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aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogeography_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeography_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Biogeography and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeography_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peridiscaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peridiscaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Peridiscaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peridiscaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paeoniaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paeoniaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Paeoniaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paeoniaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altingiaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altingiaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Altingiaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altingiaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamamelidaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamamelidaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Hamamelidaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamamelidaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cercidiphyllaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cercidiphyllaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Cercidiphyllaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cercidiphyllaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daphniphyllaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daphniphyllaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.6</span> <span>Daphniphyllaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daphniphyllaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crassulaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crassulaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.7</span> <span>Crassulaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crassulaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aphanopetalaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aphanopetalaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.8</span> <span>Aphanopetalaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aphanopetalaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetracarpaeaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetracarpaeaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.9</span> <span>Tetracarpaeaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetracarpaeaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penthoraceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penthoraceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.10</span> <span>Penthoraceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penthoraceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haloragaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haloragaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.11</span> <span>Haloragaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haloragaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iteaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iteaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.12</span> <span>Iteaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iteaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grossulariaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grossulariaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.13</span> <span>Grossulariaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grossulariaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saxifragaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saxifragaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.14</span> <span>Saxifragaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saxifragaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cynomoriaceae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynomoriaceae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.15</span> <span>Cynomoriaceae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynomoriaceae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-APG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>APG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saxifragales_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saxifragales_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Saxifragales families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saxifragales_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Paleontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saxifragales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="كاسريات الحجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسريات الحجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9Fd%C9%99l%C9%99n%C3%A7i%C3%A7%C9%99klil%C9%99r" title="Daşdələnçiçəklilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daşdələnçiçəklilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Каменяломнікакветныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каменяломнікакветныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Каменяломнікакветныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каменяломнікакветныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Каменоломкоцветни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каменоломкоцветни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragals" title="Saxifragals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saxifragals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomikamenotvar%C3%A9" title="Lomikamenotvaré – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lomikamenotvaré" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenbr%C3%A6k-ordenen" title="Stenbræk-ordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stenbræk-ordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinbrechartige" title="Steinbrechartige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steinbrechartige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivirikulaadsed" title="Kivirikulaadsed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivirikulaadsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Σαξιφραγκώδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαξιφραγκώδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksifragaloj" title="Saksifragaloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saksifragaloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاراشکن‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاراشکن‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%9D%98%EA%B7%80%EB%AA%A9" title="범의귀목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범의귀목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenikolike" title="Kamenikolike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamenikolike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בקעצוראים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בקעצוראים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma_berbiran" title="Koma berbiran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Koma berbiran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91t%C3%B6r%C5%91f%C3%BCvek" title="Kőtörőfüvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőtörőfüvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Каменоломковидни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каменоломковидни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="كاسريات الحجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاسريات الحجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E7%9B%AE" title="ユキノシタ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユキノシタ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stianbreegern" title="Stianbreegern – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stianbreegern" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildreordenen" title="Sildreordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sildreordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildreordenen" title="Sildreordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sildreordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnicowce" title="Skalnicowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skalnicowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Камнеломкоцветные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камнеломкоцветные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenbr%C3%A4ckeordningen" title="Stenbräckeordningen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stenbräckeordningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="อันดับอัสดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับอัสดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96" title="Ломикаменецвіті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ломикаменецвіті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Tai_h%C3%B9m" title="Bộ Tai hùm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Tai hùm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saxifragales" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E8%80%B3%E8%8D%89%E7%9B%AE" title="虎耳草目 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="虎耳草目" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E8%80%B3%E8%8D%89%E7%9B%AE" title="虎耳草目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虎耳草目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Saxifragales<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">89.5–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:189.70769230769px; width:30.292307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:189.70769230769px; width:30.292307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:190.70769230769px; width:28.292307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a> - Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg/220px-20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg/330px-20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg/440px-20170509Saxifraga_granulata4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_granulata" title="Saxifraga granulata">Saxifraga granulata</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small><br />meadow saxifrage </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Saxifragales" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">Core eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxifragales</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Bercht." class="mw-redirect" title="Bercht.">Bercht.</a> & <a href="/wiki/J.Presl" class="mw-redirect" title="J.Presl">J.Presl</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga" title="Saxifraga">Saxifraga</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Families<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Lindl." class="mw-redirect" title="Lindl.">Lindl.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nom._cons." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. cons.">nom. cons.</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Doweld" class="mw-redirect" title="Doweld">Doweld</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engl.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/J.St.-Hil." class="mw-redirect" title="J.St.-Hil.">J.St.-Hil.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Endl." class="mw-redirect" title="Endl.">Endl.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Lindl." class="mw-redirect" title="Lindl.">Lindl.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCll.Arg." class="mw-redirect" title="Müll.Arg.">Müll.Arg.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/DC." class="mw-redirect" title="DC.">DC.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/R.Br." class="mw-redirect" title="R.Br.">R.Br.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/R.Br." class="mw-redirect" title="R.Br.">R.Br.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/J.Agardh" class="mw-redirect" title="J.Agardh">J.Agardh</a>, nom. cons.</small> (including <a href="/wiki/Pterostemonaceae" title="Pterostemonaceae">Pterostemonaceae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Raf.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Rydb." class="mw-redirect" title="Rydb.">Rydb.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton" title="Nathaniel Lord Britton">Britton</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Kuhlm." class="mw-redirect" title="Kuhlm.">Kuhlm.</a>, nom. cons.</small> (including <a href="/wiki/Medusandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusandraceae">Medusandraceae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Juss." class="mw-redirect" title="Juss.">Juss.</a>, nom. cons.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Takenoshin_Nakai" title="Takenoshin Nakai">Nakai</a></small></li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Cercidiphyllales</li> <li>Crassulales</li> <li>Daphniphyllales</li> <li>Grossulariales</li> <li>Haloragales</li> <li>Hamamelidales</li> <li>Iteales</li> <li>Paeoniales</li> <li>Sedales</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannica_Saxifragaceae_Saxifrage_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Floral diagram of Saxifraga flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Britannica_Saxifragaceae_Saxifrage_Diagram.png/220px-Britannica_Saxifragaceae_Saxifrage_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Britannica_Saxifragaceae_Saxifrage_Diagram.png 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga" title="Saxifraga">Saxifraga</a></i>: Bicarpellate Gynoecium</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Saxifragales</b> (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a>/plural: <b><i>the</i> saxifrages</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>, or flowering plants, containing 15 botanical <a href="/wiki/Families_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Families (biology)">families</a> and around 100 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>, with nearly 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. Of the 15 families, many are small, with eight of them being <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> (having only a single genus). The largest family is the <a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a> (stonecrops), a diverse group of mostly <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">succulent plants</a>, with about 35 genera. Saxifragales are found worldwide, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> zones, rarely being encountered growing wild in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>; however, many species are now <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivated</a> throughout the world as knowledge of plant husbandry has improved. They can be found in a wide variety of environments, from <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> to fully <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, with species adapted to <a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">alpine</a>, forested or fully-<a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic</a> habitats. Many are <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithophyte" title="Lithophyte">lithophytic</a>, growing on exposed cliff faces, on trees or on rocks, and not requiring a highly organic or nutrient-dense substrate to thrive. </p><p>Globally, the saxifrages have a wide variety of uses by humans, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> to foodstuffs. Several families—such as the aforementioned Crassulaceae—and genera are of significant commercial importance in some countries and economies, being cultivated on a large scale for sale as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental plants">ornamental plants</a>. Apart from ornamentals, another highly-prized group are the <a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gooseberry" title="Gooseberry">gooseberries</a>), particularly <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redcurrant" title="Redcurrant">redcurrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_currant" title="White currant">white currants</a>. </p><p>Overall, the order is extremely <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a>, encompassing numerous <a href="/wiki/Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial herbs">perennial herbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">succulent plants</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semi-aquatic</a> species. The order's high degree of diversity, in terms of vegetative and reproductive traits (and sheer amount of species), can make it challenging to find any common or unifying features amongst the respective genera. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> classification system, the Saxifragales are placed within the major <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">division</a> of flowering plants referred to as <a href="/wiki/Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">eudicots</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">core eudicots</a>. This subgroup consists of the <a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">superasterids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">superrosids</a>. The superrosids, in turn, have two components, <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">rosids</a> and Saxifragales. The Saxifragales order has undergone considerable revision since its original <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">classification</a>, which had been based purely on <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">plant characteristics</a>. The modern classification is based on genetic studies, using <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetics</a>. There is an extensive <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record from the <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> phase of the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, dating to about 90 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Myr</a>). However, <a href="/wiki/Divergence_time_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergence time estimation">molecular studies</a> may suggest an older origin, from the early Cretaceous (102–108 Myr), with rapid and early diversification to more modern forms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Saxifragales is extremely <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologically</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a> (hyper-diverse). It includes <a href="/wiki/Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees">trees</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Witch_hazel" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch hazel">witch hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch_alder" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch alder">witch alder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a>), fruit bearing <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gooseberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooseberries">gooseberries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lianas">lianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perennial_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial herbs">perennial herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock garden</a> plants (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Saxifrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxifrage">saxifrage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_garden_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental garden plants">ornamental garden plants</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Peonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peonies">peonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Succulents" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulents">succulents</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stonecrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonecrop">stonecrop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatics</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Watermilfoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermilfoil">watermilfoil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> demonstrate major variations in <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> number, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> position (<i>see</i> <a href="#Biogeography_and_evolution">Biogeography and evolution</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohansson2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohansson2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flower of Saxifraga cernua showing radial symmetry and free petals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg/142px-Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg/213px-Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg/284px-Saxifraga_cernua_flower_upernavik_2007-07-09_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_cernua" title="Saxifraga cernua">Saxifraga cernua</a></i>:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial symmetry">Radial symmetry</a><br />5 free <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Follicular fruit of Paeonia lactiflora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG/186px-Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG/279px-Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG/372px-Iceland_Plants_4900.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_lactiflora" title="Paeonia lactiflora">Paeonia lactiflora</a></i>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">Follicular fruit</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flower of Saxifraga nivalis showing basifixed anthers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg/152px-Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg/228px-Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg/304px-Saxifraga_nivalis_close-up_trimmed_upernavik_2007-07-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_nivalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxifraga nivalis">Saxifraga nivalis</a></i>:<br />Basifixed <a href="/wiki/Anthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthers">anthers</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>This degree of diversity makes defining <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> (derived common characteristics) for the group extremely difficult, the order being defined on the basis of molecular affinity rather than morphology. However, some characteristics that are prevalent (common traits) represent potential or putative synapomorphies based on ancestral states. These include <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> that are usually <a href="/wiki/Radially_symmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Radially symmetric">radially symmetric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a> that are free. The <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> (female reproductive part) generally consists of two <a href="/wiki/Carpels" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpels">carpels</a> (ovary, style and stigma) that are free, at least toward the apex (partially fused bicarpellate gynoecium) and possess a <a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a> (cup shaped basal floral tube). In the <a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">androecium</a> (male reproductive part), the stamen anthers are generally basifixed (attached at its base to the filament), sometimes dorsifixed (attached at centre) (<i>see <a href="#CITEREFCarlsward_et_al2011">Carlsward et al (2011)</a> Figure 2</i>). Other commonly occurring features are <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> that is generally <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicular</a> (formed from a single carpel), <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> with abundant <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">embryo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> with glandular <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Edge_(margin)" title="Leaf">teeth at their margins</a> (glandular dentate, <i>see <a href="#Pmex">image</a></i>). Within the Saxifragales, while the families of the woody clade are primarily woody, the primarily <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> families of Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae exhibit woody features as a secondary transition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlsward_et_al2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsward_et_al2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxifragales is a relatively small <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>, having only 15 <a href="/wiki/Families_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Families (biology)">families</a>, about 100 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> and about 2,470 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First page of Lindley's Saxifragales from 1853" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png/220px-Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png/330px-Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png/440px-Lindley_Saxifragaceae.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a>'s description of Saxifragales 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>Saxifragales was first described in 1820 by <a href="/wiki/Berchtold_and_Presl" class="mw-redirect" title="Berchtold and Presl">Berchtold and Presl</a> in 1820 as a group of plants, Saxifrageae, with five genera, including <i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga" title="Saxifraga">Saxifraga</a></i>, lending their names as the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical authority">botanical authority</a> (Bercht. & J.Presl).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerchtoldPresl1820pp.&nbsp;259–60_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerchtoldPresl1820pp.&nbsp;259–60-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, that authority has also been given to <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier</a>, due to a later publication (1829). Dumortier first used the word Saxifragaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumortier1829p.&nbsp;38_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumortier1829p.&nbsp;38-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a>'s <i>The Vegetable Kingdom</i> (1853), the term Saxifragales was in use, which Lindley called an Alliance, containing five families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853pp.&nbsp;566–575_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853pp.&nbsp;566–575-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Saxifragales were placed in the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledons">Dicotyledons</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Saxifragales has undergone considerable revision in both placement and composition, since the use of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a>, and the use of the modern <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (APG) classification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are identified as a strongly <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the initial APG publication (1998), the Saxifragales were identified within the <a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">core eudicots</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> but its relationship to other clades was uncertain. The core eudicots consist of the order <a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a> and a large clade of <a href="/wiki/Pentapetalae" title="Pentapetalae">Pentapetalae</a> (so named for having a <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pentamerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamerous">pentamerous</a> (5 part) perianths), the latter representing about 70% of all angiosperms, with eight major lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later (2003), the order was described as "one of the major surprises of molecular phylogenetic analyses of the angiosperms", having elements previously placed in three or four separate subclasses based on morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was eventually resolved in the third APG system (2009) placing Saxifragales as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">rosids</a> (Rosidae), within the Pentapetalae clade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh_et_al2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh_et_al2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This large combination has subsequently been given the name <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">superrosids</a> (Superrosidae), representing part of an early diversification of the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the rosids, they share a number of similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>, including a hypanthium, five part flowers and free floral parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As circumscribed, Saxifragales account for 1.3% of eudicot diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram of Saxifragales relationships among core eudicots<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETank_et_al2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETank_et_al2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">Core eudicots</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">126 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pentapetalae" title="Pentapetalae">Pentapetalae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">superasterids</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">125 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">superrosids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">rosids</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">116 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Saxifragales</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">108 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">124 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">128 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">130 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Numbers indicate <a href="/wiki/Divergence_time_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergence time estimation">divergence times</a> in Myr </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogeography_and_evolution">Biogeography and evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biogeography and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">Diversification</a> among Saxifragales was rapid, with the extensive <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigg_et_al2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigg_et_al2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández-CastilloCevallos-Ferriz1999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández-CastilloCevallos-Ferriz1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane1989_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndress1989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndress1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating that the order was more <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">widespread</a> than an examination of the <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> members suggests, with considerable <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenotypic">phenotypic</a> diversity occurring early.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossil evidence is found in the <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> (late Cretaceous), suggesting a minimum age of 89.5 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Myr</a>. However, molecular <a href="/wiki/Divergence_time_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergence time estimation">divergence time estimation</a> suggest an earlier time of 102–108 Myr, into the early Cretaceous, for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">stem groups</a> respectively. Within the order Saxifragales, the molecular data imply a very rapid initial diversification time of about 6–8 Myr, between 112 and 120 Myr, with major lineages appearing within 3–6 Myr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestral state appears to be woody, as in Peridiscaceae and the woody clade, but is also ancestral to Grossulariaceae. A number of independent transitions to a herbaceous habit occurred in the ancestors of Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae and the base of the Haloragaceae-Penthoraceae clade (the other two families in Haloragaceae <i>s.l.</i> remaining woody), while other taxa reverted to a woody habit, especially Crassulaceae. Most of Saxifragales have a superior <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, but some families show frequent transition with inferior or subinferior position, particularly Saxifragaceae and to a lesser extent Hamamelidaceae. Almost all Grossulariaceae have an inferior ovary. The ancestral <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> number is two, with transition to higher numbers, such as four in Haloragaceae <i>s.l.