secured, and their remains still dot the Greek countryside. These questionable loans are referred to as Thalassodania (Θαλασσοδάνεια, 'loans of the sea'), to indicate the loose terms under which they were granted.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Another contested policy of the regime was the writing-off of agricultural loans, up to a value of 100,000 drachmas, to farmers. This has been attributed to an attempt by Papadopoulos to gain public support for his regime. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_connection">Italian connection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italian connection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Borghese_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Borghese Coup">Borghese Coup</a></div> At the time, the Italian far right was very impressed with the methods of Papadopoulos and his junta. In April 1968, Papadopoulos invited fifty members of the Italian far right on a Greek tour, to demonstrate the junta's methods.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> Invitees included <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Delle_Chiaie" title="Stefano Delle Chiaie">Stefano Delle Chiaie</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Ordine_Nuovo" title="Ordine Nuovo">Ordine Nuovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanguardia Nazionale">Avanguardia Nazionale</a>, Europa Civiltà, and FUAN-La Caravella.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laruelle2015-109">[108]</a> (cf Frattini, Entity, 2004, p. 304) The Italians were impressed. Upon returning to their country, they escalated their political violence, embarking on a terror campaign of bombings and other violence which killed and injured hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> Afterwards, the right-wing instigators of this violence blamed the communists.<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> After their visit to Greece, the Italian neo-fascists also engaged in <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operations and embarked on a campaign of infiltration of leftist, anarchist, and Marxist–Leninist organisations.<a href="#cite_note-Laruelle2015-109">[108]</a> One of the neo-fascists conducted frequent provocations and infiltrations that have been suggested were connected to the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Fontana_bombing" title="Piazza Fontana bombing">Piazza Fontana bombing</a> on 12 December 1969, although no hard proof has ever been uncovered to link the actions.<a href="#cite_note-Laruelle2015-109">[108]</a> The Greek junta was so impressed with the manner in which their Italian counterparts were paving the way toward an Italian coup d'état that, on 15 May 1969, Papadopoulos sent them a congratulatory message stating that "His Excellency the Prime Minister notes that the efforts that have been undertaken by the Greek National government in Italy for some time start to have some impact".<a href="#cite_note-Ganser-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-junta_movement">Anti-junta movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anti-junta movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greek_junta" title="Special:EditPage/Greek junta">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The entire left wing of the Greek political spectrum, including the long outlawed Communist Party of Greece, opposed the junta from the start. Many new militant groups formed in 1968, both in exile and in Greece, to promote democratic rule. These included <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Liberation_Movement" title="Panhellenic Liberation Movement">Panhellenic Liberation Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Defense" title="Democratic Defense">Democratic Defense</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Union" title="Socialist Democratic Union">Socialist Democratic Union</a>. The first armed action against the junta was <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Panagoulis" title="Alexandros Panagoulis">Alexandros Panagoulis</a>'s failed attempt to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">George Papadopoulos</a>, on 13 August 1968. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempt_by_Panagoulis">Assassination attempt by Panagoulis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt by Panagoulis">edit</a>]</div> The assassination attempt took place on the morning of 13 August, when Papadopoulos went from his summer residence in <a href="/wiki/Lagonisi" title="Lagonisi">Lagonisi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, escorted by his personal security motorcycles and cars. Alexandros Panagoulis ignited a bomb at a point of the coastal road where the limousine carrying Papadopoulos had to slow down, but the bomb failed to harm Papadopoulos. Panagoulis was captured a few hours later in a nearby sea cave, as the boat that would let him escape the scene of the attack had not shown up. Panagoulis was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Military_Police" title="Greek Military Police">Greek Military Police</a> (EAT-ESA) offices, where he was questioned, beaten, and tortured (see the proceedings of Theofiloyiannakos's trial). On 17 November 1968, he was sentenced to death. He remained in prison for five years. After democracy was restored, Panagoulis was elected into Parliament. He is regarded as emblematic of the struggle to restore democracy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadening_of_the_movement">Broadening of the movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Broadening of the movement">edit</a>]</div> The funeral of <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Papandreou, Sr.">George Papandreou, Sr.</a>, on 3 November 1968, spontaneously turned into a massive demonstration against the junta. Thousands of Athenians disobeyed the military's orders, and followed the casket to the cemetery. The junta arrested 41 people. On 28 March 1969, after two years of widespread censorship, political detentions and torture, <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> in 1963, took a stand against the junta. He made a statement on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> with copies simultaneously distributed to every newspaper in Athens. Attacking the colonels, he passionately demanded that "This anomaly must end". Seferis died before the junta ended. His funeral, on 20 September 1972, turned into a massive demonstration against the military government. Also in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Costa-Gavras" title="Costa-Gavras">Costa-Gavras</a> released the film <a href="/wiki/Z_(1969_film)" title="Z (1969 film)">Z</a>, based on a book by celebrated left-wing writer <a href="/wiki/Vassilis_Vassilikos" title="Vassilis Vassilikos">Vassilis Vassilikos</a>. The film, banned in Greece, presented a lightly fictionalized account of the events surrounding the assassination of <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Left" title="United Democratic Left">United Democratic Left</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Gregoris_Lambrakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoris Lambrakis">Gregoris Lambrakis</a> in 1963. The film captured the sense of outrage about the junta. The soundtrack of the film was written by <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, who was imprisoned by the junta and later went into exile, and the music was smuggled into the country and added to other inspirational, underground Theodorakis tracks. A lesser known <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> film, in Greek, <a href="/wiki/Your_Neighbor%27s_Son" title="Your Neighbor's Son">Your Neighbor's Son</a>, detailed the subordination and training of simple youths to become torturers for the junta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_protest">International protest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International protest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005,_Stuttgart,_Maikundgebung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the junta by Greek political exiles in Germany, 1967</figcaption></figure> The junta exiled thousands, on the grounds that they were communists and/or "enemies of the country". Most of them were subjected to internal exile on Greek deserted islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Makronisos" title="Makronisos">Makronisos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyaros" title="Gyaros">Gyaros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioura" title="Gioura">Gioura</a>, or inhabited islands such as <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agios_Eustratios" class="mw-redirect" title="Agios Eustratios">Agios Eustratios</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paleo_Trikeri" title="Paleo Trikeri">Trikeri</a>. The most famous were in external exile, most of whom were substantially involved in the resistance, organising protests in European capital cities or helping and hiding refugees from Greece. These included: <a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a>, actor, singer (and, after 1981 <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Culture_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Culture (Greece)">Minister for Culture</a>); <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, composer of resistance songs; <a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Costas Simitis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">prime minister</a> from 1996 to 2004); <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> (prime minister from 1981 to 1989 and again from 1993 to 1996); and Lady <a href="/wiki/Amalia_Fleming" title="Amalia Fleming">Amalia Fleming</a> (wife of Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>, philanthropist, political activist).<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Some chose exile, unable to stand life under the junta. For example, Melina Mercouri was allowed to enter Greece, but stayed away on her own accord. In the early hours of 19 September 1970, in Matteotti square in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> student <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Georgakis" title="Kostas Georgakis">Kostas Georgakis</a> set himself ablaze in protest against the dictatorship of George Papadopoulos. The junta delayed the arrival of his remains to <a href="/wiki/Corfu#Famous_persons_associated_with_Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> for four months, fearing public reaction and protests. At the time, his death caused a sensation in Greece and abroad, as it was the first tangible manifestation of the depth of resistance against the junta. He is the only known anti-junta resistance activist to have sacrificed himself. He is considered the precursor of later student protest, such as the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a>. The Municipality of Corfu dedicated a memorial in his honour, near his home in <a href="/wiki/Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Corfu city</a>. In a speech before the U.S. Senate on 6 November 1971, Senator <a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf" title="Lee Metcalf">Lee Metcalf</a> listed the members of the Greek junta who had served in the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a> and denounced the administration of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> for supporting what he called a "junta of Nazi collaborators".<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The German writer, <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative reporter</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wallraff" title="Günter Wallraff">Günter Wallraff</a> traveled to Greece in May 1974. While in <a href="/wiki/Syntagma_Square" title="Syntagma Square">Syntagma Square</a>, he protested against human right violations. He was arrested and tortured by the police, as he did not carry, on purpose, any papers on him that could identify him as a foreigner. After his identity was revealed, Wallraff was convicted and sentenced to 14 months in jail. He was released in August, after the end of the dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velos_mutiny">Velos mutiny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Velos mutiny">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Velos_D16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Velos_D16.jpg/250px-Velos_D16.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Velos_D16.jpg/375px-Velos_D16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Velos_D16.jpg/500px-Velos_D16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The destroyer Velos (Βέλος, 'Arrow'), now a museum ship at <a href="/wiki/Palaio_Faliro" title="Palaio Faliro">Palaio Faliro</a> in Athens</figcaption></figure> In an anti-<a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a> protest, on 23 May 1973, <a href="/wiki/USS_Charrette" title="USS Charrette">HNS Velos</a>, under the command of Commander <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Pappas" title="Nikolaos Pappas">Nikolaos Pappas</a>, refused to return to Greece after participating in a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> exercise and remained anchored at <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiumicino, Italy">Fiumicino, Italy</a>. During a patrol with other NATO vessels between continental Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the commander and the officers heard over the radio that a number of fellow naval officers had been arrested in Greece. Commander Pappas was involved in a group of democratic officers who remained loyal to their oath to obey the Constitution and planned to act against the junta. <a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Averoff" title="Evangelos Averoff">Evangelos Averoff</a> also participated in the Velos mutiny, for which he was later arrested as an "instigator".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Pappas believed that since his fellow anti-junta officers had been arrested, there was no more hope for a movement inside Greece. He therefore decided to act alone in order to motivate global public opinion. He mustered all the crew to the stern and announced his decision, which was received with enthusiasm by the crew.