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</a> </li> <li id="toc-Origine_del_termine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_del_termine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origine del termine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine_del_termine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_con_la_Bibbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_con_la_Bibbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collegamenti con la Bibbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_con_la_Bibbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyksos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 53 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B6%E1%88%B5" title="ሂክሶስ - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂክሶስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الهكسوس - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهكسوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هيكسوس - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيكسوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksoslar" title="Hiksoslar - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hiksoslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Гіксосы - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіксосы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хиксоси - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиксоси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicsos" title="Hicsos - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hicsos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyks%C3%B3sov%C3%A9" title="Hyksósové - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyksósové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гиксоссем - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гиксоссем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicsos" title="Hicsos - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hicsos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikso" title="Hikso - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hikso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هیکسوس - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیکسوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksot" title="Hyksot - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyksot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyks%C3%B4s" title="Hyksôs - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyksôs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Hiocs%C3%B3saigh" title="Na Hiocsósaigh - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Hiocsósaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1" title="חיקסוס - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיקסוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="हिक्सोस - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिक्सोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksi" title="Hiksi - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hiksi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCkszoszok" title="Hükszoszok - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hükszoszok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիքսոսներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիքսոսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B9" title="ヒクソス - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒクソス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰიქსოსები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიქსოსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%89%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="힉소스 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힉소스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksai" title="Hiksai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hiksai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiks%C3%B4sy" title="Hiksôsy - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hiksôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ics%C3%B2s" title="Icsòs - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Icsòs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksosi" title="Hyksosi - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hyksosi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ہائکسوس - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائکسوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicsos" title="Hicsos - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hicsos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicso%C8%99i" title="Hicsoși - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hicsoși" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Гиксосы - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиксосы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksi" title="Hiksi - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hiksi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyks%C3%B3si" title="Hyksósi - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hyksósi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksi" title="Hiksi - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hiksi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хикси - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хикси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyksos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiksosi" title="Waiksosi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waiksosi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்சோஸ் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்சோஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="ฮิกซอส - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิกซอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksos" title="Hiksos - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hiksos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiksoslar" title="Hiksoslar - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiksoslar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Гіксоси - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіксоси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hyksos_dagger_handle.jpg/290px-Hyksos_dagger_handle.