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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnegie_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnegie_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carnegie formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnegie_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-service_stacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-service_stacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Self-service stacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-service_stacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Continuing legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_Carnegie_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_Carnegie_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lists of Carnegie libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_Carnegie_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مكتبة كارنيجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة كارنيجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie-Bibliothek" title="Carnegie-Bibliothek – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Carnegie-Bibliothek" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie-Bibliothek" title="Carnegie-Bibliothek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carnegie-Bibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Carnegie" title="Biblioteca Carnegie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca Carnegie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotekoj_Carnegie" title="Bibliotekoj Carnegie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bibliotekoj Carnegie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Carnegie" title="Bibliothèque Carnegie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque Carnegie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քարնեգի գրադարաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարնեգի գրադարաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Carnegie" title="Biblioteca Carnegie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca Carnegie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_k%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r" title="Carnegie könyvtár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carnegie könyvtár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="カーネギー図書館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーネギー図書館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_libraries" title="Carnegie libraries – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carnegie libraries" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Библиотеки Карнеги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиотеки Карнеги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carnegie library" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Карнегијева библиотека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карнегијева библиотека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegiebibliotek" title="Carnegiebibliotek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carnegiebibliotek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Carnegie Kütüphanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carnegie Kütüphanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%91%D1%96" title="Бібліотеки Карнеґі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бібліотеки Карнеґі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کارنیگی لائبریری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارنیگی لائبریری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_Carnegie" title="Thư viện Carnegie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư viện Carnegie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%A7%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="卡內基圖書館 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡內基圖書館" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1043939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Libraries donated by Andrew Carnegie</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carnegie Library (disambiguation)">Carnegie Library (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG/170px-Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG/255px-Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG/340px-Andrew_Carnegie_in_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4441.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><i>Andrew Carnegie</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg/170px-Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg/255px-Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg/340px-Carnegie_plaque_at_Taunton_Public_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at the <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Public_Library" title="Taunton Public Library">Taunton Public Library</a> in Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Carnegie library</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_library" class="mw-redirect" title="University library">university library</a> systems. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="List of Carnegie libraries in the United States">1,689</a> were built in the United States, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Europe" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Europe">660</a> in the United Kingdom and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Canada" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Canada">125</a> in Canada, and 25 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Africa,_the_Caribbean,_and_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania">others</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, Serbia, Belgium, France, the Caribbean, Mauritius, Malaysia, and Fiji. </p><p>At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places with which he had a personal connection—namely his birthplace in Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> area, his adopted hometown. Yet, beginning in the middle of 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas. As Carnegie's library funding progressed, very few of the towns that requested a grant, committing to his terms for operation and maintenance, were refused. By the time the last grant was made, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, nearly half of them Carnegie libraries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Library,_Dunfermline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Carnegie_Library%2C_Dunfermline.jpg/170px-Carnegie_Library%2C_Dunfermline.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Carnegie_Library%2C_Dunfermline.jpg/255px-Carnegie_Library%2C_Dunfermline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Carnegie_Library%2C_Dunfermline.jpg/340px-Carnegie_Library%2C_Dunfermline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The first Carnegie library, in Dunfermline, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BCL_1024x768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BCL_1024x768.jpg/170px-BCL_1024x768.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BCL_1024x768.jpg/255px-BCL_1024x768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BCL_1024x768.jpg/340px-BCL_1024x768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Free_Library_of_Braddock" title="Carnegie Free Library of Braddock">Carnegie Free Library of Braddock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="Braddock, Pennsylvania">Braddock, Pennsylvania</a>, built in 1888, was the first Carnegie Library in the United States to open (1889) and the first of four to be fully endowed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carnegie started erecting libraries in places with which he had personal associations.<sup id="cite_ref-palace_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of Carnegie's public libraries, <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Carnegie_Library" title="Dunfermline Carnegie Library">Dunfermline Carnegie Library</a>, was in his birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to <a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_Walker" title="James Campbell Walker">James Campbell Walker</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would open in 1883. </p><p>The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his adopted hometown of <a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny, Pennsylvania</a> (now the North Side of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>). In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the US. The building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the world. </p><p>The first Carnegie library to open in the United States was in <a href="/wiki/Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="Braddock, Pennsylvania">Braddock</a>, Pennsylvania, about 9 miles up the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a> from Pittsburgh. In 1889, it was also the site of one of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a>'s mills. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned, in 1887, and was the first of the four libraries which he fully endowed. An 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. </p><p> Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had a personal interest. These were in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In the United States, nine of the first 13 libraries which he commissioned are all located in Southwestern Pennsylvania. The Braddock, <a href="/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duquesne,_Pennsylvania" title="Duquesne, Pennsylvania">Duquesne</a> libraries were owned not by municipalities, but by Carnegie Steel, which constructed them, maintained them, and delivered coal for their heating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-palace_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"To this day, Carnegie's free-to-the-people libraries remain Pittsburgh's most significant cultural export, a gift that has shaped the minds and lives of millions."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Architectural critic Patricia Lowry <sup id="cite_ref-old.post-gazette.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old.post-gazette.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1897, Carnegie hired <a href="/wiki/James_Bertram_(Carnegie_secretary)" title="James Bertram (Carnegie secretary)">James Bertram</a> as his personal assistant. Bertram was responsible for fielding requests from municipalities for funds and overseeing the dispensing of grants for libraries. When Bertram received a letter requesting a library, he sent the applicant a questionnaire inquiring about the town's population, whether it had any other libraries, how large its book collection was, and what its circulation figures were. If initial requirements were met, Bertram asked the amount the town was willing to pledge for the library's annual maintenance, whether a site was being provided, and the amount of money already available.<sup id="cite_ref-palace_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1898, only one library was commissioned in the United States outside <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Southwestern Pennsylvania</a>: a library in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Iowa" title="Fairfield, Iowa">Fairfield, Iowa</a>, commissioned in 1892. It was the first project in which Carnegie had funded a library to which he had no personal ties. The Fairfield project was part of a new funding model to be used by Carnegie (through Bertram) for thousands of additional libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg/220px-Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg/330px-Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg/440px-Huntington_Jr_College_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Public_Library_(Huntington,_West_Virginia)" title="Carnegie Public Library (Huntington, West Virginia)">Carnegie Public Library</a> built in 1902, located in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1899, Carnegie's foundation funded a dramatic increase in the number of libraries. This coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's club">women's clubs</a> in the post-Civil War period. They primarily took the lead in organizing local efforts to establish libraries, including long-term fundraising and lobbying within their communities to support operations and collections.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnegie believed in giving to the "industrious and ambitious; not those who need everything done for them, but those who, being most anxious and able to help themselves, deserve and will be benefited by help from others."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under segregation, Black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans in the South. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carnegie Library in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, opened in 1914 to serve Black residents, who had been excluded from the segregated White public library. The privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small <a href="/wiki/East_Henry_Street_Carnegie_Library" title="East Henry Street Carnegie Library">Library for Colored Citizens</a>. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for and received funds from Carnegie.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> wrote in his 2008 memoirs that he frequently used that library as a boy, before the public library system was desegregated.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The library buildings were constructed in a number of styles, including <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Italian Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Classical Revival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonial style">Spanish Colonial</a>, to enhance their appearance as public buildings. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish baronial style">Scottish Baronial</a> was one of the styles used for libraries in Carnegie's native Scotland. Each style was chosen by the community. As the years went by <a href="/wiki/James_Bertram_(Carnegie_secretary)" title="James Bertram (Carnegie secretary)">James Bertram</a>, Carnegie's secretary, became less tolerant of approving designs that were not to his taste.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lippincott_Tilton" title="Edward Lippincott Tilton">Edward Lippincott Tilton</a>, a friend often recommended by Bertram, designed many of the buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architecture was typically simple and formal, welcoming patrons through a prominent doorway, nearly always accessed via a staircase from the ground level. The entry staircase symbolized a person's elevation by learning. Similarly, most libraries had a lamp post or lantern installed near the entrance, meant as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnegie's grants were very large for the era, and his library philanthropy was one of the most costly philanthropic activities, by value, in history. Carnegie continued funding new libraries until shortly before his death in 1919. Libraries were given to towns and cities in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and much of the English-speaking world: Almost $56.2 million went for construction of 2,509 libraries worldwide. Of that, $40 million was given for construction of 1,670 public library buildings in 1,412 American communities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small towns received grants of $10,000 that enabled them to build large libraries that immediately were among the most significant town amenities in hundreds of communities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library,_Victoria_Street,_St_Albans,_June_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_St_Albans%2C_June_2023.jpg/220px-Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_St_Albans%2C_June_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_St_Albans%2C_June_2023.jpg/330px-Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_St_Albans%2C_June_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_St_Albans%2C_June_2023.jpg/440px-Stained-glass_window_of_Andrew_Carnegie_at_the_former_Carnegie_Library%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_St_Albans%2C_June_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>Stained-glass window of Andrew Carnegie at the former Carnegie Library, St Albans, Hertfordshire</figcaption></figure> <p>Books and libraries were important to Carnegie, from his early childhood in Scotland and his teen years in Allegheny and Pittsburgh. There he listened to readings and discussions of books from the Tradesman's Subscription Library, which his father had helped create.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in Pennsylvania, while working for the local telegraph company in Pittsburgh, Carnegie borrowed books from the personal library of Colonel James Anderson (1785-1861).