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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Typographical distinction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Boldface" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boldface_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boldface (disambiguation)">Boldface (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraktur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fraktur.png/350px-Fraktur.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fraktur.png/525px-Fraktur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Fraktur.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Example of black letter emphasis using the technique of changing fonts</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, <b>emphasis</b> is the strengthening of words in a text with a <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> in a different style from the rest of the text, to highlight them.<sup id="cite_ref-Twyman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twyman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)#Prosodic_stress" title="Stress (linguistics)">prosody stress</a> in speech. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_and_use">Methods and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphasis-typography-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/278px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/417px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/556px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Roman emphasis example</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphasis_methods.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Different methods of emphasis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emphasis_methods.svg/262px-Emphasis_methods.svg.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emphasis_methods.svg/394px-Emphasis_methods.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emphasis_methods.svg/525px-Emphasis_methods.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="4961" /></a><figcaption>Different methods of emphasis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common methods in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">Western typography</a> fall under the general technique of emphasis through a change or modification of font: <i>italics</i>, <b>boldface</b> and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SMALL CAPS</span></span>. Other methods include the alteration of LETTER CASE and<span style="letter-spacing:0.3em"> spacing</span> as well as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">color</span> and *additional graphic marks*. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Font_styles_and_variants">Font styles and variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Font styles and variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human eye is very receptive to differences in "brightness within a text body." Therefore, one can differentiate between types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the "<a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">blackness</a>" of text, sometimes referred to as typographic color. </p><p>A means of emphasis that does not have much effect on blackness is the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italics</a></i>, where the text is written in a script style, or <i><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a></i>, where the vertical orientation of each letter of the text is slanted to the left or right. With one or the other of these techniques (usually only one is available for any typeface), words can be highlighted without making them stand out much from the rest of the text (inconspicuous stressing). This is used for marking passages that have a different context, such as book titles, words from foreign languages, or internal dialogue. For multiple, nested levels of emphasis, the font is usually alternated back to (upright) roman script, or quotation marks are used instead, although some font families provide upright italics for a third visually distinct appearance. </p><p>By contrast, a <b>bold</b> <a href="/wiki/Font_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Font weight">font weight</a> makes letters of a text thicker than the surrounding text.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Font_Weight_Bigelow_&_Holmes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Font_Weight_Bigelow_&_Holmes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bold strongly stands out from regular text, and is often used to highlight keywords important to the text's content. For example, printed dictionaries often use boldface for their keywords, and the names of entries can conventionally be marked in bold.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small capitals</a> (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">THUS</span></span>) are also used for emphasis, especially for the first line of a section, sometimes accompanied by or instead of a <a href="/wiki/Drop_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop cap">drop cap</a>, or for personal names as in bibliographies. </p><p>If the text body is <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typeset</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif typeface</a>, it is also possible to highlight words by setting them in a <a href="/wiki/Sans_serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans serif">sans serif</a> face. This practice is often considered archaic in Latin script, and on computers is complicated since fonts are no longer issued by foundries with a standard baseline, so switching font may distort line spacing. It is still possible using some <a href="/wiki/Font_superfamily" title="Font superfamily">font super families</a>, which come with matching serif and sans-serif variants, though these are not generally supplied with modern computers as system fonts. In Japanese typography, due to the reduced legibility of heavier <a href="/wiki/Ming_(typefaces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming (typefaces)">Minchō</a> type, the practice remains common. </p><p>Of these methods, italics, small capitals and <a href="/wiki/Capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalisation">capitalization</a> are oldest, with bold type and sans-serif typefaces not arriving until the nineteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalization">Capitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house styles</a> of many publishers in the United States use <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a> text for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">chapter</a> and section headings;</li> <li>newspaper <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headlines</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publication</a> titles;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_statement" title="Precautionary statement">warning</a> messages; and</li> <li>words of important meaning.</li></ul> <p>Capitalization is used much less frequently by British publishers, and usually only for book titles. </p><p>All-uppercase letters are a common substitute form of emphasis where the medium lacks support for boldface, such as old <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>, plain-text <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service">SMS</a> and other text-messaging systems. </p><p>Socially, the use of all-caps text in Roman languages has become an indicator of shouting when quoting speech. It was also often used in the past by American lawyers to flag important points in a legal text.