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pappas signalled his intentions to the squadron commander and NATO headquarters, quoting the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a>, which declares that "all governments ... are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law", and, leaving formation, sailed for Rome. There, anchored about 3.5 nautical miles (6 km) away from the coast of Fiumicino, three ensigns sailed ashore with a whaleboat, went to <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiumicino Airport">Fiumicino Airport</a> and telephoned the international press agencies, notifying them of the situation in Greece, the presence of the destroyer, and that the captain would hold a press conference the next day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This action increased international interest in the situation in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The commander, six officers, and twenty five <a href="/wiki/Petty_officer" title="Petty officer">petty officers</a> requested permission to remain abroad as political refugees. Indeed, the whole crew wished to follow their commander but were advised by its officers to remain onboard and return to Greece to inform families and friends about what happened. Velos returned to Greece after a month with a replacement crew. After the fall of the junta all officers and petty officers returned to the Navy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse">Collapse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Collapse">edit</a>]</div> The collapse of the junta both ideologically and politically was triggered by a series of events which unfolded soon after Papadopoulos' attempt at liberalisation, with ideological collapse preceding its eventual political collapse. During and following this ill-fated process the internal political strains of the junta came to the fore and pitted the junta <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a> against each other, thus destroying the seemingly monolithic cohesion of the dictatorship. This had the effect of seriously weakening the coherence of the political message and, consequently, the regime's credibility. Later events showed that this was a fatal blow, from which the junta never recovered. At the same time, during Papadopoulos' attempt at liberalisation, some of the junta constraints were removed from Greece's <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a>. This led to demands for more freedoms, and political unrest, in a society well used to democratic action prior to the dictatorship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normalization_and_attempts_at_liberalization">Normalization and attempts at liberalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Normalization and attempts at liberalization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_(1973%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_%281973%E2%80%931974%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_%281973%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_%281973%E2%80%931974%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_%281973%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_%281973%E2%80%931974%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Greece_%281973%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Presidential standard (1973–74)</figcaption></figure> Despite his heavy-handed approach to dissent, Papadopoulos had indicated as early as 1968 that he was eager for a reform process. He had declared at the time that he did not want the "Revolution" (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">junta speak</a> for the "dictatorship") to become a "regime". He attempted to initiate reforms in 1969 and 1970 but was thwarted by the hardline members of the junta, including Ioannidis. Subsequent to his 1970 failed attempt at reform, he threatened to resign. He was dissuaded when the hardliners renewed their personal allegiance to him.<a href="#cite_note-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was-105">[104]</a> There was a significant divide in the junta between those like Papadoupolos who identified with the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> and hardliners who identified with <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>. On 10 April 1970 Papadopoulos announced the formation of the Simvouleftiki Epitropi (Συμβουλευτική Επιτροπή, "Advisory Council") otherwise known as "Papadopoulos' (pseudo) Parliament".<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eleftherotypia-117">[116]</a> Composed of members elected through an electoral type process but limited only to ethnikofrones (Εθνικόφρων, '<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">regime supporters</a>'), it was bicameral, composed of the Central Advisory Council and the Provincial Advisory Council. The Central Council met in Athens in the Parliament Building. Both councils had the purpose to advise the dictator. At the time of the announcement of the formation of the council, Papadopoulos explained that he wanted to avoid using the term Vouli (Βουλή, 'Parliament') for the Committee because it sounded bad.<a href="#cite_note-Eleftherotypia-117">[116]</a> The council was dissolved just prior to Papadopoulos' failed attempt to liberalise his regime. As internal dissatisfaction grew in the early 1970s, and especially after an abortive coup by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a> in early 1973,<a href="#cite_note-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was-105">[104]</a> Papadopoulos attempted to legitimize the regime by beginning a gradual "democratization" (See also the article on <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi#Prologue" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a>). On 1 June 1973, he abolished the monarchy and declared Greece a republic with himself as president. He was confirmed in office after <a href="/wiki/Greek_republic_referendum,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek republic referendum, 1973">a controversial referendum</a>, the results of which were not recognised by the political parties. He furthermore sought the support of the old political establishment, but secured only the cooperation of <a href="/wiki/Spiros_Markezinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiros Markezinis">Spiros Markezinis</a>, who was appointed prime minister. Concurrently, many restrictions were lifted, and the army's role significantly reduced. Papadopoulos intended to establish a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a>, with extensive–and within the context of the system, almost dictatorial–powers vested in the presidency. The decision to return to political rule and the restriction of the military's role was resented by many of the regime's supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a>, whose dissatisfaction with Papadopoulos would become evident a few months later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprising_at_the_Polytechnic">Uprising at the Polytechnic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Uprising at the Polytechnic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a></div> Papadopoulos' heavy-handed attempt at liberalisation did not find favour among many in Greece. The stilted democratisation process he proposed was constrained by multiple factors. His inexperience at carrying out an unprecedented political experiment of democratisation was burdened by his tendency to concentrate as much power in his hands as possible, a weakness he exhibited during the junta years when he would sometimes hold multiple high-echelon government portfolios. This especially antagonised the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, whose primary exponents were the students. The students at the Law School in Athens, for example, demonstrated multiple times against the dictatorship prior to the events at the Polytechneion. The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Student_protest" title="Student protest">student protest</a> was always strong in Greece, even before the dictatorship. Papadopoulos tried hard to suppress and discredit the student movement during his tenure at the helm of the junta. But the liberalisation process he undertook allowed the students to organise more freely, and this gave the opportunity to the students at the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_University_of_Athens" title="National Technical University of Athens">National Technical University of Athens</a> to organise a demonstration that grew progressively larger and more effective. The political momentum was on the side of the students. Sensing this, the junta panicked and reacted violently.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In the early hours of Saturday, 17 November 1973, Papadopoulos sent the army to suppress the student strike and sit-in of the Eleftheri Poliorkimeni (Ελεύθεροι Πολιορκημένοι, 'Free Besieged'), as the students called themselves, at the Athens Polytechnic which had commenced on 14 November. Shortly after 3:00 am. EET, under almost complete cover of darkness, an <a href="/wiki/AMX_30" class="mw-redirect" title="AMX 30">AMX 30</a> tank crashed through the rail gate of the Athens Polytechnic with subsequent loss of life. An estimated 24 people were killed. The army also occupied <a href="/wiki/Syntagma_Square" title="Syntagma Square">Syntagma Square</a> for at least the following day. Even the sidewalk cafes were closed. Ioannidis' involvement in inciting unit commanders to commit criminal acts during the uprising, so that he could facilitate his own upcoming coup, was noted in the indictment presented to the court by the prosecutor during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta_trials" title="Greek junta trials">Greek junta trials</a>, and in his subsequent conviction in the Polytechneion trial where he was found to have been morally responsible for the events.<a href="#cite_note-Tsevas-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unrepetant-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioannidis_coup_and_regime">Ioannidis coup and regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ioannidis coup and regime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r963460841"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ioannidis coup and regime</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25 November 1973</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Coup successful <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a> overthrown and put under house arrest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a> assumes power.</li> <li>Coup reverses attempts to liberalize the military junta.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /> Hardliner faction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/15px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/29px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="750" /></a> Army dissidents</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /> Government</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Phaedon_Gizikis" title="Phaedon Gizikis">Phaedon Gizikis</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Spyros_Markezinis" title="Spyros Markezinis">Spyros Markezinis</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The uprising triggered a series of events that put an abrupt end to Papadopoulos' attempts at "liberalisation".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a>, a disgruntled junta hardliner and long-time protégé of Papadopoulos as head of the feared Military Police, used the uprising as a pretext to reestablish public order, and staged a counter-coup that overthrew Papadopoulos and <a href="/wiki/Spyros_Markezinis" title="Spyros Markezinis">Spyros Markezinis</a> on 25 November. Military law was reinstated, and the new junta appointed General <a href="/wiki/Phaedon_Gizikis" title="Phaedon Gizikis">Phaedon Gizikis</a> as president and economist <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Androutsopoulos" title="Adamantios Androutsopoulos">Adamantios Androutsopoulos</a> as prime minister, although Ioannidis remained the behind-the-scenes strongman. Ioannidis's heavy-handed and opportunistic intervention had the effect of destroying the myth that the junta was an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">idealistic</a> group of army officers with exactly the same ideals who came to save Greece by using their collective wisdom. The main tenet of the junta ideology (and mythology) was gone and so was the collective. By default, he remained the only man at the top after toppling the other three principals of the junta. Characteristically, he cited ideological reasons for ousting the Papadopoulos faction, accusing them with straying from the principles of the Revolution, especially of being corrupt and misusing their privileges as army officers for financial gains. Papadopoulos and his junta always claimed that the 21 April 1967 "revolution" saved Greece from the old party system. Now Ioannidis was, in effect, claiming that his coup saved the revolution from the Papadopoulos faction. The dysfunction as well as the ideological fragmentation and fractionalisation of the junta was finally out in the open. Ioannidis, however, did not make these accusations personally as he always tried to avoid unnecessary publicity. The radio broadcasts, following the now familiar "coup in progress" scenario featuring martial music interspersed with military orders and curfew announcements, kept repeating that the army was taking back the reins of power in order to save the principles of the revolution and that the overthrow of the Papadopoulos-Markezinis government was supported by the army, navy and air force.<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_On_this_day-122">[121]</a> At the same time they announced that the new coup was a "continuation of the revolution of 1967" and accused Papadopoulos with "straying from the ideals of the 1967 revolution" and "pushing the country towards parliamentary rule too quickly".<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_On_this_day-122">[121]</a> Prior to seizing power, Ioannidis preferred to work in the background and he never held any formal office in the junta. He was now the de facto leader of a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet regime</a> composed by members some of whom were rounded up by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Military_Police" title="Greek Military Police">Greek Military Police</a> (ESA) soldiers in roving jeeps to serve and others that were simply chosen by mistake.<a href="#cite_note-Greece_marks_'73_student_uprising-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mario_Modiano-124">[123]</a> The Ioannidis method of forming a government dealt yet another blow to the rapidly diminishing credibility of the regime both at home and abroad. The new junta, despite its rather inauspicious origins, pursued an aggressive internal crackdown and an expansionist foreign policy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cypriot_coup_d'état,_Turkish_invasion_and_fall_of_the_junta">Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion and fall of the junta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion and fall of the junta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">1974 Cypriot coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cy-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cy-map.png/220px-Cy-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cy-map.png/330px-Cy-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cy-map.png/440px-Cy-map.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the division of Cyprus</figcaption></figure> Sponsored by Ioannidis, on 15 July 1974 a <a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">coup d'état</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> overthrew Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cypriot President</a>. Turkey replied to this by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">invading Cyprus</a> and occupying the northern part of the island, after heavy fighting with the Cypriot and Greek <a href="/wiki/ELDYK" class="mw-redirect" title="ELDYK">ELDYK</a> Forces (ΕΛ.ΔΥ.Κ. (Ελληνική Δύναμη Κύπρου), "Greek Force for Cyprus"). During a military council, Ioannidis is reported to have said angrily to the American minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Sisco" title="Joseph J. Sisco">Joseph J. Sisco</a> (who was present) "You betrayed us! You had assured us that you would prevent any Turkish landing".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> There was a well-founded fear that an all-out war with Turkey was imminent. The Cyprus fiasco led to senior Greek military officers withdrawing their support for junta strongman Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a>. Junta-appointed President <a href="/wiki/Phaedon_Gizikis" title="Phaedon Gizikis">Phaedon Gizikis</a> called a meeting of old-guard politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiros_Markezinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiros Markezinis">Spiros Markezinis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephanos_Stephanopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephanos Stephanopoulos">Stephanos Stephanopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Averoff" title="Evangelos Averoff">Evangelos Averoff</a>, and others. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karamanlis-konstantinos2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Karamanlis-konstantinos2.