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opened his collection to his workers every Saturday. Anderson, like Carnegie, resided in Allegheny. </p><p>In his autobiography, Carnegie credited Anderson with providing an opportunity for "working boys" (that some people said should not be "entitled to books") to acquire the knowledge to improve themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnegie's personal experience as an immigrant, who with help from others worked his way and became wealthy, reinforced his belief in a society based on merit, where anyone who worked hard could become successful. This conviction was a major element of his philosophy of giving in general.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His libraries were the best-known expression of this philanthropic goal. In 1900, Carnegie granted funds to build the Anderson Memorial Library, in memory of Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Byers_Anderson" title="John Byers Anderson">John Byers Anderson</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Emporia" title="College of Emporia">College of Emporia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carnegie_formula">Carnegie formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carnegie formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg/220px-Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg/330px-Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg/440px-Foundation_stone_of_Waterford_Free_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Carnegie laying the foundation stone of the <a href="/wiki/Waterford_City_Library" title="Waterford City Library">Waterford City Library</a> (1903)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all of Carnegie's libraries were built according to "the Carnegie formula", which required financial commitments for maintenance and operation from the town that received the donation. Carnegie required public support rather than making endowments because, as he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>an endowed institution is liable to become the prey of a clique. The public ceases to take interest in it, or, rather, never acquires interest in it. The rule has been violated which requires the recipients to help themselves. Everything has been done for the community instead of its being only helped to help itself.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Carnegie required the elected officials—the local government—to: </p> <ul><li>demonstrate the need for a public library;</li> <li>provide the building site;</li> <li>pay staff and maintain the library;</li> <li>draw from public funds to run the library—not use only private donations;</li> <li>annually provide ten percent of the cost of the library's construction to support its operation; and,</li> <li>provide free service to all.</li></ul> <p>Carnegie assigned the decisions to his assistant <a href="/wiki/James_Bertram_(Carnegie_secretary)" title="James Bertram (Carnegie secretary)">James Bertram</a>. He created a "Schedule of Questions". The schedule included: Name, status and population of town, Does it have a library? Where is it located and is it public or private? How many books? Is a town-owned site available? Estimation of the community's population at this stage was done by local officials, and Bertram later commented that if the population counts he received were accurate, "the nation's population had mysteriously doubled".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of Carnegie's library philanthropy coincided with a peak in new town development and library expansion in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1890, many states had begun to take an active role in organizing public libraries, and the new buildings filled a tremendous need. It was also a time of rapid development of institutions of higher learning. Interest in libraries was also heightened at a crucial time in their early development by Carnegie's high profile and his genuine belief in their importance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada in 1901, Carnegie offered more than $2.5 million to build 125 libraries. Most cities at first turned him down—then relented and took the money.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902, Carnegie offered funds to build a library in Dunedin in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Between 1908 and 1916, 18 Carnegie libraries were opened across New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_Branch_of_the_Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Lawrenceville Branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Lawrenceville Branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</a> signaled a break from the Richardsonian style of libraries which was popularized in the mid 1800s. The ALA discouraged Richardsonian characteristics such as alcoved book halls with high shelves requiring a ladder, as well as sheltered galleries and niches, reminiscent of sixteenth-century Europe, largely because modern librarians could not supervise such spaces efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-palace_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Bertram_(Carnegie_secretary)" title="James Bertram (Carnegie secretary)">Bertram</a>'s architectural criteria included a lecture room, reading rooms for adults and children, a staff room, a centrally located librarian's desk, twelve-to-fifteen-foot ceilings, and large windows six to seven feet above the floor. No architectural style was recommended for the exterior, nor was it necessary to put Andrew Carnegie's name on the building. In the interests of efficiency, fireplaces were discouraged, since that wall space could be used to house more books.<sup id="cite_ref-palace_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were no strict requirements about furniture, but most of it came from the <a href="/wiki/Library_Bureau" title="Library Bureau">Library Bureau</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Melvil_Dewey" title="Melvil Dewey">Melvil Dewey</a> in 1888. It sold standardized chairs, tables, catalogs, and bookshelves.<sup id="cite_ref-palace_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-service_stacks">Self-service stacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-service stacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg/220px-Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg/330px-Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg/440px-Carnegie_Library_Pittsburgh_SSide_branch_early_days.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>One of the first open shelf libraries: Pittsburgh's South Side branch, about the time it opened in 1910 and had a massive front desk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg/220px-SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg/330px-SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg/440px-SouthSide_Library_front_desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Original service desk at South Side branch in 1999. Originally designed to be imposing, it was replaced in 2011 by a side desk using original wood.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first five Carnegie libraries followed a closed stacks policy, the method of operation common to libraries at that time. Patrons requested a book from a library staffer, who would fetch the book from closed stacks off limits to the public, and bring it to a delivery desk. </p><p>To reduce operating costs, Carnegie created a revolutionary open-shelf or self-service policy, beginning with the Pittsburgh neighborhood branches that opened after the main branch. This streamlined process allowed patrons to have open access to shelves. Carnegie's architects designed the Pittsburgh neighborhood branches so that one librarian could oversee each entire operation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Library_theft" title="Library theft">Theft of books</a> and other items was a major concern. This concern resulted in the placement of the library's circulation desk—which replaced the delivery desk used in traditional closed stacks libraries—just inside the front door. Bigger and more daunting than those used in modern libraries, these desks spanned almost the width of the lobby and acted as a physical and psychological barrier between the front entrance and the book room. </p><p>The first of these "open stack" branches was in Lawrenceville, the sixth Carnegie library to open in America. The next was in the West End branch, the eighth Carnegie library in the US. Patricia Lowry describes </p> <blockquote><p>located just beyond the lobby, the circulation desk—no longer a delivery desk—took center stage in Lawrenceville, flanked by turnstiles that admitted readers to the open stacks one at a time, under the librarian's watchful eye. To thwart thievery, the stacks were arranged in a radial pattern. On each side of the lobby were a general reading room and, for the first time in a library anywhere, a room for children.... The reading rooms were separated by walls that became glass partitions above waist level—the better to see you with, my dear.