<sup id="cite_ref-All_Caps,_Butterick_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_Caps,_Butterick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinciding with the era of typewriter use, the practice became unnecessary with the advent of computerized text formatting, although it is still found on occasion in documents created by older lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_is_your_Contract_YELLING_AT_YOU?_All_Caps_in_Contracts,_Explained._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_is_your_Contract_YELLING_AT_YOU?_All_Caps_in_Contracts,_Explained.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Legal_writing_in_plain_English_:_a_text_with_exercises_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legal_writing_in_plain_English_:_a_text_with_exercises-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letter-spacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphasis_typography2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emphasis_typography2.png/220px-Emphasis_typography2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emphasis_typography2.png/330px-Emphasis_typography2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Emphasis_typography2.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>An example of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperrsatz" class="extiw" title="de:Sperrsatz"><i>sperrsatz</i></a>. Note wider spacing of the word <i>gesperrt</i> ("letterspaced").</figcaption></figure> <p>Another means of emphasis is to increase <a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">the spacing between the letters</a>, rather than making them darker, but still achieving a distinction in blackness. This results in an effect reverse to boldface: the emphasized text becomes lighter than its environment. This is often used in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> typesetting and <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> manuscripts, but by no means restricted to those situations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This letter-spacing is referred to as <i>sperren</i> in German, which could be translated as "spacing out": in typesetting with letters of lead, the spacing would be achieved by inserting additional non-printing slices of metal between the types, usually about an eighth of an em wide. On typewriters a full space was used between the letters of an emphasized word and also one before and one after the word. </p><p>For black letter type boldface was not feasible, since the letters were very dark in their standard format, and on (most) typewriters only a single type was available. Although letter-spacing was common, sometimes different typefaces (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Fraktur_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraktur (script)">Fraktur</a>), underlining or colored, usually red ink were used instead. </p><p>Since blackletter type remained in use in German speaking parts of Europe <a href="/wiki/Antiqua-Fraktur_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiqua-Fraktur dispute">much longer</a> than anywhere else, the custom of letter-spacing is sometimes seen as specific to German, although it has been used with other languages, including English.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in German, however, this kind of emphasis may also be used within modern type, e.g. where italics already serve another semantic purpose (as in linguistics) and where no further means of emphasis (e.g. small caps) are easily available or feasible. Its professional use today is very limited in German. This use of spacing is also traditionally found in Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German orthographic (or rather typographic) rules require that the mandatory blackletter <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> are retained. That means, <i>ſt</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>ck</i>, and <i>tz</i> are still stuck together just as the letter <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a></i>, whereas optional, additional ligatures like <i>ff</i> and <i>ſi</i> are broken up with a (small) space in between. Other writing systems did not develop such sophisticated rules since spacing was so uncommon therein. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> typography, it also used to be common to emphasize words using letter-spaced type. This practice for Cyrillic has become obsolete with the availability of Cyrillic italic and small capital fonts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underlining">Underlining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Underlining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">Underline</a></div> <p>Professional Western typesetting usually does not employ lines under letters for emphasis within running text. In <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a>, underlining (or underscoring) is a convention that says "set this text in <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a>", traditionally used on <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">manuscript</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manuscript#Modern_variations" title="Manuscript">typescript</a> as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks" title="List of proofreader's marks">instruction to the printer</a>. Its use to add emphasis in modern documents is a deprecated practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterick_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterick-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In web pages, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperlinks">hyperlinks</a> are often displayed with underlines –  to identify them as such rather than to emphasize them. Underlining is also used for secondary emphasis, i.e. marks added to a printed text by the reader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overlining">Overlining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overlining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Arabic, it is traditional to emphasize text by drawing a line over the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, where the word at which <a href="/wiki/Sujud_Tilawa" title="Sujud Tilawa">Sujud Tilawa</a> is performed is overlined.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphasis_mark_(vertical).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Emphasis_mark_%28vertical%29.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_mark" title="Emphasis mark">emphasis marks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>, written vertically</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes quotation marks are used for emphasis. However, this clashes with the general understanding of how the marks are properly used, particularly <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a>, and can leave the reader with a different impression than intended.