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id="toc-Welsh_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_Passover_versus_Roman_Easter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_Passover_versus_Roman_Easter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Celtic Passover versus Roman Easter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_Passover_versus_Roman_Easter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Irish_Rite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Irish_Rite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Establishment of the Irish Rite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Irish_Rite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scottish sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_(insular_and_continental)_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_(insular_and_continental)_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Irish (insular and continental) sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Irish_(insular_and_continental)_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Irish (insular and continental) sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Irish_(insular_and_continental)_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Antiphonary_of_Bangor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Antiphonary_of_Bangor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Antiphonary of Bangor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Antiphonary_of_Bangor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bobbio_Missal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bobbio_Missal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Bobbio Missal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bobbio_Missal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Stowe_Missal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Stowe_Missal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Stowe Missal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Stowe_Missal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_Dimma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_Dimma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The Book of Dimma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Dimma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_Mulling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_Mulling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The Book of Mulling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Mulling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liber_Hymnorum_(The_Book_of_Hymns)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liber_Hymnorum_(The_Book_of_Hymns)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Liber Hymnorum (The Book of Hymns)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liber_Hymnorum_(The_Book_of_Hymns)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentary_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentary_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Fragmentary texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentary_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Other manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_and_liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_and_liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Office and liturgy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Office_and_liturgy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Office and liturgy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Office_and_liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The Mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hours_and_psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hours_and_psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hours and psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hours_and_psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Baptism service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bobbio_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bobbio_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Bobbio form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bobbio_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stowe_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stowe_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Stowe form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stowe_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitation,_unction,_and_communion_of_the_sick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitation,_unction,_and_communion_of_the_sick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Visitation, unction, and communion of the sick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitation,_unction,_and_communion_of_the_sick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecration_of_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration_of_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Consecration of churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration_of_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltsk%C3%BD_ritus" title="Keltský ritus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keltský ritus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltischer_Ritus" title="Keltischer Ritus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keltischer Ritus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rito_c%C3%A9ltico" title="Rito céltico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rito céltico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_celtique" title="Rite celtique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rite celtique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rito_celtico" title="Rito celtico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rito celtico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt_iryjski" title="Ryt iryjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryt iryjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BookMullingFol193StJohnPortrait.jpg/360px-BookMullingFol193StJohnPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BookMullingFol193StJohnPortrait.jpg/480px-BookMullingFol193StJohnPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of St John from The Book of Mulling</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "<b>Celtic Rite</b>" is applied<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Liturgical_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Liturgical Rites">various liturgical rites</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/St._Columbanus" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Columbanus">St. Columbanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catald" title="Catald">Saint Catald</a> in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. The term is not meant to imply homogeneity; instead it is used to describe a diverse range of liturgical practices united by lineage and geography. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh_church">Welsh church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Welsh church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg/260px-Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg/390px-Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg/520px-Cartmel_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cartmel" title="Cartmel">Cartmel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a> in north-west England, the location of an early monastic community</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 8th century AD there were several Christian rites in Western Europe. Such diversity of practice was often considered unimportant so long as Rome's primacy was accepted. Gradually the diversity tended to lessen so that by the time of the final fusion in the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Carolingian</a> period the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a> variant, and the Hispano-Gallican <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a> were practically all that were left. </p><p>British <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> attended the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">Council of Arles</a> in A.D. 314 and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rimini" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Rimini">Council of Rimini</a> in 359. Communication with Gaul may be inferred from dedications to <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">St. Martin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Whithorn" title="Whithorn">Whithorn</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, from the mission of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victridius_of_Rouen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victridius of Rouen (page does not exist)">Victridius of Rouen</a> in A.D. 396 and those of <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus of Auxerre</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lupus_of_Troyes" title="Lupus of Troyes">St. Lupus</a> in 429 and with St. Severus in 447, directed against the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> of which the bishops of Britain stood accused. </p><p>However much of Britain derived their religion from Irish missionsaries. <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foillan" title="Foillan">Foillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diuma" title="Diuma">Diuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Finan of Lindisfarne">Finan of Lindisfarne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaruman" title="Jaruman">Jaruman</a> and others evangelised the Anglo-Saxons. <a href="/wiki/Ia_of_Cornwall" title="Ia of Cornwall">Ia of Cornwall</a> and her companions, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Piran" title="Saint Piran">Saint