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a> led the country's transition to democracy, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a>, the trial of the junta leaders, and the purge of the Army of its members.</figcaption></figure> The agenda was to appoint a national unity government that would lead the country to elections. Although former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a> was originally backed, on 23 July, Gizikis finally invited former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a>, who had resided in Paris since 1963, to assume the role.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Karamanlis returned to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> on a <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French Presidency</a> <a href="/wiki/Learjet" title="Learjet">Learjet</a> made available to him by President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, a close personal friend, and was sworn in as prime minister under President <a href="/wiki/Phaedon_Gizikis" title="Phaedon Gizikis">Phaedon Gizikis</a>. Karamanlis' new party, <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1974">November 1974 general election</a>, and he became prime minister. Parliamentary democracy was thus restored and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1974">Greek legislative elections of 1974</a> were the first free elections held in a decade. A referendum held 8 December 1974 rejected re-establishment of the monarchy by a 2-to-1 margin, and Greece became a republic.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials_of_the_junta_(1975)">Trials of the junta (1975)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Trials of the junta (1975)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta_trials" title="Greek junta trials">Greek junta trials</a></div> In January 1975 the junta members were arrested and in early August of the same year the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis brought charges of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> against Georgios Papadopoulos and nineteen other co-conspirators of the military junta.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Korydallos-128">[127]</a> The mass trial was staged at the <a href="/wiki/Korydallos_Prison" title="Korydallos Prison">Korydallos Prison</a>. The trial was described as "Greece's <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Time_Korydallos-128">[127]</a> One thousand soldiers armed with <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> provided security.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Korydallos-128">[127]</a> The roads leading to the jail were patrolled by tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Korydallos-128">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_of_the_junta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Trial_of_the_junta.jpg/250px-Trial_of_the_junta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Trial_of_the_junta.jpg/375px-Trial_of_the_junta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Trial_of_the_junta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Members of the junta on trial. Front row (from left): Papadopoulos, Makarezos, and Pattakos. Ioannidis can be seen on the second row, just behind Pattakos.</figcaption></figure> Papadopoulos, Pattakos, Makarezos and Ioannidis were sentenced to death for high treason.<a href="#cite_note-Answering_to_History-129">[128]</a> These sentences were later commuted to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> by the Karamanlis government for humanitarian reasons. A plan to grant amnesty to the junta principals by the <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Mitsotakis" title="Konstantinos Mitsotakis">Konstantinos Mitsotakis</a> government in 1990 was cancelled after protests from conservatives, socialists and communists.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Papadopoulos died in the hospital in 1999 after being transferred from Korydallos while Ioannidis remained incarcerated until his death in 2010. This trial was followed by a second trial which centred on the events and the murders during the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a> and a third called "The trial of the torturers". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_Greek_public_opinion">Legacy and Greek public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy and Greek public opinion">edit</a>]</div> The historical repercussions of the junta were profound and are still felt to this day in Greece. Internally the absence of civil rights and the oppression that followed created a sense of fear and persecution among many in the population creating trauma and division that persisted long after the fall of the junta. The Cyprus debacle created a tragedy that is still unfolding.<a href="#cite_note-Karamanlis_Time-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> While the Cyprus fiasco was due to the actions of Ioannidis,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> it was Papadopoulos who started the cycle of coups. Externally, the absence of human rights in a country belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> was a continuous source of embarrassment for the free world, and this and other reasons made Greece an international pariah abroad and interrupted its process of integration with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with incalculable <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity costs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karamanlis_Time-131">[130]</a> The 21 April regime remains highly controversial to this day, with most Greeks holding very strong and polarised views in regards to it. According to a survey by Kapa Research published in the centre-left newspaper <a href="/wiki/To_Vima" title="To Vima">To Vima</a> in 2002, the majority of the electoral body (54.7%) consider the regime to have been bad or harmful for Greece while 20.7% consider it to have been good for Greece and 19.8% believe that it was neither good nor harmful.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In April 2013, the Metron Analysis Poll, found that 30% of Greeks yearned for the "better" days of the Junta.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The experiences in Greece were formative for several CIA officers, including <a href="/wiki/Clair_George" title="Clair George">Clair George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gust_Avrakotos" title="Gust Avrakotos">Gust Avrakotos</a>. Avrakotos, for example, dealt with the aftermath when <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Organization_17_November" title="Revolutionary Organization 17 November">Revolutionary Organization 17 November</a> murdered his superior, CIA station chief <a href="/wiki/Richard_Welch" title="Richard Welch">Richard Welch</a>, in 1975. Many of his junta-connected associates were also assassinated in this time period. Avrakotos himself had his cover blown by the media and his life became endangered.<a href="#cite_note-crile-4">[3]</a> In 1999, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> apologised on the behalf of the U.S. government for supporting the military junta in the name of Cold War tactics.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> There has been speculation that lingering social effects of the junta played a role in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">extreme right-wing</a> party which gained eighteen seats in parliament in two <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_May_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, May 2012">successive</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_June_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, June 2012">elections</a> in 2012, in the midst of Greece's ongoing <a href="/wiki/Greek_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek debt crisis">debt crisis</a>. Golden Dawn's leader, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Nikolaos Michaloliakos</a>, met the leaders of the junta while in prison and was inspired to lay the foundations for the party. Some have linked alleged support of Golden Dawn by <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Hellenic Police</a> officers to the party's statements sympathising with the junta, which commentators note would appeal to policemen whose livelihoods are threatened by harsh <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">History of modern Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_Greek_history" title="Timeline of modern Greek history">timeline of modern Greek history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Man" title="A Man">A Man</a>, book by <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a> about <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Panagoulis" title="Alexandros Panagoulis">Alexandros Panagoulis</a>, a would-be assassin and resistance fighter.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Imaste_dio" title="Imaste dio">Imaste dio</a>", a song by Mikis Theodorakis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Neighbor%27s_Son" title="Your Neighbor's Son">Your Neighbor's Son</a>, a 1976 Danish <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> about the making of the junta torturers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loafing_and_Camouflage" title="Loafing and Camouflage">Loafing and Camouflage</a>, a 1984 Greek film.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Greece)" title="White Terror (Greece)">White Terror (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">percentages agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: καθεστώς των Συνταγματαρχών, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: kathestós ton Syntagmatarchón, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[kaθesˈtos ton sindaɣmatarˈxon]</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Perkins, Bradford; Cohen, Warren; LaFeber, Walter; Iriye, Akira (1995). The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 4, America in the Age of Soviet Power, 1945–1991. Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-2">c</a> Simpson, Christoper Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988 p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-crile-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crile_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crile_4-1">b</a> Charlie Wilson's War, George Crile, 2003, Grove/Atlantic. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_5-1">b</a> Kassimeris, Christos Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance, London: I.B. Tauris, 2009 p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ganser, Daniele (2005). NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe Routledge. p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Moseley, Ray (17 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/62/411.html">Thousands decry U.S. in streets of Athens</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chicago Tribune">The Chicago Tribune</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Kassimeris, Christos (2006). "Causes of the 1967 Greek Coup". Democracy and Security. 2(1), 61–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Weiner, Tim (2007), Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA, Doubleday, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_10-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-nov-21-mn-35991-story.html">"Clinton Says U.S. Regrets Aid to Junta in Cold War"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, 21 November 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Kassimeris, Christos Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance, London: I.B. Tauris, 2009 p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_historiography-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Greek_historiography_12-0">^</a> Marios Ploritis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tovima.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=B&f=13138&m=B02&aa=2">"Διογένης και άνακτες"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122034/http://tovima.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=B&f=13138&m=B02&aa=2">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, To Vima, 10 December 2000, (in Greek). </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_press_article-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Greek_press_article_13-0">^</a> Stilis Alatos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=18465&m=N56&aa=2">"Tα καμπούρικα"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Ta Nea, 15 February 2007, (in Greek). </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulzberger1973-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Sulzberger1973_14-0">^</a> C. L. Sulzberger, An Age of Mediocrity; Memoirs and Diaries, 1963–1972, New York: Macmillan, 1973, p. 575. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rallis-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Rallis_15-0">^</a> Alexis Papachelas, "Everything George Rallis recounted to me", To Vima, 19 March 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-RWFKing1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RWFKing1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RWFKing1_16-1">b</a> TV documentary "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwf.gr/episode1-new.php?id=198">ΤΑ ΔΙΚΑ ΜΑΣ 60's – Μέρος 3ο: ΧΑΜΕΝΗ ΑΝΟΙΞΗ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406222452/http://www.rwf.gr/episode1-new.php?id=198">Archived</a> 6 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by Stelios Kouloglu </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstantinos_speaks-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Konstantinos_speaks_17-0">^</a> Alexis Papachelas, "Constantine Speaks", To Vima, 29 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulzberger1974-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Sulzberger1974_18-0">^</a> C.L. 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Historycentral.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American%2FWorld+History+1967%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Historycentral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycentral.com%2Fdates%2F1967.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganser-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganser_21-8">i</a> Ganser Daniele (2005). NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe. pp. 220–223 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5607-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5607-0">0-7146-5607-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5607-6">978-0-7146-5607-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chondrokoukēs1983-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Chondrokoukēs1983_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDēmētrios_N._Chondrokoukēs1983" class="citation book cs1">Dēmētrios N. 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Isokratēs. p. 145. <q>βραχυκυκλωθή άπό άτομα τά όποία έχουν λιβανίσει μέχρι άηδίας τό έπάρατο καθεστώς τής 7ετίας μέ τά άλλεπάλληλα τηλεγραφήματα, τά όποία έχουν στείλει στούς " Απριλιανούς" δηλώνοντας πίστη, άφοσίωσι, υπακοή κ.τ.λ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C4%93+atheat%C4%93+pleura+tou+PASOK&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Isokrat%C4%93s&rft.date=1983&rft.au=D%C4%93m%C4%93trios+N.+Chondrokouk%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2yzPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papandreou1976-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Papandreou1976_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_George_Papandreou1976" class="citation book cs1">Andreas George Papandreou (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PX4tAQAAIAAJ">Apo to P.A.K. sto PA.SO.K.: logoi, arthra, synenteuxeis, dēlōseis tou Andrea G. 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Ό Ελληνικός λαός δέν ξεχνά πώς, άν είχαν τιμωρηθή οί δοσίλογοι τής Γερμανικής κατοχής, δέν .