<sup id="cite_ref-old.post-gazette.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old.post-gazette.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Walter E. Langsam, an architectural historian and teacher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>, wrote "The Carnegie libraries were important because they had open stacks which encouraged people to browse .... People could choose for themselves what books they wanted to read."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This open stacks policy was later adopted by the libraries that previously had operated with closed stacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first secretary of the Iowa Library Commission, Alice S. Taylor, criticized the use of Carnegie funding for extravagant buildings rather than providing quality library services.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnegie's funds covered only the library buildings themselves, and Carnegie gave library buildings to cities on the condition that the cities stocked and maintained them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, small communities often struggled with maintenance costs associated with Carnegie libraries; towns were often happy to accept funding for new library buildings, but often unwilling to allocate taxes for upkeep.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, this was the most frequent complaint about Carnegie libraries in hindsight: gifting libraries to towns too small to support them actually slowed the development of cooperative regional libraries that those communities now rely on.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics also saw his massive donations as insulting to communities that would be content to fund their own public works.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others saw his push for public libraries as merely an attempt at social control.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, a supporter of Carnegie, claimed that Carnegie used philanthropy as a tool to buy fame.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Jewett_Tucker" title="William Jewett Tucker">William Jewett Tucker</a> criticized Carnegie's philanthropy from a religious viewpoint, arguing that it did not offset his "immoral" accumulation of wealth, and that his contributions did not justify the "evils" Tucker claimed existed in capitalism itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnegie's own steel workers echoed this sentiment, arguing that his wealth would be better spent on improving working conditions for his own employees, rather than on library buildings across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnegie's response to those criticisms and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Steel_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Steel Strike">Homestead Steel Strike</a> was telling of what he thought of his workers' concerns: "If I had raised your wages, you would have spent that money by buying a better cut of meat or more drink for your dinner. But what you needed, though you didn't know it, was my libraries and concert halls."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnegie's critics can be most efficiently summed up in the words of <a href="/wiki/Finley_Peter_Dunne" title="Finley Peter Dunne">Finley Peter Dunne</a>'s parody of Carnegie himself: "Th' way to abolish poverty an' bust crime is to put up a brown-stone buildin' in ivry town in th' counthry."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that a building would be the panacea to cure all of society's ills, they argued, was simply not sustainable. </p><p>A further issue was the impact on pre-existing religious libraries that had promoted learning through free libraries for many years. A typical example is the United Presbyterian Library of Edinburgh, under <a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Drummond" title="Robert James Drummond">Robert James Drummond</a> which was affected following the opening of the Carnegie Library in the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the criticisms of his philanthropic interests and motivations, the construction of libraries in the American South was a highly contentious topic. State and local racial segregations laws across the South sought to bar African Americans access to public facilities, including libraries and when funding the construction of the Carnegie library in Atlanta in 1902, the proposed library, a segregated one, was fought by numerous activists of the period, including <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following, as the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> continued to ignore the systematic implementation of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> in the South, the Carnegie Corporation also continued to acquiesce to the social norms of the day and even required communities seeking grants to base their appropriations "only upon the White population of the towns."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuing_legacy">Continuing legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Continuing legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg/250px-2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg/375px-2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg/500px-2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Historical Society of Washington, D.C.">Historical Society of Washington, D.C.</a> is located in a former Carnegie library and is on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carnegie established charitable trusts which have continued his philanthropic work. But they had reduced their investment in libraries even before his death. There has continued to be support for library projects, for example in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that, according to a survey conducted by George Bobinski, dean of the School of Information and Library Studies at the <a href="/wiki/State_University_at_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="State University at Buffalo">State University at Buffalo</a>, 1,554 of the 1,681 original Carnegie library buildings in the United States still existed, and 911 were still used as libraries. He found that 276 were unchanged, 286 had been expanded, 175 had been remodeled, 243 had been demolished, and others had been converted to other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While hundreds of the library buildings have been adapted for use as museums, community centers, office buildings, residences, or other uses, more than half of those in the United States still serve their communities as libraries over a century after their construction.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are located in what are now middle- to low-income neighborhoods. For example, Carnegie libraries still form the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> system in <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York City</a>, with 31 of the original 39 buildings still in operation; Carnegie Libraries operate in all 5 Boroughs of New York City across its three library systems. Also, the main library and eighteen branches of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> public library system are Carnegie libraries. The public library system there is named the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Corporation of New York</a> arranged for microfilming of the correspondence files relating to Andrew Carnegie's gifts and grants to communities for the public libraries and church organs. They discarded the original materials. The microfilms are open for research as part of the Carnegie Corporation of New York Records collection, residing at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Rare Book and Manuscript Library.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archivists did not microfilm photographs and blueprints of the Carnegie Libraries. The number and nature of documents within the correspondence files varies widely. Such documents may include correspondence, completed applications and questionnaires, newspaper clippings, illustrations, and building dedication programs. </p><p>UK correspondence files relating to individual libraries have been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (see the article <a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Europe" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Europe">List of Carnegie libraries in Europe</a>). </p><p>Beginning in the 1930s during the Great Depression, some libraries were meticulously measured, documented and photographed under the <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) program of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. This was part of an effort to record and preserve significant buildings..