Piran</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Sennen" title="Sennen">Sennen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petroc" title="Saint Petroc">Petroc</a> came to <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and probably brought with them whatever rites they were accustomed to. Cornwall had an ecclesiastical quarrel with <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> in the days of St. Aldhelm, which appears in <a href="/wiki/Leofric_Missal" title="Leofric Missal">Leofric's Missal</a>, though the details of it are not specified. </p><p>The certain points of difference between the British Church and the Roman in prior to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> were: (1) The rule of keeping Easter (2) the tonsure (3) the manner of baptizing. Gildas also records elements of a different rite of ordination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black; background-color: #008050; border: 1px solid #008050"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_Christianity" title="Category:Celtic Christianity"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFF0"><i>a series</i></span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFF0">Celtic Christianity</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic cross"><img alt="Celtic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg/100px-Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg/150px-Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg/200px-Cruz_Celta_con_Trisquetas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Roman_Britain" title="Christianity in Roman Britain">Christianity in Roman Britain</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity in Ireland</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early Christian Ireland</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland#Christianity" title="Religion in Scotland">Christianity in Scotland</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Christianity in Medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity in Wales</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">"Age of Saints"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Brefi" title="Synod of Brefi">Synod of Brefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Chester" title="Synod of Chester">Synod of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Victory" title="Synod of Victory">Synod of Victory</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cornwall" title="Christianity in Cornwall">Christianity in Cornwall</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Celtic Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0;color: var(--color-base)">Features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Cross">Celtic Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mass" title="Celtic mass">Celtic mass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clas_(ecclesiastical_settlement)" title="Clas (ecclesiastical settlement)">Clas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culdees" title="Culdees">Culdees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_illumination" title="Insular illumination">Insular illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_monasticism" title="Insular monasticism">Insular monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plygain" title="Plygain">Plygain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculptured_stones" title="Sculptured stones">Sculptured stones</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0;color: var(--color-base)">Saints and leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cornish_saints" title="List of Cornish saints">Cornish saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish saints">Irish saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_saints" title="List of Welsh saints">Welsh saints</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Twelve Apostles of Ireland">Twelve Apostles of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany#Religion" title="Brittany">Seven Founder Saints of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Alban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigit_of_Kildare" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigit of Kildare">Brigit of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubricius" title="Dubricius">Dubricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Movilla" title="Finnian of Movilla">Finnian of Movilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynllyw" title="Gwynllyw">Gwynllyw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illtud" title="Illtud">Illtud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Kentigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malo_(saint)" title="Malo (saint)">Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ninian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ninian">Ninian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudoceus" title="Oudoceus">Oudoceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teilo">Teilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewdrig" title="Tewdrig">Tewdrig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #E0F0D0; border: 2px solid #E0F0D0"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Portal Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_Christianity" title="Template:Celtic Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_Christianity" title="Template talk:Celtic Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a Mass, probably of the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently Cornish since it mentions <i>"Ecclesia Lanaledensis"</i> (perhaps <a href="/wiki/St_German%27s_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="St German's Priory">St Germans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, though this was also the Breton name of Aleth, now part of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>) and in honour of St. Germanus. It is quite Roman in type, probably written after that part of Cornwall had come under Saxon influence, but with a unique Proper Preface.The manuscript also contains glosses, held by Professor Loth to be Welsh but possibly Cornish or Breton. There is little other evidence as to what liturgy was in use. </p><p>Anglicans of the 19th century such as Sir William Palmer in his <i>Origines Liturgicae</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester" title="Bishop of Chichester">Bishop of Chichester</a> in his <i>Story of the English Prayerbook</i> proposed that <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/St._Polycarp" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Polycarp">St. Polycarp</a> the disciple of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">St. John the Divine</a>, brought the Ephesine Rite to <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> whence it spread through Gaul to Britain and became the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Sarum Rite</a>. </p><p>The Ephesine origin of the Gallican Rite rested first upon a statement of <a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Lindisfarne" title="Colmán of Lindisfarne">Colmán of Lindisfarne</a> in 664 at the Synod of Whitby respecting the origin of Easter and second upon an 8th-century Irish writer<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who derived the divine office from Alexandria. Archbishop Nuttall<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also asserted the Eastern origin of the Irish rite. The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> disagreed, asserting <i>(see also <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>)</i> that the Sarum Rite is "merely a local variety of the Roman, and that the influence of the Gallican Rite upon it is no greater than upon any other Roman variety". </p><p>A letter from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Pope Zachary</a> to <a href="/wiki/St._Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Boniface">St. Boniface</a> (1 May 748,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports that an English synod had forbidden any baptism except in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and declared that whoever omits the Name of any Person of the Trinity does not truly baptise. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spelman" title="Henry Spelman">Henry Spelman</a> and Wilkins put this synod at London in 603, the time of St. Augustine while <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Mansi" title="Giovanni Domenico Mansi">Mansi</a> makes its date the first year of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a>, 668. The possibility of priests, presumably Irish, having been invalidly baptized was considered in the "Poenitentiale Theodori" (Lib. II, cap. iii, 13), and in cap. ix of the same book, after ordering the <a href="/wiki/Reordination" title="Reordination">reordination</a> of those ordained by Scottish and British bishops "who are not Catholic in their Easter and tonsure" and the asperging of churches consecrated by them. It has been conjectured that the British Church resembled the <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispanic</a> in baptizing with a single immersion. This form had been allowed by Rome in the case of Iberia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_Passover_versus_Roman_Easter">Celtic Passover versus Roman Easter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Celtic Passover versus Roman Easter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish, the English, and the Britons adhered to the Jewish Passover instead of Easter Sunday. They adhered to moon phases and counted the third week of the moon (for Passover) from the 14th to the 20th instead of from the 15th to the 21st. </p><p>Colman at the Synod of Whitby may have had the <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodeciman</a> controversy in mind when he claimed an Ephesian origin for the Irish calculations of Passover. St. Wilfrid answered that according to the Quartodeciman rule Passover might be kept on any day of the week, not just a Sunday, whereas the Irish and those they had evangelised (such as the Anglo-Saxons) kept it on Passover only. St. Aldhelm in his letter to King <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_of_Dumnonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerontius of Dumnonia">Gerontius of Dumnonia</a> also seems to charge the Cornish with Quartodecimanism. </p><p>The Easter versus Passover question was eventually settled at various times in different places. The following dates are derived from Haddan and Stubbs:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western, eastern and southern Ireland, 626-8; northern-west Ireland, 692; Northumbria (converted by Irish missions), 664; East Devon and Somerset, 705; the Picts, 710; Iona, 716-8; Strathclyde, 721; North Wales, 768; South Wales, 777. Cornwall held out the longest of any, perhaps even, in parts, to the time of Bishop Aedwulf of Crediton (909). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_the_Irish_Rite">Establishment of the Irish Rite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Irish Rite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were Christians in Ireland before <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, but we have no information as to how they worshipped, and their existence is ignored by <a href="/wiki/Tirechan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirechan">Tirechan</a>'s 7th-century <i>Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae</i>, which divides the saints of Ireland into three orders covering about 225 years from the coming of St. Patrick in 440 in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Laoghaire_MacNeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Laoghaire MacNeil">Laoghaire MacNeil</a> to the reign of Blathmac and Diarmait sons of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Áed Sláine">Áed Sláine</a> in 665. Each order is stated to have lasted for the reigns of four kings - symmetry is attained by omitting about six intervening reigns, but the outside dates of each period are clear enough, and the document relates customs of the Divine Office and the Easter and tonsure questions. </p><p>The first order was in the time of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, from the reign of Laoghaire to that of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_M%C3%A1elgarb" title="Túathal Máelgarb">Túathal Máelgarb</a> (c. 440–544). They were all bishops, 350 in number, founders of churches, all Romans, French (i.e. the Gauls), Britons and Scots. They had one Head, Christ, one leader, Patrick, one Mass and one tonsure from ear to ear and they celebrated Easter a fortnight after the spring equinox (<i>"quarta decima luna post aequinoctium vernale"</i>). </p><p>The second order was of few bishops and many priests, 300 in number. It lasted from the end of the reign of Tuathal to that of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Ainmuirech" title="Áed mac Ainmuirech">Áed mac Ainmuirech</a> (c. 544–99). They had one head, Christ, they celebrated different Masses and different rules (<i>"diversas regulas"</i>), they had one Easter, the fourteenth of the moon after the equinox, and one tonsure from ear to ear. They received a Mass from the Britons, <a href="/wiki/David_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="David of Wales">David of Wales</a>, Gilla (<a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>), and Docus (<a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a>). The <i>Life of Gildas</i> tells how King <a href="/wiki/Ainmuire_mac_S%C3%A9tnai" title="Ainmuire mac Sétnai">Ainmuire mac Sétnai</a> sent for Gildas to restore ecclesiastical order in his kingdom in which the Catholic faith was being laid aside. </p><p>The third order were priests and a few bishops, 100 in number, living in wildernesses on an ascetic diet (<i>"qui in locis desertis habitabant et oleribus et aqua et eleemosynis vivebant, propria devitabant"</i>), evidently hermits and monks. They had different Masses, different rules, and different tonsures, (<i>"alii enim habebant coronam, alii caesariem"</i>), and celebrated different Easters, some on the fourteenth, some on the sixteenth, of the moon "with hard intention" (<i>"cum duris intentionibus"</i>) which perhaps means "obstinately". These lasted from the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Áed Sláine">Áed Sláine</a> to that of his two sons <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine">Diarmait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blathmac_mac_%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Blathmac mac Áedo Sláine">Blathmac</a> (c. 599–665). </p><p>The <i>"unam celebrationem"</i> of the first order and the <i>"diversas regulas"</i> of the second and third probably both refer to the Divine Office. The meaning seems to be that the first order celebrated a form of Mass introduced by Patrick, who was the pupil of <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus of Auxerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honoratus" title="Honoratus">Honoratus</a> of Lerins, perhaps a Mass of the <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> type. The 8th-century tract in Cott. MS. Nero A. II states that St. Germanus taught the <i>"Cursus Scottorum"</i> to St. Patrick. It is clear that the British Mass introduced by David, Gildas, and Cadoc differed from it. The second and third orders used partly Patrick's Mass and partly one of British origin, and in the case of the third order Roman modifications were also introduced. </p><p>The working of the "Catalogus" seems to imply that the first and second orders were <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodecimans</a>, but this is clearly not the meaning, or on the same argument the third order must have been partly Sextodecimans – if there were such things – and moreover we have the already mentioned statement of St. <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>, the opponent of the Celtic Easter, at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a>, that such was not the case. Tirechan can only mean what we know from other sources: that the fourteenth day of the moon was the earliest day on which Easter could fall, not that it was kept on that day, Sunday or weekday. It was the same ambiguity of expression which misled Colman in 664 and St. Aldhelm in 704. The first and second orders used the Celtic tonsure, and it seems that the Roman coronal tonsure came partly into use during the period of the third order. </p><p>After that we have an obscure period, during which the Roman Easter which had been accepted in South Ireland in 626–628, became universal, being accepted by North Ireland in 692, and it seems probable that a Mass on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Carlsruhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> fragments and the Stowe and <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey" title="Bobbio Abbey">Bobbio</a> Missals - a Roman Canon with some features of a non-Roman type - came into general use. It was not until the 12th century that the separate Irish Rite, which, according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert,_Bishop_of_Limerick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert, Bishop of Limerick (page does not exist)">Gilbert, Bishop of Limerick</a> (1106–39), was in use in nearly all Ireland, was abolished. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malachy" title="Saint Malachy">Saint Malachy</a>, bishop of Armagh (1134–48), began the campaign against it, and at the Synod of <a href="/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary" title="Cashel, County Tipperary">Cashel</a>, in 1172, a Roman Rite <i>"juxta quod Anglicana observat Ecclesia"</i> was finally substituted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scottish_sources">Scottish sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scottish sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Scotland there is very little information. Intercourse with Ireland was considerable and the few details that can be gathered from such sources as Adamnan's Life of St. Columba and the various relics of the Scoto-Northumbrian Church point to a general similarity with Ireland in the earlier period. Of the rite of the monastic order of the Culdees (Céli Dé or Goillidhe-Dé, servants of God, or possibly Cultores Dei) very little is known, but they certainly had a rite of their own, which may have been similar to the Irish. </p><p>The Roman Easter and tonsure were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> in 710, and at Iona in 716–18, and much later, in about 1080, St. Margaret of Scotland, wife of King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm III">Malcolm III</a>, wishing to reform the Scottish church in a Roman direction, discovered and abolished certain peculiar customs of which Theodoric, her chaplain and biographer, tells us less than we could wish. </p><p>It seems that the Scots did not begin Lent on Ash Wednesday but on the Monday following, as is still the Ambrosian practice. They refused to communicate on Easter Day and arguments on the subject make it seem as if the laity never communicated at all. In some places they celebrated Mass <i>"contra totius Ecclesiae consuetudinem, nescio quo ritu barbaro"</i> ("contrary to the customs of the whole Church, with I know not what barbaric rite"). The last statement may be read in connection with that in the Register of St. Andrew's (drawn up 1144–53), <i>"Keledei in angulo quodam ecclesiae, quae modica nimis est, suum officum more suo celebrant".