Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution

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Part of a Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh's "The National Security Constitution."" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-10-28T12:43:07+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-28T12:48:18+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/congress.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="683" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Ashley Deeks, Kristen Eichensehr" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Ashley Deeks, Kristen Eichensehr" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="11 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/79753c458b0f739f2b9ba0704cb108d0"},{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/e135201cab91a0a8949ce70fa5d851b0"}],"headline":"Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution","datePublished":"2024-10-28T12:43:07+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-28T12:48:18+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/"},"wordCount":2392,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1409850965-scaled-e1694568285559.jpg","keywords":["Books","Congress","executive","executive branch","Executive Power","Foreign Policy","national security","Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh's 'The National Security Constitution'"],"articleSection":["Congress","Courts","Democracy","Diplomacy","Executive","Featured Articles","National Security"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/","name":"Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1409850965-scaled-e1694568285559.jpg","datePublished":"2024-10-28T12:43:07+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-28T12:48:18+00:00","description":"On the benefits of friction in foreign-affairs policymaking. 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Her primary research and teaching interests are in international law, national security, intelligence, and the application of new technologies to those fields. She writes about the use of force, executive power, government secrecy, and the intersection of national security and AI, and she is the co-author of a leading casebook on foreign relations law. She is an elected member of the American Law Institute, a member of the State Department’s Advisory Committee on International Law, and a contributing editor to the Lawfare blog. She recently served as Special Assistant to the President, Associate White House Counsel, and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council. Before joining UVA, she served for ten years in the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Legal Adviser, including as the embassy legal adviser at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad during Iraq’s constitutional negotiations. Deeks received her J.D. with honors from the University of Chicago Law School, where she was elected to the Order of the Coif and served as an editor on the Law Review. After graduation, she clerked for Judge Edward R. Becker of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/e135201cab91a0a8949ce70fa5d851b0","name":"Kristen Eichensehr","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/d0f3de3c8f67ade2a24cf01f19a70c55","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5a5e6c13b160e1d6f6eb8a1a9c3c6a8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5a5e6c13b160e1d6f6eb8a1a9c3c6a8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Kristen Eichensehr"},"description":"Kristen Eichensehr (@K_Eichensehr) is the David H. Ibbeken ’71 Research Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law and a faculty senior fellow at UVA’s Miller Center. For the 2024-25 academic year, she is the Samuel Williston Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. Eichensehr writes and teaches about cybersecurity, foreign relations, national security and international law. Her recent work addresses national security screening of investments, separation of powers in the national security state, the attribution of state-sponsored cyberattacks, and the interaction of the Supreme Court’s major questions doctrine with U.S. international agreements. Eichensehr is a member of the U.S. State Department’s Advisory Committee on International Law, and she serves as an adviser on the Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. She also serves on the editorial boards of Just Security and the Journal of National Security Law & Policy. Eichensehr received the 2018 Mike Lewis Prize for National Security Law Scholarship for her article “Courts, Congress, and the Conduct of Foreign Relations,” and her article on “National Security Creep in Corporate Transactions” (with Cathy Hwang) was selected as one of the best corporate and securities articles of 2023 by Corporate Practice Commentator. Prior to entering academia, Eichensehr clerked for Justices Sandra Day O’Connor and Sonia Sotomayor of the Supreme Court of the United States and for then-Judge Merrick B. Garland of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. 