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hyksos_dagger_handle.jpg/435px-Hyksos_dagger_handle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hyksos_dagger_handle.jpg/580px-Hyksos_dagger_handle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="2179" /></a><figcaption>Impugnatura di daga in <a href="/wiki/Elettro" title="Elettro">elettro</a> appartenente ad un soldato del faraone Hyksos <a href="/wiki/Ipepi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipepi I">Ipepi</a>: un soldato caccia armato di una spada e di un arco corto<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Luxor" title="Museo di Luxor">museo di Luxor</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Il termine <b>Hyksos</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco antico</a> Ὑκσώς, <i>Hyksṑs</i>), forma grecizzata<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dell'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_egizia" title="Lingua egizia">egizio</a> <i>heqau khasut</i>, viene generalmente usato per definire le popolazioni che penetrarono in <a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a> sul finire del periodo della storia egizia indicato come <a href="/wiki/Medio_Regno_(Egitto)" title="Medio Regno (Egitto)">Medio Regno</a> e governarono il nord dell'Egitto e parte del sud nel <a href="/wiki/Secondo_periodo_intermedio" title="Secondo periodo intermedio">Secondo periodo intermedio</a>, fra il 1720 e il 1530 a.C. In particolare sono chiamati hyksos i sei faraoni della XV dinastia (circa 1650-1550 a.C.). Centro politico del potere degli hyksos fu la città di <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a>, da loro fondata nel <a href="/wiki/Delta_del_Nilo" title="Delta del Nilo">delta del Nilo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_del_termine">Origine del termine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Origine del termine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origine del termine"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid indianred; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1em; background-color: white"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S38.png?35ff7" height="38" title="S38" alt="S38" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29" alt="N29" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: sandybrown; border-bottom: 1px solid indianred; padding: 0.5em">Hyksos<br /><i>hq3 ḫ3swt</i><br />in <a href="/wiki/Geroglifici_egizi" title="Geroglifici egizi">geroglifici</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Heka khasut</i>, cioè "capo di un Paese straniero", è il termine con cui nel <a href="/wiki/Papiro_dei_Re" class="mw-redirect" title="Papiro dei Re">Canone reale</a> erano chiamati i sei sovrani costituenti la <a href="/wiki/XV_dinastia_egizia" title="XV dinastia egizia">XV dinastia egizia</a>. Il termine, deformatosi successivamente in <i>hyksos</i>, fu usato in modo estensivo per indicare non solo questi sovrani, bensì anche quelli della <a href="/wiki/XVI_dinastia_egizia" title="XVI dinastia egizia">XVI dinastia egizia</a> e più in generale le popolazioni che penetrarono in <a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a> sul finire del periodo della storia egizia indicato come Medio Regno. I sovrani della XV dinastia sono spesso indicati come "grandi hyksos", in contrapposizione ai "piccoli hyksos", principi locali <a href="/wiki/Vassallaggio" title="Vassallaggio">vassalli</a> dei grandi hyksos. </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/Greco_antico" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco antico">greco antico</a> ὑκσώς (<i>hyksṑs</i>) è privo di equivalente in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">lingua latina</a> ed è utilizzato una sola volta in tutta la letteratura greca a noi nota dall'astrologo e storico egizio <a href="/wiki/Manetone" title="Manetone">Manetone</a> (in Ios. Ap. I,14)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A riprova della sua origine non greca (nello specifico egiziana), questa è in greco antico l'unica parola con la sequenza delle due consonanti <i>ks</i>, altrove sempre sostituita dalla lettera <a href="/wiki/Xi_(lettera)" title="Xi (lettera)">ξ (xi)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Secondo_periodo_intermedio_dell%27Egitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondo periodo intermedio dell'Egitto">Secondo periodo intermedio dell'Egitto</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/XV_dinastia_egizia" title="XV dinastia egizia">XV dinastia egizia</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibscha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ibscha.jpg/220px-Ibscha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ibscha.jpg/330px-Ibscha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ibscha.jpg/440px-Ibscha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Un gruppo di stranieri del <a href="/wiki/Levante_(regione_storica)" title="Levante (regione storica)">Levante</a>, forse <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">cananei</a>, etichettati come <i>Aamu</i> (𓂝𓄿𓅓𓅱). Tomba del funzionario della <a href="/wiki/XII_dinastia_egizia" title="XII dinastia egizia">XII dinastia</a> Khnumhotep II a <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a> (<a href="/wiki/XX_secolo_a.C." title="XX secolo a.C.">1900 a.C.</a> circa).</figcaption></figure> <p>Sulla provenienza degli Hyksos sono state avanzate molte congetture. Le indagini archeologiche hanno rilevato a partire dall'inizio del <a href="/wiki/XVIII_secolo_a.C." title="XVIII secolo a.C.">XVIII secolo a.C.</a> l'infiltrazione nel delta del Nilo di popolazioni <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">cananee</a>, che portarono in Egitto l'uso del cavallo e il culto del dio <a href="/wiki/Semiti" title="Semiti">semitico</a> delle tempeste <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, identificato sincreticamente col dio egiziano <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>. Gli Hyksos furono molto probabilmente degli <a href="/wiki/Amorrei" title="Amorrei">Amorrei</a>, una popolazione <a href="/wiki/Semiti" title="Semiti">semita</a> nomade localizzata a ovest dell'<a href="/wiki/Eufrate" title="Eufrate">Eufrate</a> nel territorio della futura <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ryholt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryholt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondo alcuni studiosi, tuttavia, essi comprendevano anche altre popolazioni, come gli <a href="/wiki/Hurriti" title="Hurriti">Hurriti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Hyksos_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Hyksos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grazie al lavoro dell'archeologo <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bietak" title="Manfred Bietak">Manfred Bietak</a>, che ha riscontrato somiglianze nell'architettura, nella ceramica e nelle pratiche funerarie, gli studiosi propendono attualmente per un'origine nord <a href="/wiki/Levante_(regione_storica)" title="Levante (regione storica)">levantina</a> degli Hyksos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uno studio sui tratti dentali condotto nel <a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a> su 90 persone di <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a> ha indicato che gli individui definiti come locali e non locali non erano ancestralmente diversi tra loro. I risultati sono stati ritenuti in linea con le prove archeologiche, che suggeriscono che Avaris era un importante snodo nella rete commerciale del Mediterraneo orientale dell'<a href="/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo" title="Età del bronzo">età del bronzo medio</a>, che accoglieva persone provenienti da oltre i suoi confini.