</i> and Peridiscaceae with five in Penthoraceae. The ancestral carpel number for Crassulaceae is five, decreasing to four in <i><a href="/wiki/Kalanchoe" title="Kalanchoe">Kalanchoe</a></i>, where it is synapomorphic for the genus, though the most frequent transition in this family is 6–10, but only where <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamen</a> number is increased above five. Some <a href="/wiki/Macaronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronesian">Macaronesian</a> taxa (Aeonieae) have 8–12, with up to 32 carpels for <i><a href="/wiki/Aeonium" title="Aeonium">Aeonium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestral petal number is five, with three major transitions; 5 to 0, 5 to 4, 5 to 6–10. Increased petal number is seen in Paeoniaceae and Crassulaceae, particularly where stamen number is also increased. Cercidiphyllum + Daphniphyllum, Chrysosplenium and <i><a href="/wiki/Altingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Altingia">Altingia</a></i> are examples of the complete loss of petals. The ancestral stamen:petal ratio is 1, with transitions characterising several clades, e.g. Paeonicaceae+woody clade >2, Crassulaceae 2 (but <i><a href="/wiki/Crassula" title="Crassula">Crassula</a></i> 1). Overall there has been a decrease over evolution, but independent of a decrease in petal number, so that it is the stamen number that has decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestral habitat appears to be forests, followed by early diversification into desert and aquatic habitats, with shrubland the most recent colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species diversification was rapid following a transition from a warmer, wetter Earth in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (56–40 Myr) to early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> (23–16 Myr), to the cooler drier conditions of the mid-Miocene (16–12 Myr). However, this appears to not have coincided with ecological and phenotypic evolution, which are themselves correlated. There is a clear lag, whereby increase in species diversification was followed later by increases in niche and phenotypic lability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first APG classification (1998) placed 13 families within the order Saxifragales:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 160px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterostemonaceae" title="Pterostemonaceae">Pterostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div> <p>This was subsequently revised to 15, in the fourth version (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saxifragales families have been grouped into a number of informally named suprafamilial subclades, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal split">basal split</a> of Peridiscaceae, which thus forms a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> with the rest of Saxifragales. The two major ones are (Paeoniaceae + the woody clade of primarily woody families) and the "core" Saxifragales (i.e. the primarily herbaceous families), with the latter subdivided into two further subclades, (Haloragaceae <i>sensu lato</i> + Crassulaceae) and the Saxifragaceae alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the clade Haloragaceae <i>sensu lato</i> <i>(s.l.)</i> + Crassulaceae the genera constituting Haloragaceae <i>s.l.</i> are all small, and APG II (2003) proposed merging them into a single larger Haloragaceae <i>s.l.</i>, but transferred <i><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalum" title="Aphanopetalum">Aphanopetalum</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a> to this group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saxifragaceae alliance represents Saxifragaceae together with a number of woody members of the traditional Saxifragaceae <i>sensu</i> Engler (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngler1930_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler1930-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this, APG II (2003) proposed placing the two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Pterostemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterostemon">Pterostemon</a></i> that constitute Pterostemonaceae within <a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a>, and all subsequent versions have maintained this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Saxifragales <i>sensu</i> APG II consisted of only 10 families. The third version (2009) added <a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a>), as sister to all other families, but re-expanded Haloragaceae to provide for a narrower circumscription, Haloragaceae <i>sensu stricto</i> (<i>s.s.</i>), to give a total of 14 families. APG IV (2016) added the parasitic family Cynomoriaceae to provide a total of 15 families, although its placement within the order remained unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellot_et_al2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellot_et_al2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 15 families included in APG IV, the basal divergence Peridiscaceae underwent radical shifting and recircumscription from 2003 to 2009. Originally, it consisted of two closely related genera, <i>Peridiscus</i> and <i>Whittonia</i>. The <a href="/wiki/APG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="APG II">APG II</a> system placed the family in <a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a>, based on a <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a> for the <a href="/wiki/RuBisCO" title="RuBisCO"><i>rbcL</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> from <i>Whittonia</i>. This sequence turned out to be not from <i>Whittonia</i>, but from other plants whose <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> had contaminated the sample.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavisChase2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavisChase2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After placement in Saxifragales, it was expanded to include <i><a href="/wiki/Soyauxia" title="Soyauxia">Soyauxia</a></i> in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Medusandra" title="Medusandra">Medusandra</a></i> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurdackDavis2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurdackDavis2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first of the subclades of the remaining Saxifragales, Paeoniaceae possesses many <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">unique</a> features and its taxonomic position was controversial for a long time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamura2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamura2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Paeonia</a></i> was placed in <a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a>, close to <i><a href="/wiki/Glaucidium_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucidium (plant)">Glaucidium</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldaWaddick2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldaWaddick2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to transfer to Saxifragales as sister to the woody clade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009a_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009a-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the woody clade, the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">Liquidambar</a></i> was included in Hamamelidaceae until <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies showed that its inclusion might make Hamamelidaceae <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>, and was segregated as a separate monotypic family, Altingiaceae in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cercidiphyllaceae was for a long time associated with Hamamelidaceae and <a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a> and was often thought to be closer to the latter,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndress1986_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndress1986-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is now in the basal <a href="/wiki/Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">eudicot</a> order <a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorberg_et_al2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorberg_et_al2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Daphniphyllum</i> was always thought to have an anomalous combination of characters<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was placed in several different orders before molecular phylogenetic analysis showed it to belong to Saxifragales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007b_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the core Saxifragales, Crassulaceae<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tetracarpaeaceae<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHils_et_al1988_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHils_et_al1988-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been associated with Saxifragaceae, while <i>Penthorum</i> has been associated both with Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiede2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiede2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being placed here. <i><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalum" title="Aphanopetalum">Aphanopetalum</a></i> was often placed in <a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a>, a family in <a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a>, even though there were good reasons to put it in Saxifragales,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison_et_al1994_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickison_et_al1994-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was subsequently transferred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradfordFortune-HopkinsBarnes2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradfordFortune-HopkinsBarnes2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haloragaceae was included in <a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007c_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007c-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being placed in Saxifragales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyLes2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyLes2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other "core" group, the Saxifragaceae alliance comprises four families: Pterostemonaceae, Iteaceae, Grossulariaceae, and Saxifragaceae,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have long been known to be related to each other, but the <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a> of Saxifragaceae has been much reduced and Pterostemonaceae submerged as <i><a href="/wiki/Pterostemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterostemon">Pterostemon</a></i> in Iteaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the families are <a href="/wiki/Monogeneric" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogeneric">monogeneric</a>. <i>Choristylis</i> is now considered a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Itea_(plant)" title="Itea (plant)">Itea</a>, but the addition of <i><a href="/wiki/Pterostemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterostemon">Pterostemon</a></i>, gives Iteaceae two genera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007d_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007d-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">Liquidambar</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Semiliquidambar" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiliquidambar">Semiliquidambar</a></i> are also submerged into <i><a href="/wiki/Altingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Altingia">Altingia</a></i>, making Altingiaceae monogeneric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 95% of the species are in five families: <a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a> (1400), <a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a> (500), <a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a> (150–200), <a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a> (150), and <a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a> (100).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a15–18_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a15–18-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationships of the Saxifragales families to each other is shown in the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> in this cladogram still has some uncertainty as to the exact relationships, and the phylogenetic tree is subject to further revision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDong_et_al2018_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDong_et_al2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing_et_al2019_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing_et_al2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a>, previously placed in <a href="/wiki/Santales" class="mw-redirect" title="Santales">Santales</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> is included in Saxifragales, but unplaced within it. Li et al. (2019) have slightly different relationships, and also place Cynomoriaceae as the first branch in the Crassulaceae+Haloragaceae <i>s.l.</i> tree, i.e. as sister to those two families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of genera in each family is shown in parentheses: </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram of Saxifragales families<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2019_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;width:700px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Saxifragales</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a> (4) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> 97  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Paeonia</a></i> (Paeoniaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> woody clade  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">Liquidambar</a></i> (Altingiaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> 69  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> 98  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a> (27) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> 95  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllum" title="Cercidiphyllum">Cercidiphyllum</a></i> (Cercidiphyllaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllum" title="Daphniphyllum">Daphniphyllum</a></i> (Daphniphyllaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> core Saxifragales  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a> (34) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Haloragaceae <i>s.l.</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalum" title="Aphanopetalum">Aphanopetalum</a></i> (Aphanopetalaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaea" title="Tetracarpaea">Tetracarpaea</a></i> (Tetracarpaeaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Penthorum" title="Penthorum">Penthorum</a></i> (Penthoraceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a> <i>s.s.</i> (8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Saxifragaceae alliance  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pterostemonaceae" title="Pterostemonaceae">Pterostemonaceae</a>) (2) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes</a></i> (Grossulariaceae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a> (33) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">100% <a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">maximum likelihood</a> <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">bootstrap support</a> except where labeled with bootstrap percentage<br />Monogeneric families are represented by genus names, otherwise the number of genera is in (parentheses)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cynomorium" title="Cynomorium">Cynomorium</a> (Cynomoriaceae) remains unplaced within this tree </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families">Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peridiscus_lucidus_(Hooker).