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class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p><p class="date">October 28, 2024</p><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/books/" rel="tag">Books</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive/" rel="tag">executive</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-branch/" rel="tag">executive branch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-power/" rel="tag">Executive Power</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/foreign-policy/" rel="tag">Foreign Policy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/national-security/" rel="tag">national security</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/symposium-on-harold-hongju-kohs-the-national-security-constitution/" rel="tag">Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh's 'The National Security Constitution'</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p><p class="date">October 28, 2024</p></div><p><em>Editor’s note: This article is part of the</em> Just Security <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104281/symposium-harold-hongju-koh-national-security-constitution/">Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh’s “The National Security Constitution in the 21st Century”</a>.</p> <p>Over 35 years ago, a young Yale Law School professor explained <a href="https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/1360/Why_the_President__Almost__Always_Wins_in_Foreign_Affairs___Lesso.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">“Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs.”</a> After decades of experience as an executive branch lawyer and scholar, Yale’s now Sterling Professor of International Law Harold Hongju Koh has adapted his theory of the “National Security Constitution” for the 21<sup>st</sup> century in his <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300253108/the-national-security-constitution-in-the-twenty-first-century/">new book</a>. The “National Security Constitution,” according to Koh, “rests upon a simple notion: that the power to conduct American foreign policy is not exclusively presidential, but is a power shared among the president, the Congress, and the courts” (1). But this ideal of “balanced institutional participation” in national security policy-making has gotten badly out of balance. Koh’s diagnosis of the pathologies in the U.S. constitutional system for national security policy-making runs like this: “When national security threats arise, weak and strong presidents alike have institutional incentives to monopolize the response; Congress has incentives to acquiesce; and courts have incentives to defer” (2). This description covers many, but not all, of the dysfunctions in national security policy-making.</p> <p>In a <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4727989">forthcoming article</a>, we warn of another kind of concern with U.S. foreign relations and national security policy-making, one born not of congressional acquiescence but of unbridled congressional enthusiasm for executive branch policies. We deem these situations examples of “frictionless government.”</p> <p>Frictionless government occurs when there is overwhelming bipartisan and bicameral consensus about a particular set of policies, as well as consensus between Congress and the President. In frictionless government, the usual tensions between congressional and executive desires disappear; the contentious partisan interactions between Republicans and Democrats quiet; and the often fractious inter-agency negotiations within the executive branch are streamlined. The disappearance of partisan, interbranch, and interagency checks can amplify cognitive biases that often arise in decision making, including groupthink, and result in governmental actions that spark or escalate conflict, trigger actions by U.S. adversaries that undercut U.S. security goals, and unlawfully target domestic constituencies perceived to be linked to foreign adversaries.</p> <p>In adding to the picture of ways foreign affairs policymaking can go wrong, we aim to ensure that it more often goes right. Koh’s story and ours both highlight situations in which actors outside the Executive either cannot or will not naturally introduce friction into policymaking at a time when friction would improve those policies. It is not surprising, then, that our concern about frictionless government leads us to turn to some of the same entities that Koh suggests for restoring checks and balances more broadly and to some similar suggestions for specific reforms.</p> <h2><strong><em>Youngstown </em>and Category 1 Complacency</strong></h2> <p>The lodestar for Koh’s ideal of “balanced institutional participation” in national security decision-making is Justice Jackson’s concurring opinion in <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/343/579/"><em>Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</em></a> (14). Jackson recognized that “[p]residential powers are not fixed but fluctuate, depending upon their disjunction or conjunction with those of Congress.” He famously set out a tripartite framework for assessing exercises of presidential power. In Category 1, “the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress,” and “his authority is at its maximum.” In Category 2, the President acts without “either a congressional grant or denial of authority,” placing him in a “zone of twilight.” And in Category 3, where the President takes acts “incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress, his power is at its lowest ebb.”</p> <p>Much of the concern over unconstrained presidential actions has focused on presidential actions in Categories 2 and 3. This focus is understandable, since those categories are most indicative of potential presidential power grabs—that is, aggressive claims of executive authority without the support of or over the opposition of Congress. To his credit, Koh goes further, interrogating just how the President ends up in Category 1 in some cases. Koh points out that Presidents have often construed laws such as the War Powers Resolution and International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), which were designed to constrain executive actions, as authorizations instead (92). And he argues that “Congress has usually acquiesced in what the president has done, through legislative myopia, inadequate drafting, ineffective legislative tools, or lack of political will” (92). He places a share of blame on the courts as well, including for invalidating legislative vetoes in key statutes that Congress intended to check the Executive and for declining to adjudicate other disputes.