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apo+to+P.A.K.+sto+PA.SO.K.%3A+logoi%2C+arthra%2C+synenteuxeis%2C+d%C4%93l%C5%8Dseis+tou+Andrea+G.+Papandreou&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Ekdoseis+Ladia&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Andreas+George+Papandreou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPX4tAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katrēs1983-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Katrēs1983_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannēs_Katrēs1983" class="citation book cs1">Giannēs Katrēs (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QagKAQAAMAAJ">Hē alētheia einai to phōs pou kaiei</a>. Ekdoseis Th. Kastaniōtē. p. 30. <q>με αυξημένη βαρβαρότητα απ' ό,τι στους υπόλοιπους καταδικους. Και δεν εννοούμε, φυσικά, τους ελάχιστους Απριλιανούς, που έχουν απομείνει στον Κορυδαλλό, με τους κλιματισμούς, τα ψυγεία και την ασυδοσία των επισκεπτηρίων.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C4%93+al%C4%93theia+einai+to+ph%C5%8Ds+pou+kaiei&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Ekdoseis+Th.+Kastani%C5%8Dt%C4%93&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Giann%C4%93s+Katr%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQagKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chondrokoukēs1976-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Chondrokoukēs1976_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDēmētrios_Nik_Chondrokoukēs1976" class="citation book cs1">Dēmētrios Nik Chondrokoukēs (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gmw_AQAAIAAJ">Hoi anentimoi kai ho "Aspida"</a>. Kedros. p. 300. <q>Τό δημοσιευόμενο τώρα σκεπτικό τής απόφασης τοΰ δμελοΰς Έφετείου πού δίκασε τούς πρωταίτιους Απριλιανούς, δικαιώνει τήν άποψη τούτη καί λέγει: "... Έπέφερε άποδυνάμωσιν τής έν τώ στρατώ άντιθέτου ιδεολογικής μερίδος, τής έντόνως ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoi+anentimoi+kai+ho+%22Aspida%22&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Kedros&rft.date=1976&rft.au=D%C4%93m%C4%93trios+Nik+Chondrokouk%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmw_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chondrokoukēs1976p12-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Chondrokoukēs1976p12_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDēmētrios_Nik_Chondrokoukēs1976" class="citation book cs1">Dēmētrios Nik Chondrokoukēs (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gmw_AQAAIAAJ">Hoi anentimoi kai ho "Aspida"</a>. Kedros. p. 12. <q>Επρεπε έτσι νά διαβρωθούν οι πολιτικοι θεσμοι της χώρας και νά διογκωθή ό κομμουνιστικός κίνδυνος. "Ολα τούτα οΐ Απριλιανοί τά προπαρασκεύασαν και τά επέτυχαν έντεχνα αλλα "νόμιμα" κάτω άπό τις ευλογίες ενός συντεταγμένου κράτους.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoi+anentimoi+kai+ho+%22Aspida%22&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Kedros&rft.date=1976&rft.au=D%C4%93m%C4%93trios+Nik+Chondrokouk%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmw_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Εκπαιδευτικών2014-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Εκπαιδευτικών2014_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΟμάδα_Εκπαιδευτικών2014" class="citation book cs1">Ομάδα Εκπαιδευτικών (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Od8CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141">Λεξικό Σύγχρονο της Νεοελληνικής Γλώσσας</a>. Pelekanos Books. p. 141. GGKEY:QD0C0PRDU6Z. <q>απριλιανοί: οι δικτατορες του 1974</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Pelekanos+Books&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.au=%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1+%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOd8CBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels"</a>. 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London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_34-1">b</a> Clogg, Richard "The Ideology of the 'revolution of 21 April 1967'" pp. 36–58 from Greece Under Military Rule edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Giannis Katris, The Birth of Neofascism in Greece, 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Clogg, Richard "The Ideology of the "revolution of 21 April 1967'" pp. 36–58 from Greece Under Military Rule edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarsori2020" class="citation cs2">Varsori, Antonio (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429438691-6/italy-greek-military-regime-1967-coup-%C3%A9tat-fall-dictatorship-antonio-varsori">"Italy and the Greek military regime from the 1967 coup d'état to the fall of the dictatorship"</a>, The Greek Junta and the International System, pp. 48–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429438691-6">10.4324/9780429438691-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429438691" title="Special:BookSources/9780429438691"><bdi>9780429438691</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213982676">213982676</a>, retrieved 19 September 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Greek+Junta+and+the+International+System&rft.atitle=Italy+and+the+Greek+military+regime+from+the+1967+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat+to+the+fall+of+the+dictatorship&rft.pages=48-57&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213982676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429438691-6&rft.isbn=9780429438691&rft.aulast=Varsori&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780429438691-6%2Fitaly-greek-military-regime-1967-coup-%25C3%25A9tat-fall-dictatorship-antonio-varsori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoukiAntoniou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kouki, Eleni; Antoniou, Dimitris (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/671077">"Making the Junta Fascist: Antidictatorial Struggle, the Colonels, and the Statues of Ioannis Metaxas"</a>. Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 35 (2): 451–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmgs.2017.0027">10.1353/mgs.2017.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3265">1086-3265</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148760637">148760637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Making+the+Junta+Fascist%3A+Antidictatorial+Struggle%2C+the+Colonels%2C+and+the+Statues+of+Ioannis+Metaxas&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=451-480&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148760637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmgs.2017.0027&rft.aulast=Kouki&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft.au=Antoniou%2C+Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F671077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Listener-39"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Listener_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NhBAQAAIAAJ">The Listener</a>. Vol. 79. British Broadcasting Corporation. January 1968. p. 561. Retrieved 25 March 2013. <q>It's no secret that Mr George Papadopoulos, the top man of the bunch, with his gory surgical metaphors, his flinty eyes, his flood of garbled messianic language, was for years under psychiatric treatment. Mr Pattakos, the strutting, bullet-headed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Listener&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1968-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NhBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald1983-40"><a href="#cite_ref-McDonald1983_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McDonald1983" class="citation book cs1">Robert McDonald (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YD4TAAAAMAAJ">Pillar & Tinderbox: The Greek Press Under Dictatorship</a>. New York : Marion Boyars. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2781-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2781-9"><bdi>978-0-7145-2781-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 March 2013. <q>Papadopoulos, returning to his metaphor of Greece as a patient in plaster, described this legal construct as 'a light walking cast'. The Law on the State of Siege, he said, was 'striving for breath, dying, trying in vain to stand on its feet'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillar+%26+Tinderbox%3A+The+Greek+Press+Under+Dictatorship&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Marion+Boyars&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-2781-9&rft.au=Robert+McDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYD4TAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Current_Biography_Yearbook-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Current_Biography_Yearbook_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfgZAAAAYAAJ">Current Biography Yearbook</a>. Vol. 31. H. W. Wilson Company. 1971. p. 342. Retrieved 24 March 2013. <q>Clinging to his predilection for medical analogies, Papadopoulos declared after the referendum: 'The country is still in a plaster cast and the fractures have not healed. The cast will be kept on even after the referendum so that it should not ...'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biography+Yearbook&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfgZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_Report-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Greek_Report_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfonAAAAMAAJ">Greek Report</a>. 1969. p. 24. Retrieved 24 March 2013. <q>'We have a patient. We have placed him in a plaster cast. We keep him there until the wound heals,' said Premier George Papadopoulos, the colonel who is strongman of the current Greek military regime. He was only trying to explain why</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Report&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfonAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2004-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Green2004_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Green2004" class="citation book cs1">Peter Green (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROX7f6UwdI8C&pg=PA228">From Ikaria to the Stars: Classical Mythification, Ancient and Modern</a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 228–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70230-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70230-1</bdi></a>. <q>Papadopoulos made great play during the Junta years in Greece): something in it for everybody. ... For every philosophical sect, as Nussbaum emphasizes, 'the medical analogy is not simply a decorative metaphor; it is an important tool both of discovery and of justification'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ikaria+to+the+Stars%3A+Classical+Mythification%2C+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.pages=228-&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70230-1&rft.au=Peter+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROX7f6UwdI8C%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyck1998-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyck1998_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyck1998_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyck1998_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Van_Dyck1998" class="citation book cs1">Karen Van Dyck (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnJx1r-85CIC&pg=PA19">Kassandra and the Censors: Greek Poetry Since 1967</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 16–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9993-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-9993-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 March 2013. <q>And yet metaphor was a necessary part of his persuasive rhetoric; he described Greece as a patient to convince journalists ... Papadopoulos's desire for a mimetic relationship between what one said and what one meant is evident in his press law, which ... doses; that the 'cast' would be constantly replaced 'where it [was] needed'; and that language and literature would be 'cleansed'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kassandra+and+the+Censors%3A+Greek+Poetry+Since+1967&rft.pages=16-19&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9993-7&rft.au=Karen+Van+Dyck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnJx1r-85CIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnstone1972-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnstone1972_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis_Barnstone1972" class="citation book cs1">Willis Barnstone (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eighteentexts0000barn">Eighteen texts</a>. Harvard University Press. p. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674241756" title="Special:BookSources/9780674241756"><bdi>9780674241756</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 March 2013. <q>Thanasis Valtinos' story, 'The Plaster Cast', is based entirely on a metaphor frequently used by Colonel Papadopoulos to justify the military coup and later the prolongation of martial law. Greece, he would say, was in grave danger. We had to ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteen+texts&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780674241756&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feighteentexts0000barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmi_Mikedakis-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emmi_Mikedakis_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emmi_Mikedakis_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emmi_Mikedakis_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emmi_Mikedakis_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmi_Mikedakis" class="citation web cs1">Emmi Mikedakis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/25577/1/Emmi%20Mikedakis%20.pdf">"Manipulating Language: Metaphors in the Political Discourse of Georgios Papadopoulos (1967–1973)"</a> (PDF). Flinders University: dspace.flinders.edu.au. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manipulating+Language%3A+Metaphors+in+the+Political+Discourse+of+Georgios+Papadopoulos+%281967%E2%80%931973%29&rft.pub=Flinders+University%3A+dspace.flinders.edu.au&rft.au=Emmi+Mikedakis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.flinders.edu.au%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2F2328%2F25577%2F1%2FEmmi%2520Mikedakis%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Athens_Academy-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Athens_Academy_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΆννα-Μαρία_Σιχάνη_Πανεπιστήμιο_Αθηνών" class="citation web cs1">Άννα-Μαρία Σιχάνη Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1147135">"Θρυμματίζοντας το γύψο της Χούντας: ο λόγος κι η σιωπή στα Δεκαοχτώ Κείμενα (1970)/Shattering the junta's plaster: the discourse and the silence in Eighteen Texts (1970)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athens_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Academy">Athens Academy</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2013. <q>Η μεταφορά ωστόσο, είναι ο κυρίαρχος ρητορικός τρόπος που χρησιμοποιεί οΠαπαδόπουλος στους λόγους του. Θυμίζω το περίφημο διάγγελμά του: "ευρισκόμεθα προενός ασθενούς, τον οποίον έχομεν επί χειρουργικής κλίνης…οι περιορισμοί είναι ηπρόσδεσις του ασθενούς επί κλίνης δια να υποστή ακινδύνως την εγχείρισιν</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%98%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%88%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82%3A+%CE%BF+%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%80%CE%AE+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%84%CF%8E+%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1+%281970%29%2FShattering+the+junta%27s+plaster%3A+the+discourse+and+the+silence+in+Eighteen+Texts+%281970%29&rft.pub=Athens+Academy&rft.au=%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1147135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ind._obit.