</i> </p><p>How much difference there may have been cannot be judged from these expressions. Scotland may have retained a primitive Celtic Rite, or it may have used the greatly Romanized Stowe or Bobbio Mass. The one fragment of a Scottish Rite, the Office of the Communion of the Sick, in the Book of Deer, probably 11th century, is certainly non-Roman in type, and agrees with those in the extant Irish books. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Deer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Deer">The Book of Deer</a></b> is a 10th-century gospel book from <a href="/wiki/Old_Deer" title="Old Deer">Old Deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_(unitary_authority_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeenshire (unitary authority area)">Aberdeenshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, with early 12th-century additions in Latin, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>. Now in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bookofdeer.co.uk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookofdeer.co.uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains part of an order for the communion of the sick, with a Gaelic rubric.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the book is uncertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_(insular_and_continental)_sources"><span id="Irish_.28insular_and_continental.29_sources"></span>Irish (insular and continental) sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irish (insular and continental) sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 590 St. Columbanus and his companions travelled to the Continent and established monasteries throughout France, South Germany, Switzerland, and North Italy, of which the best known were Luxeuil, Bobbio, St. Galen, and Ratisbon. It is from the Rule of St. Columbanus that we know something of a Celtic Divine Office. Irish missionaries, with their very strict rule, were not altogether popular among the lax Gallican clergy, who tried to get them discouraged. </p><p>At a council at Macon, in 623, certain charges brought by one <a href="/wiki/Agrestius_of_Luxeuil" title="Agrestius of Luxeuil">Agrestius</a> were considered. Among them is the following: <i>"In summâ quod a caeterorum ritu ac norma desciscerent et sacra mysteria sollemnia orationum et collectarum multiplici varietate celebrarent".</i> There has been more than one interpretation of this phrase, some holding, with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>, that it refers to the use of many collects before the Epistle, instead of the one collect of the then Roman Missal, others that it implies a multiplicity of variables in the whole Mass, analogous to that existing in the Hispano-Gallican Rite. The Columbanian monasteries gradually drifted into the Benedictine Order. </p><p>The general conclusion seems to be that, while the Irish were not above borrowing from other Western nations, they originated a good deal themselves, much of which eventually passed into that composite rite which is now known as Roman. This seems to be a rough statement of the opinion of the English Roman Catholic scholar <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bishop" title="Edmund Bishop">Edmund Bishop</a>, which involves the much larger question of the origin and development of all the Western rites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Antiphonary_of_Bangor">The Antiphonary of Bangor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Antiphonary of Bangor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copied at the Abbey of Bobbio from a manuscript compiled at the monastery of Bangor in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, during the time of Abbot Cronan (680–91), this so-called "antiphonary" is now in the Ambrosian Library at Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a large collection of canticles, hymns, collects, and antiphons, all, with very few exceptions, relating to the Divine Office. All but two of the twenty-one pieces in the Turin fragment are found in this manuscript also. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bobbio_Missal">The <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Missal" title="Bobbio Missal">Bobbio Missal</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Bobbio Missal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A manuscript of the 7th century found by Mabillon at Bobbio in North Italy, now in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale</a> at Paris (Lat. 13,246).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V. Neale and Forbes entitle it <i>Missale Vesontionense seu Sacramentarium Gallicanum</i>, its attribution to Besançon being due to the presence of a Mass in honour of St. Sigismund. Monseigneur Duchesne appears to consider it to be more or less Ambrosian, but <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bishop" title="Edmund Bishop">Edmund Bishop</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers it to be "an example of the kind of book in vogue in the second age of the Irish Saints", and connects it with the undoubtedly Irish Stowe Missal. It contains a <i>Missa Romensis cottidiana</i> and Masses for various days and intentions, with the Order of Baptism and the <i>Benedictio Cerei.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Stowe_Missal">The Stowe Missal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Stowe Missal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stowe_Missal" title="Stowe Missal">Stowe Missal</a> is a manuscript of the late 8th or early 9th century, with alterations in later hands, most of them written by one Moelcaich, who signs his name at the end of the Canon, and whom Dr. MacCarthy identifies, not very convincingly, with Moelcaich MacFlann, c. 750. It was discovered abroad, in the 18th century, by John Grace of Nenah, from whom it passed to the Duke of Buckingham's library at <a href="/wiki/Stowe_House" title="Stowe House">Stowe</a>. It was bought by the Earl of Ashburnham in 1849, and from his collection it went to the Royal Irish Academy. It contains part of the Gospel of St. John, probably quite unconnected with what follows, bound up with the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_of_the_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary of the Mass">Ordinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass" title="Canon of the Mass">Canon of the Mass</a>, three Masses, the Order of Baptism and of the Visitation, Unction, and Communion of the Sick, and a treatise in Irish on the Mass, of which a variant is found in the "Leabhar Breac".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The non-Roman elements in the Stowe Missal are: (1) The Bidding Litany between the Epistle and Gospel, which, however, came after the Gospel in the Gallican. (2) The Post-Sanctus. (3) the Responsory of the Fraction. (4) The position of the Fraction before the Pater Noster. (5) the elaborate Fraction. (6) the Communion Antiphons, and Responsory. In the "missa apostolorum et martirum et sanctorum et sanctarum virginum", in the Stowe, the Preface and Sanctus are followed by a Post-Sanctus of regular Hispano-Gallican form, "Vere sanctus, vere benedictus"" etc., which modulates directly into the "Qui pridie"" with no place for the intervention of "Te igitur""and the rest of the first part of the Gelasian Canon. This may represent an Irish Mass as it was before the Gelasian interpolation. In the other two Masses this is not shown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_Dimma">The Book of Dimma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Book of Dimma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An 8th-century Irish <a href="/wiki/Pocket_gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gospel book">pocket gospel book</a> originally from the Abbey of Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dimma" title="Book of Dimma">Book of Dimma</a> contains the four gospels and has an order for the unction and communion of the sick inserted between the gospels of Luke and John.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_Mulling">The Book of Mulling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Book of Mulling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mulling" title="Book of Mulling">Book of Mulling</a> is a manuscript of the late 8th century. It contains the four Gospels, an office for the unction and communion of the sick, and a fragmentary directory or plan of a service.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Lawlor thought the latter a plan of a daily office used morning and evening but the editors of the <i>Liber Hymnorum</i> took it as a special penitential service and compared it with the penitential office sketched out in the <i>Second Vision of Adamnan</i> in the <i>Speckled Book</i>, which, as interpreted by them, it certainly resembles. </p><p>The service plan in the Book of Mulling is: </p> <ol><li>(illegible)</li> <li><i>Magnificat</i></li> <li>Stanzas 4, 5, 6 of St. Columba's hymn <i>Noli pater</i></li> <li>A lesson from St. Matt. v</li> <li>The last three stanzas of the hymn of St. Secundus, <i>Audite omnes</i></li> <li>Two supplementary stanzas</li> <li>The last three stanzas of the hymn of Cumma in Fota, <i>Celebra Juda</i></li> <li>Antiphon <i>Exaudi nos Deus</i>, appended to this hymn</li> <li>Last three stanzas of St. Hillary's hymn, <i>Hymnum dicat</i></li> <li>Either the antiphon <i>Unitas in Trinitate</i> or (as sketch of Adamnan seems to show) the hymn of St. Colman MacMurchon in honour of St. Michael, <i>In Trinitate spes mea</i></li> <li>The Creed</li> <li>The Paternoster</li> <li>Illegible, possibly the collect <i>Ascendat oratio</i>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liber_Hymnorum_(The_Book_of_Hymns)"><span id="Liber_Hymnorum_.28The_Book_of_Hymns.29"></span>Liber Hymnorum (The Book of Hymns)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liber Hymnorum (The Book of Hymns)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a collection of forty hymns in Latin and Irish, almost all of Irish origin, with canticles and <i>"ccclxv orationes quas beatus Gregorius de toto psalterio congregavit"</i>. There are explanatory prefaces in Irish or Latin to each hymn. Some of the hymns are found in the Antiphonary of Bangor, the <i>Leabhar Breac</i>, and the Book of Cerne. There are two manuscripts of this collection, not agreeing exactly, one in Trinity College, Dublin, of the 11th century, and one in the Franciscan Convent at Dublin, of somewhat later date.