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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eascunde\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ro\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0 0 3px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"nomobile\" style=\"float:right\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Concurs_de_scriere\" title=\"Wikipedia:Concurs de scriere\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/126px-Concurs_de_scriere.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"126\" height=\"95\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/189px-Concurs_de_scriere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/251px-Concurs_de_scriere.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"506\" data-file-height=\"383\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: grey; max-width:1280px; margin: 12px auto; font-family: Tahoma, \u0026#39;DejaVu Sans Condensed\u0026#39;, sans-serif; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt; position: relative;\"\u003EA început o nouă ediție a concursului de scriere! 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funcțiile_propolisului_în_stup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcțiile_propolisului_în_stup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Funcțiile propolisului în stup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcțiile_propolisului_în_stup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producerea_propolisului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producerea_propolisului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Producerea propolisului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producerea_propolisului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprietăți fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compoziție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compoziție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compoziție</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compoziție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizări_în_medicina_umană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizări_în_medicina_umană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Utilizări în medicina umană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizări_în_medicina_umană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Propolis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 58 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="عكبر – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عكبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Ҡорт елеме – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡорт елеме" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Пропаліс – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пропаліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2polis" title="Pròpolis – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pròpolis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Πρόπολη – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoliso" title="Propoliso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propoliso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prop%C3%B3leo" title="Propóleo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propóleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruvaik" title="Taruvaik – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taruvaik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoli" title="Propoli – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Propoli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85" title="بره‌موم – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بره‌موم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3pole" title="Própole – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Própole" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="פרופוליס – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרופוליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolisz" title="Propolisz – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Propolisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ակնամոմ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակնամոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BD%C3%BE%C3%A9tti" title="Býþétti – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Býþétti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoli" title="Propoli – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Propoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="プロポリス – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロポリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="프로폴리스 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로폴리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C4%8Di%C5%B3_pikis" title="Bičių pikis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bičių pikis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6" title="തേനീച്ച പശ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തേനീച്ച പശ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prop%C3%B2lis" title="Propòlis – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Propòlis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Динджела – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Динджела" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_pszczeli" title="Kit pszczeli – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kit pszczeli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3polis" title="Própolis – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Própolis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolisi" title="Propolisi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Propolisi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Прополис – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Прополис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="กาวชันผึ้ง – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาวชันผึ้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Propolis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Прополіс – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прополіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalari_yelimi" title="Asalari yelimi – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asalari yelimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keo_ong" title="Keo ong – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Keo ong" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%83%B6" title="蜂胶 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜂胶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%83%B6" title="蜂胶 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜂胶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%86%A0" title="蜂膠 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蜂膠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184398#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Propolis&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Propolis"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Propolis"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Propolis" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Propolis" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&oldid=16383209" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Propolis&id=16383209&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPropolis"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPropolis"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Propolis"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Propolis&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Propolis" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184398" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Scraping_propolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scraping_propolis.jpg/220px-Scraping_propolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scraping_propolis.jpg/330px-Scraping_propolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scraping_propolis.jpg/440px-Scraping_propolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Propolis