-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Ind._obit._48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Shannan_Peckham1999" class="citation news cs1">Robert Shannan Peckham (28 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990628/ai_n14226232/pg_2">"Obituary: George Papadopoulos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <q>Greeks woke up on the morning of Friday 21 April 1967 with military marches and national folk music broadcast on the radio, and with the dictatorship a fait accompli.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+George+Papadopoulos&rft.date=1999-06-28&rft.au=Robert+Shannan+Peckham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4158%2Fis_19990628%2Fai_n14226232%2Fpg_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swift2010-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Swift2010_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Swift2010" class="citation book cs1">Graham Swift (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d49A5M_iqaYC&pg=PA44">Making an Elephant: Writing from Within</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 44–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37420-2"><bdi>978-0-307-37420-2</bdi></a>. <q>Greece in those days was littered with propaganda, and radios or public loudspeakers regularly blared out martial music. The grotesque symbol of the junta—a soldier standing before a spread-winged phoenix—was everywhere ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+an+Elephant%3A+Writing+from+Within&rft.pages=44-&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-37420-2&rft.au=Graham+Swift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd49A5M_iqaYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Spectator-50"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Spectator_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WoHAQAAIAAJ">The Spectator</a>. Vol. 219. F.C. Westley. 1967. p. 772. Retrieved 25 March 2013. <q>People went about their business in the usual way, undisturbed by the armoured cars and the martial music churned out by the radio.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectator&rft.pages=772&rft.pub=F.C.+Westley&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WoHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-To_Dentro-51"><a href="#cite_ref-To_Dentro_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHrWAAAAMAAJ">Το Δεντρο</a>. Vol. 161–162. K. Mauroudēs. 2008. p. 13. Retrieved 25 March 2013. <q>Έγινε Χούντα. Ανοίξτε αμέσως το ραδιόφωνο. Το ραδιόφωνο: διάγγελμα Παπαδόπουλου, τσάμικα και καλαματιανά, "αποφασίζομεν και διατάσσομεν". Ό,τι συζητούσαμε ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=K.+Mauroud%C4%93s.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHrWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1983" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Robert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pillartinderboxg0000mcdo/mode/2up">Pillar & tinderbox: the Greek press and the dictatorship</a>. New York: Marion Boyars. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-2781-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-2781-5"><bdi>0-7145-2781-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillar+%26+tinderbox%3A+the+Greek+press+and+the+dictatorship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Marion+Boyars&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7145-2781-5&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpillartinderboxg0000mcdo%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> "At 0643 on April 21, 1967, Armed Forces Central Radio announced that a Royal Decree had been promulgated implementing the suspension procedure. The statement was fraudulent. The king had signed no decree and most of the cabinet who were supposed to have proposed it, including Prime Minister Panayotis Kanellopoulos, were under arrest." </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html">Greek Constitution (Syntagma)</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Becket-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becket_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becket_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becket_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becket_54-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Blum" title="William Blum">William Blum</a> (2003). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, revised edition. Common Courage Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-252-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56751-252-6">1-56751-252-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Answering-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Answering_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Answering_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Answering_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html">"Greece: Answering to History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 1 September 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008. <q>Witness after witness testified that within a week of Papadopoulos' 21 April 1967, coup more than 8,000 had been arrested. Of these, 6,188 were banished into exile. Another 3,500 were subsequently sent to ESA torture centers. One prosecution witness, former Colonel Spyridon Moustaklis, 49, was unable to answer questions because brain damage caused by beatings had left him mute and semiparalyzed. Communicating by groans and gestures, glaring at the defendants, Moustaklis clumsily tore his shirt open to reveal the scars that marked his body. Said his wife: 'We have a little girl who has never heard her father's voice.' Verdicts on the 31 accused, which could lead to maximum sentences of 25 years, are due next month.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Greece%3A+Answering+to+History&rft.date=1975-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C947162%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder" title="Lawrence Van Gelder">Lawrence Van Gelder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=157325">"Din nabos soen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030826024820/http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=157325">Archived</a> 26 August 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder" title="Lawrence Van Gelder">Lawrence Van Gelder</a> (29 August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?_r=3&res=9504E6D9143AF93AA1575BC0A962948260&oref=slogin&oref=login.">"Danish 'Phoenix' and 'Neighbor's Son'"</a>. The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1995" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219">Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II</a>. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219">219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56751-052-3"><bdi>1-56751-052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hope%3A+U.S.+Military+and+CIA+Interventions+Since+World+War+II&rft.place=Monroe%2C+ME&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Common+Courage+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56751-052-3&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillinghopeusmil00blum_0%2Fpage%2F219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Papaeti, Anna (2013). "Music, Torture, Testimony: Reopening the Case of the Greek Military Junta (1967–74)". The World of Music special issue: "Music and Torture | Music and Punishment" 2:1(2013), guest edited by M. J. Grant and Anna Papaeti, pp. 73–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_Committee_Against_Torture1997" class="citation web cs1">UN Committee Against Torture (9 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728224401/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1B3ED23212DCBE3B05256547005C47FA">"Concluding observations: Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1B3ED23212DCBE3B05256547005C47FA">the original</a> on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concluding+observations%3A+Israel&rft.date=1997-05-09&rft.au=UN+Committee+Against+Torture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F1B3ED23212DCBE3B05256547005C47FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0065663/bio">"James Becket bio from"</a>. IMDb. 6 August 1997. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Becket+bio+from&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=1997-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0065663%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> James Becket. Barbarism in Greece: A Young American Lawyer's Inquiry Into the Use of Torture In Contemporary Greece, with Case Histories and Documents. Walker and Company, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-399-77872-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-399-77872-5">978-1-399-77872-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contemporary_Greece-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Contemporary_Greece_63-0">^</a> Marion Sarafis, Marion Saraphē, and Martin Eve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCSzc6em25gC&dq=Jame+Becket+Barbarism+in+Greece&pg=PA143">Background to Contemporary Greece</a>. p. 143 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85036-393-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85036-393-4">0-85036-393-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltinayPeto2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pet%C5%91" title="Andrea Pető">Altinay, Ayse Gul</a>; Peto, Andrea (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clPlCwAAQBAJ">Gendered Wars, Gendered Memories</a>. Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472442857" title="Special:BookSources/9781472442857"><bdi>9781472442857</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendered+Wars%2C+Gendered+Memories&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781472442857&rft.aulast=Altinay&rft.aufirst=Ayse+Gul&rft.au=Peto%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclPlCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels"</a>. The Historical Review/La Revue Historique. 11: 73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">10.12681/hr.329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Review%2FLa+Revue+Historique&rft.atitle=%22A+gift+from+God%22%3A+Anglo-Greek+relations+during+the+dictatorship+of+the+Greek+colonels&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fhr.329&rft.aulast=Nafpliotis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fhr.329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychological_Origins-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Psychological_Origins_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMika_Haritos-Fatouros2003" class="citation book cs1">Mika Haritos-Fatouros (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&q=The+country+became+a+true+military+police+state&pg=PA28">The Psychological Origins of Institutionalized Torture</a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28276-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28276-5</bdi></a>. <q>The country became a true military police state</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychological+Origins+of+Institutionalized+Torture&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28276-5&rft.au=Mika+Haritos-Fatouros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-66WuGiGsEC%26q%3DThe%2Bcountry%2Bbecame%2Ba%2Btrue%2Bmilitary%2Bpolice%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-28-mn-50904-story.html">"George Papadopoulos; Led Military Junta in Greece"</a>. Los Angeles Times, 28 June 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-Poly-Papadopoulos-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Poly-Papadopoulos_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130552/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903399,00.html">"The Poly-Papadopoulos"</a>. Time. 3 April 1972. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903399,00.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008. <q>Many democratic-minded Greeks resent the open U.S. support of the Papadopoulos dictatorship. Last month Washington gave further evidence of its acceptance of his regime by negotiating for home-port rights in the bays near Athens for the Mediterranean-based Sixth Fleet. In addition, the Nixon Administration is trying to persuade Congress to up military aid to Greece from about $90 million to $118 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Poly-Papadopoulos&rft.date=1972-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C903399%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedaliu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pedaliu, Effie G. H. (15 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592296.2011.549745">"'A Discordant Note': NATO and the Greek Junta, 1967–1974"</a>. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 22 (1): 101–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2011.549745">10.1080/09592296.2011.549745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153727661">153727661</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=%27A+Discordant+Note%27%3A+NATO+and+the+Greek+Junta%2C+1967%E2%80%931974&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-120&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2011.549745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153727661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pedaliu&rft.aufirst=Effie+G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2011.549745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedaliu2016-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedaliu2016_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedaliu2016_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedaliu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pedaliu, Effie G. H. (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2016.1141308">"Human Rights and International Security: The International Community and the Greek Dictators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_International_History_Review" title="The International History Review">The International History Review</a>. 38 (5): 1014–1039. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2016.1141308">10.1080/07075332.2016.1141308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155986136">155986136</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+International+Security%3A+The+International+Community+and+the+Greek+Dictators&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1014-1039&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2016.1141308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155986136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pedaliu&rft.aufirst=Effie+G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2016.1141308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report_of_the_Sub-Commission-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Report_of_the_Sub-Commission_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Denmark_v_Greece_I.pdf">Report of the Sub-Commission</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Sub-Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echr.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FDenmark_v_Greece_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedaliu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pedaliu, Effie G. H. (22 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592290601163118">"Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Wilson and the Greek Dictators, 1967–1970"</a>. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 18 (1): 185–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290601163118">10.1080/09592290601163118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154692915">154692915</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Foreign+Policy%3A+Wilson+and+the+Greek+Dictators%2C+1967%E2%80%931970&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-214&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290601163118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154692915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pedaliu&rft.aufirst=Effie+G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592290601163118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels"</a>. The Historical Review/La Revue Historique. 11: 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">10.12681/hr.329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Review%2FLa+Revue+Historique&rft.atitle=%22A+gift+from+God%22%3A+Anglo-Greek+relations+during+the+dictatorship+of+the+Greek+colonels&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fhr.329&rft.aulast=Nafpliotis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fhr.329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nafpliotis2012-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Nafpliotis2012_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis,_Alexandros2012" class="citation book cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px2buAAACAAJ&q=alexandros+nafpliotis">Britain and the Greek Colonels: Accommodating the Junta in the Cold War</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848859524" title="Special:BookSources/9781848859524"><bdi>9781848859524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Greek+Colonels%3A+Accommodating+the+Junta+in+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=London%3A+I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848859524&rft.au=Nafpliotis%2C+Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx2buAAACAAJ%26q%3Dalexandros%2Bnafpliotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechlivanis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pechlivanis, Paschalis (14 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2020.1764609">"An Uneasy Triangle: Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Greek Colonels and the Greek Communists (1967–1974)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_International_History_Review" title="The International History Review">The International History Review</a>. 43 (3): 598–613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2020.1764609">10.1080/07075332.2020.1764609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219486083">219486083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=An+Uneasy+Triangle%3A+Nicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu%2C+the+Greek+Colonels+and+the+Greek+Communists+%281967%E2%80%931974%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=598-613&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2020.1764609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219486083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pechlivanis&rft.aufirst=Paschalis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07075332.2020.1764609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helga_on_IMDB-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Helga_on_IMDB_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0157743/">"Helga on IMDB"</a>. IMDb. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helga+on+IMDB&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0157743%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blood_suckers-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Blood_suckers_77-0">^</a> Summarised by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stellarfilms.com/horror_film_archive.htm">Horror Film Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141041/http://www.stellarfilms.com/horror_film_archive.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> thus: "A young man finds himself turning into a bloodsucking monster. Set on the Greek island of Hydra. A must for all Cushing fans" </li> <li id="cite_note-Incense_for_the_Damned-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Incense_for_the_Damned_78-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065887/">Incense for the Damned</a> on IMDB, which summarises the film as "A group of friends search for a young English Oxford student who has disappeared whilst researching in Greece ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_review-79"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_review_79-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=6188">Review of "Bloodsuckers"</a>, The New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodstock-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodstock_80-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elefsis.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=2379&sid=12eaaacaaa93b84b52af561155a3ce07">"Woodstock"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927132007/http://www.elefsis.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=2379&sid=12eaaacaaa93b84b52af561155a3ce07">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greek blog site. Translation: "The beatings and arrests during the Woodstock showing in 1970 ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_Barrett,_The_Rise_of_the_Junta_in_Greece-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Barrett,_The_Rise_of_the_Junta_in_Greece_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Barrett,_The_Rise_of_the_Junta_in_Greece_81-1">b</a> Matt Barrett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/junta.htm">"The Rise of the Junta in Greece"</a>. "In 1971 the movie Woodstock is shown in Athens, causing near riots. For young people it is one of the most exciting events of the period and when Jimi Hendrix appears on the screen the glow of a thousand bic-lighters and candles fills the theater." and "Savopoulos becomes a hero of the youth. His album Vromeko Psomi (Dirty Bread) is a classic, a thinly veiled attack on the dictatorship, that if they heard it, must have had the colonels wringing their hands wondering what to do with this guy." </li> <li id="cite_note-Papadogiannis2015-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Papadogiannis2015_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaos_Papadogiannis2015" class="citation book cs1">Nikolaos Papadogiannis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htCdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Militant Around the Clock?: Left-Wing Youth Politics, Leisure, and Sexuality in Post-Dictatorship Greece, 1974–1981</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-645-2"><bdi>978-1-78238-645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militant+Around+the+Clock%3F%3A+Left-Wing+Youth+Politics%2C+Leisure%2C+and+Sexuality+in+Post-Dictatorship+Greece%2C+1974%E2%80%931981&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-645-2&rft.au=Nikolaos+Papadogiannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtCdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kornetis2013-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Kornetis2013_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostis_Kornetis2013" class="citation book cs1">Kostis Kornetis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_UcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Children of the Dictatorship: Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the 'Long 1960s' in Greece</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-001-6"><bdi>978-1-78238-001-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+Dictatorship%3A+Student+Resistance%2C+Cultural+Politics+and+the+%27Long+1960s%27+in+Greece&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-001-6&rft.au=Kostis+Kornetis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_UcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_Barrett,_November_17th,_Cyprus_and_the_Fall_of_the_Junta-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Barrett,_November_17th,_Cyprus_and_the_Fall_of_the_Junta_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Barrett,_November_17th,_Cyprus_and_the_Fall_of_the_Junta_84-1">b</a> Matt Barrett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/november17.htm">"November 17th, Cyprus and the Fall of the Junta"</a>. "Because tourism is such an important part of the Greek economy, the bans on mini-skirts, long hair and other symbols of decadence are not enforced." and "Places like Paradise Beach in Mykonos and Matala, Crete become hippy colonies, made up mostly of foreigners and a handful of adventurous young Greeks." </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapaeti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Papaeti, Anna (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundscapesofdetention.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/2.2-m-logos-i0002-a0022-papaeti_with-corrections.pdf">"Folk Music and the Cultural Policies of the Military Junta in Greece"</a> (PDF). Mousikos Logos (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1108-6963">1108-6963</a>. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mousikos+Logos&rft.atitle=Folk+Music+and+the+Cultural+Policies+of+the+Military+Junta+in+Greece&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015-01&rft.issn=1108-6963&rft.aulast=Papaeti&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundscapesofdetention.files.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F06%2F2.2-m-logos-i0002-a0022-papaeti_with-corrections.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikos_Mastorakis-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikos_Mastorakis_86-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/G/htmlG/greece/greece.htm">"Nikos Mastorakis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010010652/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/G/htmlG/greece/greece.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Museum of Broadcast Communications. "Nikos Mastorakis was the TV personality <a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a> of the dictatorship years." </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4O-6PpGLBQE">Nostradamos: Dos mou to heri sou</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (Give me your hand) on YouTube </li> <li id="cite_note-Athens_Guide_on_Socrates-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Athens_Guide_on_Socrates_88-0">^</a> Athens Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensguide.com/socrates/">"Socrates"</a>. "Socrates will probably never get inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. But while other groups were becoming well known in the free world, this Hendrix-style blues band was playing to standing-room-only crowds in a small club in Athens, during Greece's military dictatorship, a period when even Rolling Stone albums were hard to find, and for a time illegal." </li> <li id="cite_note-NOSTRADAMOS_radiogold.com-89"><a href="#cite_ref-NOSTRADAMOS_radiogold.com_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930100538/http://www.radiogold.com/m.htm">"Millennium Top-1000: Nostradamos Ta Paramythia Ths Giagias and Dws'moy to Xeri Soy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiogold.com/m.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Millennium+Top-1000%3A+Nostradamos+Ta+Paramythia+Ths+Giagias+and+Dws%27moy+to+Xeri+Soy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiogold.com%2Fm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaMVtuZZNl0">Nostradamos Ta Paramythia tis yayas</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqnmHymnz_A">Poll</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostas_Tournas_website-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Kostas_Tournas_website_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tournas.gr/">"Kostas Tournas official website"</a>. Tournas.gr. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kostas+Tournas+official+website&rft.pub=Tournas.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tournas.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ij6mOxVfqdg">Poll Ela Ilie mou</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthrope_agapa-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Anthrope_agapa_94-0">^</a> <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Κώστας Τουρνάς">Kostas Tournas article on Greek Wikipedia</a>. "(The song) "Anthrope agapa" was motivated by an anti-war film" </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dWFc7Bgya0">Paul Williams: Anthrope Agapa</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostas_Tournas-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Kostas_Tournas_96-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lost-in-tyme.blogspot.com/2006/07/kostas-tournas-greece-1972-aperanta.html">Lost in Tyme</a>. "After the split of 'Poll', Kostas Tournas went on to record a great progressive-psychedelic concept solo album." </li> <li id="cite_note-Athinorama-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Athinorama_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΧρήστος_Καρράς2012" class="citation web cs1">Χρήστος Καρράς (6 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.athinorama.gr/music/article/o_tournas_ksanaperpata_ta_aperanta_xorafia-121102.html">"Ο Τουρνάς ξαναπερπατά τα "Απέραντα Χωράφια""</a>. Athinorama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Athinorama&rft.atitle=%CE%9F+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82+%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%B1+%22%CE%91%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%22&rft.date=2012-10-06&rft.au=%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.athinorama.gr%2Fmusic%2Farticle%2Fo_tournas_ksanaperpata_ta_aperanta_xorafia-121102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-musicpaper.gr-98"><a href="#cite_ref-musicpaper.gr_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΔελτίο_Τύπου_musicpaper.gr2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Δελτίο Τύπου musicpaper.gr (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121204070437/http://www.musicpaper.gr/news/72-09-2012/2221-kostas-tournas-40xroniameta"><bdi lang="el">"Απέραντα χωράφια" του Κώστα Τουρνά καρποφορούν 40 χρόνια μετά</bdi></a> (in Greek). musicpaper.gr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicpaper.gr/news/72-09-2012/2221-kostas-tournas-40xroniameta">the original</a> on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013. <q>Η Ορχήστρα Σύγχρονης Μουσικής της ΕΡΤ υπό τη διεύθυνση του Στάθη Σούλη παρουσιάζει ένα μοναδικό μουσικό ταξίδι με ένα έργο ορόσημο της ελληνικής ροκ σκηνής [translation: presents a unique musical journey with a work-landmark in the Greek rock scene], το Σάββατο 15 Σεπτεμβρίου, στις 20:30, στο "Κηποθέατρο" του Δήμου Παπάγου. 40 χρόνια μετά "Τα απέραντα χωράφια" του Κώστα Τουρνά θα ακουστούν ξανά με τη σύμπραξη της Ορχήστρας Σύγχρονης Μουσικής της ΕΡΤ σε μια βραδιά-αφιέρωμα στη μουσική του...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%CE%91%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1+%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%22+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%9A%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD+40+%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC&rft.pub=musicpaper.gr&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.au=%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF+%CE%A4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85+musicpaper.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicpaper.gr%2Fnews%2F72-09-2012%2F2221-kostas-tournas-40xroniameta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsbeast.gr-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsbeast.gr_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsbeast.gr/entertainment/arthro/418462/ta-aperada-horafia-tou-kosta-tourna">""Τα απέραντα χωράφια" του Κώστα Τουρνά"</a>. Newsbeast.gr. 25 September 2019. <q>Σύμφωνα με το περιοδικό "Ποπ & Ροκ" ο δίσκος συγκαταλέγεται ανάμεσα στους δέκα δίσκους-σταθμούς του ελληνικού ροκ. Το προοδευτικό και ψυχεδελικό αυτό άλμπουμ το ηχογράφησε ο Τουρνάς συνδυάζοντας τη συμφωνική ορχήστρα με το ροκ γκρουπ "Ρουθ", κάτι πρωτοποριακό για την εποχή.