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the "Liber Hymnorum" there are hymns by Patrick, Columba, <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sechnall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechnall">Sechnall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultan_of_Ardbraccan" title="Ultan of Ardbraccan">Ultan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cummaim_of_Clonfert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cummaim of Clonfert (page does not exist)">Cummaim of Clonfert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muging (page does not exist)">Muging</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coleman_mac_Ui_Clussaigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coleman mac Ui Clussaigh (page does not exist)">Coleman mac Ui Clussaigh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colman_Mac_Murchan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colman Mac Murchan (page does not exist)">Colman Mac Murchan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuchuimne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuchuimne (page does not exist)">Cuchuimne</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght" title="Óengus of Tallaght">Óengus of Tallaght</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Fiacc" title="Saint Fiacc">Fiacc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Broccan">Broccan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanctam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanctam (page does not exist)">Sanctam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandalan_Mor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scandalan Mor (page does not exist)">Scandalan Mor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mael-Isu_ua_Brolchain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mael-Isu ua Brolchain (page does not exist)">Mael-Isu ua Brolchain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ninine" title="Ninine">Ninine</a>, besides a few by non-Irish poets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmentary_texts">Fragmentary texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fragmentary texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> Fragment</b> is a manuscript of the 7th century in the Turin Library.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayer considers the fragment to have been written at Bobbio. It consists of six leaves and contains the canticles, <i>"Cantemus Domino", "Benedicite",</i> and <i>"Te Deum"</i>, with collects to follow those and the <i>Laudate</i> psalms (cxlvii-cl) and the "<i>Benedictus"</i>, the text of which is not given, two hymns with collects to follow them, and two other prayers. </p><p>There are two <b><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> Fragments</b>: four pages in an Irish hand of the late 8th or early 9th century in the Library of Karlsruhe contain parts of three Masses, one of which is <i>"pro captivis"</i>. The arrangement resembles that of the Bobbio Missal, in that the Epistles and Gospels seem to have preceded the other variables under the title of <i>lectiones ad misam</i>. Another four pages in an Irish hand probably of the 9th century contain fragments of Masses and a variant of the intercessions inserted in the Intercession for the Living in the Stowe Missal and in Witzel's extracts from the Fulda Manuscript. There are also some fragments in Irish. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> Fragment</b> consists of four pages (of which the two outer are illegible) in an Irish hand, possibly of the 10th century. The two inner pages contain parts of three Masses, one of which is headed "<i>ordo missae sanctae mariae</i>". In the others are contained the Prefaces of two of the Sunday Masses in the Bobbio Missal, one of which is used on the eighth Sunday after the Epiphany in the Mozarabic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gall</a> Fragments</b> are 8th- and 9th-century fragments in Manuscripts 1394 and 1395 in the Library of <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>. The first book (1394) contains part of an ordinary of the Mass which, as far as it goes, resembles that in the Stowe Missal. The second (1395) contains the confession and litany, which also begin the Stowe Missal, a fragment of a Mass of the Dead, a prayer at the Visitation of the Sick, and three forms for the blessing of salt and water.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> Fragment</b> is a 9th-century Greek Psalter with a Latin interlinear translation. On a fly-leaf at the beginning are two hymns in honour of Mary and of St. Bridget, a prayer to Mary and to the angels and saints, and a long prayer <i>"De conscientiae reatu ante altare"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> Fragment</b> is a 10th-century leaf containing part of an office for the profession of a nun.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_manuscripts">Other manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides these manuscripts there are certain others bearing on the subject which are not liturgical, and some of which are not Celtic, though they show signs of Celtic influences. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Cerne" title="Book of Cerne">Book of Cerne</a> is a large early 9th-century manuscript collection of prayers, etc. made for Æthelwold, Bishop of Lichfield (820–40). It once belonged to the Abbey of Cerne in Dorset, but is <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercian</a> in origin and shows Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Carolingian, Roman, and Byzantine influences.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/An_Leabhar_Breac" title="An Leabhar Breac">The Leabhar Breac</a> or Speckled Book, an Irish manuscript of the 14th century, belonging to the Royal Irish Academy, contains a very large collection of ecclesiastical and religious pieces in Irish. The contents are not as a rule of a liturgical character but the book contains a variant of the Irish tract of the Mass which is also in the Stowe Missal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 8th-century manuscript of probably Northumbrian origin, contains selections from the Gospels, collects, hymns, canticles, private devotions, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fragment of seven leaves of an Irish manuscript of the 9th century contains a litany, the <i>Te Deum</i>, and a number of private devotions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ultimate origin of the various prayers, etc., found in the fragments of the Irish Rite in the books of private devotion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Cerne" title="Book of Cerne">Book of Cerne</a>, Harley MS 7653, and Royal MS 2 A XX, which are either Irish or have been composed under Irish influence, is still under discussion. </p><p>The Turin Fragment and the <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary_of_Bangor" title="Antiphonary of Bangor">Antiphonary of Bangor</a> contain for the most part pieces that are either not found elsewhere or are only found in other Irish books. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Cerne" title="Book of Cerne">Book of Cerne</a> is very eclectic, and pieces therein can also be traced the Gelasian, Gregorian, Gallican, and Hispanic origins, and the Stowe Missal has pieces which are found not only in the Bobbio Missal, but also in the Gelasian, Gregorian, Gallican, Hispanic, and even Ambrosian books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_and_liturgy">Office and liturgy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Office and liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence as to the nature and origin of the Irish office is found in the Rule of St. Columbanus, which gives directions as to the number of psalms to be recited at each hour, in the Turin fragment and the Antiphonary of Bangor, which gives the text of canticles, hymns, collects, and antiphons, in the 8th century tract in Cott. MS. Nero A. II., which gives what was held in the 8th century to be the origin of the <i>"Cursus Scottorum"</i> (<i>Cursus psalmorum</i> and <i>Synaxis</i> are terms used for the Divine Office in the Rule of St. Columbanus) and in allusions in the <i>Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae</i>, which differentiates between the <i>Cursus Gallorum</i>, which it derives imaginatively from Ephesus and St. John, through St. Polycarp and St. Irenaeus, and this <i>Cursus Scottorum</i> which, according to this writer, probably an Irish monk in France, originated with St. Mark at Alexandria. With St. Mark it came to Italy. St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Basil, and the hermits St. Anthony, St. Paul, St. Macarius, St. John, and St. Malchus used it. St. Cassian, St. Honoratus, and <a href="/wiki/Porcarius_I" title="Porcarius I">St. Porcarius of Lérins</a>, St. Caesarius of Arles, St. Germanus, and St. Lupus also used it, and St. Germanus taught it to St. Patrick, who brought it to Ireland. There <i>Wandilochus Senex</i> and <i>Gomorillus</i> (Comgall) used it and St. Wandilochus and Columbanus brought it to Luxeuil. The part of the story from St. Germanus onwards may possibly be founded in fact. The other part is not so probable as it does not follow that what St. Columbanus carried to Gaul was the same as that which St. Patrick had brought