depus de albinele dintr-un stup sistematic între rame şi podişor</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Propolis</b>, numit și <b>clei de albine</b>, este o substanță <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83%C8%99in%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Rășină">rășinoasă</a> aromată colectată de <a href="/wiki/Albin%C4%83" title="Albină">albine</a> din mugurii și axilele frunzelor anumitor copaci și folosită pentru acoperirea pereților interiori din stup, astuparea găurilor și a crăpăturilor stupului, lipitul <a href="/wiki/Fagure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fagure">fagurilor</a> de rame și acoperirea dăunătorilor intrați și omorâți în stup. Are proprietăți terapeutice (bactericide, antivirale, antimicotice, antiinflamatorii, anestezice, analgezice, regeneratoare, antitoxice) cunoscute încă din Antichitate, având și o acțiune bioactivă puternică. Propolisul este folosit ca <a href="/wiki/Produse_apicole" title="Produse apicole">produs apicol</a> terapeutic în medicina populară pentru tratarea diferitelor afecțiuni, iar în Egiptul Antic era folosit pentru mumificarea cadavrelor. Conține un complex de antibiotice vegetale și elemente chimice de care organismul uman are nevoie (Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo, Al, V, Ca, Si, Sn, Ba). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuvântul <i>propolis</i> vine din limba greacă și înseamnă „partea dinaintea cetății”. Învățații greci l-au denumit așa observând cum își construiesc <a href="/wiki/Albin%C4%83" title="Albină">albinele</a> <a href="/wiki/Stup" title="Stup">stupul</a> și ajungând la concluzia că această substanță joacă rolul de pavăză împotriva agresorilor externi, propolisul făcând din stup o adevărată cetate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcțiile_propolisului_în_stup"><span id="Func.C8.9Biile_propolisului_.C3.AEn_stup"></span>Funcțiile propolisului în stup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Funcțiile propolisului în stup" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Funcțiile propolisului în stup"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Propolis_in_beehives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Propolis_in_beehives.jpg/220px-Propolis_in_beehives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Propolis_in_beehives.jpg/330px-Propolis_in_beehives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Propolis_in_beehives.jpg/440px-Propolis_in_beehives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Propolis pe marginea unui stup.</figcaption></figure> <p>Albinele produc propolis ca mijloc de apărare împotriva microbilor, a mucegaiurilor, pentru mumificarea într-un înveliș a intrușilor stupului, care sunt omorâți de albine (cum ar fi alte insecte sau șoareci), proces ce nu permite putrezirea lor. </p><p>Propolisul mai este folosit (de către albine) pentru căptușirea pereților stupului cu un strat lucios, etanș, care nu permite formarea curenților de aer. Acțiunea sa este antimicotică, bactericidă și bacteriostatică, fapt ce previne îmbolnăvirea albinelor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producerea_propolisului">Producerea propolisului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producerea propolisului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Producerea propolisului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albinele colectează o substanță aromată cu aspect de rășină de pe cel puțin 20 de specii de arbori, în special de pe mugurii de <a href="/wiki/Plop_(arbore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plop (arbore)">plop</a> și de arin, de pe frunzele, mugurii și scoarța coniferelor și a plopilor, a salicaceelor (sălcii) și a prunilor. Materiile rășinoase astfel culese sunt prelucrate de albine specializate prin amestec cu secreții salivare și ceară. </p><p>Producerea propolisului se face în același timp cu cea a <a href="/wiki/Miere" title="Miere">mierii</a> și se realizează de către albinele specializate, în zilele călduroase, când temperatura este mai mare de 20 °C, moment în care acesta devine plastic. De la un stup se poate recolta o cantitate de 100 - 400 g de propolis, în funcție de regiune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietăți_fizice"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_fizice"></span>Proprietăți fizice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Propolisul se prezintă ca o masă lipicioasă de culoare variabilă între verde, maro și negru, având miros aromat de <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83%C8%99ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rășini">rășini</a> și balsamuri. Este solubil în alcool și eter și greu solubil în apă. Greutatea specifică este de 1,112 -1,136 g/cm³. Punctul de topire este situat între 70 - 120 °C. La temperatura de 37 °C se înmoaie, iar la temperaturi scăzute este <a href="/wiki/Material_casant" title="Material casant">casant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compoziție"><span id="Compozi.C8.9Bie"></span>Compoziție</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compoziție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Compoziție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Propolis_taruvaik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Propolis_taruvaik.jpg/220px-Propolis_taruvaik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Propolis_taruvaik.jpg/330px-Propolis_taruvaik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Propolis_taruvaik.jpg/440px-Propolis_taruvaik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>Propolis</figcaption></figure> <p>Propolisul este compus din rășini vegetale, balsam de diferite compoziții, ceară, uleiuri eterice, fier, microelemente - cupru, zinc, mangan, cobalt-, la care se adaugă polen, flavonoide, secreții ale glandelor salivare ale albinelor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">Compoziția chimică</a> reprezintă un amestec de substanțe, în special: derivații flavonici, acidul ferulic (activ contra germenilor Gram pozitiv și Gram negativ), ceruri, aminoacizi, balsamuri, fermenți, microelemente (siliciu, magneziu, cupru, molibden, arsen, staniu, aluminiu, vanadiu, wolfram, fier, aur, iridiu, calciu, cadmiu, cobalt, stronțiu), substanțe antibiotice, rășini, acizi aromatici, acizi. Compoziția propolisului variază în funcție de specia vegetală de pe care s-a cules, dar, în medie, acesta conține 55% rășini și balsamuri, 30% ceruri și 10% uleiuri eterice, proporții care sunt asemănătoare pentru orice fel de propolis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizări_în_medicina_umană"><span id="Utiliz.C4.83ri_.C3.AEn_medicina_uman.C4.83"></span>Utilizări în medicina umană</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Utilizări în medicina umană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizări în medicina umană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Având în vedere veniturile enorme generate de tratamentele tradiționale, incluzând propolisul,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar și a <a href="/wiki/Medicament" title="Medicament"> medicamentelor farmaceutice moderne</a> precum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acyclovir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acyclovir — pagină inexistentă">acyclovir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nu este deloc surprinzător că utilizarea medicală a propolisului are susținători, dar și oponenți. Susținătorii propolisului susțin că acesta este folosit de mii de ani<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și este puțin probabil să-și fi păstrat popularitatea ca medicament tradițional dacă era ineficient sau asociat cu efecte adverse frecvente sau severe. Oponenții susțin că această compoziție a propolisului variază în funcție de zonele geografice, sezoane și specii de albine,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23737843_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23737843-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și că este iresponsabil să promovezi utilizarea acestuia fără studii <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> sau <a href="/wiki/Trial_clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial clinic">triale clinice</a> care să stabilească <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmacovigilen%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farmacovigilența — pagină inexistentă">farmacovigilența</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eficacitatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eficacitatea — pagină inexistentă">eficacitatea</a> acestuia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/">„Traditional medicine (Fact sheet no. 134)”</a>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-09-21">21 septembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+medicine+%28Fact+sheet+no.