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, emphasis in body text is supposed to be indicated by using an "<a href="/wiki/Emphasis_mark" title="Emphasis mark">emphasis mark</a>" (着重號／着重号), which is a dot placed under each character to be emphasized. This is still taught in schools but in practice it is not usually done, probably due to the difficulty of doing this using most computer software. Consequently, methods used for emphasis in Western text are often used instead, even though they are considered inappropriate for Chinese (for example, the use of underlining or setting text in <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique type</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> texts, when katakana would be inappropriate, emphasis is indicated by "emphasis dots" (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8F%E7%82%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:圏点">圏点</a> or <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8F%E7%82%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:圏点">傍点</a>) placed above the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> and any accompanying <a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">horizontal writing</a> and to the right in <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">vertical writing</a>. Japanese also has an "emphasis line" (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%8D%E7%B7%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:傍線">傍線</a>) used in a similar manner, but less frequently. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> texts, a dot is placed above each <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> syllable block or <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> to be emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-github_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-github-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:՛">շեշտ (<i>šešt</i>)</a> sign <span class="nowrap">( ՛ )</span> is used. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> services, as with <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formatted_text" title="Formatted text">rich text</a> is not always available. <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">Asterisks</a> are sometimes used for emphasis (as in "That was *really* bad"). Less commonly, <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscores</a> may be used, resembling underlining ("That was _really_ bad"). <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">Periods</a> can be used between words (as in "That. was. really. bad.") to emphasize whole sentences, mimicking when somebody slows down their speech for impact. In some cases, the engine behind the text area being parsed will render the text and the asterisks in bold automatically after the text is submitted. <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a> is a common formalization of this concept. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Text color" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Font_color_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Font color (disambiguation)">Font color (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Colors are important for emphasizing. Important words in a text may be colored differently from others. For example, many dictionaries use a different color for <a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">headwords</a>, and some religious texts color the words of deities red, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubric</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic script</a>, red is used analogously to italics in Latin text.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-print emphasis added by a reader is often done with <a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">highlighters</a> which add a bright background color to usual black-on-white text. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">Syntax highlighting</a> also makes use of text color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Othello_F1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Othello_F1.jpg/220px-Othello_F1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Othello_F1.jpg/330px-Othello_F1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Othello_F1.jpg/440px-Othello_F1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Shakespeare's play <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>, printed in 1623. Bold type had not yet been invented. Emphasis is provided by using italics, used for key words, stage directions and the names of characters, and capitalization of key words.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many designs. With both italics and boldface, the emphasis is correctly achieved by swapping into a different <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> of the same family; for example by replacing body text in <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a> with its bold or italic style. Professional typographic systems, including most modern computers, would therefore not simply tilt letters to the right to achieve italics (that is instead referred to as <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type"><i>slanting</i> or <i>oblique</i></a>), print them twice or darker for boldface, or scale majuscules to the height of middle-chamber minuscules (like <i>x</i> and <i>o</i>) for small-caps, but instead use entirely different typefaces that achieve the effect. The letter 'w', for example, looks quite different in italic compared to upright. </p><p>As a result, typefaces therefore have to be supplied at least fourfold (with computer systems, usually as four font files): as regular, bold, italic, and bold italic to provide for all combinations. Professional typefaces sometimes offer even more variations for popular fonts, with varying degrees of blackness. Only if such fonts are not available should<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the effect of italic or boldface be imitated by algorithmically altering the original font. </p><p>The modern Latin-alphabet system of fonts appearing in two standard weights, with the styles being regular (or "Roman"), italic, bold and bold italic is a relatively recent development, dating to the early twentieth century. Modern "Roman" type was developed around the 1470s, while italic type was developed around 1500 and was commonly used for emphasis by the early 17th century. Bold type did not arrive until the nineteenth century, and at first fonts did not have matching bold weights; instead a generic bold, sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_(typeface)" title="Clarendon (typeface)">Clarendon</a> or other kind of <a href="/wiki/Slab-serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab-serif">slab-serif</a>, would be swapped in.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_of_Credit_on_Bold_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_of_Credit_on_Bold-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some books printed before bold type existed, emphasis could be shown by switching to <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Typophile_Bold_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Typophile_Bold-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-From_The_Collection:_012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_The_Collection:_012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some font families intended for professional use in documents such as business reports may also make the bold-style numbers take up the same width as the regular (non-bold) numbers, so a bold-style total lines up below the digits of the sum in regular style.