from Gaul in an earlier age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mass">The Mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celtic Mass (page does not exist)">Celtic Mass</a></div> <p>The Bobbio and <a href="/wiki/Stowe_Missal" title="Stowe Missal">Stowe Missals</a> contain the Irish ordinary of a daily Mass in its late Romanized form. Many of the variables are found in the Bobbio book and portions of some Masses are in the Carlsruhe and Piacenza fragments besides which a little information is found in the St. Gall fragments, the Bangor Antiphonary, the order for the communion of the sick in the Books of Dimma, Mulling, and Deer, the tract in Irish at the end of the Stowe Missal and its variant in the Leabhar Breac. </p><p>The Bobbio book is a complete missal, for the priest only, with Masses for holy days through the year. The Stowe Missal gives three differing forms, a fragmentary original of the 9th century, the correction by Moelcaich and the Mass described in the Irish tract. The pieces said by the people are in several cases only indicated by beginnings and endings. The original Stowe Mass approaches nearer to that of Bobbio than the revised form does. </p><p>Moelcaich's version is a mixed Mass, Gelasian, Roman or Romano-Ambrosian for the most part, with much of a Hispano-Gallican type underlying it, and perhaps some indigenous details. It is evident that Roman additions or substitutions were recognized as such. </p><p>In the Bobbio book the Masses throughout the year seem to be Gallican in arrangement up to the Preface and Gelasian Roman afterwards. They contain at their fullest, besides Epistle, Gospel and sometimes a lesson from the Old Testament or the Apocalypse (the Prophetia of the Ambrosian Rite), the following variables: </p> <ol><li>Collects, sometimes called <i>Post Prophetiam</i>, sometimes not named.</li> <li>Bidding prayer, sometimes called by its Gallican name, <i>Praefatio</i>. This is followed by one or more collects.</li> <li>Collect <i>post nomina</i>.</li> <li>Collect <i>Ad Pacem</i>.</li> <li>Sometimes <i>secreta</i>, but whenever this title is used the Mass is wholly Roman and has no <i>Praefatio</i>, <i>Post nomina</i> or <i>Ad Pacem</i>, but only one collect preceding it.</li> <li><i>Contestatio</i>, in one case called "immolatio missae". This is the Praefatio in the Roman sense.</li></ol> <p>Here the Mass ends, with apparently no variable post-communion, though these are given in the three masses in the Stowe. The Masses are: three for Advent; Christmas Eve and Day; St. Stephen; Holy Innocents; Sts. James and John; Circumcision; Epiphany; St. Peter's Chair; St. Mary; the Assumption (this and St. Peter's Chair are given in the Martyrology of Oengus on 18 Jan., evidently its place here); five for Lent; <i>In symboli traditione</i>; Maundy Thursday; Easter Eve and Day; two Paschal Masses; Invention of the Cross; Litany days; Ascension; Pentecost (called <i>in Quinquaginsimo</i>); St. John Baptist; <i>in S. Johannis passione</i>; Sts. Peter and Paul; St. Sigismund; Martyrs; one Martyr; one Confessor; St. Martin; one Virgin; for the Sick; Dedication; St. Michael; for travellers; for the priest himself; <i>Missa omnimoda</i>; four votive Masses; for the Living and the Dead; <i>in domo cujuslibet</i>; seven Sunday Masses; for the king; two daily Masses; for a dead priest; for the Dead—sixty-one in all. </p><p>The Mass <i>in symboli traditione</i> includes the <i>traditio</i> and <i>expositio symboli</i>, that for Maundy Thursday is followed by the Good Friday <i>Lectio Passionis</i>, and the Easter Eve Mass is preceded by preces and intercessory orationes similar to those now used on Good Friday, by the <i>benedictio cerei</i> (for which a hymn and a prayer occur in the Bangor Antiphonary), here only represented by <i>Exultet</i>, and by the order of baptism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hours_and_psalms">Hours and psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hours and psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rule of St. Columbanus and the Bangor book distinguish eight Hours; </p> <ol><li><i>Ad duodecimam</i> (Vespers, called <i>ad Vespertinam</i> and <i>ad Vesperam</i> in the Bangor book, Adamnan's Life of St. Columba calls it once (iii,23) <i>Vespertinalis missa</i>)</li> <li><i>Ad initium noctis</i> (Compline)</li> <li><i>Ad nocturnam</i> or <i>ad medium noctis</i></li> <li><i>Ad matutinam</i> (Lauds)</li> <li><i>Ad secundam</i> (Prime)</li> <li><i>Ad tertiam</i></li> <li><i>Ad sextam</i></li> <li><i>Ad nonam</i></li></ol> <p>At the four lesser Hours St. Columanus orders three psalms each; at Vespers, <i>ad initium noctis</i>, and <i>ad medium noctis</i> twelve each, and <i>ad matutinam</i>, a very curious and intricate arrangement of psalmody varying in length with the longer and shorter nights. On Saturdays and Sundays from 1 November to 25 March, seventy-five psalms were recited on each day, under one antiphon for every three psalms. From 25 March to 24 June these were diminished by three psalms weekly to a minimum of thirty-six psalms. It would seem, though it does not say so, that the minimum was used for about five weeks, for a gradual increase of the same amount arrives at the maximum by 1 November. On other days of the week there was a maximum of thirty-six and a minimum of twenty-four. </p><p>The Rule does not say how the psalter was distributed. Based on the Bangor book and the practices in other rites, the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> speculates that the <i>Laudate</i> psalms (cxlvii-cl) were likely said together at Lauds, and that <i>Domine, Refugium</i> (Ps. lxxxix) was said <i>ad secundam</i>. Adamnan mentions that St. Columba sang Ps. xliv, <i>Eructavit cor meum</i>, at vespers on one occasion. The psalms at the lesser Hours were to be accompanied by a number of intercessory versicles. In the Bangor book these, somewhat expanded from the list in the Rule, but certainly to be identified with them, are given in the form of one, two, or three antiphons and a collect for each intercession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism_service">Baptism service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Baptism service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two Irish orders of baptism extant: one in the 7th-century Bobbio Missal and one in the 9th-century part of the Stowe Missal. They differ considerably in the order of ceremony, though they have a good deal of their actual wording in common. Both the Stowe and the Bobbio have the Gallican washing of the feet after baptism, with words very similar to those in the "Gothicum" and "Vetus Gallicanum". </p><p>The Stowe is the longest of any early form and on the whole has most in common with the Gelasian and Gregorian. In some of its details it has the appearance of a rather unskilful combination of two orders, for the exorcism, renunciation and confession of faith come twice over. The long Blessing of the Font and Baptismal Water is a combination of the Gelasian and Gregorian forms. </p><p>The actual formula of baptism is not given in the Stowe, but in the Bobbio it reads: <i>"Baptizo te in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti unam habentem [sic] substantiam ut habeas vitam aeternam partem cum sanctis."</i> ("I baptise you in the name of the father and son and holy spirit, having one substance, that you share life eternal with the saints") This form resembles those in the "Missale Gothicum", the <i>"Vetus Gallicanum"</i> and the 11th-century Mozarabic <i>"Liber Ordinum"</i> in adding <i>"ut habeas vitam aeternam"</i>, though all differ in other additions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bobbio_form">Bobbio form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bobbio form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>"Ad Christianum faciendum"</i> (a) First Exorcism (b) <i>Signum Crucis</i> (c) Insufflation</li> <li>Blessing of Font. (a) Exorcism of water. (b) Two collects. (c) <i>Sursum Corda</i> and preface. (d) Chrismation at font</li> <li>Second Exorcism: <i>"Exorcidio te spiritus imunde"</i></li> <li>"Ephpheta". The form is <i>"Effeta, effecta est hostia in odorem suavitatis"</i>. Cf. the Stowe form</li> <li>Unction with oil of catechumens on nose, ears, and breast. The form is <i>"Ungo te oleo sanctificato sicut unxit Samuel David in regem et prophetam"</i></li> <li>Renunciation. The three renunciations of the Stowe (and general Roman) form, combined under one answer</li> <li>Confession of faith, with full creed</li> <li>Baptism</li> <li>Chrismation, with which is said the form <i>"Deus D. N. J. C. qui te regeneravit"</i>, etc.</li> <li>Vesting with white robe</li> <li>Washing the feet</li> <li>"Post Baptism", two collects</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stowe_form">Stowe form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stowe form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Exorcism and <i>Signum Crucis</i> (sign of the cross). Three prayers. The first is in Moelcaich's hand and includes the signing, the second occurs also in the Bangor Antiphoner as <i>"Collectio super hominem qui habet diabolum"</i> (collect upon man, who has the devil) and the third <i>"Deus qui ad salutem"</i> is repeated before the Blessing of the Font.</li> <li><i>Consecratio salis</i> (consecration of salt) with an exorcism from the Gelasian</li> <li>Renunciation - three separate answers</li> <li>Confession of faith - the creed in its shortest possible form, a simple profession of faith in each person of the trinity</li> <li>Insufflation without words</li> <li>First unction on breast and back with oil and chrism, saying <i>"Ungo te oleo sanctificatio in nomine"</i> ("I anoint you with sanctified oil in the name...") etc.</li> <li>Second renunciation in the same words as before</li> <li>Four prayers of exorcism, two Gelasian and two Gregorian</li> <li>Irish rubric "It is here that salt is put into the mouth of the child."