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%CE%A4%CE%B1+%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1+%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%22+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%9A%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC&rft.pub=Newsbeast.gr&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsbeast.gr%2Fentertainment%2Farthro%2F418462%2Fta-aperada-horafia-tou-kosta-tourna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200847/http://www.nme.com/awards/video/id/7ag44UPria8">"NME online music magazine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/awards/video/id/7ag44UPria8">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=NME+online+music+magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fawards%2Fvideo%2Fid%2F7ag44UPria8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HQt-vp5XW4">O Archon Nous (The Ruling Mind</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>) from Astroneira </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnd_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Arnd Krüger">Arnd Krüger</a>. "A Cultural Revolution? The Boycott of the European Athletics Championships by the West German Team in Athens 1969", in: CESH (Hrsg.), Proceedings Fourth Annual Conference. Band 1. Florenz 1999, 162–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_Book-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Google_Book_103-0">^</a> Michel Forsé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XE97ryf8noAC&dq=contradictions+Papadopoulos+dictatorship&pg=PA11">Recent Social Trends in France, 1960–1990</a>. "In addition the writing-off of agricultural debts, the gradual abolition of hard monetary policy and the supply of loans for opportunist investments created a climate of economic euphoria (mainly in 1970–1973). Although the way in which loans were being provided and their uncontrollable use constituted the introduction to the process of de-industrialization which begins with the Ioannidis period. The collapse of the dictatorship, due to the nationalist fury of the last period, the Ioannidis period, led to the collapse of the compulsive interconnections of power that the civil war and its consequences had shaped." p. 12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0887-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0887-2">0-7735-0887-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, and Andromachi Hadjiyanni. Recent Social Trends in Greece, 1960–2000. Translated by Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Contributor Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, and Andromachi Hadjiyanni. McGill-Queen's Press, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2202-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2202-2">978-0-7735-2202-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Metapolitefsi_that_never_was_105-3">d</a> Ioannis Tzortzis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710022854/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/hellenicObservatory/pdf/TheMetapolitefsiThatNeverWas.pdf">"The Metapolitefsi that never was"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/hellenicObservatory/pdf/TheMetapolitefsiThatNeverWas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Metapolitefsi+that+never+was&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2FhellenicObservatory%2Fpdf%2FTheMetapolitefsiThatNeverWas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The Americans asked the Greek government to allow the use of their bases in Greek territory and air space to supply Israel; Markezinis, backed by Papadopoulos, denied on the grounds of maintaining good relations with the Arab countries. This denial is said to have turned the US against Papadopoulos and Markezinis." Quote: "Thus the students had been played straight into the hands of Ioannidis, who looked upon the coming elections with a jaundiced eye." Quote: "The latter [i.e. Markezinis] would insist until the end of his life that subversion on behalf… Markezinis was known for his independence to the US interests." Quote: "In that situation Ioannidis was emerging as a solution for the officers, in sharp contrast to Papadopoulos, whose accumulation 'of so many offices and titles (President of Republic, Prime Minister, minister of Defence) was harming the seriousness of the regime and giving it an unacceptable image, which was not left un-exploited by its opponents". Quote: "The first attempt of Papadopoulos to start a process of reform occurred in the spring of 1968. He was claiming that if the 'Revolution' stayed more than a certain time in power, it would lose its dynamics and transform into a 'regime', which was not in his intentions. He tried to implicate Markezinis in the attempt; however, he met the stiff resistance of the hard-liners. Another attempt was again frustrated in the end of 1969 and the beginning of 1970; Papadopoulos was then disappointed and complaining 'I am being subverted by my fellow Evelpides cadets!’ As a result of this second failure, he considered resigning in the summer of 1970, complaining that he lacked any support from other leading figures, his own closest followers included. But the rest of the faction leaders renewed their trust to him." Quote: "The 1973 oil crisis finally dealt a real financial shock to the Greek economy, as it did to all non-oil producing countries, and marked the end of inflation-free growth in Greece for more than two decades." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackridge_2009-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackridge_2009_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Mackridge, Peter (2009). Language and National Identity in Greece, 1766-1976. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921442-6"><bdi>978-0-19-921442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+National+Identity+in+Greece%2C+1766-1976&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921442-6&rft.aulast=Mackridge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988">>: 316  </li> <li id="cite_note-Pattakos_on_Kathimerini-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Pattakos_on_Kathimerini_107-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035739/http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_1_22/01/2006_170957">Kathimerini</a>. "Remember Pattakos, the striking baldie superstar of the junta, who never missed a chance to pose with a trowel at hand and never missed a documentary of Epikaira" </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eleftherovima.gr/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?newsid1069362910,23284,">Elefthero Vima</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902073543/http://www.eleftherovima.gr/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?newsid1069362910,23284,">Archived</a> 2 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quote: "Αλλά, για να έρθει και η ψυχική κάθαρση να βγουν τα κιτάπια των τραπεζών για τα θαλασσοδάνεια που πήραν επί χούντας οι ευυπόληπτοι πολίτες και αγόρασαν γη και οικόπεδα για να κτίσουν." Translation: "... for the loans of the sea which were received, during the junta years, by respected citizens and bought land and properties to build on" </li> <li id="cite_note-Laruelle2015-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laruelle2015_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laruelle2015_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laruelle2015_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlene_Laruelle2015" class="citation book cs1">Marlene Laruelle (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9nRCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia Relationship</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1069-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-1069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasianism+and+the+European+Far+Right%3A+Reshaping+the+Europe%E2%80%93Russia+Relationship&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-1069-1&rft.au=Marlene+Laruelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9nRCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> John Karavidas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.bbc.co.uk/greek/seferis.shtml&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25CE%25A3%25CE%25B5%25CF%2586%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582%2B%25CF%2587%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%2BBBC%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1B3GGGL_enCA205CA242">George Seferis and the BBC</a>, BBC Greek service, translation by Google. Retrieved 6 July 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis2012" class="citation book cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px2buAAACAAJ&q=alexandros+nafpliotis">Britain and the Greek Colonels: Accommodating the Junta in the Cold War</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 276–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848859524" title="Special:BookSources/9781848859524"><bdi>9781848859524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Greek+Colonels%3A+Accommodating+the+Junta+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=276-277&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848859524&rft.aulast=Nafpliotis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx2buAAACAAJ%26q%3Dalexandros%2Bnafpliotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Simpson, Christoper America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988 pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guenter-wallraff.com/biographie.html">"Biography of Günther Wallraff"</a>. Guenter-wallraff.com. 9 December 1969. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+G%C3%BCnther+Wallraff&rft.pub=Guenter-wallraff.com&rft.date=1969-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guenter-wallraff.com%2Fbiographie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis2012" class="citation book cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px2buAAACAAJ&q=alexandros+nafpliotis">Britain and the Greek Colonels: Accommodating the Junta in the Cold War</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 183–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848859524" title="Special:BookSources/9781848859524"><bdi>9781848859524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Greek+Colonels%3A+Accommodating+the+Junta+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848859524&rft.aulast=Nafpliotis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx2buAAACAAJ%26q%3Dalexandros%2Bnafpliotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels"</a>. The Historical Review/La Revue Historique. 11: 95–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.329">10.12681/hr.329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Review%2FLa+Revue+Historique&rft.atitle=%22A+gift+from+God%22%3A+Anglo-Greek+relations+during+the+dictatorship+of+the+Greek+colonels&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=95-96&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fhr.329&rft.aulast=Nafpliotis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fhr.329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=78&artid=188180&dt=20/04/2008">Το (πολιτικό) παρασκήνιο του τελικού στο Γουέμπλεϊ Ιούνιος 1971</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823075822/http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=78&artid=188180&dt=20%2F04%2F2008">Archived</a> 23 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quote: "Δύο μεγάλα αθλητικά γεγονότα μέσα στην ίδια χρονιά, το 1971, έφεραν την Ελλάδα ξανά στο προσκήνιο μετά τη διεθνή απομόνωσή της για τρία χρόνια εξαιτίας του θλιβερού πραξικοπήματος του 1967. Θέλοντας να δημιουργήσει την εντύπωση μιας δήθεν φιλελευθεροποίησης στη λειτουργία του πολιτεύματος, ο Παπαδόπουλος «προκηρύσσει» μέσα στην ίδια χρονιά «εκλογές» για την ανάδειξη Συμβουλευτικής Επιτροπής, ενός είδους υβριδικής, μικρής Βουλής, και αδειάζει τα ξερονήσια και τις φυλακές από κάμποσους πολιτικούς κρατουμένους, μερικοί από τους οποίους παίρνουν διαβατήριο και αναχωρούν για το εξωτερικό. " ΦΩΤΕΙΝΗ ΤΟΜΑΗ | Κυριακή 20 Απριλίου 2008 Article: To Vima By Fotini Tomai 20 April 2008 (In Greek) </li> <li id="cite_note-Eleftherotypia-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eleftherotypia_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eleftherotypia_117-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iospress.gr/ios2007/ios20070930.htm">Ο κ. πρόεδρος και η χούντα from isopress</a> "Mr President and the Junta" Ελευθεροτυπία, 30 September 2007 Eleftherotypia 30 September 2007 Quote: "Τη δημιουργία της «Επιτροπής» εξήγγειλε στις 10.4.70 ο δικτάτορας Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος σε συνέντευξη Τύπου, ως μέτρο φιλελευθεροποίησης του καθεστώτος. Οπως εξήγησε στους ξένους και Ελληνες δημοσιογράφους, ο Παπαδόπουλος χρησιμοποίησε τον όρο «Συμβουλευτική Επιτροπή», γιατί θεωρούσε τη λέξη Βουλή «ολίγον κακόηχον»." </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Kostis Kornetis (2013). Children of the Dictatorship. Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the "Long 1960s" in Greece. New York : Berghahn Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsevas-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsevas_119-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrahokipos.net/old/history/gr/polytexneio/Tsevas.htm">Tsevas report</a> Quote: "Οι Ιωαννίδης και Ρουφογάλης, δια των εις αυτούς πιστών Αξιωματικών και πρακτόρων, επηρεάζουν σοβαρώς και σαφώς την όλην επιχείρησιν, εξαπολύοντες κύμα βιαιοτήτων και πυροβολισμών, επί τω τέλει της δημιουργίας ευνοϊκών δια την προαποφασισθείσαν κίνησιν συνθηκών ασφαλείας, αναταραχής και συγκρούσεων." </li> <li id="cite_note-Unrepetant-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Unrepetant_120-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592">Eleftherotypia</a> Unrepentant for the Dictatorship. Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi">English translation by Google</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> 16 April 1973, p. A6. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC:_On_this_day-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC:_On_this_day_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC:_On_this_day_122-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/25/newsid_2546000/2546297.stm">BBC: On this day</a> quote:A military communiqué announced the overthrow of the government was supported by the army, navy and air force and said it was a "continuation of the revolution of 1967", when the Greek colonels, headed by Mr Papadopoulos, seized control. The statement went on to accuse Mr Papadopoulos of "straying from the ideals of the 1967 revolution" and "pushing the country towards parliamentary rule too quickly". </li> <li id="cite_note-Greece_marks_'73_student_uprising-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Greece_marks_'73_student_uprising_123-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=12502&m=A01&aa=3&eidos=A">"Greece marks '73 student uprising"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617131656/http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=12502&m=A01&aa=3&eidos=A">Archived</a> 17 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and: "the notorious Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis now serving a life sentence for his part in the 1967 seizure of power – immediately scrapped a programme of liberalisation introduced earlier" and: "His was but to do the bidding of a junta strongman who had never made a secret of his belief that Greeks were not ready for democracy." Athens News, 17 November 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mario_Modiano-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Mario_Modiano_124-0">^</a> Mario Modiano <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13076&m=A06&aa=1&eidos=A">"A long, happy summer night 30 years ago"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605043730/http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13076&m=A06&aa=1&eidos=A">Archived</a> 5 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Athens News, 23 July 2004 quote1: "My friend had been sworn in as a minister by mistake. After his coup, Ioannidis dispatched military policemen in jeeps to round up the people he needed to man a puppet government. When they turned up at my friend's home and ordered him to follow them, he was convinced that the soldiers intended to shoot him." quote 2: "The meeting lasted five hours. Then there was a break, and by the time the meeting resumed, Evangelos Averoff, the former foreign minister, who was there, had already telephoned Constantine Karamanlis in Paris to urge him to return immediately and assume the reins of power." </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defence-point.gr/news/%ce%bc%ce%b9%ce%b1-%cf%83%ce%b7%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%cf%83%cf%85%ce%bd%ce%b5%ce%b9%cf%83%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%ac-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%ae%ce%b8%ce%b5%ce%b9">"Μια σημαντική συνεισφορά στην αλήθεια για το 1974 | Defence-point.gr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF+1974+%26%23124%3B+Defence-point.gr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence-point.gr%2Fnews%2F%25ce%25bc%25ce%25b9%25ce%25b1-%25cf%2583%25ce%25b7%25ce%25bc%25ce%25b1%25ce%25bd%25cf%2584%25ce%25b9%25ce%25ba%25ce%25ae-%25cf%2583%25cf%2585%25ce%25bd%25ce%25b5%25ce%25b9%25cf%2583%25cf%2586%25ce%25bf%25cf%2581%25ce%25ac-%25cf%2583%25cf%2584%25ce%25b7%25ce%25bd-%25ce%25b1%25ce%25bb%25ce%25ae%25ce%25b8%25ce%25b5%25ce%25b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/23/newsid_2515000/2515819.stm">"1974: Greek military rule gives in to democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. 