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Botanical illustration of Peridiscus lucidus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peridiscus_lucidus_%28Hooker%29.png/130px-Peridiscus_lucidus_%28Hooker%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peridiscus_lucidus_%28Hooker%29.png/195px-Peridiscus_lucidus_%28Hooker%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peridiscus_lucidus_%28Hooker%29.png/260px-Peridiscus_lucidus_%28Hooker%29.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Peridiscus" title="Peridiscus">Peridiscus lucidus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peridiscaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></div> <p>The Peridiscaceae (Ringflower family) are a small tropical family of 4 genera and 11–12 species of small trees and shrubs found in the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Shield" title="Guiana Shield">Guiana Shield</a> of S America (2 genera, one of which, <i>Whittonia</i>, is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>) and West and Central Africa (2 genera). The majority of species occur in the African genus <i><a href="/wiki/Soyauxia" title="Soyauxia">Soyauxia</a></i>. The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient greek language">Greek</a>, <i>peri</i> (around) <i>discos</i> (ring).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paeonia officinalis growing in Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg/130px-B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg/195px-B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg/260px-B%C3%A1n%C3%A1ti_bazsar%C3%B3zs%C3%A1k_a_Somos-hegyen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_officinalis" title="Paeonia officinalis">Paeonia officinalis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paeoniaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></div> <p>The Paeoniaceae (Peony family) consist of a single genus (<i>Paeonia</i>) with about 33 species of perennial herbs and small shrubs with showy flowers, found from the Mediterranean to Japan, but two species occur in western N America. They are commercially important as popular garden ornamentals, cultivated since antiquity, and have been used medicinally. The herbaceous varieties are derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_lactiflora" title="Paeonia lactiflora">P. lactiflora</a></i>, while the shrubs are derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_suffruticosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeonia suffruticosa">P. suffruticosa</a></i> (tree peony), both Asian species. The botanical name comes from its Greek name, <i>paionia</i>, named in turn for the God <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquidambar._Western_Way,_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Liquidambar styraciflua tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Liquidambar._Western_Way%2C_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg/130px-Liquidambar._Western_Way%2C_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Liquidambar._Western_Way%2C_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg/195px-Liquidambar._Western_Way%2C_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Liquidambar._Western_Way%2C_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg/260px-Liquidambar._Western_Way%2C_Exeter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Altingiaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></div> <p>The Altingiaceae (Sweetgum family) consist of a single genus (<i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">Liquidambar</a></i>) with 15 species of trees with unisexual flowers found in Eurasia, but with one species in North and Central America, <i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i> (American sweetgum). <i>Liquidambar</i> is used for its <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> and timber, as well being ornamental trees. The nominative genus and family are named after <a href="/wiki/Willem_Alting" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Alting">Willem Alting</a>, and Liquidambar for liquid <i>ambar</i>, Arabic for the resin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Branch of Hamamelis virginiana showing flowers and leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG/130px-Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG/195px-Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG/260px-Hamamelis_virginiana_FlowersLeaves_BotGardBln0906.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hamamelis_virginiana" title="Hamamelis virginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hamamelidaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></div> <p>The Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel family) consists of trees and shrubs with a widespread distribution, but main centres in East Asia and Malaysia. They are found in wet woodlands and forested slopes. The family has 26 genera and about 80–100 species, in five subfamilies, of which the nominative, Hamamelidoideae, contains over 75% of the genera. The species have uses as medicaments, timber and ornamental plants for their flowers, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hamamelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamamelis">Hamamelis</a></i> (witch hazel) or leaves, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Parrotia_persica" title="Parrotia persica">Parrotia persica</a></i> (Persian ironwood). The family and nominative genus is named for the Greek <i>hamamelis</i>, the wych elm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_(arboretum_Aubonne).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cercidiphyllum japonicum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_%28arboretum_Aubonne%29.JPG/130px-Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_%28arboretum_Aubonne%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_%28arboretum_Aubonne%29.JPG/195px-Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_%28arboretum_Aubonne%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_%28arboretum_Aubonne%29.JPG/260px-Cercidiphyllum_japonicum_%28arboretum_Aubonne%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllum_japonicum" title="Cercidiphyllum japonicum">Cercidiphyllum japonicum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cercidiphyllaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></div> <p>The Cercidiphyllaceae (Caramel-tree family) are a small family of deciduous trees found in China and Japan, with a single genus, <i>Cercidiphyllum</i> and two species, <i><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllum_japonicum" title="Cercidiphyllum japonicum">C. japonicum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllum_magnificum" title="Cercidiphyllum magnificum">C. magnificum</a></i>. The trees are valued for their wood (<i>katsura</i>) and as ornamentals. <i><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllum_japonicum" title="Cercidiphyllum japonicum">C. japonicum</a></i> is the largest deciduous tree in Japan. The name is derived from the Greek words <i>kerkis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Poplar_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poplar (botany)">poplar</a>) and <i>fyllon</i> (leaf), from a supposed similarity in leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daphniphyllum macropodum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg/130px-Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg/195px-Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg/260px-Daphniphyllum_macropodum_120502-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllum_macropodum" title="Daphniphyllum macropodum">Daphniphyllum macropodum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Daphniphyllaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></div> <p>The Daphniphyllaceae (Laurel-leaf family) consist of a single genus, <i>Daphniphyllum</i>, with about 30 species. They are evergreen unisexual trees and shrubs distributed in SE Asia and the Solomon Islands. The dried leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllum_macropodum" title="Daphniphyllum macropodum">Daphniphyllum macropodum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been used for smoking in Japan and Siberia. The name is derived from the Greek words <i>dafne</i> (laurel) and <i>fyllon</i> (leaf), from a supposed resemblance to the leaves of the former (<i><a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Laurus nobilis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crassula perfoliata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG/130px-Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG/195px-Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG/260px-Crassula_perfoliata_minor_1c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Crassula_perfoliata" title="Crassula perfoliata">Crassula perfoliata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crassulaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></div> <p>The Crassulaceae (Orpine and Stonecrop family) are a medium size diverse and cosmopolitan family, that form the largest family within Saxifragales. They are mainly <a href="/wiki/Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">succulent</a>, rarely aquatic, with a specialised form of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crassulacean_Acid_Metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassulacean Acid Metabolism">Crassulacean Acid Metabolism</a>). Genera vary from 7 to 35, depending on the circumscription of the large genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sedum" title="Sedum">Sedum</a></i>, and there are about 1,400 species. Uses are diverse, including spices, medicaments and roof coverings as well as ornamental <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock garden</a> and household plants such as the S African <i><a href="/wiki/Crassula_ovata" title="Crassula ovata">Crassula ovata</a></i>, the jade or money plant. The name is derived from the Latin, <i>crassus</i> (thick), referring to the fleshy leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aphanopetalum resinosum vine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg/130px-Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg/195px-Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg/260px-Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalum_resinosum" title="Aphanopetalum resinosum">Aphanopetalum resinosum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aphanopetalaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></div> <p>The Aphanopetalaceae (Gum-vine family) consists of a single genus of Australian climbing shrubs, <i>Aphanopetalum</i>, which has two species, <i><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalum_clematideum" title="Aphanopetalum clematideum">A. clematidium</a></i> (SW Australia) and <i><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalum_resinosum" title="Aphanopetalum resinosum">A. resinosum</a></i> (Queensland, NSW). The name is derived from the Greek words <i>afanos</i> (inconspicuous) and <i>petalon</i> (petal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetracarpaea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Tetracarpaea tasmannica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tetracarpaea.jpg/130px-Tetracarpaea.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tetracarpaea.jpg/195px-Tetracarpaea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tetracarpaea.jpg/260px-Tetracarpaea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaea_tasmannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaea tasmannica">Tetracarpaea tasmannica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tetracarpaeaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></div> <p>The Tetracarpaeaceae (Delicate-laurel family) is a very small evergreen Australian shrub family with a single genus, <i>Tetracarpaea</i> and a single species, <i>T. tasmannica</i>, confined to subalpine Tasmania. The name is derived from the Greek words <i>tetra</i> (four) and <i>carpos</i> (fruit), referring to the ovaries which have four carpels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Penthorum sedoides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG/130px-Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG/195px-Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG/260px-Penthorum_sedoides_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Penthorum_sedoides" title="Penthorum sedoides">Penthorum sedoides</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Penthoraceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></div> <p>The Penthoraceae (Ditch-stonecrop family) is a very small family of rhizomatous perennial herbs found in eastern N America and E Asia, in mainly wet environments. It consists of a single genus, <i>Penthorum</i> with two species, <i><a href="/wiki/Penthorum_sedoides" title="Penthorum sedoides">P. sedoides</a></i> in N America and <i><a href="/wiki/Penthorum_chinense" title="Penthorum chinense">P. chinense</a></i> from Siberia to Thailand. <i>P. sedoides</i> is used in aquaria and water gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELes2017_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELes2017-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is derived from the Greek word <i>pente</i> (five) referring to the five-part fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_(flower).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers and leaves of Haloragis erecta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_%28flower%29.jpg/130px-Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_%28flower%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_%28flower%29.jpg/195px-Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_%28flower%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_%28flower%29.jpg/260px-Haloragis_erecta_2007-06-02_%28flower%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Haloragis_erecta" title="Haloragis erecta">Haloragis erecta </a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Haloragaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></div> <p>The Haloragaceae (Water-milfoil family) is a small family of trees, shrubs, perennial, annual terrestrial, marsh and aquatic herbs with global distribution, but especially Australia. It consists of 9–11 genera and about 145 species. The largest genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Gonocarpus" title="Gonocarpus">Gonocarpus</a></i> with about 40 species. The major horticultural genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Myriophyllum" title="Myriophyllum">Myriophyllum</a></i> (watermilfoil) whose species are valued as aquaria and pond plants but may escape and naturalise, becoming invasive. Some cultivars of <i><a href="/wiki/Haloragis" title="Haloragis">Haloragis</a></i> are valued as ornamentals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELes2017_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELes2017-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Haloragodendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Haloragodendron">Haloragodendron</a></i>, is a shrub and is confined to S Australia. The family and nominative genus, <i>Haloragis</i> are named from the Greek words <i>halas</i> (salt) and <i>rhoges</i> (berries).