<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other documentation has been collected by local historical societies. In 1935, the centennial of Carnegie's birth, a copy of the portrait of him originally painted by <a href="/wiki/F._Luis_Mora" title="F. Luis Mora">F. Luis Mora</a> was given to libraries which he had helped fund.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Carnegie libraries in the United States, whatever their current uses, have been recognized by listing on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. The first, the Carnegie Library in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Free_Library_of_Braddock" title="Carnegie Free Library of Braddock">Braddock, Pennsylvania</a>, was designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in March 2012. Some Carnegie Libraries, have been replaced in name with that of city libraries such as the Epiphany library in New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnegie Library, built in 1901 in Guthrie, Oklahoma"><img alt="Carnegie Library, built in 1901 in Guthrie, Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg/255px-Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg/383px-Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg/510px-Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="3336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_(Guthrie,_Oklahoma)" title="Carnegie Library (Guthrie, Oklahoma)">Carnegie Library</a>, built in 1901 in <a href="/wiki/Guthrie,_Oklahoma" title="Guthrie, Oklahoma">Guthrie, Oklahoma</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akron_Public_Library_(Akron,_Ohio).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnegie Library, built in 1904 in Akron, Ohio"><img alt="Carnegie Library, built in 1904 in Akron, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Akron_Public_Library_%28Akron%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/304px-Akron_Public_Library_%28Akron%2C_Ohio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Akron_Public_Library_%28Akron%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/455px-Akron_Public_Library_%28Akron%2C_Ohio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Akron_Public_Library_%28Akron%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/607px-Akron_Public_Library_%28Akron%2C_Ohio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4984" data-file-height="2958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Akron_Public_Library" title="Akron Public Library">Carnegie Library</a>, built in 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnegie Public Library, built in 1904 in Tyler, Texas"><img alt="Carnegie Public Library, built in 1904 in Tyler, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg/308px-Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg/462px-Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg/616px-Tyler_carnegie_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Public_Library_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="Carnegie Public Library (Tyler, Texas)">Carnegie Public Library</a>, built in 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler, Texas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnegie Library, built in 1908 in Hokitika, New Zealand"><img alt="Carnegie Library, built in 1908 in Hokitika, New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG/270px-Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG/405px-Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG/540px-Hokitika_Museum_248.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carnegie Library, built in 1908 in <a href="/wiki/Hokitika" title="Hokitika">Hokitika</a>, New Zealand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kilkenny Carnegie Library, built in 1910 in Kilkenny, Ireland"><img alt="Kilkenny Carnegie Library, built in 1910 in Kilkenny, Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg/240px-Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg/360px-Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg/480px-Kilkenny_Carnegie_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kilkenny Carnegie Library, built in 1910 in <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West Tampa Free Public Library, built in 1914 in Tampa, Florida"><img alt="West Tampa Free Public Library, built in 1914 in Tampa, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg/135px-West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg/202px-West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg/270px-West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/West_Tampa_Free_Public_Library" title="West Tampa Free Public Library">West Tampa Free Public Library</a>, built in 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a>, Florida</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaumont_Library_District,_Beaumont,_CA,_bld2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaumont Library built in 1914 in Beaumont, California"><img alt="Beaumont Library built in 1914 in Beaumont, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Beaumont_Library_District%2C_Beaumont%2C_CA%2C_bld2.jpg/274px-Beaumont_Library_District%2C_Beaumont%2C_CA%2C_bld2.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Beaumont_Library_District%2C_Beaumont%2C_CA%2C_bld2.jpg/412px-Beaumont_Library_District%2C_Beaumont%2C_CA%2C_bld2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Beaumont_Library_District%2C_Beaumont%2C_CA%2C_bld2.jpg/549px-Beaumont_Library_District%2C_Beaumont%2C_CA%2C_bld2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Library_District" title="Beaumont Library District">Beaumont Library</a> built in 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_California" title="Beaumont, California">Beaumont, California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Petersburg Public Library, built in 1915 in St. Petersburg, Florida"><img alt="St. Petersburg Public Library, built in 1915 in St. Petersburg, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg/240px-St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg/360px-St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg/480px-St._Pete_Mirror_Lake_Library02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Public Library">St. Petersburg Public Library</a>, built in 1915 in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_(April_2023)-3563.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bayliss Library, built in 1917 in Glenn County, California"><img alt="Bayliss Library, built in 1917 in Glenn County, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_%28April_2023%29-3563.jpg/270px-Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_%28April_2023%29-3563.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_%28April_2023%29-3563.jpg/405px-Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_%28April_2023%29-3563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_%28April_2023%29-3563.jpg/540px-Bayliss_Carnegie_Library_%28April_2023%29-3563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5549" data-file-height="3699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bayliss Library, built in 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn County</a>, California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Univerzitetska_biblioteka,_Beograd_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnegie Library, built in 1921 in Belgrade, Serbia"><img alt="Carnegie Library, built in 1921 in Belgrade, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Univerzitetska_biblioteka%2C_Beograd_05.jpg/271px-Univerzitetska_biblioteka%2C_Beograd_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Univerzitetska_biblioteka%2C_Beograd_05.jpg/407px-Univerzitetska_biblioteka%2C_Beograd_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Univerzitetska_biblioteka%2C_Beograd_05.jpg/542px-Univerzitetska_biblioteka%2C_Beograd_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_University_Library" title="Belgrade University Library">Carnegie Library</a>, built in 1921 in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_Carnegie_libraries">Lists of Carnegie libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lists of Carnegie libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carnegie Library (disambiguation)">Carnegie Library (disambiguation)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Africa" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Africa">List of Carnegie libraries in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of Carnegie libraries in the Caribbean">List of Carnegie libraries in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Oceania" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Oceania">List of Carnegie libraries in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Canada" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Canada">List of Carnegie libraries in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Europe" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Europe">List of Carnegie libraries in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="List of Carnegie libraries in the United States">List of Carnegie libraries in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-palace-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palace_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palace_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palace_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palace_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palace_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palace_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGangewere2011" class="citation book cs1">Gangewere, Robert J (September 2011). <i>Palace of culture: Andrew Carnegie's museums and library in Pittsburgh</i>. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822943976" title="Special:BookSources/9780822943976"><bdi>9780822943976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palace+of+culture%3A+Andrew+Carnegie%27s+museums+and+library+in+Pittsburgh&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pa&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2011-09&rft.isbn=9780822943976&rft.aulast=Gangewere&rft.aufirst=Robert+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200760">"James Campbell Walker"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Scottish Architects</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916211859/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200760">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Scottish+Architects&rft.atitle=James+Campbell+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottisharchitects.org.uk%2Farchitect_full.php%3Fid%3D200760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-old.post-gazette.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-old.post-gazette.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-old.post-gazette.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20030302carnegie2.asp">"Carnegie's Library Legacy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509112640/http://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20030302carnegie2.asp">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnegie%27s+Library+Legacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2F20030302carnegie2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406015722/http://www.fairfieldculturaldistrict.org/museum.htm">"Carnegie Historical Museum – Fairfield Cultural District"</a>. <i>fairfieldculturaldistrict.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairfieldculturaldistrict.org/museum.htm">the original</a> on April 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fairfieldculturaldistrict.org&rft.atitle=Carnegie+Historical+Museum+%E2%80%93+Fairfield+Cultural+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairfieldculturaldistrict.org%2Fmuseum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Paula D. (1994). "Founding Mothers: The Contribution of Women's Organizations to Public Library Development in the United States". <i>Library Quarterly</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602699">10.1086/602699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142094870">142094870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Founding+Mothers%3A+The+Contribution+of+Women%27s+Organizations+to+Public+Library+Development+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F602699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142094870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Paula+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teva Scheer, "The "Praxis" Side of the Equation: Club Women and American Public Administration", <i>Administrative Theory & Praxis</i>, Vol. 24, Issue 3, 2002, p. 525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Carnegie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0149-83">"The Best Fields for Philanthropy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030113062124/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0149-83">Archived</a> January 13, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The North American Review</i>, Volume 149, Issue 397, December 1889 from the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This library has been discussed in Cheryl Knott Malone's essay, "Houston's Colored Carnegie Library, 1907–1922." While still in manuscript, it was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Justin_Winsor_Prize_(library)" title="Justin Winsor Prize (library)">Justin Winsor Prize</a> in 1997. Accessed on-line August 2008 in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/fulltext/LandC_34_2_Malone.pdf">revised version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909235220/http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/fulltext/LandC_34_2_Malone.pdf">Archived</a> September 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083719/http://www.liveoakpl.org/about/library-history.php">"Library History"</a>. <i>Live Oak Public Libraries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveoakpl.org/about/library-history.php">the original</a> on August 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Oak+Public+Libraries&rft.atitle=Library+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveoakpl.org%2Fabout%2Flibrary-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320010810/http://www.liveoakpl.org/upload/CarnegieLibrary100th.pdf">"Carnegie Library, Savannah, Georgia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Live Oak Public Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveoakpl.org/upload/CarnegieLibrary100th.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Oak+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Carnegie+Library%2C+Savannah%2C+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveoakpl.org%2Fupload%2FCarnegieLibrary100th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence Thomas, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mygrandfathersso00thom">My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir</a></i>, HarperCollins, 2008, pp. 17, 29, 30, Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/50carnegie/50facts3.htm">"Carnegie Libraries – Reading 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001235/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/50carnegie/50facts3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnegie+Libraries+%E2%80%93+Reading+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftwhp%2Fwwwlps%2Flessons%2F50carnegie%2F50facts3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMausolfHengen2007" class="citation cs2">Mausolf, Lisa B.; Hengen, Elizabeth Durfee (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051548/http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/peabody/about/Tiltonmonograph.pdf"><i>Edward Lippincott Tilton: A Monograph on His Architectural Practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/peabody/about/Tiltonmonograph.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2011</span>, <q>Many of these were Carnegie Libraries, public libraries built between 1886 and 1917 with funds provided by Andrew Carnegie or the Carnegie Corporation of New York. In all, Carnegie funding was provided for 1,681 public library buildings in 1,412 U.S. communities, with additional libraries abroad. Increasingly after 1908, Carnegie library commissions tended to be in the hands of a relatively small number of firms that specialized in library design. Tilton benefited from a friendship with James Bertram, who was responsible for reviewing plans for Carnegie-financed library buildings. Although the Carnegie program left the hiring of an architect to local officials, Bertram's personal letters of introduction gave Tilton a distinct advantage. As a result, Tilton won a large number of comparatively modest Carnegie library commissions, primarily in the northeast. Typically, Tilton furnished all plans, working drawings, details and specifications and associated with a local architect, who would supervise construction and receive 5% of Tilton's commission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Lippincott+Tilton%3A+A+Monograph+on+His+Architectural+Practice&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mausolf&rft.aufirst=Lisa+B.