</p> <p>But even Koh’s more nuanced account risks complacency about <em>Youngstown</em> Category 1. Many recent congressional enactments related to national security are aimed not at constraining the President, but at empowering him. This isn’t congressional acquiescence; it’s a congressional shove. Congress is putting the President into Category 1 not by accident or because of court disruption of a statutory scheme, but precisely because there is bipartisan support in Congress for the executive branch to do more and faster to address perceived national security threats. Category 1 cases, Jackson said, are “supported by the strongest of presumptions and the widest latitude of judicial interpretation,” but they can still go wrong.</p> <h2><strong>The Risks of Frictionless Government</strong></h2> <p>In our <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4727989">forthcoming article</a>, we examine three historical examples of frictionless situations and the resulting harms they caused: the internment of Japanese-Americans in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor; the aftermath of the Gulf of Tonkin incident, which led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and deep U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War; and the policies that followed the September 11 attacks. These examples illustrate instances in which policies produced in frictionless situations were deeply flawed.</p> <p>Decisionmakers sometimes relied on faulty factual premises that went unchallenged. Or they embraced xenophobic or racist beliefs. Or they sought short-term gains at the cost of longer-term strategic goals. And yet all of these policies rested on or were supported by statutes that Congress passed by wide margins, with bipartisan support, and with the encouragement of the White House.</p> <p>To be clear, not all frictionless situations inexorably lead to poor foreign policy choices: the contemporary case study of the response to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine provides a counterpoint. Nevertheless, as <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Spies_Lies_and_Algorithms/CNGAEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22when+everyone%27s+agreeing,+you+shouldn%27t+be+comforted%22&pg=PA130&printsec=frontcover">Amy Zegart</a> put it, “When everyone’s agreeing, you shouldn’t be comforted. You should be worried.”</p> <p>By that metric, current U.S. policymaking with respect to China is worrisome. China policy has been a rare area of bipartisan agreement in the midst of an otherwise deeply fractured political environment. In this context, Congress has consistently urged the Executive to go further, passing <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/sites/default/files/2018-08/The-Foreign-Investment-Risk-Review-Modernization-Act-of-2018-FIRRMA_0.pdf">new</a> <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/815/text">authorities</a> for the Executive to deploy and urging the Executive to do more with <a href="https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/2024-06-13%20ICTS%20UAV%20letter%20clean.pdf">existing</a> <a href="https://www.rubio.senate.gov/rubio-scott-cornyn-urge-biden-administration-to-add-huawei-spin-off-honor-to-entity-list/">programs</a>.</p> <p>The historical examples of frictionless government illustrate a range of reasons to be concerned, which is why we think it is important to ask skeptical questions of the government, even—or perhaps especially—in settings in which Congress is not simply acquiescing to executive action, but affirmatively pushing the Executive to act. Perhaps the most significant concern is the risk that the United States will unintentionally slide into war or escalate a conflict.</p> <p>Robert Jervis famously conceptualized a “<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009958">spiral model</a>” of international conflict, in which actions by states that are simply seeking to enhance their own security create a vicious circle of security competition. When the United States hastily takes steps to improve its own security, adversaries may perceive these steps as aggressive and react to having their security reduced in ways that could make the outbreak of conflict more likely.</p> <p>A second category of harms from frictionless government comes from the reactions of countries targeted by U.S. policies—reactions that can undercut the policy goals the United States intends to achieve. The U.S. use of economic tools of national security provides an example. The incautious imposition of sanctions or export controls, driven by strong pressure from Congress or from public fervor about an outside threat, might stimulate their targets to avoid the U.S. financial system or to develop indigenous industries faster than they otherwise would in order to have an alternative source of products not subject to U.S. restrictions.</p> <p>Finally, several of the historical examples we explore illustrate that it is easy in frictionless times for Congress to enact new laws or for the Executive to deploy existing statutes in ways that unlawfully target domestic constituencies perceived to have links to foreign adversaries. Although civil liberties may return to their prior equilibrium once friction re-enters the system, affected individuals suffer real harm during the frictionless period, and the United States can suffer long-term reputational damage.