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Itea virginica plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg/130px-Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg/195px-Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg/260px-Itea_virginica_2zz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Itea_virginica" title="Itea virginica">Itea virginica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iteaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></div> <p>The Iteaceae (Sweetspire family) is a widespread small family of trees and shrubs, with 2 genera, and 18–21 species, found in tropical to northern temperate regions. The larger genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Itea_(plant)" title="Itea (plant)">Itea</a></i> (c. 16 spp.) is more widespread, from the Himalayas to Japan and western <a href="/wiki/Malesia" title="Malesia">Malesia</a> and one species in eastern N America (<i><a href="/wiki/Itea_virginica" title="Itea virginica">I. virginica</a></i>) whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Pterostemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterostemon">Pterostemon</a></i> (c. 2 spp) is confined to <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, Mexico. <i>I. virginica</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Itea_ilicifolia" title="Itea ilicifolia">I. ilicifolia</a></i>, from China, are valued as ornamental shrubs. The name is derived from the Greek word <i>itea</i> (willow) for its rapid growth and similar leaf form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribes_rubrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fruit and leaves of Ribes rubrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ribes_rubrum.jpg/130px-Ribes_rubrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ribes_rubrum.jpg/195px-Ribes_rubrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ribes_rubrum.jpg/260px-Ribes_rubrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_rubrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribes rubrum">Ribes rubrum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grossulariaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></div> <p>The Grossulariaceae (Gooseberry family) are shrubs that are usually deciduous. The single genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes</a></i>, has about 150 species that are commercially important and widely cultivated for their fruit and also grown as ornamentals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_uva-crispa" title="Ribes uva-crispa">R. uva-crispa</a></i> (gooseberry) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_nigrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribes nigrum">R. nigrum</a></i> (blackcurrant). They are found in temperate northern hemisphere regions but extending through the Andes into S America. The family name is derived from the Latin word <i>grossulus</i> (an unripe fig), and <i>Ribes</i> is Latinised from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">semitic</a> word <i>ribas</i> (acid taste).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Saxifraga granulata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg/130px-Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg/195px-Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg/260px-Saxifraga_granulata_140505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_granulata" title="Saxifraga granulata">Saxifraga granulata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Saxifragaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></div> <p>The Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) are mainly perennial herbs distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Andes, and New Guinea, in damp woodlands and cooler northern regions, rarely aquatic, but are adapted to a wide range of moisture conditions. The family, greatly reduced, includes 35 genera and about 640 species, in two lineages, saxifragoids (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga" title="Saxifraga">Saxifraga</a></i>, rockfoil) and heucheroids (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Heuchera" title="Heuchera">Heuchera</a></i>, coral bells). The largest genus is <i>Saxifraga</i>, the type genus (370 species), though several genera are monotypic. Saxifragaceae are the most horticulturally important of the herbaceous Saxifragales. They provide foodstuffs and medicaments and include many ornamentals, particularly of border, rock and woodland gardens, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Astilbe" title="Astilbe">Astilbe</a></i>, though the largest number of cultivated species belong to <i>Saxifraga</i>. The family and type genus name are derived from the two Latin words <i>saxum</i> (rock), and <i>frango</i> (to break), but the exact origin is unknown, although surmised to be either because of the ability of <i>Saxifraga</i> to grow in crevices in rocks or medicinal use for <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stones">kidney stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inflorescence of Cynomorium coccineum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg/130px-Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg/195px-Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg/260px-Cynomorium_coccineum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cynomorium_coccineum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomorium coccineum">Cynomorium coccineum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cynomoriaceae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></div> <p>The Cynomoriaceae (Tarthuth or Maltese Mushroom family) consists of a single genus, <i>Cynomorium</i> with one or two species, <i><a href="/wiki/Cynomorium_coccineum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomorium coccineum">C. coccineum</a></i> (Mediterranean basin) and <i><a href="/wiki/Cynomorium_songaricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomorium songaricum">C. songaricum</a></i> (central Asia and China; sometimes treated as a variety of <i>C. coccineum</i>). They are perennial bisexual herbaceous parasitic plants lacking chlorophyll, from deserts and arid regions. They have been harvested for food, as a dye and in traditional medicine. The name is derived from two Greek words <i>kynos</i> (dog), and <i>morion</i> (penis), for its shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxifragales are found worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though primarily in temperate zones and rarely in the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occupy a wide variety of habitats from arid desert (Crassulaceae) to aquatic conditions (Haloragaceae), with 6 families, including North American species, that are obligate aquatic (fully dependent on an aquatic environment),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELes2017p.&nbsp;745_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELes2017p.&nbsp;745-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and including forests, grasslands and tundra. Saxifragales exceeds all other comparably sized clades in terms of diversity of habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the diversity occurs in temperate (including montane and arid) conditions that expanded globally during cooling and drying trends in the last 15 My.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common habitats are forests and cliffs, with about 300 species occupying each, but with forests being the most diverse phenotypically, where nearly all families are represented. In contrast desert and tundra, with only two families each, contain only about 10% of species. About 90% of species can be assigned to a single habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Whittonia</i> (Peridiscaceae) is thought to be extinct. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> lists 9 <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Near_threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near threatened">near threatened</a> species. Among the most threatened Saxifragales are <i><a href="/wiki/Aichryson" title="Aichryson">Aichryson dumosum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Monanthes" title="Monanthes">Monanthes wildpretii</a></i> (Crassulaceae), <i><a href="/wiki/Haloragis" title="Haloragis">Haloragis stokesii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Myriophyllum" title="Myriophyllum">Myriophyllum axilliflorum</a></i> (Haloragaceae), <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes malvifolium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_sardoum" title="Ribes sardoum">R. sardoum</a></i> (Grossulariaceae), <i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga" title="Saxifraga">Saxifraga artvinensis</a></i> (Saxifragaceae) and <i><a href="/wiki/Molinadendron_hondurense" title="Molinadendron hondurense">Molinadendron hondurense</a></i> (Hamamelidaceae).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIUCN2019_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIUCN2019-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Saxifragales genera are commercially cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Paeonia</i> are cultivated both as ornamental shrubs (generally sold as <a href="/wiki/Root_stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Root stock">root stock</a>) and for <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>, with the Netherlands representing the largest production, other more minor producers are Israel, New Zealand, Chile and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerGreenberg2009_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerGreenberg2009-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Liquidambar</i> is used for hardwood, with the American Sweetgum (<i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>) being among the most important sources of commercial <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> in the Southeast United States, with one of its uses being <a href="/wiki/Veneer_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneer (wood)">veneer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKormanik1990_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKormanik1990-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hamamelis</i> is cultivated in New England for distilleries extracting witch-hazel, widely used in skincare, and is the largest source of this medicament in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGapinski2014_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGapinski2014-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Crassulaceae, economic importance is limited to <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, with many species and cultivars important as ornamentals, including <i><a href="/wiki/Crassula_ovata" title="Crassula ovata">Crassula ovata</a></i> (jade plant) and <i>Jovibarba</i> (hen and chicken). <i>Hylotelphium</i>, <i>Phedimus</i>, <i>Sedum</i> and <i>Sempervivum</i> are cultivated for <a href="/wiki/Rock_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock gardens">rock gardens</a> and for "<a href="/wiki/Green_roofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Green roofs">green roofs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarleLundin2012_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarleLundin2012-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, cultivars of the Madagascan <i><a href="/wiki/Kalanchoe_blossfeldiana" title="Kalanchoe blossfeldiana">Kalanchoe blossfeldiana</a></i>, e.g. 'Florists kalanchoe' have achieved commercial success throughout the world, being popular Christmas decorative plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2019_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2019-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwaltney-Brant2012_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwaltney-Brant2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haloragaceae aquatic genus <i>Myriophyllum</i> and the closely related <i>Proserpinaca</i> are cultivated for the commercial <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein_et_al2000_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein_et_al2000-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Myriophyllum</i> is also economically important for purification of water and as feed for pigs, ducks, and fish, and polishing wood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenFunston2004_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenFunston2004-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackcurrant_field,_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fields of black currants growing in U.K." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackcurrant_field%2C_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg/220px-Blackcurrant_field%2C_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackcurrant_field%2C_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg/330px-Blackcurrant_field%2C_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackcurrant_field%2C_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg/440px-Blackcurrant_field%2C_Stoke_Sub_Hamdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_918631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Blackcurrant crops, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of <i>Ribes</i> (Grossulariaceae) are in commercial production, concentrated in Europe and the USSR from species native to those areas. <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_nigrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribes nigrum">R. nigrum</a></i> (blackcurrant) was first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">monastery gardens</a> in Russia in the 11th century, and currant cultivation more generally later in Western Europe, <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_uva-crispa" title="Ribes uva-crispa">R. uva-crispa</a></i> (gooseberry) production began around 1700. The first colonists in North America began cultivating currants in the late 1700s. <i>R. nigrum</i> is the most important commercial currant crop, being produced in more than 23 countries, with the major centres being Russia (more than 63 thousand <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a>), Poland, Germany, Scandinavia and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008b_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008b-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a>, black currants are used in the manufacture of jam, fruit jelly, compote, syrup, juice and other drinks, including the <a href="/wiki/Cordial_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordial (drink)">cordial</a> <a href="/wiki/Ribena" title="Ribena">Ribena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueur</a> <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Cassis</a>. Other commercial crops include <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_rubrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribes rubrum">R. rubrum</a></i> (red currant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoroninaTerekhina2009_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoroninaTerekhina2009-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros_d'Aillon2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros_d'Aillon2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World <i>Ribes</i> crop production was over 750,000 tons in 2002, of which about 150,000 tons were gooseberries, and the largest group blackcurrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008a_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008a-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants in the order Saxifragales have found a wide variety of uses, including traditional medicines, ornamental, household, aquarium, pond and garden plants, spices, foodstuffs (fruit and greens), dyestuffs, smoking, resin, timber, and roof coverings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saxifragales,_Vitales_and_Zygophyllales_families" title="List of Saxifragales, Vitales and Zygophyllales families">List of Saxifragales, Vitales and Zygophyllales families</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>D. humile</i> is a synonym of the accepted <i>D. macropodum</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_IV2016">APG IV 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasas_et_al2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasas_et_al2016">Casas et al 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2013_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al2013">Soltis et al 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohansson2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohansson2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohansson2013">Johansson 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al2006">Soltis et al 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2017_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerry2017">Berry 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsward_et_al2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlsward_et_al2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlsward_et_al2011">Carlsward et al 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerchtoldPresl1820pp.&nbsp;259–60-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerchtoldPresl1820pp.&nbsp;259–60_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerchtoldPresl1820">Berchtold & Presl 1820</a>, pp. 259–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumortier1829p.&nbsp;38-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumortier1829p.&nbsp;38_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumortier1829">Dumortier 1829</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853pp.&nbsp;566–575-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853pp.