</li> <li>"Ephpheta" - the form is: <i>"Effeta quot est apertio effeta est hostia in honorem [sic] suavitatis in nomine"</i> etc. The Gelasian and Gregorian (like the modern Roman) have, <i>"Effeta quod est adaperire in odorem suavitatis, tu autem effugare Diabole, appropinquabit enim judicium Dei"</i>. The play upon the words <i>effeta</i> and <i>effecta</i> is peculiar to the Bobbio and Stowe. In other books <i>"Ephpheta"</i> is not associated with the giving of the salt, as it appears to be here, but with the touching of the nose and ears with spittle.</li> <li>Prayer - <i>"Domine sancte pater omnipotens aeterne deus, qui es et qui eras et qui venturus es"</i> ("Lord, holy father, omnipotent eternal god, you who are and who was and who are to come"). This occurs in the Gelasian as <i>"Ad catechumenum ex Pagano faciendum"</i> ("for making a convert out of a pagan"), and is said in the present Roman baptism of adults before the giving of the salt in the case of converts from paganism.</li> <li>Prayer - <i>"Deus qui ad salutem humani generis"</i> ("Lord, who for the health of human kind"). This, which forms part of the blessing of water in the Gelasian, Gregorian, and modern Roman, is repeated here for the second time, having been said already with the first exorcism.</li> <li>Prayer - <i>"Exaudi nos Domine......et mittere dignare"</i> ("Hear us, lord"). The prayer used at the <i>"Asperges"</i> in the modern Roman rite.</li> <li>Second unction - <i>"Huc usque catechumenus. Incipit oleari oleo et crismate in pectus et item scapulas antequam baptizaretur."</i></li> <li>Litany <i>"circa fontem canitur"</i> ("Sung around the font") - No text is given. In the Ambrosian rite the Litany is said after the Baptism, and in the modern Roman on Easter Eve after the blessing of the font.</li> <li>Two psalms (or rather verses of two psalms) - <i>"Sitvit anima mea usque vivum, quemadmodum. Vox Domini super aquas multas. Adferte."</i> This is a way of expressing Ps. xli, 2 and Ps. xxviii, 3. The whole of Ps. xli is said in the Ambrosian, and Ps. xxviii in the Roman baptism of adults.</li> <li>Blessing of the font - the first part consists of exorcisms which, though they occur in various parts of the existing Gelasian books, are always connected with blessing the font or the water therein. The last part consists, with a few variations, of the prayer <i>"Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, adesto magnae pietatis tuae mysteriis"</i> along with the preface and prayers that follow in the Gelasian, Gregorian, and modern Roman Easter Eve ceremonies, down to the pouring of chrism into the font. The direction which follows orders the chrism to be poured <i>"in modum crucis" - "et quique voluerit implet vasculum aqua benedictionis ad domos consecrandas et populus praesens aspergitur aqua benedicta".</i></li> <li>Confession of faith repeated in a slightly amplified form.</li> <li>The Baptism - a triple immersion or aspersion is ordered but no formula is given.</li> <li>The Chrismation - anointing with oil <i>"in cerebrum in fronte"</i> ("upon the forehead"). The prayer is <i>"Deus omnipotens Pater D.N.J.C. qui te regeneravit"</i> etc. as found in the Gelasian, Gregorian, modern Roman and Ambrosian, the Bobbio and <i>"Vetus Gallicanum"</i>. The formula is <i>"Ungo te de oleo et de Chrismate salutis et sanctificationis in nomine.... nunc et per omnia in saecula saeculorum",</i> and <i>"operare creatura olei operare in nomine"....</i></li> <li>Vesting with white robe by the deacon, with the usual words (said by the priest), <i>"Accipe vestem candidam"</i> ("accept the white vesture") etc.</li> <li>Signing of the hands - the priest says <i>"Aperiatur manus pueri"</i> and <i>"Signum crucis Christi accipe in manum tuam dexteram et conservet te in vitam aeternam".</i> Warren finds an instance of this ceremony in the 11th-century Jumièges Ritual, but otherwise it does not seem to be known.</li> <li>Washing of feet - this ceremony is peculiarly Gallican and Irish and is not found in Roman books. An order was made in Iberia by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Elvira" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Elvira">Council of Elvira</a> in 305 that it should be performed by clerks, not priests. The Stowe form begins with verses from the Psalms, <i>"Lucerna pedibus"</i> and others, with Alleluias. Then follow a formula and a prayer, both referring to Christ washing the feet of his disciples.</li> <li>Communion - <i>"Corpus et sanguinis [sic] D.N.J.C. sit tibi in vitam aeternam</i>, followed by thanksgivings for communion and baptism. At the end are a blessing of water (found also in the Gregorian) and an exorcism (found also in Gallican and Ambrosian books and in a slightly varied form, in the 11th-century Mozarabic <i>Liber Ordinum</i>). These, if they belong to the baptism, are clearly out of place, rendered unnecessary, as Warren suggests, by the introduction of the larger Roman blessing of the font. It is possible, however, that they belong to the office of the visitation of the sick, which follows immediately without any break in the manuscript, since that service in the Book of Mulling has a blessing of water at the beginning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visitation,_unction,_and_communion_of_the_sick"><span id="Visitation.2C_unction.2C_and_communion_of_the_sick"></span>Visitation, unction, and communion of the sick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Visitation, unction, and communion of the sick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four extant specimens of these services: in the Stowe Missal and the Book of Dimma are the longest and most complete, and agree very closely. The Mulling differs in the preliminary bidding prayers and in beginning with blessings of water and of the sick person, the latter of which comes at the end and in a different form in the Stowe and Dimma, though it agrees with the Dimma in inserting the creed, which is not in the Stowe. The Deer form has only the communion, which agrees substantially with the other three. The order in the Stowe is: </p> <ul><li>Blessing of water - <i>"Benedic, Domine, hanc creaturam aquae"</i> ("Bless, O Lord, this creature water") (Gregorian) and <i>"Exorcizo te spiritus immunde"</i> ("I exorcise thee, O <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">unclean spirit</a>") (found in the Bobbio Baptismal Order before the "Ephpheta" and in an Ambrosian Order quoted by Martène, but in both as an "exorcismus hominis", exorcism of [sick] person). These two are considered by Warren to belong to the Baptismal Order, but cf. the position of the "Benedictio super aquam" and "Benedictio hominis" in the Book of Mulling.</li> <li>Preface - in the Gallican sense, <i>"Oremus fratres, Dominum Deum nostrum pro fratre nostro"</i> ("Let us pray, brothers, to the Lord our God for our brother", i.e., the sick person), followed by six collects, all but one of which, as well as the Praefatio, are in the Dimma.</li> <li>Two Gospels. Matt., xxii, 23, 29–33, and xxiv, 29–31. The first is in the Dimma, where there is also an Epistle, I Cor., xv, 19–22.</li> <li>Unction. In the Dimma this is preceded by a declaration of faith in the trinity, eternal life and the resurrection. In the Mulling the creed follows the unction. The form is <i>"ungo te de oleo sanctificato ut salveris in nomine ... in saecula"</i> ("I anoint thee with the oil of sanctification that thou mayest be saved, in the Name of the Father ... for ever") etc. The Dimma is <i>"Ungo te de oleo sanctificato in nomine Trinitatis ut salveris in saecula saeculorum"</i> ("I anoint thee with the oil of sanctification in the name of the trinity that thou mayest be saved for ever and ever"), and the Mulling <i>"Ungo te de oleo sanctificationis in nomine dei patris et filii et spiritus sancti ut salveris in nomine sancti trinitatis"</i> ("I anoint thee with the oil of sanctification in the name of God the father and the son and the holy spirit that thou mayest be saved in the name of the holy trinity"). The forms in the old Ambrosian Rituals and in the pre-Tridentine rite of the Venetian patriarchate began with <i>"Ungo te oleo sanctificato"</i>. A very similar form is given by Martene from a 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> Breviary (Vol. IV, 241), and another is in the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> ritual described by Gastoue (Rassegna Gregoriana, 1903). The Roman and modern Ambrosian forms begin with <i>"Per istam unctionem"</i> ("Through this anointing"). Nothing is said in the Celtic books about the parts of the body to be anointed.</li> <li>The Lord's Prayer - with introduction <i>"Concede Domine nobis famulis tuis"</i> and embolism <i>"libera nos Domine"</i>. The Dimma has the same introduction but after the prayer the sick person is directed to recite <i>"Agnosce, Domine, verba quae precepisti"</i>. As another, or perhaps an alternative, introduction to the prayer, The Mulling and Deer have <i>"Creator naturarum omnium"</i>. In each case the Pater Noster and its accompaniments are preliminary to the Communion.</li> <li>Three prayers for the sick man, referring to his Communion - these are not in the Dimma, Mulling, or Deer. One of these, <i>"Domine sancte Pater te fideliter"</i>, is in the present Roman ritual.</li> <li>Pax - <i>"Pax et caritas D.N.J.C."</i> ("The peace and love of our Lord Jesus Christ"), etc. as in the Mass.