CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91342290ddd31d40',cH: 'MKgXcrmwjvQ5GeOdeVvT3WLGmjHXwdUI64qZrKYBPTY-1739778086-1.2.1.1-GLIE7spq2rxZpj9RIW8UUFImyIfUKwKntbekJPQyt9QnOQN8xLB3eIHc565yS8Ps',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=data%20standardization&__cf_chl_tk=NuV5.cCFv2sIUN0g3tc4CgpPzP.QB33vd18mELS.ir0-1739778086-1.0.1.1-kqTdn6gatFYmGY5irPVNr0WahWerUeuTM1kyOkAR9vg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778086',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=data%20standardization&__cf_chl_f_tk=NuV5.cCFv2sIUN0g3tc4CgpPzP.QB33vd18mELS.ir0-1739778086-1.0.1.1-kqTdn6gatFYmGY5irPVNr0WahWerUeuTM1kyOkAR9vg",md: "N4tvFcgTVJQEwbwPK6p5AgcbURhNhjAW4WipQnMkvMk-1739778086-1.2.1.1-XAh.G15boRgQoVWNrx4yYjj.CZhY3wkfkPM1lnwYA.IHEBwwnZUGIWbSWcde6mVzod0LSwG.d4s7bmUepNz7wL1upVxAsMa7.0WLQAfVNx8MeainDWcPWzg9Tu0EYyYz_OKkflfrqh8u2WGsjGyYJ6ftwIaSKIjRoJCDLkloCGwCY19Vyi0p6i1ReHnOXZRQUzxFop7.FVbyGPUPMG9MaC1apJj4C2ZKypFjoh6M_kJhsy2rmtLZi5851W79vxk4NsALdAbX.Z.DOM61fBdlai7y559y6vwVL2BB6qrM_4HlhzlHtu7_JWkb_tGpzOXZWAPf9tvUHdflWEeoUfUxRh.JTWdRStawuFmcjqM_jgmgMtdhUe5O8sNM.a2VIUxW4vUNoBWsWT_RkkvFCpr7rs1ymiRhMp5sMVPyD38aNumebkuvklpXczRkcosJGSFHb2zVdJP6WPLuoyarh14uJyuYPgVOU_FqweR0KA4eAs_ScD0tdWVddhc4IrPpgtQ8OM2ybGfKGcZsHcOdGvUdN.ZF6z0XNYTLiTQ9ViQa5HYnf6oLGG7guOqHx7bf3DMaVTUpCCLuhAWp4GpCIhx9NAUL_sCm1Lq3A0yE0aUJyoV7IoM_j.THJGhg2dBIAJ_cmCBMEjaDQDj7OhiSXWctEXqB8_91LV1tfj3RVScJ7ZrLbGa8ZrHGteMDytuefDd3x_GrvICq2zy8ukDtXQG0lh9HVbOZPCT4r8nMbZgS6bYzhkEud.sIZhYxnryULlKu4LYEUe3_6oRKhZTBrHkn3eXd2omgGPeXcg146gMQL1a6bIZLG_U.sHMEKLq8PJ1fdaHS3fbUhDFCMrnLLcyFs0Oi9TkBUeAkJDOPPEGwUPYhm_e2W4FVwe6DQNIkOiwINm_.Y5tcvCV22fGsmDgRanv4nEzHLqQa8RglYXRdWwUyxaTgCgOuNf5xW0HSc2pJJOksP69sOGtACXkFOHtwh6sowfD1ZjTRwkkmRBqKQk.GxAao7BtjaAGj6cJKxZc66ffzB68RNfKJbngJuSF77Y1yiCaEb3YliJV56EgGF1KJ0ZW6mA8bfgc0w73RW8KqKHETsFH8masA7vdtIBDMGFPUkTNOMwpRvqm2QRA_JmO5OgCU2dR3Nek_7ZY5AKSV6ivbPMuFSySwi8KGZi6zHMZo3rrb1HliKXqahqUPRq8aFCrr0GkzHBfZARUYfHNgJl9dAK6XWyK5.fYRgYKj23xx0yjMDCYJ70SBSyAj8cbxlvsI3RqV.M1qGiPsS2wFWBPLkQvC_sl2kakrc9tfFs61yf9bvIp_MY248JvtIKxhM5i2pUtpfSrdMyNFq6w1vR6qqBv7xUp.CLPwxkIo9K3EKyN6VLkk0O1R2cSgKZLwsIJ2u_AUFeuVo3bKf4_YrWPd13W1eUxcsFAk6ML0.S3StUD7OlYlZs9WLEDzQo3dhqjfdPGzNBxf4rjyfICv1bFZHGrTIdRne2InJvJl82N1X.jjY_o9QiPMF4PUl5hUZ4hvf1NCNx..9m2jJS3r92eOY0ZpRoboeXxaW0socfnEnjlw1SOkMRLVKbpERK_n1TNp5YCGrfLZM9ymRmPF3_e209FzndrqRLKxb_kySjYCQE20C3RI1gtolSi51HliKQVR1lVr5stCKFNpOkJcH.b1TG3HDMrdmk330e0.wZ8CceRzP.bTccbXwJ2XCPgjacW0Tq7u6kaN2k4SP_3Ac7TY_JR9AovI0JgVRGbyQxpxeQGt47o_WZ9UQ8zOjO4v.xUM1U0xWbroBTDfg2MGZju5XIo20siu36kzyBObLGBtn5w5F6HYhJjg03GaKI7Gc7WFsfS3.HR2ioLrRIefCgFKK6JHvzkTBu.yUYrgXUtjU4oqi3IQdp.K6gP89dHQ1ie2Je2rgD78CFrUOS7dX7PZWaVbiM3VKl53z65t_g",mdrd: "jck33o6v6NAqQ0X_TmE4nSYe.9R.McjdcFhHrXUe0_c-1739778086-1.2.1.1-LueT63ZavGJbg8LXI45dMKPrKBfBCTTVWDsBZ6wIsOuutc0flXdeCgSO63MamRVzDQJgT69gMmhCb27dOX9R14E84d9eyB2A5RKcjUO2sTNfaQVSU8G6yVaxMC69zrUU1k0TGTswjCpn92IEeMe1pUDVHsQmC3Zs4v6VMyOPoPm9NxnSKIJoUMEbuQXffIjnTuYWLvLDb9s0WDh_4EHEAN1LVYn6lQKQFgn_47UFmuSO_B7KyQwC2lutDYvSK06QTSFlVJOJ_Uo.hMiShr.N.QeItAz4zSyZ5iHEqCJ6F8TOErZHlKd_uiIUZwKDUxfPusJfyEFpvy385a.DEFFuBFJt7bwf6e3FNlAcalbDJfVQV.f6X.323u.9gJkMpXl_D7RfIQu9OMjqzpCa26GujH2kv9kkwSbymq53sIEZAYusBnn3U11Vepsd1a9bvQlMGZVPESkkVRuYV1E8bGUjwDYWJU6v.CWoeKg7E_2ogtDTTigB8BD6b1ObDKQQtr_s0xt5dfrWbo1tj.gWjUUdbiIGhMxGan006N_roS7dJcDAWT5zwHYD3HXcyWpxZWMP9jMjU.IAUT0mS_jaaxuc.XCxa9cWgWrNr.j18JiH4TIBhFXtkq3yqJlZ.MagaxpKevYx3bB9s80JgogI2RA2HTIU1B7nuRHI2T9.GoWpbjLAcgTMYqVAqO8y6r5l_GxYYl.6zO8mDWlzNS8wu4MYIPXztSMJ.uu_9XSDOkIKgvmD8J5mieetLPmtY4ZcYuImrSPiMOc83RHMr1JN4AsuAByebj..NvDW_R_I3vKPZk2Jx__7sdGiGO5Y2isAPE2lDoT7v3v9wAAfsymZGyYSBj36eAGilkKx2VfscNjBcVcnUi9QCk2sq0KwruunMPfAZp0tayy2nb4YjuOk4CgkosQvpBQPCBivaV9CgRe4n806YhB8Pw8YJaCTV5DQ8KLAIQO_ZsokU.UtJekQ9M9kBFqgNFyJKkGAOT5tfxZ4Uxagd4aoGKZQkvMjdAaxSMcpkbcfvMdz2QQuO.w1bGunFXV3PSg1.HKqaexP_u9ELL7wi6bh8nSq9ME1Vdgdxq9r.2Afsz0jJaOD0Bd1y0bxUkmjgF5Lmvlx4bK1_97L141ASkALzKINYQTxzmXGwWf7fGbMz5mo89xx6oXerxMIhBEKDPADpAZpwp14xE8xG6nAa2dbGm4kA0JeT.mJgbTMAUI5AcQP4Un7Z6bbK2fSGE4N6vXF6rM9RDfZyxn5rNj0ETnPcKi_UXFsT.KkgRfC2zfU7nx.gvOCCN2IbF.wEWAbBalHjvl1HWRXdnbatIVN1urTy8YbaSyM52S6xw8YdivwK2VImlOSCtZQrVhxQe3mKcVrjtLwVrs7upre5qOiZI9KBcpAh7aY8P1wDAd7wljzvK5gVhrZVj12bKZ61mj8A1utpGxIMnk9L7Sv4CW58sCIPCRHwv09WAV1ng3LDJzeTgy5XDHjmk3HUN0ZBt_gtKY3FsmdXdvfHOChB73dDu1bUQjt38ZqQUsAU6Pr8yUwVjPe5nyrTUyGyztcUvYJ9XKPZSopu.8BHwPII1SSOjzg.fB0v_bW8KWjxiYQwbE1fcXnQ28SAn1gaEdZarBB.9NIw8DRnDXc5uHDiLbn5rxKfmbxrcdGRCPZbMyZRYFhUsoQNuP4lmBfhclxzDwY5o1W7jiMs7UtEGgHOL5ZQq8IhE6K92utUDF1DfMLTZ9AToo0inbInh1GqG4GV5TnwmWKacyJj_oxZGv8huClyBPF_fe8XYXTAIg5lqXs5iYlLBvgHad..f7MJ20wxOMB8nhSNf7UzkdoUfUW8K6coJJI9uW.EsoEqK_l2FqBsv8CVsFbywTaZtD9hsFM6trPG2o9wSVdrCgVsIPHXRY943ULsPy2Cwzf1v_RHLaq9xkcCMtWUsUtaRSyEAcAkSfco9Mu9kn2D.z8XwmP82MQh_3mCIIyL2yEweeS_8.f"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91342290ddd31d40';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=data%20standardization&__cf_chl_rt_tk=NuV5.cCFv2sIUN0g3tc4CgpPzP.QB33vd18mELS.ir0-1739778086-1.0.1.1-kqTdn6gatFYmGY5irPVNr0WahWerUeuTM1kyOkAR9vg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>