&nbsp;566–575_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1853">Lindley 1853</a>, pp. 566–575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole_et_al2019_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole_et_al2019">Cole et al 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007a">Kubitzki 2007a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore_et_al2010">Moore et al 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeng_et_al2017">Zeng et al 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_II2003">APG II 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh_et_al2009-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh_et_al2009_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleigh_et_al2009">Burleigh et al 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang_et_al2009">Wang et al 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_III2009">APG III 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2018_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al2018">Soltis et al 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByng2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByng2014_21-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByng2014">Byng 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2019_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2019_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2019_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2019">Stevens 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETank_et_al2015-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETank_et_al2015_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTank_et_al2015">Tank et al 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2006-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2006_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHermsen_et_al2006">Hermsen et al 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2003-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermsen_et_al2003_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHermsen_et_al2003">Hermsen et al 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigg_et_al2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigg_et_al2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPigg_et_al2004">Pigg et al 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández-CastilloCevallos-Ferriz1999-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández-CastilloCevallos-Ferriz1999_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHernández-CastilloCevallos-Ferriz1999">Hernández-Castillo & Cevallos-Ferriz 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane1989-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane1989_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrane1989">Crane 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndress1989-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndress1989_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndress1989">Endress 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian_et_al2008_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJian_et_al2008">Jian et al 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al2019_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi_et_al2019">Li et al 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolk_et_al2019_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFolk_et_al2019">Folk et al 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_I1998">APG I 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler1930-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngler1930_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngler1930">Engler 1930</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellot_et_al2016-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellot_et_al2016_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellot_et_al2016">Bellot et al 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavisChase2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavisChase2004_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavisChase2004">Davis & Chase 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2007-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2007_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al2007">Soltis et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurdackDavis2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurdackDavis2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWurdackDavis2009">Wurdack & Davis 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamura2007-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamura2007_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamura2007">Tamura 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley2008-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley2008_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMabberley2008">Mabberley 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldaWaddick2010-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldaWaddick2010_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldaWaddick2010">Halda & Waddick 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009a-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_et_al2009a_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang_et_al2009a">Wang et al 2009a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndress1986-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndress1986_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndress1986">Endress 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorberg_et_al2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorberg_et_al2007_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorberg_et_al2007">Worberg et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETseng-Chieng1965_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTseng-Chieng1965">Tseng-Chieng 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007b-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007b_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007b">Kubitzki 2007b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiedeEggli2007_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThiedeEggli2007">Thiede & Eggli 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHils_et_al1988-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHils_et_al1988_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHils_et_al1988">Hils et al 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiede2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiede2007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThiede2007">Thiede 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickison_et_al1994-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison_et_al1994_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickison_et_al1994">Dickison et al 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradfordFortune-HopkinsBarnes2004-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradfordFortune-HopkinsBarnes2004_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradfordFortune-HopkinsBarnes2004">Bradford, Fortune-Hopkins & Barnes 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007c-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007c_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007c">Kubitzki 2007c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyLes2007-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyLes2007_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoodyLes2007">Moody & Les 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2001-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al2001_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al2001">Soltis et al 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007d-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007d_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007d">Kubitzki 2007d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2006_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIckert-BondWen2006">Ickert-Bond & Wen 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2013-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIckert-BondWen2013_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIckert-BondWen2013">Ickert-Bond & Wen 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a15–18-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki2007a15–18_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007a">Kubitzki 2007a</a>, pp. 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDong_et_al2018-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDong_et_al2018_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDong_et_al2018">Dong et al 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing_et_al2019-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing_et_al2019_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDing_et_al2019">Ding et al 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2017_61-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristenhusz_et_al2017">Christenhusz et al 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELes2017-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELes2017_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELes2017_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLes2017">Les 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELes2017p.&nbsp;745-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELes2017p.&nbsp;745_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLes2017">Les 2017</a>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIUCN2019-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIUCN2019_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIUCN2019">IUCN 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerGreenberg2009-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerGreenberg2009_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuerGreenberg2009">Auer & Greenberg 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKormanik1990-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKormanik1990_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKormanik1990">Kormanik 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGapinski2014-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGapinski2014_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGapinski2014">Gapinski 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarleLundin2012-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarleLundin2012_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarleLundin2012">Earle & Lundin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2019-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2019_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_et_al2019">Smith et al 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwaltney-Brant2012-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwaltney-Brant2012_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwaltney-Brant2012">Gwaltney-Brant 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein_et_al2000-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein_et_al2000_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein_et_al2000">Goldstein et al 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenFunston2004-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenFunston2004_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenFunston2004">Chen & Funston 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008b-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008b_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2008b">Brennan 2008b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoroninaTerekhina2009-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoroninaTerekhina2009_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoroninaTerekhina2009">Doronina & Terekhina 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros_d'Aillon2016-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros_d'Aillon2016_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGros_d'Aillon2016">Gros d'Aillon 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008a-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2008a_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2008a">Brennan 2008a</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrennan1996" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Rex M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXMckUtHLV8C">"Currants and Gooseberries"</a>. In Janick, Jules; Moore, James N. (eds.). <i>Fruit Breeding. II: Vine and small fruits</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 191–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12670-6"><bdi>978-0-471-12670-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Currants+and+Gooseberries&rft.btitle=Fruit+Breeding.+II%3A+Vine+and+small+fruits&rft.pages=191-298&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-471-12670-6&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Rex+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXMckUtHLV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2008" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Rex M. (2008). "Currants and gooseberries". In Janick, Jules; Paull, Robert E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">CABI</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-638-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-638-7"><bdi>978-0-85199-638-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Currants+and+gooseberries&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fruit+and+Nuts&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-638-7&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Rex+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjHCoMQNkcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2008b" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, R. M. (2008b). "Currants and Gooseberries". In Hancock, Jim F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=322hHeocPa0C"><i>Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 177–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6907-9_6">10.1007/978-1-4020-6907-9_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6907-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-6907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Currants+and+Gooseberries&rft.btitle=Temperate+Fruit+Crop+Breeding&rft.pages=177-196&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6907-9_6&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6907-9&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D322hHeocPa0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByng2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Byng" title="James W. Byng">Byng, James W.</a> (2014). "Saxifragales". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world</i></a>. Plant Gateway Ltd. pp. 156–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9929993-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9929993-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9929993-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saxifragales&rft.btitle=The+Flowering+Plants+Handbook%3A+A+practical+guide+to+families+and+genera+of+the+world&rft.pages=156-166&rft.pub=Plant+Gateway+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5&rft.aulast=Byng&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoLaBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhusz_et_al2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Christenhusz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarten Christenhusz">Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Fay">Fay, Michael F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W. Chase">Chase, Mark W.</a> (2017). "Saxifragales". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 231–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52292-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52292-0"><bdi>978-0-226-52292-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saxifragales&rft.btitle=Plants+of+the+World%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Vascular+Plants&rft.pages=231-244&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52292-0&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=Maarten+J.+M.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLo7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarleLundin2012" class="citation book cs1">Earle, A. Scott; Lundin, Jane (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larkspurbooks.com/crassul.html">". Stonecrop Family: Crassulaceae"</a>. <i>Idaho Mountain Wildflowers</i> (3rd ed.). Larkspur Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=.+Stonecrop+Family%3A+Crassulaceae&rft.btitle=Idaho+Mountain+Wildflowers&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Larkspur+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=A.