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png/170px-Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png/255px-Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png/340px-Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>Il territorio controllato dagli Hyksos (in giallo) durante il <a href="/wiki/Secondo_periodo_intermedio" title="Secondo periodo intermedio">Secondo periodo intermedio</a> (ca. <a href="/wiki/XVII_secolo_a.C." title="XVII secolo a.C.">1650</a> - <a href="/wiki/XVI_secolo_a.C." title="XVI secolo a.C.">1550 a.C.</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Gli Hyksos furono un'etnia che governò l'Egitto in un periodo in cui la società egizia stava vivendo un momento di crisi; in un lasso di tempo di duecento anni governarono più di duecento faraoni e in tale confusione gli Hyksos potrebbero essersi infiltrati pacificamente e poi essersi imposti diffondendo nuove tradizioni ed usanze in Egitto. Trascorsi due secoli gli egiziani riacquisirono stabilità politica riorganizzandosi e riuscendo a scacciare questa dinastia non ereditaria proveniente da <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. La tradizione posteriore che vuole gli Hyksos invasori improvvisi dotati di superiorità militare grazie all'uso del <a href="/wiki/Carro_da_guerra" title="Carro da guerra">carro da guerra</a> non ha trovato alcun riscontro nelle verifiche archeologiche. </p><p>Oltre al già ricordato carro da guerra e al cavallo, con le popolazioni provenienti dalla <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> giunsero in Egitto divinità <a href="/wiki/Hurriti" title="Hurriti">hurrite</a>, come <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshup</a>, che si fusero con quelle locali. In questo periodo ebbe grande importanza nel delta del Nilo il culto di <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>, che in seguito, forse per questa sua "connivenza" con il nemico, fu bandito dal <a href="/wiki/Religione_egizia" title="Religione egizia">pantheon</a> ufficiale egizio e relegato al ruolo di divinità malvagia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/220px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/330px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/440px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Il faraone <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> uccide un Hyksos (museo di Luxor)</figcaption></figure> <p>I faraoni <a href="/wiki/Tebe_(Egitto)" title="Tebe (Egitto)">tebani</a> della <a href="/wiki/XVII_dinastia_egizia" title="XVII dinastia egizia">XVII dinastia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seqenenra_Ta%27o" title="Seqenenra Ta'o">Seqenenra Ta'o</a> (1558–1555 a.C.) e <a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a> (1555–1550 a.C.), lottarono duramente contro gli Hyksos ma il loro dominio terminò soltanto nel 1530 a.C. circa, quando il successore di Kamose, <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a>, ripristinò l'unità dello Stato dando inizio al periodo detto <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Regno_(Egitto)" title="Nuovo Regno (Egitto)">Nuovo Regno</a>. Ahmose I saccheggiò <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a> e scacciò gli Hyksos nella roccaforte di <a href="/wiki/Sharuhen" title="Sharuhen">Sharuhen</a>, nel sud di <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, che espugnò dopo un lungo assedio durato tre anni. </p><p>Gli episodi concernenti l'invasione degli Hyksos sono stati descritti da <a href="/wiki/Manetone" title="Manetone">Manetone</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Antico_Egitto#La_casta_sacerdotale" title="Antico Egitto">sacerdote</a> egiziano di <a href="/wiki/Djebnetjer" title="Djebnetjer">Sebennytos</a>, nel <a href="/wiki/Delta_del_Nilo" title="Delta del Nilo">delta del Nilo</a>, che visse nel <a href="/wiki/III_secolo_a.C." title="III secolo a.C.">III secolo a.C.</a> sotto il regno di <a href="/wiki/Tolomeo_II" title="Tolomeo II">Tolomeo II Filadelfo</a> e descrisse la storia dell'<a href="/wiki/Antico_Egitto" title="Antico Egitto">Egitto</a> dalle origini fino ad <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Magno" title="Alessandro Magno">Alessandro Magno</a>. Di tale descrizione ci rimangono oggi solo pochi frammenti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_con_la_Bibbia">Collegamenti con la Bibbia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti con la Bibbia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti con la Bibbia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sin dall'antichità il periodo degli Hyksos venne identificato con il soggiorno in Egitto degli <a href="/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei">Ebrei</a>, in particolare con le storie bibliche di <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_(patriarca)" title="Giuseppe (patriarca)">Giuseppe</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mos%C3%A8" title="Mosè">Mosè</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nella <a href="/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia">Bibbia</a>, infatti, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_(patriarca)" title="Giuseppe (patriarca)">Giuseppe</a> viene condotto sul cocchio che contraddistingueva il primo ministro egiziano e il cavallo dovette essere introdotto dagli Hyksos perché compare solo in documenti successivi.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><big>Ipotesi</big> </p><p>L'egittologo <a href="/wiki/Donald_Redford" title="Donald Redford">Donald Redford</a> sostiene che la dominazione degli Hyksos sull'Egitto e la loro violenta cacciata risuonò per secoli, fino a diventare una reminiscenza comune nel popolo della terra di <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lo storico ed egittologo <a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Jan Assmann</a> afferma che il ricordo negativo da parte degli Egizi del periodo Hyksos potrebbe aver provocato una contromemoria da parte degli <a href="/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei">Ebrei</a> nella quale sono viceversa gli invasori <a href="/wiki/Semiti" title="Semiti">semiti</a> a comparire come gli oppressi e gli Egizi in veste di oppressori.