</p> <p>In sum, while there are undoubtedly reasons to worry about undue accretions of executive power when the President is acting in <em>Youngstown</em> Categories 2 or 3 or dubiously claiming to be in Category 1, even instances where the President is clearly in Category 1 can be deeply problematic when the political branches and political parties are all aligned in pursuit of a policy. Whereas Koh focuses on “reduc[ing] the isolation that currently surrounds executive-branch activities” (267) in some cases, we cannot lose sight of the risks when the Executive is not isolated at all, but is instead surrounded by enthusiastic external cheerleaders.</p> <h2><strong>Where Do We Go from Here?</strong></h2> <p>Concern about unchecked government action, whether by a unilateralist Executive (as Koh and others discuss) or by a deeply empowered and encouraged one (in our frictionless government scenarios), naturally leads to calls for reimposing checks and balances. The difficulty, of course, is how exactly to do so.</p> <p>We propose reliance on both friction imposed by the political branches on themselves (or on each other) and sources of friction external to the U.S. government. Self-imposing friction in advance of foreign policy crises could serve as precommitment devices for the political branches. A range of techniques could fulfill this role. For example, the Executive could require dissent by having someone within the Executive play the role of “devil’s advocate,” pressure-testing policy choices that have garnered too much unanimity. Other efforts could foster dissent by diffusing to other agencies a mechanism like the State Department’s long-standing “dissent channel,” which allows employees to communicate contrary views to department leaders without fear of retaliation.</p> <p>Another technique is for executive officials or Congress to mandate reason-giving to justify policy choices. <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3454768">Reason-giving</a> can improve the quality of decisions, deter abuses, and ensure adherence to legal standards. A final technique of self-imposed friction is to build in policy off-ramps. Such off-ramps might take the form of sunset clauses in statutory authorizations or periodic review of policies that might lead decision-makers to reconsider policies made at a time of broad consensus and with undue speed at a later time, when cooler heads may prevail.</p> <p>Some of these techniques of self-imposed friction may also guard against a unilateralist Executive, and for that reason, we see overlap with some of Koh’s robust suggestions for reform in his book’s closing chapters. Koh supports strengthening the Executive’s internal checks and balances, and we agree that the Executive would benefit from a more adversarial approach that fosters contestation in foreign policy decision-making (266-68). Koh also pushes for the establishment of a “joint committee on national security” in Congress to become “a core group of expert members on national security matters” (275), advised by a “congressional legal adviser” (278). Such institutions could force greater reason-giving by the President. Koh envisions a Congress with these institutions engaging in “adversarial” review of executive branch legal opinions and presidential national emergency declarations (under a revised version of IEEPA).</p> <p>Of course, there would remain a risk that the congressional joint committee on national security might not serve as a counterweight to the Executive, but rather could become an enabler in situations of frictionlessness. The committee members’ status within Congress as the branch’s experts could lead other potential congressional counterweights to defer to the committee, which might itself defer to the Executive. Care must be taken to ensure that efforts to solve one problem don’t inadvertently exacerbate another.</p> <p>The risks posed by the collapse of interagency, partisan, and interbranch checks leads us to turn, as Koh does (295-96), to potential sources of friction <em>external</em> to the U.S. government as well. These potential external counterweights, including state and local governments, foreign governments, and private companies, are all imperfect checks. Each has its own interests, separate and apart from serving as checks to U.S. government policies. In some cases, those interests may be adverse to those of the United States; in others, their interests may lead them to accelerate frictionlessness rather than check it. U.S. states are arguably exacerbating frictionlessness with respect to China policy today, adopting investment restrictions and drone bans that go beyond those of the federal government.</p> <p>Nonetheless, in some situations of frictionless government, external actors may step in to provide friction or nudge entities within the U.S. government to reactivate as internal sources of friction. They may create friction by filing litigation that brings courts into the picture, by lobbying legislators, or by highlighting domestic economic consequences of government decisions. Or they may leverage their role as necessary partners to federal government policy implementation to raise concerns or slow roll implementation.</p> <p>Layering different kinds of friction is crucial. In any given case, one or more of the checks may fail. Checks that may restrain a unilateralist Executive, such as empowering Congress structurally to push back effectively, can still fail in situations of frictionlessness, where Congress lacks the policy or political incentives to restrain the Executive.