</li> <li>Communion. The words of administration as given in the Stowe are <i>"Corpus et sanguis D.N.J.C. fili Dei vivi altissimi, et reliqua"</i> ("The body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the living most high God, and the remains"). The Dimma omits <i>"altissimi"</i> (most high) and ends <i>"conservat animam tuam in vitam aeternam"</i> ("preserve thy soul unto eternal life"). The Mulling has <i>"Corpus cum sanguine D. N. J. C. sanitas sit tibi in vitam aeternam"</i> ("The body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ be health to thee unto eternal life"). The Deer has the same, except that it ends <i>"in vitam perpetuam et salutem"</i> ("unto perpetual life and health"). Then follow Communion anthems similar to those in the Mass, differing in order and selection in the Stowe Mass, the Stowe, Dimma, Mulling, and Deer communions of the sick and in the Antiphonary of Bangor, though several are common to them all.</li> <li>Thanksgiving - <i>"Deus tibi gratias agimus"</i> ("God, we give thee thanks"). This is found in the Dimma, Mulling, and Deer forms, where it ends the service. In the Dimma it is preceded by the blessing.</li> <li>Blessing - <i>"Benedicat tibi Dominus et custodiat te"</i> "("The Lord bless thee and keep thee"), followed by the signing of the cross and <i>"pax tibi in vitam aeternam"</i> ("Peace to thee in eternal life").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecration_of_churches">Consecration of churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consecration of churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Leabhar Breac there is a tract describing the consecration of a church, a ceremony divided into five parts; consecration of the floor, of the altar with its furniture, consecration out of doors, aspersion inside and aspersion outside. The consecration of the floor includes writing two alphabets thereon. There are directed to be seven crosses cut on the altar, and nothing is said about relics. </p><p>On the whole the service appears to be of the same type as the Roman though it differs in details and, if the order of the component parts as given in the tract may be taken as correct, in order also.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Rite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03493a.htm">The Celtic Rite by Catholic Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England (MS. 572)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott. MS. Nero A. II in the British Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism; S.P.C.K., 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haddan and Stubbs, III, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.W. Haddan and W. Stubbs (ed.), <i>Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland</i>, 3 vols (Oxford, 1869–78), I, 112–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookofdeer.co.uk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bookofdeer.co.uk_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111200315/http://www.bookofdeer.co.uk/bookofdeer.html">"The Book of Deer Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofdeer.co.uk/bookofdeer.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Deer+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofdeer.co.uk%2Fbookofdeer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Printed in Warren's <i>The Celtic Church</i>. The whole manuscript was edited by Dr. Stuart for the Spalding Club in 1869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited, in facsimile, for the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradshaw_Society" title="Henry Bradshaw Society">Henry Bradshaw Society</a> (1895–96) by F .E. Warren, having been already printed in <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">Muratori</a>'s "Anecdota Bibl. Ambros.", IV, pp. 121–59, in Migne's <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a></i>, LXXII, 579, and in the "Ulster Journal of Archaeology", 1853.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published by Mabillon (Lit. Rom. Vet., II) and by Neale and Forbes (Ancient Liturgies of the Gallican Church). There is an analysis of it by Paul Cagin in "Paleographie musicale".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a liturgical note to Kuypers' "Book of Cerne".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The liturgical parts are in Warren's "Celtic Church". It was edited for the Royal Irish Academy in 1885 by Dr. B. MacCarthy, and re-edited with a facsimile for the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradshaw_Society" title="Henry Bradshaw Society">Henry Bradshaw Society</a>, by G.F. Warner. A translation, by J. Charleston, of the Ordinary and Canon of the Mass appeared in the "Transactions" of the Glasgow Ecclesiological Society in 1898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now at Trinity College, Dublin. Printed in Warren's "Celtic Church".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Trinity College, Dublin. Latter printed, with a dissertation, in Lawlor's "Chapters on the Book of Mulling", and the unction and communion office in Warren's "Celtic Church".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A combination of both manuscripts edited for the Henry Bradshaw Society (1897–98) by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henry Bernard">John Henry Bernard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Atkinson_(philologist)" title="Robert Atkinson (philologist)">Robert Atkinson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published by W. Mayer, with a dissertation comparing it with the Bangor Antiphoner, in the Göttingen "Nachrichten", 1903. There is a facsimile of one page and a description in <i>Collezione paleografica Bobbiese</i>, Vol. I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of these three fragments (5–7), with a dissertation on them by H. M. Bannister, is given in the "Journal of Theological Studies", October, 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All these are given in Warren's "Celtic Church".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. vii. 3 in the Basel Library. The last prayer is printed in Warren's "The Celtic Church".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Public Library, Zürich. Quoted in Warren's "The Celtic Church".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cambridge University Library, MS Ll. 1. 10. Edited (with a "Liturgical Note" by E. Bishop) by A.B. Kuypers (Cambridge, 1902).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Printed with translation in MacCarthy's edition of the Stowe Missal, and in the Transactions of the Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society, with translation and notes by D. Macgregor (1898). The whole book published in facsimile without transliteration or translation but with a detailed table of contents by the Royal Irish Academy (1876). The Passions and Homilies edited with a translation and glossary by Robert Atkinson in the Todd Lecture series of the same Academy (1887).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal MS 2 A XX, British Library, described in Warren's <i>Bangor Antiphoner</i> (Vol. II, p. 97).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harley MS 7653, British Library. Edited by W. de G. Birch, with <i>The Book of Nunnaminster</i>, for the Hampshire Record Society (1889), and by Warren in his monograph on the <i>Bangor Antiphoner</i> (Vol. II, p 83).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tract, edited with a translation by T. Olden, has been printed by the <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Ecclesiological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's Ecclesiological Society">St Paul's Ecclesiological Society</a> (Vol. IV., 1900).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Celtic Rite". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Celtic+Rite&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Rite" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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id="Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">rites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Catholic Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Eucharistic liturgies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great">Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom">Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">Low Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgical hours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> (nighttime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (early morning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a> (first hour of daylight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (third hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a> (noon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">Nones</a> (ninth hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (sunset/evening) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> (Anglican Use Vespers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsha" title="Ramsha">Ramsha</a> (West Syriac Vespers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (end of the day)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other liturgical services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession#Catholic_Church" title="Procession">Procession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">Book of hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horologion" title="Horologion">Horologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_Daily_Office" title="Divine Worship: Daily Office">Divine Worship: Daily Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical" title="Pontifical">Pontifical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonary" title="Tonary">Tonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Liturgical<br />rites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin<br />liturgical rites</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">Extraordinary Form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic<br />Churches</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic<br />liturgy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar rite">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> 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