23 July 1974. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=1974%3A+Greek+military+rule+gives+in+to+democracy&rft.date=1974-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F23%2Fnewsid_2515000%2F2515819.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Aul-kAQHnToC&dat=19741209&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Greeks Spurn Monarchy"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a> 9 December 1974, p. 1A. </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Korydallos-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Korydallos_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Korydallos_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Korydallos_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Korydallos_128-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html">"The Colonels on Trial"</a>. Time. Retrieved 15 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Answering_to_History-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Answering_to_History_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html">"Answering to History"</a>. Time. 1 September 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Answering+to+History&rft.date=1975-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C947162%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DF163FF932A05751C1A966958260">"Greece Cancels Plan to Pardon Ex-Junta Members"</a>. Time. 31 December 1990. Retrieved 15 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Karamanlis_Time-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karamanlis_Time_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karamanlis_Time_131-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130517/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879413-2,00.html">"'I Am with You, Democracy Is with You'"</a>. Time. 5 August 1974. Quote: "Denied Benefits. When the Council of Europe tried to investigate charges that the regime was torturing prisoners, Athens quit the respected if powerless body rather than risk the inquiry. The Common Market was so repelled by the actions of the junta that it expelled Greece from associate membership in the EEC, thus denying the Greek economy some $300 million annually in agricultural benefits." and "Caramanlis called the crisis 'a national tragedy' and appealed to Greece's armed forces to bring about a 'political change' in a liberal and democratic direction." Retrieved 6 July 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1975" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Laurence (1975). "Bitter Lessons: How We Failed in Cyprus". Foreign Policy (19): 34–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1147991">10.2307/1147991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147991">1147991</a>. <q>to crystallize as the Cyprus tragedy was enlarged by the Turkish invasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Bitter+Lessons%3A+How+We+Failed+in+Cyprus&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=34-78&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1147991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1147991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoufoudakis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Coufoudakis, Van (2002). "Recent Perspectives on Cyprus". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 20: 143–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmgs.2002.0004">10.1353/mgs.2002.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145139267">145139267</a>. <q>problem of Cyprus and might have spared the island from the tragedy of 1974</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Recent+Perspectives+on+Cyprus&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=143-146&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmgs.2002.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145139267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coufoudakis&rft.aufirst=Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModiano2004" class="citation news cs1">Modiano, Mario (23 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125214839/http://www.athensnews.gr/old_issue/13076/11554?action=print">"A long, happy summer night 30 years ago"</a>. Athens News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensnews.gr/old_issue/13076/11554?action=print">the original</a> on 25 January 2012. <q>It was clear that this was a critical day for the future of Greece. Turkey had invaded Cyprus on 20 July while the general mobilisation ordered by the Greek regime turned out to be a major fiasco. The civilian government of Adamantios Androutsopoulos, appointed by the second junta under Military Police Brigadier Demetrios Ioannidis, had suddenly vanished from public sight</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athens+News&rft.atitle=A+long%2C+happy+summer+night+30+years+ago&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.aulast=Modiano&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athensnews.gr%2Fold_issue%2F13076%2F11554%3Faction%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/gas02/">Models of Transitional Justice</a> – A Comparative Analysis Stephen A. Garrett International Studies Association 41st Annual Convention Los Angeles, CA 14–18 March 2000 Quote: "Perhaps as important as anything else in establishing the vulnerability of that regime to prosecution was its total discreditation as an institution. Certainly the Cyprus fiasco played a key role here, but also important was the failure of the Papadopolous/Ioannidis government ever 'to consolidate, to institutionalize and to legitimate itself'." </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/cgi-bin/brief?/news/greek/mpab/2002/02-04-21.mpab.html#01">"Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 02-04-21"</a>. hri.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hri.org&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Press+Agency%3A+News+in+English%2C+02-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbrief%3F%2Fnews%2Fgreek%2Fmpab%2F2002%2F02-04-21.mpab.html%2301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/one-in-three-greeks-yearns-for-junta-years-poll/articleshow/19663813.cms">"One in three Greeks yearns for junta years: Poll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=One+in+three+Greeks+yearns+for+junta+years%3A+Poll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fone-in-three-greeks-yearns-for-junta-years-poll%2Farticleshow%2F19663813.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> "Clinton lamenta el apoyo de EU a Junta Griega", <a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a>: Los Angeles, CA, 21 November 1999, page A1. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1999" class="citation news cs1">Hunt, Terence (21 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226134656/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_19991121/ai_n11735030">"Clinton concedes regret for U.S. support of Greek junta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Topeka_Capital-Journal" title="The Topeka Capital-Journal">The Topeka Capital-Journal</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_19991121/ai_n11735030">the original</a> on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008 – via <a href="/wiki/FindArticles" title="FindArticles">FindArticles</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Topeka+Capital-Journal&rft.atitle=Clinton+concedes+regret+for+U.S.+support+of+Greek+junta&rft.date=1999-11-21&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4179%2Fis_19991121%2Fai_n11735030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/06/are-greek-policemen-really-voting-in-droves-for-greeces-neo-nazi-party/258767/">Are Greek Policemen Really Voting in Droves for Greece's Neo-Nazi Party?</a>, The Atlantic, 22 June 2012 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montague_Woodhouse,_5th_Baron_Terrington" title="Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington">Woodhouse, C. M.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderngreece00cmwo">Modern Greece: a Short History</a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571197941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571197941"><bdi>978-0571197941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greece%3A+a+Short+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0571197941&rft.au=Woodhouse%2C+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderngreece00cmwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse,_C._M.1985" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse, C. M. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreekc0000wood">The Rise and Fall of the Greek Colonels</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0246124692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0246124692"><bdi>978-0246124692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Greek+Colonels&rft.place=London&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0246124692&rft.au=Woodhouse%2C+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofgreekc0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafpliotis,_Alexandros2012" class="citation book cs1">Nafpliotis, Alexandros (2012). Britain and the Greek Colonels: Accommodating the Junta in the Cold War. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848859524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848859524"><bdi>978-1848859524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Greek+Colonels%3A+Accommodating+the+Junta+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848859524&rft.au=Nafpliotis%2C+Alexandros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+junta" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_junta&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Barrett, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/junta.htm">"The Rise of the Junta in Greece"</a>.</li> <li>Barrett, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/november17.htm">"November 17, Cyprus and the Fall of the Junta"</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_junta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_junta" title="Template:Greek junta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_junta" title="Template talk:Greek junta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_junta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek junta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_junta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek junta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos" title="Stylianos Pattakos">Stylianos Pattakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Makarezos" title="Nikolaos Makarezos">Nikolaos Makarezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Angelis" title="Odysseas Angelis">Odysseas Angelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kollias" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Kollias">Konstantinos Kollias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Zoitakis" title="Georgios Zoitakis">Georgios Zoitakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorios_Spandidakis" title="Grigorios Spandidakis">Grigorios Spandidakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedon_Gizikis" title="Phaedon Gizikis">Phaedon Gizikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Androutsopoulos" title="Adamantios Androutsopoulos">Adamantios Androutsopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Ladas" title="Ioannis Ladas">Ioannis Ladas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roufogalis" title="Michael Roufogalis">Michael Roufogalis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Georgalas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Georgalas (page does not exist)">Georgios Georgalas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Dertilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Dertilis (page does not exist)">Nikolaos Dertilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Hatzipetros" title="Alexandros Hatzipetros">Alexandros Hatzipetros</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_(1973-1974).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential standard 1973–74"><img alt="Presidential standard 1973–74" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/70px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/105px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg/140px-Presidential_Standard_of_Greece_%281973-1974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Coup_d'état_of_21_April">1967 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#King's_counter-coup">1967 counter-coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Greek_constitutional_referendum" title="1968 Greek constitutional referendum">1968 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1968" title="Greek Constitution of 1968">Constitution of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_case" title="Greek case">Greek case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Greek_republic_referendum" title="1973 Greek republic referendum">1973 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1973" title="Greek Constitution of 1973">Constitution of 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a></li> <li>Cyprus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Junta_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Junta Trials">Greek Junta Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology and symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Greek_military_junta" title="Glossary of the Greek military junta">Glossary of the Greek military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anticommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_exile_in_Greece" title="Internal exile in Greece">Internal exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_21st_of_April" title="Anthem of the 21st of April">Anthem of the 21st of April</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Establishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Vehicle_Industry" title="Hellenic Vehicle Industry">Hellenic Vehicle Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Railways_Organisation" title="Hellenic Railways Organisation">Hellenic Railways Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output 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