+Scott&rft.au=Lundin%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larkspurbooks.com%2Fcrassul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler, A.</a> (1930). "Saxifragaceae". In <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler, Adolf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Anton_Eugen_Prantl" title="Karl Anton Eugen Prantl">Prantl, Karl Anton</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Die_Nat%C3%BCrlichen_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien"><i>Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</i></a>. Vol. 18A. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. pp. 74–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saxifragaceae&rft.btitle=Die+Nat%C3%BCrlichen+Pflanzenfamilien&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=74-226&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Wilhelm+Engelmann&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein_et_al2000" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Robert Jay; Harper, Rodney W.; Edwards, Richard (2000). "Haloragaceae". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB0vJ7ssqDUC"><i>American Aquarium Fishes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-880-2"><bdi>978-0-89096-880-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haloragaceae&rft.btitle=American+Aquarium+Fishes&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-880-2&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jay&rft.au=Harper%2C+Rodney+W.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB0vJ7ssqDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldaWaddick2010" class="citation book cs1">Halda, Josef J.; Waddick, James W. (2010) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEgkYgEACAAJ"><i>The Genus Paeonia</i></a>. Oregon: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-246-4"><bdi>978-1-60469-246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genus+Paeonia&rft.place=Oregon&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60469-246-4&rft.aulast=Halda&rft.aufirst=Josef+J.&rft.au=Waddick%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEgkYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubitzki2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-540-06512-8"><i>Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales</i></a>. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VI. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-07257-8">10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-07257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-07257-8"><bdi>978-3-662-07257-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12809916">12809916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plants.+Dicotyledons%3A+Celastrales%2C+Oxalidales%2C+Rosales%2C+Cornales%2C+Ericales&rft.series=The+Families+and+Genera+of+Vascular+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12809916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-07257-8&rft.isbn=978-3-662-07257-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Flife%2Bsciences%2Fplant%2Bsciences%2Fbook%2F978-3-540-06512-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubitzki2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a>, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC"><i>Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae</i></a>. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. IX. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32219-1"><bdi>978-3-540-32219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plants.+Eudicots%3A+Berberidopsidales%2C+Buxales%2C+Crossosomatales%2C+Fabales+p.p.%2C+Geraniales%2C+Gunnerales%2C+Myrtales+p.p.%2C+Proteales%2C+Saxifragales%2C+Vitales%2C+Zygophyllales%2C+Clusiaceae+Alliance%2C+Passifloraceae+Alliance%2C+Dilleniaceae%2C+Huaceae%2C+Picramniaceae%2C+Sabiaceae&rft.series=The+Families+and+Genera+of+Vascular+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32219-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPdSL7jBNX9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLes2017" class="citation book cs1">Les, Donald H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6QzDwAAQBAJ"><i>Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-64440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-64440-2"><bdi>978-1-351-64440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquatic+Dicotyledons+of+North+America%3A+Ecology%2C+Life+History%2C+and+Systematics&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-64440-2&rft.aulast=Les&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw6QzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabberley2008" class="citation book cs1">Mabberley, D. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC"><i>Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification and Uses</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82071-4"><bdi>978-0-521-82071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mabberley%27s+Plant-book%3A+A+Portable+Dictionary+of+Plants%2C+Their+Classification+and+Uses&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82071-4&rft.aulast=Mabberley&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RyKKHtwXUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonTalcott2012" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Michael E.; Talcott, Patricia A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-5XcubVRI8C"><i>Small Animal Toxicology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0717-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0717-1"><bdi>978-1-4557-0717-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Animal+Toxicology&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-0717-1&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.au=Talcott%2C+Patricia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-5XcubVRI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurcharan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ"><i>Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach</i></a> (3rd ed.). Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1578083516" title="Special:BookSources/1578083516"><bdi>1578083516</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1578083516&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurcharan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6fMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_et_al2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gideon F.; Figueiredo, Estrela; Wyk, Abraham E. van (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38m3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Southern Africa: Classification, Biology, and Cultivation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814008-6"><bdi>978-0-12-814008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalanchoe+%28Crassulaceae%29+in+Southern+Africa%3A+Classification%2C+Biology%2C+and+Cultivation&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814008-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gideon+F.&rft.au=Figueiredo%2C+Estrela&rft.au=Wyk%2C+Abraham+E.+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38m3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltis_et_al2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis, Douglas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" title="Pamela S. Soltis">Soltis, Pamela</a>; Endress, Peter; et al. (2018) [2005]. "Superrosids". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-RHDwAAQBAJ"><i>Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms: Revised and Updated Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 191–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44175-7"><bdi>978-0-226-44175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Superrosids&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+Evolution+of+the+Angiosperms%3A+Revised+and+Updated+Edition&rft.pages=191-246&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-226-44175-7&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Endress%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-RHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chapters</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFBradfordFortune-HopkinsBarnes2004" class="citation">Bradford, Jason C.; Fortune-Hopkins, Helen C.; Barnes, Richard W. "Cunoniaceae". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2004">Kubitzki (2004)</a>, pp. 91–111.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKubitzki2007a" class="citation">Kubitzki, Klaus (2007a). "Introduction to Saxifragales". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 15–18.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFThiedeEggli2007" class="citation">Thiede, Joachim; Eggli, Urs. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC&pg=PA83">Crassulaceae</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 83–119.</span> <i>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227205999_Crassulaceae">full text at</a></i> <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKubitzki2007b" class="citation">Kubitzki, Klaus (2007b). "Daphniphyllaceae". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 127–128.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKubitzki2007c" class="citation">Kubitzki, Klaus (2007c). "Haloragaceae". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 184–190.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKubitzki2007d" class="citation">Kubitzki, Klaus (2007d). "Iteaceae". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 202–204.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTamura2007" class="citation">Tamura, Michio. "Paeoniaceae". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 265–269.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFThiede2007" class="citation">Thiede, Joachim. "Penthoraceae". In <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki2007">Kubitzki (2007)</a>, pp. 292–296.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFGwaltney-Brant2012" class="citation">Gwaltney-Brant, Sharon M. "Christmastime Plants". In <a href="#CITEREFPetersonTalcott2012">Peterson & Talcott (2012)</a>, pp. 419–512.</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerchtoldPresl1820" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berchtold" title="Friedrich von Berchtold">Berchtold, Friedrich von</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jan_Svatopluk_Presl" title="Jan Svatopluk Presl">Presl, Jan Svatopluk</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3oQAQAAMAAJ"><i>O Přirozenosti Rostlin</i></a>. Prague: Krala Wiljma Endersa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+P%C5%99irozenosti+Rostlin&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Krala+Wiljma+Endersa&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Berchtold&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+von&rft.au=Presl%2C+Jan+Svatopluk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3oQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumortier1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Charles_Du_Mortier" class="mw-redirect" title="Barthélemy-Charles Du Mortier">Dumortier, Barthélemy-Charles</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/443#/summary"><i>Analyse des familles des plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent</i></a> (in French). Tournay: Casterman<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyse+des+familles+des+plantes%3A+avec+l%27indication+des+principaux+genres+qui+s%27y+rattachent&rft.place=Tournay&rft.pub=Casterman&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Dumortier&rft.aufirst=Barth%C3%A9lemy-Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F443%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley, John</a> (1853) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary"><i>The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegetable+Kingdom%3A+or%2C+The+structure%2C+classification%2C+and+uses+of+plants%2C+illustrated+upon+the+natural+system&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bradbury+%26+Evans&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F95459%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Berry, Paul (22 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/Saxifragales"><i>Saxifragales</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saxifragales&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplant%2FSaxifragales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhuszByng2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Christenhusz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarten Christenhusz">Christenhusz, Maarten JM</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_W._Byng" title="James W. Byng">Byng, J. W.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a></i>. <b>261</b> (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=The+number+of+known+plants+species+in+the+world+and+its+annual+increase&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-217&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=Maarten+JM&rft.au=Byng%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1%2F20598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Angiosperms</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh_et_al2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burleigh, J. Gordon; Hilu, Khidir W.; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis, Douglas E.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674047">"Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Evolutionary Biology">BMC Evolutionary Biology</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9...61B">2009BMCEE...9...61B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-61">10.1186/1471-2148-9-61</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674047">2674047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19292928">19292928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Inferring+phylogenies+with+incomplete+data+sets%3A+a+5-gene%2C+567-taxon+analysis+of+angiosperms&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2674047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19292928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-61&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BMCEE...9...61B&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Hilu%2C+Khidir+W.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2674047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_et_al2019" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Hong-Tao; Yi, Ting-Shuang; Gao, Lian-Ming; Ma, Peng-Fei; Zhang, Ting; Yang, Jun-Bo; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Fritsch, Peter W.; Cai, Jie; Luo, Yang; Wang, Hong; van der Bank, Michelle; Zhang, Shu-Dong; Wang, Qing-Feng; Wang, Jian; Zhang, Zhi-Rong; Fu, Chao-Nan; Yang, Jing; Hollingsworth, Peter M.; Chase, Mark W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Li, De-Zhu (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333160434">"Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Plants" title="Nature Plants">Nature Plants</a></i>. <b>5</b> (5): 461–470. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatPl...5..461L">2019NatPl...5..461L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-019-0421-0">10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061536">31061536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146118264">146118264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&rft.atitle=Origin+of+angiosperms+and+the+puzzle+of+the+Jurassic+gap&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=461-470&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-019-0421-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146118264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31061536&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatPl...5..461L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Hong-Tao&rft.au=Yi%2C+Ting-Shuang&rft.au=Gao%2C+Lian-Ming&rft.au=Ma%2C+Peng-Fei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ting&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jun-Bo&rft.au=Gitzendanner%2C+Matthew+A.