</p> <p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p> <p>In his Conclusion, Koh quotes Justice Brandeis’s dissent in <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/52/"><em>Myers v. United States</em></a> for the point that “the purpose of separation of powers is ‘not to avoid friction, but, by means of the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of the governmental powers among three departments, to save the people from autocracy’” (329). Considering both the story Koh tells about executive unilateralism, congressional acquiescence, and judicial deference, and the story we tell about situations of frictionless government reveals that friction is, for one reason or another, too often lacking in acute moments of foreign policy-making. With the benefit of hindsight on the 20th century and nearly the first quarter of the 21st, we can see that friction is in fact <em>not </em>inevitable. It is, however, still crucial.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: The U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S. Photographer: Sarah Silbiger/Bloomberg</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/books/" rel="tag">Books</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive/" rel="tag">executive</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-branch/" rel="tag">executive branch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-power/" rel="tag">Executive Power</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/foreign-policy/" rel="tag">Foreign Policy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/national-security/" rel="tag">national security</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/symposium-on-harold-hongju-kohs-the-national-security-constitution/" rel="tag">Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh's 'The National Security Constitution'</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80800/introduction-to-symposium-still-at-war-where-and-why-the-united-states-is-fighting-the-war-on-terror/">Introduction to Symposium: Still at War – Where and Why the United States is Fighting the “War on Terror”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/">After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80290/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-executive-order-9066-80-years-after-signing/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Executive Order 9066, 80 Years After Signing</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79951/congress-can-and-should-address-the-threat-from-unauthorized-paramilitary-activity/">Congress Can and Should Address the Threat from Unauthorized Paramilitary Activity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79900/the-good-governance-papers-a-january-2022-report-card-update/">The Good Governance Papers: A January 2022 “Report Card” Update</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bermanemily/" title="Profile and articles by Emily Berman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emily Berman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78797/symposium-recap-security-privacy-and-innovation-reshaping-law-for-the-ai-era/">Symposium Recap: Security, Privacy and Innovation – Reshaping Law for the AI Era</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brawleylaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Brawley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Brawley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joardarantara/" title="Profile and articles by Antara Joardar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Antara Joardar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/narasimhanmadhu/" title="Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhu Narasimhan</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78063/towards-a-new-treaty-on-crimes-against-humanity-next-steps/">Towards a New Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity: Next Steps</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sadatleila/" title="Profile and articles by Leila Nadya Sadat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leila Nadya Sadat</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 13th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78118/introduction-to-a-symposium-how-perpetual-war-has-changed-us-reflections-on-the-anniversary-of-9-11/">Introduction to Symposium: How Perpetual War Has Changed Us — Reflections on the Anniversary of 9/11</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goldbrennerrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Goldbrenner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 7th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77536/new-just-security-series-beyond-the-myanmar-coup/">New Just Security Series: Beyond the Myanmar Coup</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 19th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77262/new-just-security-series-reflections-on-afghanistan-on-the-eve-of-withdrawal/">New Just Security Series: Reflections on Afghanistan on the Eve of Withdrawal</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 30th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76906/introducing-a-symposium-on-the-un-global-counterterrorism-strategy/">Introducing a Symposium on the UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 14th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76709/the-mendez-principles-leadership-to-transform-interrogation-via-science-law-and-ethics/">The Méndez Principles: Leadership to Transform Interrogation via Science, Law, and Ethics</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barelasteven/" title="Profile and articles by Steven J. Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-5" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Timelines</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:400px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81806/january-6-intelligence-and-warning-timeline/">January 6th Intelligence Failure Timeline</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dahlerik/" title="Profile and articles by Erik Dahl" class="author url fn" rel="author">Erik Dahl</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 7th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77852/timeline-rep-jim-jordan-a-systematic-disinformation-campaign-and-january-6/">Timeline: Rep. Jim Jordan, a Systematic Disinformation Campaign, and January 6</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/tonckensnicholas/" title="Profile and articles by Nicholas Tonckens" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nicholas Tonckens</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sruthivenkatachalam/" title="Profile and articles by Sruthi Venkatachalam" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sruthi Venkatachalam</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77681/mark-meadows-timeline-the-chief-of-staff-and-schemes-to-overturn-2020-election/">Mark Meadows Timeline: The Chief of Staff and Schemes to Overturn 2020 Election</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shivalkarjuilee/" title="Profile and articles by Juilee Shivalkar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Juilee Shivalkar</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 8th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76117/the-official-and-unofficial-timeline-of-defense-department-actions-on-january-6/">The Official and Unofficial Timeline of Defense Department Actions on January 6</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">May 11th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/74622/stopthesteal-timeline-of-social-media-and-extremist-activities-leading-to-1-6-insurrection/">#StopTheSteal: Timeline of Social Media and Extremist Activities Leading to 1/6 Insurrection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dfrlab/" title="Profile and articles by Atlantic Council's DFRLab" class="author url fn" rel="author">Atlantic Council's DFRLab</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 10th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/74138/incitement-timeline-year-of-trumps-actions-leading-to-the-attack-on-the-capitol/">Incitement Timeline: Year of Trump’s Actions Leading to the Attack on the Capitol</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dugasmari/" title="Profile and articles by Mari Dugas" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mari Dugas</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/tonckensnicholas/" title="Profile and articles by Nicholas Tonckens" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nicholas Tonckens</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 11th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/69650/timeline-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-and-u-s-response/">Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic and U.S. Response</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schulkindanielle/" title="Profile and articles by Danielle Schulkin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Danielle Schulkin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 3rd, 2020</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/72132/the-trump-administration-and-the-u-s-postal-service-a-timeline/">Timeline: The Trump Administration and the U.S. Postal Service</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shentonchris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris Shenton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris Shenton</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 24th, 2020</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/71694/trump-barr-and-the-halkbank-case-timeline/">Timeline: Trump, Barr, and the Halkbank Case on Iran Sanctions-Busting</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schulkindanielle/" title="Profile and articles by Danielle Schulkin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Danielle Schulkin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 27th, 2020</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/69094/timeline-on-jared-kushner-qatar-666-fifth-avenue-and-white-house-policy/">Timeline on Jared Kushner, Qatar, 666 Fifth Avenue, and White House Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brooksjulia/" title="Profile and articles by Julia Brooks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Julia Brooks</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 11th, 2020</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/">Ashley <span>Deeks</span></a></h4><p>Ashley Deeks is the Class of 1948 Scholarly Research Professor at the University of Virginia Law School. Her primary research and teaching interests are in international law, national security, intelligence, and the application of new technologies to those fields.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/">Kristen <span>Eichensehr</span></a></h4><p>Kristen Eichensehr (<a href="https://twitter.com/K_Eichensehr">@K_Eichensehr</a>) is the David H. Ibbeken ’71 Research Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law and a faculty senior fellow at UVA’s Miller Center. For the 2024-25 academic year, she is the Samuel Williston Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. Eichensehr writes and teaches about cybersecurity, foreign relations, national security and international law. 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