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommendations_and_requirements">Recommendations and requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recommendations and requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Larry Trask</a> stated that "It is possible to write an entire word or phrase in capital letters in order to emphasize it", but adds that "On the whole, though, it is preferable to express emphasis, not with capital letters, but with italics."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many university researchers and academic journal editors advise not to use italics, or other approaches to emphasizing a word, unless essential, for example the Modern Language Association "discourages the use of italics in academic prose to emphasize or point, because they are unnecessary—most often, the unadorned words do the job without typographic assistance".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although emphasis is useful in speech, and so has a place in informal or journalistic writing, in academic traditions it is often suggested that italics are only used where there is a danger of misunderstanding the meaning of the sentence, and even in that case that rewriting the sentence is preferable; in formal writing the reader is expected to interpret and understand the text themselves, without the assumption that the precise intended interpretation of the author is correct. Italics are principally used in academic writing for texts that have been referenced, and for foreign language words. Similarly capitals and underlining have particular meanings, and are rarely used in formal writing for emphasis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a> – Measure of typographic weight or density</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Twyman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twyman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTwyman" class="citation journal cs1">Twyman, Michael. "The Bold Idea: The Use of Bold-looking Types in the Nineteenth Century". <i>Journal of the Printing Historical Society</i>. <b>22</b> (107–143).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Printing+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Bold+Idea%3A+The+Use+of+Bold-looking+Types+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=107%E2%80%93143&rft.aulast=Twyman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_Font_Weight_Bigelow_&_Holmes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-On_Font_Weight_Bigelow_&_Holmes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelowHolmes" class="citation web cs1">Bigelow, Charles; Holmes, Kris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigelowandholmes.typepad.com/bigelow-holmes/2015/07/on-font-weight.html">"On Font Weight"</a>. Bigelow & Holmes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Font+Weight&rft.pub=Bigelow+%26+Holmes&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigelowandholmes.typepad.com%2Fbigelow-holmes%2F2015%2F07%2Fon-font-weight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This technique may also be used to "deemphasise" text, as in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilkingtonandsons.com/2966.htm">"Concordant Literal (Bible)"</a> (OT, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910424098" title="Special:BookSources/0910424098">0910424098</a>; NT, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910424144" title="Special:BookSources/0910424144">0910424144</a>): "The type is large and readable, with boldface representing the actual English translation of the original Hebrew and Greek and lightface showing English words added for idiomatic clarity or to reflect grammatical significance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_Caps,_Butterick-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-All_Caps,_Butterick_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterick" class="citation web cs1">Butterick, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicaltypography.com/all-caps.html">"All Caps"</a>. <i>Practical Typography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Typography&rft.atitle=All+Caps&rft.aulast=Butterick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticaltypography.com%2Fall-caps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_is_your_Contract_YELLING_AT_YOU?_All_Caps_in_Contracts,_Explained.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Why_is_your_Contract_YELLING_AT_YOU?_All_Caps_in_Contracts,_Explained._5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakelaw.com/blog/why-is-your-contract-yelling-at-you-all-caps-in-contracts-explained/">"Why is your Contract YELLING AT YOU? All Caps in Contracts, Explained"</a>. Shake Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+your+Contract+YELLING+AT+YOU%3F+All+Caps+in+Contracts%2C+Explained.&rft.pub=Shake+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakelaw.com%2Fblog%2Fwhy-is-your-contract-yelling-at-you-all-caps-in-contracts-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legal_writing_in_plain_English_:_a_text_with_exercises-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legal_writing_in_plain_English_:_a_text_with_exercises_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2013" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/garner/documents/section44.html"><i>Legal writing in plain English: a text with exercises</i></a> (Second ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226283937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226283937"><bdi>978-0226283937</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+writing+in+plain+English%3A+a+text+with+exercises&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0226283937&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Fgarner%2Fdocuments%2Fsection44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterick" class="citation web cs1">Butterick, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicaltypography.com/small-caps.html">"Small caps"</a>. <i>Practical Typography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Typography&rft.atitle=Small+caps&rft.aulast=Butterick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticaltypography.com%2Fsmall-caps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of an English translation of Russian original, with a non-typewriter font (i.e. variable-width letters) is in Eigeles, M. A., Kinetics of adhesion of mineral particles to air bubbles in flotation suspensions, Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de l'Académie des sciences de l'URSS, XXXIV(4), 340–344, 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: Schäfer EA, Canney EL, Tunstall JO. On the rhythm of muscular response to volitional impulses in man. The Journal of Physiology 1886;VII(2):111–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1886.sp000210/abstract">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/Jak-zaznaczyc-emfaze;15691.html">Jak zaznaczyć emfazę?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN">PWN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst: <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a>, version 3.0, page 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterick-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butterick_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterick" class="citation web cs1">Butterick, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicaltypography.com/underlining.html">"Underlining: absolutely not"</a>. <i>Practical Typography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Typography&rft.atitle=Underlining%3A+absolutely+not&rft.aulast=Butterick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticaltypography.com%2Funderlining.