+134%29&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs134%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APropolis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story073/en/index.html">„Pharmaceutical Industry”</a>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-09-21">21 septembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pharmaceutical+Industry&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftrade%2Fglossary%2Fstory073%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APropolis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fearnely J. (2001) Bee propolis. Souvenir Press Ltd. London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">The Holy Bible, Jeremiah 8, verse 22; Jeremiah 46, verse 11; Jeremiah 51, verse 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23737843-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23737843_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Toreti VC, Sato HH, Pastore GM, Park YK (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). „Recent progress of propolis for its biological and chemical compositions and its botanical origin”. <i>Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F697390">10.1155/2013/697390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737843">23737843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Recent+progress+of+propolis+for+its+biological+and+chemical+compositions+and+its+botanical+origin&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F697390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23737843&rft.au=Toreti+VC%2C+Sato+HH%2C+Pastore+GM%2C+Park+YK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APropolis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miere" title="Miere">Miere</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <cite class="citation book">Elkins, Rita (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>Bee Pollen, Royal Jelly, Propolis and Honey: An Extraordinary Energy and Health-Promoting Ensemble</i>. Woodland Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781885670120" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781885670120">9781885670120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bee+Pollen%2C+Royal+Jelly%2C+Propolis+and+Honey%3A+An+Extraordinary+Energy+and+Health-Promoting+Ensemble&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Woodland+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781885670120&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APropolis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <cite class="citation book">Fearnley, James (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <i>Bee propolis: natural healing from the hive</i>. Souvenir. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780285635227" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780285635227">9780285635227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bee+propolis%3A+natural+healing+from+the+hive&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Souvenir&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780285635227&rft.aulast=Fearnley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APropolis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Manfred Neuhold: <i>Die Bienen-Hausapotheke</i>. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz/ Stuttgart 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3702011323" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7020-1132-3</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Pavlina Pocinkova: <i>Apitherapie: Die Heilkraft von Honig & Co.</i> 2., durchgesehene Auflage. Ehrenwirth, München 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3431040101" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-431-04010-1</a>, S. 34–42.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Dirk Rohwedder, Bent H. Havsteen: <i>Propolis, der Stoff aus dem Gesundheit ist; ein Wirkstoff der Natur.</i> BTV-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 1987.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Geert Staemmler: <i>Imkerlehre. Einführung und Leitfaden für Imker.</i> Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3800110768" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8001-1076-8</a>, S. 138–142.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Paul Uccusic: <i>Bienenprodukte: Doktor Biene – Ihre Heilkraft und Anwendung in der Heilkunst.</i> Heyne, München 1990, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3720512517" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7205-1251-7</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Klaus Nowottnick: <i>Propolis. Gewinnung - Rezepte - Anwendung; Heilkraft aus dem Bienenvolk.</i> Stocker, Stuttgart/ Graz 2010, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9783702012854" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-7020-1285-4</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Vassya Bankova, Milena Popova, Boryana Trusheva: <i>Propolis volatile compounds: chemical diversity and biological activity: a review.</i> In: <i>Chemistry Central journal.</i> 2014, Band 2, Nr. 8, S. 28. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24812573?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24812573</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014088/">PMC 4014088</a> (Überblick zu den zahlreichen flüchtigen Inhaltsstoffen).</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Murtala B. Abubakar, Wan Zaidah Abdullah, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Boon Suen Ang: <i>Polyphenols as Key Players for the Antileukaemic Effects of Propolis.</i> In: <i>Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine.</i> 2014, 371730. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24772179?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24772179</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3977507/">PMC 3977507</a> (Zu den Inhaltsstoffen aus der Gruppe der Polyphenole).</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> Werner Golder: <i>Propolis - das Kittharz der Bienen im Schrifttum der Antike.</i> In: <i>Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen.</i> 23, 2004, S. 133–145.