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Toby Wilkinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVbGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96"><span style="font-style:italic;">Lives of the Ancient Egyptians</span></a>, Thames and Hudson Limited, 7 maggio 2013, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-500-77162-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-500-77162-4">978-0-500-77162-4</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 febbraio 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Fu Manetone a chiamare gli invasori <a href="/wiki/Semiti" title="Semiti">semiti</a> "hyksos" dalla deformazione della parola egizia <i>heka khasut</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Rocci" title="Lorenzo Rocci">Lorenzo Rocci</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_Greco-Italiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocabolario Greco-Italiano">Vocabolario Greco-Italiano</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighieri" title="Società Dante Alighieri">Società Editrice Dante Alighieri</a>, Città di Castello (Perugia), <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>; non citato in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryholt-4"><a href="#cite_ref-ryholt_4-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Kim S. B. Ryholt e Adam Bülow-Jacobsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.</span></a>, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-87-7289-421-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-87-7289-421-8">978-87-7289-421-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Hyksos-5"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Hyksos_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279251/Hyksos#ref756992"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyksos (Egyptian dynasty)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a>. <small>URL consultato l'8 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bietak" title="Manfred Bietak">Manfred Bietak</a>: <i>Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age</i>, BASOR 281 (1991), pp. 21-72 see in particular page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Mourad, Anna-Latifa (2015). Rise of the Hyksos: Egypt and the Levant from the Middle Kingdom to the early Second Intermediate Period. Oxford Archaeopress. doi:10.2307/j.ctvr43jbk. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781784911348" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781784911348</a>. JSTOR j.ctvr43jbk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Stantis, Chris; Maaranen, Nina (1 January 2021). "The people of Avaris: Intra-regional biodistance analysis using dental non-metric traits". Bioarchaeology of the Near East.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giuseppe Flavio, <span style="font-style:italic;">Contra Apionem</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Van Seters, <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hyksos: a New Investigation</span>, Wipf & Stock, 2010, pp. 183-85.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Donald B. Redford, <i>Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times,</i> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a> 1992 pp.408-429, pp.409-410 e <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Jan Assmann</a>, <i>Esodo: la rivoluzione del mondo antico</i> [<i>Exodus</i>], traduzione di Ada Vigliani, Milano, Adelphi, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-459-3758-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-459-3758-3">ISBN 978-88-459-3758-3</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edda Bresciani, <i>Grande enciclopedia illustrata dell'antico Egitto</i>, De Agostini, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8841820055" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-418-2005-5</a></li> <li>Guy Rachet, <i>Dizionario Larousse della civiltà egizia</i>, Gremese Editore, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8884401445" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-8440-144-5</a></li> <li>Alan Gardiner, <i>La civiltà egizia</i>, Einaudi, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788806189358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-06-18935-8</a></li> <li>Federico A. Arborio Mella, <i>L'Egitto dei faraoni</i>, Mursia, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8842533289" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-425-3328-9</a></li> <li>Margaret Bunson, <i>Enciclopedia dell'antico Egitto</i>, Fratelli Melita Editori, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8840373608" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-403-7360-8</a></li> <li>Maurizio Damiano-Appia, <i>Dizionario enciclopedico dell'antico Egitto e delle civiltà nubiane</i>, Mondadori, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788804428763" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9788804428763</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharuhen" title="Sharuhen">Sharuhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondo_periodo_intermedio" title="Secondo periodo intermedio">Secondo periodo intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorrei" title="Amorrei">Amorrei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyksos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Hyksos"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyksos?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyksos?uselang=it">Hyksos</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antico Egitto"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png/18px-Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png/27px-Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png/35px-Tutanchamun_Maske_Transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="775" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Antico_Egitto" title="Portale:Antico Egitto">Portale Antico Egitto</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pot-artenac_alt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Archeologia"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pot-artenac_alt.png/19px-Pot-artenac_alt.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pot-artenac_alt.png/29px-Pot-artenac_alt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pot-artenac_alt.png/38px-Pot-artenac_alt.png 2x" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="103" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Archeologia" title="Portale:Archeologia">Portale Archeologia</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vicino Oriente antico"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg/25px-Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg/38px-Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg/50px-Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Vicino_Oriente_antico" title="Portale:Vicino Oriente antico">Portale Vicino Oriente antico</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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