&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Cai%2C+Jie&rft.au=Luo%2C+Yang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hong&rft.au=van+der+Bank%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shu-Dong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Qing-Feng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhi-Rong&rft.au=Fu%2C+Chao-Nan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jing&rft.au=Hollingsworth%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Li%2C+De-Zhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F333160434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTank_et_al2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tank, David C.; Eastman, Jonathan M.; Pennell, Matthew W.; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Soltis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Soltis">Soltis, Pamela S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Soltis" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Soltis">Soltis, Douglas E.</a>; Hinchliff, Cody E.; Brown, Joseph W.; Sessa, Emily B.; Harmon, Luke J. (4 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13491">"Nested radiations and the pulse of angiosperm diversification: increased diversification rates often follow whole genome duplications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a></i>. <b>207</b> (2): 454–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13491">10.1111/nph.13491</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F111924">2027.42/111924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26053261">26053261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Nested+radiations+and+the+pulse+of+angiosperm+diversification%3A+increased+diversification+rates+often+follow+whole+genome+duplications&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=454-467&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F111924&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26053261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.13491&rft.aulast=Tank&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Eastman%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Pennell%2C+Matthew+W.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Hinchliff%2C+Cody+E.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Joseph+W.&rft.au=Sessa%2C+Emily+B.&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Luke+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnph.13491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_et_al2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" title="Pamela S. Soltis">Soltis, Pamela S.</a>; Bell, Charles D.; Brockington, Samuel F.; Alexandre, Roolse; Davis, Charles C.; Latvis, Maribeth; Manchester, Steven R.; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis, Douglas E.</a> (10 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644257">"Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>106</b> (10): 3853–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.3853W">2009PNAS..106.3853W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0813376106">10.1073/pnas.0813376106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644257">2644257</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19223592">19223592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rosid+radiation+and+the+rapid+rise+of+angiosperm-dominated+forests&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3853-8&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2644257%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19223592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0813376106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.3853W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Hengchang&rft.au=Moore%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Charles+D.&rft.au=Brockington%2C+Samuel+F.&rft.au=Alexandre%2C+Roolse&rft.au=Davis%2C+Charles+C.&rft.au=Latvis%2C+Maribeth&rft.au=Manchester%2C+Steven+R.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2644257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurdackDavis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Davis, Charles C. (August 2009). 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Soltis">Soltis, Pamela S.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065736">"Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>56</b> (1): 65–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065736">10.2307/25065736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065736">25065736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Monophyly+and+relationships+of+the+enigmatic+family+Peridiscaceae&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25065736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Joshua+W.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Charles+C.&rft.au=Gitzendanner%2C+Matthew+A.&rft.au=Cheek%2C+Martin&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Andr%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F25065736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseng-Chieng1965" class="citation journal cs1">Tseng-Chieng, Huang (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080335/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1247">"Monograph of Daphniphyllum (I)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 57–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6165%2Ftai.1965.11.57">10.6165/tai.1965.11.57</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1247">the original</a> on 2018-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwania&rft.atitle=Monograph+of+Daphniphyllum+%28I%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-98&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6165%2Ftai.1965.11.57&rft.aulast=Tseng-Chieng&rft.aufirst=Huang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftai2.ntu.edu.tw%2Ftaiwania%2Fabstract.php%3Ftype%3Dabstract%26id%3D1247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseng-Chieng1966" class="citation journal cs1">Tseng-Chieng, Huang (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425202133/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1241">"Monograph of Daphniphyllum (II)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 137–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6165%2Ftai.1966.12.137">10.6165/tai.1966.12.137</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1241">the original</a> on 2018-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwania&rft.atitle=Monograph+of+Daphniphyllum+%28II%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-234&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6165%2Ftai.1966.12.137&rft.aulast=Tseng-Chieng&rft.aufirst=Huang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftai2.ntu.edu.tw%2Ftaiwania%2Fabstract.php%3Ftype%3Dabstract%26id%3D1241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane1989" class="citation journal cs1">Crane, Peter R. 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Stevens">Stevens, Peter F.</a> (May 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peerj.com/preprints/2320/"><i>Angiosperm Phylogeny: Flowering Plant Systematics</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.2320v6">10.7287/peerj.preprints.2320v6</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny%3A+Flowering+Plant+Systematics&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.2320v6&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Theodor+C.+H.&rft.au=Hilger%2C+Hartmut+H.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeerj.com%2Fpreprints%2F2320%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKormanik1990" class="citation web cs1">Kormanik, Paul P. 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Stevens">Stevens, P.F.</a> (2019) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/saxifragalesweb.htm#Saxifragales">"Saxifragales"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">AP Web v. 14</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/cultural/Ribes_nigrum_K/">"AgroAtlas - Crops - Ribes nigrum L. - European black currant"</a>. <i>Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interactive+Agricultural+Ecological+Atlas+of+Russia+and+Neighboring+Countries.+Economic+Plants+and+their+Diseases%2C+Pests+and+Weeds&rft.atitle=AgroAtlas+-+Crops+-+Ribes+nigrum+L.+-+European+black+currant.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Doronina&rft.aufirst=A.Ju.&rft.au=Terekhina%2C+N.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroatlas.ru%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fcultural%2FRibes_nigrum_K%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson2013" class="citation web cs1">Johansson, Jan Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://angio.bergianska.se/Saxifragales/Saxifragales.html#Saxifragales">"Saxifragales Dumortier"</a>. <i>The Phylogeny of Angiosperms</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Phylogeny+of+Angiosperms&rft.atitle=Saxifragales+Dumortier&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Jan+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fangio.bergianska.se%2FSaxifragales%2FSaxifragales.html%23Saxifragales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Images</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Pmex"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33988-1">"<i>Pterostemon mexicanus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i> (Photograph: glandular dentate leaf margins). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Pterostemon+mexicanus&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A33988-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxifragales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifragales&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saxifragales" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orders_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_orders" title="Template:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_orders" title="Template talk:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_orders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orders_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orders of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborellales</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiosperms</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorus" title="Acorus">Acorales</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">Core eudicots</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxifragales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahlia" title="Vahlia">Vahliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/140px-Flower_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/210px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/280px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4462" data-file-height="5932" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>¹<a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li>²<a href="/wiki/Alismatid_monocots" title="Alismatid monocots">Alismatids</a></li> <li>³<a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">Lilioids</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_orders" title="Category:Angiosperm orders">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Saxifragales</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21855" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21855">Q21855</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/214983">214983</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121186">121186</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/B7VS8">B7VS8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4288">4288</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SAXO">1SAXO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Euro+Med PlantBase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e088cef4-78d0-4e61-96ba-2a9374987d07">e088cef4-78d0-4e61-96ba-2a9374987d07</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7219248">7219248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/71289">71289</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11484">11484</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=846633">846633</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021060393">NHMSYS0021060393</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=41946">41946</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ec6cdb72-b020-4767-b5b9-b437f6d470c3">ec6cdb72-b020-4767-b5b9-b437f6d470c3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=648890">648890</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=182995">182995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A69BBCE-C5D8-5E83-1462-88775347BA42">1A69BBCE-C5D8-5E83-1462-88775347BA42</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50324577">50324577</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/66">66</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6b0db656-ba3d-465b-92a6-a6ed18aa60ef">6b0db656-ba3d-465b-92a6-a6ed18aa60ef</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-9000000481">wfo-9000000481</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414697">414697</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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[\"CITEREFChristenhuszByng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristenhusz_et_al2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole_et_al2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisChase2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickison_et_al1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDing_et_al2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDong_et_al2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoroninaTerekhina2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumortier1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarleLundin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndress1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndress1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngler1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishbeinSoltis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishbein_et_al2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolk_et_al2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGapinski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein_et_al2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGros_d\u0026#039;Aillon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwaltney-Brant2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaldaWaddick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermsen_et_al2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermsen_et_al2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández-CastilloCevallos-Ferriz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHils_et_al1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUCN2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIckert-BondWen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIckert-BondWen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJian_et_al2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKormanik1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki2007c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki2007d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi_et_al2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMabberley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoodyLes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore_et_al2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonTalcott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigg_et_al2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_et_al2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltisSoltis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis_et_al2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis_et_al2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis_et_al2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis_et_al2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamura2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTank_et_al2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiede2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiedeEggli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTseng-Chieng1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTseng-Chieng1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWFO2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang_et_al2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang_et_al2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorberg_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurdackDavis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeng_et_al2017\"] = 1,\n [\"Pmex\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Angiosperm orders\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Clade\"] = 20,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 17,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 9,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 34,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n 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