&rft.au=Hengen%2C+Elizabeth+Durfee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.vanderbilt.edu%2Fpeabody%2Fabout%2FTiltonmonograph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607884927"><i>Studying transcultural literary history</i></a>. Gunilla Lindberg-Wada. Berlin. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-092055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-092055-0"><bdi>978-3-11-092055-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607884927">607884927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+transcultural+literary+history&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607884927&rft.isbn=978-3-11-092055-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F607884927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i>. New York: Skyhorse Chicago: ALA Editions. pp. 174–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=174-91&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Chicago%3A+ALA+Editions&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevaneSundstrom2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kevane, Michael J; Sundstrom, William A (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/econ/55/">"Public Libraries and Political Particippation, 1870–1940"</a>. <i>Economics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics&rft.atitle=Public+Libraries+and+Political+Particippation%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kevane&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft.au=Sundstrom%2C+William+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.scu.edu%2Fecon%2F55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The library : an illustrated history</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse Pub.">Skyhorse Pub.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library+%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, Theodore Wesley (1907) <i>A Portfolio of Carnegie Libraries,</i> preface (work is unpaginated)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/anderson.html">"Andrew Carnegie: A Tribute: Colonel James Anderson"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040211095856/http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/anderson.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Exhibit, <i>Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i></a></span>. New York: Skyhorse Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838909911" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838909911"><bdi>978-0838909911</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277203534">277203534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277203534&rft.isbn=978-0838909911&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner" class="citation web cs1">Gardiner, Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805114129/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/carnegie/updates/esu.html">"Anderson Memorial Library"</a>. <i>The Carnegie Legacy in Kansas</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyways.lib.ks.us/carnegie/updates/esu.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Carnegie+Legacy+in+Kansas&rft.atitle=Anderson+Memorial+Library&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyways.lib.ks.us%2Fcarnegie%2Fupdates%2Fesu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emporiagazette.com/latest_news_and_features/article_be0babcb-fea4-5fe6-a917-a760fc36e4f6.html">"An inside look at Anderson Memorial Library"</a>. Emporia Gazette. July 31, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221044839/http://www.emporiagazette.com/latest_news_and_features/article_be0babcb-fea4-5fe6-a917-a760fc36e4f6.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+inside+look+at+Anderson+Memorial+Library&rft.pub=Emporia+Gazette&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporiagazette.com%2Flatest_news_and_features%2Farticle_be0babcb-fea4-5fe6-a917-a760fc36e4f6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnegie1889" class="citation journal cs1">Carnegie, Andrew (December 1889). 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(2013). "My Duty and My Pleasure": Alice S. Tyler's Reluctant Oversight of Carnegie Library Philanthropy in Iowa. <i>Information & Culture, 48</i>(1), 91–111, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, S. (2009). <i>The library: An illustrated history</i>. Skyhorse Publishing, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickelson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Mickelson, P. (1975). 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(March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325/libraries.1.1.0001">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Any Ideas?": The American Library Association and the Desegregation of Public Libraries in the American South"</a>. <i>Libraries: Culture, History, and Society</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Flibraries.1.1.0001">10.5325/libraries.1.1.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2473-0343">2473-0343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Any+Ideas%3F%22%3A+The+American+Library+Association+and+the+Desegregation+of+Public+Libraries+in+the+American+South&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Flibraries.1.1.0001&rft.issn=2473-0343&rft.aulast=Wiegand&rft.aufirst=Wayne+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5325%2Flibraries.1.1.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sentra.ischool.utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/fulltext/LandC_34_1_Rochester.pdf">The Carnegie Corporation and South Africa: Non-European Library Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132624/http://sentra.ischool.utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/fulltext/LandC_34_1_Rochester.pdf">Archived</a> August 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Libraries & Culture</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sentra.ischool.utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/landc-toc-v34-no1.php">Volume 34, No. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612174149/http://sentra.ischool.utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/landc-toc-v34-no1.php">Archived</a> June 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Winter 1999), from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-journal_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrum1992" class="citation cs2">Strum, Charles (March 2, 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/02/nyregion/belleville-journal-restoring-heritage-and-raising-hopes-for-future.html?src=pm">"Belleville Journal; Restoring Heritage and Raising Hopes for Future"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114082153/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/02/nyregion/belleville-journal-restoring-heritage-and-raising-hopes-for-future.html?src=pm">archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2011</span>, <q>Dr. George Bobinksi, dean of the School of Information and Library Studies at the State University at Buffalo, says 1,681 libraries were built with Carnegie money, mostly between 1898 and 1917.In a survey, he found that at least 1,554 of the buildings still exist, with only 911 of these still in use as public libraries. 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American Volksporting Association. 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ava.org/clubs/holyfamilywalkers/list_of_carnegie_libraries.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnegie+libraries+by+state&rft.pub=American+Volksporting+Association&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ava.org%2Fclubs%2Fholyfamilywalkers%2Flist_of_carnegie_libraries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegielibrary.org/">"Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh"</a>. <i>Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102115802/https://www.carnegielibrary.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Library+of+Pittsburgh&rft.atitle=Carnegie+Library+of+Pittsburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegielibrary.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/rbml/collections/carnegie/index.html">"Rare Book & Manuscript Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114092250/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/rbml/collections/carnegie/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+Book+%26+Manuscript+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Findiv%2Frbml%2Fcollections%2Fcarnegie%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer/">Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516223912/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer">Archived</a> May 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Permanent Collection, <i>American Memory</i> from the Library of Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americantowns.com/nj/wall/venues/belmar-public-library">"Belmar Public Library"</a>. <i>Wall, New Jersey</i>. American towns<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall%2C+New+Jersey&rft.atitle=Belmar+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americantowns.com%2Fnj%2Fwall%2Fvenues%2Fbelmar-public-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnegie+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anderson, Florence (1963). <i>Carnegie Corporation Library Program, 1911–1961...</i> (Carnegie Corporation of New York)</li> <li>Black, A., & Prizeman, O. (2021). "A Reassessment of the Design of Carnegie Public Library Buildings with a View to Their Future Use: The Case of Evanston Public Library, Illinois" (1908). <i>IFLA Journal</i> 47, no. 4: 444–452.</li> <li>Bobinski, George S. (1968). "Carnegie Libraries: Their History and Impact on American Public Library Development." <i>ALA Bulletin</i> 62, no. 11 (December 1968): 1361–1367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25698025">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Ditzion, Sidney. (1947). <i>Arsenals of a Democratic Culture: A Social History of the American Public Library Movement in New England and the Middle States from 1850 to 1900</i> (American Library Association).</li> <li>Fultz, Michael (2006). "Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of <i>de jure</i> Segregation" <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i> 41, no. 3: 337–359.</li> <li>Garrison, Dee (1979). <i>Apostles of Culture: The Public Librarian and American Society, 1876–1920</i> (New York: Free Press).</li> <li>Grimes, Brendan. (1998). <i>Irish Carnegie Libraries: A Catalogue and Architectural History.</i> (Irish Academic Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7165-2618-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7165-2618-2">0-7165-2618-2</a></li> <li>Harris, Michael (1974). "The Purpose of the American Public Library, A Revisionist Interpretation of History" <i>Library Journal</i> 98: 2509–2514.</li> <li>Jones, Theodore (1997). <i>Carnegie Libraries Across America: A Public Legacy</i>, John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14422-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-14422-3">0-471-14422-3</a></li> <li>Kevane, M.J. and W.A. Sundstrom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/econ/55/">Public Libraries and Political Participation, 1870–1940</a> <i>Santa Clara University Scholar Commons</i> (2016); uses advanced statistics to find a new library had no effect on voter turnout</li> <li>Kevane, Michael, & Sundstrom, William A. (2014). "The Development of Public Libraries in the United States, 1870–1930: A Quantitative Assessment" <i>Information and Culture,</i> 49, no. 2, 117–144.</li> <li>Lorenzen, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518124835/http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1999/il990275.html">"Deconstructing the Carnegie Libraries: The Sociological Reasons Behind Carnegie's Millions to Public Libraries"</a>, <i>Illinois Libraries</i>. 81, no. 2: 75–78.</li> <li>Martin, Robert Sidney. (1993) <i>Carnegie Denied: Communities rejecting Carnegie Library Construction Grants, 1898–1925</i> (Greenwood Press)</li> <li>Miner, Curtis (1990) "The 'Deserted Parthenon': Class, Culture and the Carnegie Library of Homestead, 1898–1937." <i>Pennsylvania History</i> 52, no. 2 (April 1990): 107–135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27773366">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nasaw" title="David Nasaw">Nasaw, David</a> (2006). <i>Andrew Carnegie.</i> New York: Penguin Press.</li> <li>Pollak, Oliver B. (2005). <i>A State of Readers, Nebraska's Carnegie Libraries,</i> (Lincoln: J. & L. Lee Publishers).</li> <li>Prizeman, Oriel (2013). <i>Philanthropy and Light: Carnegie Libraries and the Advent of Transatlantic Standards for Public Space</i> (Ashgate).</li> <li>Swetman, Susan H. (1991). "Pro-Carnegie library arguments and contemporary Concerns in the Intermountain West." <i>Journal of the West</i> 30, no. 3, 63–68.</li> <li>Van Slyke, Abigail A. (1995). <i>Free to All: Carnegie Libraries & American Culture, 1890–1920.</i> (University of Chicago Press)</li> <li>Watson, Paula D. (1996). "Carnegie Ladies, Lady Carnegies : Women and the Building of Libraries." <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 31, no. 1 (Winter 1996): 159–196.</li> <li>Watson, Paula D. (1994). "Founding Mothers: The Contribution of Women's Organizations to Public Library Development in the United States" <i>Library Quarterly</i> 64, no. 3 (July 1994): 233–270.</li> <li>Wiegand, Wayne A. (2011). <i>Main Street Public Library: Community Places and Reading Spaces in the Rural Heartland, 1876–1956</i> (University of Iowa Press).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_library&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carnegie_libraries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carnegie libraries">Carnegie libraries</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Carnegie_library" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Carnegie library">Carnegie library</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Skeen, Molly. (March 5, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040506070816/http://www.nationaltrust.org/Magazine/archives/arch_story/030504.htm">"How America's Carnegie Libraries Adapt to Survive"</a>, <i>Preservation Online</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gerryblaikie.com/carnegie/">Carnegie Libraries of Scotland – Landmarks of Literacy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Carnegie_libraries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnegie_libraries" title="Template:Carnegie libraries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnegie_libraries" title="Template talk:Carnegie libraries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnegie_libraries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnegie libraries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Carnegie_libraries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carnegie libraries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Canada" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="List of Carnegie libraries in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Africa" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of Carnegie libraries in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Europe" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Oceania" title="List of Carnegie libraries in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg/100px-2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg/150px-2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg/200px-2008-0601-DC-CityMuseumCarnegieLibrary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libraries_and_library_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template talk:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libraries_and_library_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Library_nav" title="Template:Library nav">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries" title="Category:Libraries">Category:Libraries</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_science" title="Category:Library science">Category:Library science</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Libraries">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/847640/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96009907">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13506104j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13506104j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carnegie knihovny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph773929&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532411205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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