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharette2010" class="citation web cs1">Charette, François (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053159/http://ctan.mackichan.com/macros/xetex/latex/arabxetex/arabxetex.pdf">"ArabXeTeX: an ArabTeX-like interface for typesetting languages in Arabic script with XeLaTeX"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctan.mackichan.com/macros/xetex/latex/arabxetex/arabxetex.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArabXeTeX%3A+an+ArabTeX-like+interface+for+typesetting+languages+in+Arabic+script+with+XeLaTeX&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Charette&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctan.mackichan.com%2Fmacros%2Fxetex%2Flatex%2Farabxetex%2Farabxetex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/325278/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9">"وضع خط في المصحف لتعيين الموضع الذي يخطئ فيه الطالب وقت التسميع - الإسلام سؤال وجواب"</a>. <i>islamqa.info</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islamqa.info&rft.atitle=%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9+%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81+%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A6+%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Far%2Fanswers%2F325278%2F%25D9%2588%25D8%25B6%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D9%2581-%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25B6%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B0%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D9%2589-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/the-emphatic-use-of-quotation-marks">"The 'emphatic' use of quotation marks | Macmillan Dictionary Blog"</a>. 3 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27emphatic%27+use+of+quotation+marks+%26%23124%3B+Macmillan+Dictionary+Blog&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionaryblog.com%2Fthe-emphatic-use-of-quotation-marks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-github-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-github_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/hangul/">"Hangul/Korean (draft)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hangul%2FKorean+%28draft%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fr12a.github.io%2Fscripts%2Fhangul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2003" class="citation web cs1">Hudson, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217214717/http://typophile.com/node/8702">"RED, WHITE & BLACK True colors?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typophile.com/node/8702">the original</a> on 2010-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RED%2C+WHITE+%26+BLACK+True+colors%3F&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypophile.com%2Fnode%2F8702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_of_Credit_on_Bold-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_of_Credit_on_Bold_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tracy" title="Walter Tracy">Tracy, Walter</a>. <i>Letters of Credit</i>. pp. 65–6. <q>The other kind of secondary type, the related bold face, is a twentieth-century creation. Although the use of bold type for emphasis in text began when display advertising became a feature of the family magazines of the mid-nineteenth century, the bold types themselves were Clarendons, Ionics and Antiques quite unrelated to the old styles and moderns used for the text. As late as 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype Recorder</a>, a distinguished British journal of typography, could say, "The 'related bold' is a comparatively new phenomenon in the history of type cutting."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Credit&rft.pages=65-6&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Typophile_Bold-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Typophile_Bold_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220175431/http://www.typophile.com/node/31036">"Comments on Typophile thread 'Where do bold typefaces come from?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Typophile</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typophile.com/node/31036">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>For the record, the Clarendon type of the Besley foundry is indeed the first type actually designed as a 'related bold' – that is, made to harmonize in design and align with the roman types it was set with. It was registered in Britain in 1845...but the idea of a 'bold face' goes back much further. Before the launch of Clarendon type printers picked out words in slab-serifs or any other heavy type. In the 18th century they used 'English' or 'Old English' types, which is why they became known as 'black letter'. John Smith says in his <i>Printer's grammar</i> (London, 1755). 'Black Letter ... is sometimes used ... to serve for matter which the Author would particularly enforce to the reader.<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typophile&rft.atitle=Comments+on+Typophile+thread+%27Where+do+bold+typefaces+come+from%3F%27&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typophile.com%2Fnode%2F31036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_The_Collection:_012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-From_The_Collection:_012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrere-Jones" class="citation web cs1">Frere-Jones, Tobias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frerejones.com/blog/from-the-collection-012">"From The Collection: 012"</a>. Frere-Jones Type<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+The+Collection%3A+012&rft.pub=Frere-Jones+Type&rft.aulast=Frere-Jones&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrerejones.com%2Fblog%2Ffrom-the-collection-012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typography.com/fonts/gotham/features/gotham-numerics">"Gotham Numerics"</a>. Hoefler & Frere-Jones<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gotham+Numerics&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Ffonts%2Fgotham%2Ffeatures%2Fgotham-numerics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1997" class="citation web cs1">Trask, Larry (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node27.html#SECTION00081000000000000000">"Capital Letters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capital+Letters&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatics.sussex.ac.uk%2Fdepartment%2Fdocs%2Fpunctuation%2Fnode27.html%23SECTION00081000000000000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://style.mla.org/italics-for-emphasis/">"Is it OK to italicize a word for emphasis in my paper? – the MLA Style Center"</a>. 23 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+it+OK+to+italicize+a+word+for+emphasis+in+my+paper%3F+%E2%80%93+the+MLA+Style+Center&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstyle.mla.org%2Fitalics-for-emphasis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmphasis+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphasis_(typography)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boldface" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:boldface"><i>boldface</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and other typographic symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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