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propolis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Propolis?uselang=ro">Propolis</a></b></span></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Apicultura" title="Format:Apicultura"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Apicultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Apicultura — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Apicultura&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Apicultur%C4%83" title="Apicultură">Apicultură</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Matc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Matcă">Matcă</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Albine lucrătoare<br />și trântori </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Albin%C4%83" title="Albină">Albină</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albin%C4%83_lucr%C4%83toare" title="Albină lucrătoare">Albină lucrătoare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regina_albinelor" title="Regina albinelor">Albină ouătoare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albin%C4%83_lucr%C4%83toare_ou%C4%83toare" title="Albină lucrătoare ouătoare">Albină lucrătoare ouătoare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A2ntor" title="Trântor">Trântor</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="11"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albină europeană"><img alt="Albină europeană" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg/80px-European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg/120px-European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg/160px-European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Subspecii și rase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albina_africanizt%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albina africaniztă — pagină inexistentă">Albina africaniztă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albina_Buckfast" title="Albina Buckfast">Albina Buckfast</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albina_de_miere_Cape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albina de miere Cape — pagină inexistentă">Albina de miere Cape</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_carnica" title="Apis mellifera carnica">Albina carniolană</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_mellifera" title="Apis mellifera mellifera">Albina europeană întunecată</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_ligustica" title="Apis mellifera ligustica">Albina italiană</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albina_ruseasc%C4%83" title="Albina rusească">Albina rusească</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_ruttneri" title="Apis mellifera ruttneri">Albina malteză</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" title="Apis mellifera">Albină occidentală</a> • <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apis_mellifera_adansonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apis mellifera adansonii — pagină inexistentă">Apis mellifera adansonii</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_litorea" title="Apis mellifera litorea">Apis mellifera litorea</a></i> • <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_bee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African bee — pagină inexistentă">Apis mellifera scutellata</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ciclul biologic </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fagure_de_miere" title="Fagure de miere">Fagure de miere</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclul_de_via%C8%9B%C4%83_al_albinei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclul de viață al albinei — pagină inexistentă">Ciclul de viață al albinei</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puiet_(albin%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puiet (albină) — pagină inexistentă">Puiet</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Env%C4%83%C8%9Barea_%C8%99i_comunicarea_la_albine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Învățarea și comunicarea la albine — pagină inexistentă">Învățarea și comunicarea la albine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roire — pagină inexistentă">Roire</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursa_de_albine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursa de albine — pagină inexistentă">Cursa de albine</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Creșterea și<br /> produse apicole </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Apicultur%C4%83" title="Apicultură">Apicultură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apilarnil" title="Apilarnil">Apilarnil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cear%C4%83_de_albine" title="Ceară de albine">Ceară de albine</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C4%83pti%C8%99or_de_matc%C4%83" title="Lăptișor de matcă">Lăptișor de matcă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Miere" title="Miere">Miere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Extrac%C8%9Bia_mierii" title="Extracția mierii">Extracția mierii</a> • <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83stur%C4%83" title="Păstură">Păstură</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propolis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apitoxin%C4%83" title="Apitoxină">Venin de albină</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Echipament </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Stupin%C4%83" title="Stupină">Stupină</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stup" title="Stup">Stup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fagure_de_miere" title="Fagure de miere">Fagure de miere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stup_Langstroth" title="Stup Langstroth">Stup Langstroth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cadru_(stup)" title="Cadru (stup)">Rama stupului</a> • <a href="/wiki/Super_de_miere" title="Super de miere">Miere super</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fond_de_cear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fond de ceară — pagină inexistentă">Fond de ceară</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stup_orizontal_cu_bar%C4%83_superioar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stup orizontal cu bară superioară — pagină inexistentă">Stup orizontal cu bară superioară</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumente_de_stup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumente de stup — pagină inexistentă">Instrumente de stup</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clem%C4%83_de_matc%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemă de matcă — pagină inexistentă">Clemă de matcă</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afum%C4%83tor_de_albine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afumător de albine — pagină inexistentă">Afumător de albine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Extractor_de_miere" title="Extractor de miere">Extractor de miere</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excluzor_de_regin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excluzor de regină — pagină inexistentă">Excluzor de regină</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusa_Jenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trusa Jenter — pagină inexistentă">Trusa Jenter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolile_albinei_melifere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolile albinei melifere — pagină inexistentă">Bolile albinei<br />melifere</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Varroa_destructor" title="Varroa destructor">Varroa destructor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Braula_coeca" title="Braula coeca">Braula coeca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nosema_apis" title="Nosema apis">Nosema apis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aethina_tumida" title="Aethina tumida">Aethina tumida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">Galleria mellonella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Achroia_grisella" title="Achroia grisella">Achroia grisella</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paenibacillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paenibacillus — pagină inexistentă">Paenibacillus</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melissococcus_pluton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melissococcus pluton — pagină inexistentă">Melissococcus pluton</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascophaera_apis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascophaera apis — pagină inexistentă">Ascophaera apis</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspergillus_fumigatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspergillus fumigatus — pagină inexistentă">Aspergillus fumigatus</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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