CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Frédéric Chopin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b2e923ac-61be-4068-9e86-c1322e813142","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Frédéric_Chopin","wgTitle":"Frédéric Chopin","wgCurRevisionId":1258724610,"wgRevisionId":1258724610,"wgArticleId":10823 ,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Frédéric_Chopin","wgRelevantArticleId":10823,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym": "Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym": "Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup", "autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy", "gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to", "tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1268","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded": false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1722"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/800px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1148"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/640px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="918"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Frédéric Chopin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Frédéric_Chopin rootpage-Frédéric_Chopin stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frédéric Chopin</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chopin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chopin (disambiguation)">Chopin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Frédéric François Chopin<a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a> (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;<a href="#cite_note-5">[n 2]</a> 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer and <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> pianist of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic period">Romantic period</a>, who wrote primarily for <a href="/wiki/Piano_solo" title="Piano solo">solo piano</a>. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995284-6">[4]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frédéric Chopin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/220px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/330px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/440px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1455"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Daguerreotype, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1849</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin</div> (1810-03-01)1 March 1810 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowa_Wola" title="Żelazowa Wola">Żelazowa Wola</a>, Duchy of Warsaw</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, French Second Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>pianist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_by_genre" title="List of compositions by Frédéric Chopin by genre">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopins_Unterschrift.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chopins_Unterschrift.svg/150px-Chopins_Unterschrift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chopins_Unterschrift.svg/225px-Chopins_Unterschrift.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chopins_Unterschrift.svg/300px-Chopins_Unterschrift.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chopin was born in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowa_Wola" title="Żelazowa Wola">Żelazowa Wola</a> and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, which in 1815 became part of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a>, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November 1830 Uprising</a>. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a>. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>. After a failed engagement to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska" title="Maria Wodzińska">Maria Wodzińska</a> from 1836 to 1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her pen name <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>). A brief and unhappy visit to <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stirling" title="Jane Stirling">Jane Stirling</a>. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39. All of <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_by_genre" title="List of compositions by Frédéric Chopin by genre">Chopin's compositions</a> feature the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote <a href="/wiki/Chopin%27s_compositions_for_piano_and_orchestra" title="Chopin's compositions for piano and orchestra">two piano concertos</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, and 19 <a href="/wiki/Polish_songs_(Chopin)" title="Polish songs (Chopin)">songs set to Polish lyrics</a>. His piano pieces are technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin's major piano works include <a href="/wiki/Mazurkas_(Chopin)" title="Mazurkas (Chopin)">mazurkas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltzes_(Chopin)" title="Waltzes (Chopin)">waltzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes (Chopin)">nocturnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonaises_(Chopin)" title="Polonaises (Chopin)">polonaises</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)#Instrumental_ballades" title="Ballade (classical music)">instrumental ballade</a> (which Chopin <a href="/wiki/Ballades_(Chopin)" title="Ballades (Chopin)">created</a> as an instrumental genre), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)" title="Études (Chopin)">études</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impromptu" title="Impromptu">impromptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scherzos_(Chopin)" title="Scherzos (Chopin)">scherzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(Chopin)" title="Preludes (Chopin)">preludes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Chopin)" title="Piano sonatas (Chopin)">sonatas</a>, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were <a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish folk music">Polish folk music</a>, the classical tradition of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>, and the atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a>, and his association of <a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">music with nationalism</a>, were influential throughout and after the late <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest celebrities, his indirect association with political insurrection, his high-profile love life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of <a href="#In_literature,_stage,_film_and_television">numerous films and biographies</a> of varying historical fidelity. Among his <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Memorials to Frédéric Chopin">many memorials</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a>, which was created by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament of Poland</a> to research and promote his life and works. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/International_Chopin_Piano_Competition" title="International Chopin Piano Competition">International Chopin Piano Competition</a>, a prestigious competition devoted entirely to his works. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life">1 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Childhood">1.1.1 Childhood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Education">1.1.2 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Career">1.2 Career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Travel_and_domestic_success">1.2.1 Travel and domestic success</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Paris">1.2.2 Paris</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Franz_Liszt">1.2.3 Franz Liszt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#George_Sand">1.2.4 George Sand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Decline">1.2.5 Decline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tour_of_Great_Britain">1.2.6 Tour of Great Britain</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Death_and_funeral">1.3 Death and funeral</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Music">2 Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Overview">2.1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Titles,_opus_numbers_and_editions">2.2 Titles, opus numbers and editions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Form_and_harmony">2.3 Form and harmony</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Technique_and_performance_style">2.4 Technique and performance style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Instruments">2.5 Instruments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Polish_identity">2.6 Polish identity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Reception_and_influence">2.7 Reception and influence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Recordings">3 Recordings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_literature,_stage,_film_and_television">4 In literature, stage, film and television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">5 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes">5.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Citations">5.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Bibliography">5.3 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Childhood">Childhood</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG/400px-Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="1914"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG/400px-Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG" data-width="400" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG/600px-Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG/800px-Manor_house_in_%C5%BBelazowa_Wola.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowa_Wola" title="Żelazowa Wola">Żelazowa Wola</a></figcaption></figure> Frédéric Chopin was born in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowa_Wola" title="Żelazowa Wola">Żelazowa Wola</a>, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, a Polish state established by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. The parish baptismal record, which is dated 23 April 1810, gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedleyBrown1980292-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECholmondeley1998-9">[7]</a> The composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,<a href="#cite_note-11">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935-8">[6]</a> which is now generally accepted as the correct date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECholmondeley1998-9">[7]</a> His father, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chopin" title="Nicolas Chopin">Nicolas Chopin</a>, was a Frenchman from <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20103-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201821-13">[10]</a> He married <a href="/wiki/Tekla_Justyna_Chopin" title="Tekla Justyna Chopin">Justyna Krzyżanowska</a>, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B61-14">[11]</a> Chopin was baptised in the same church where his parents had married, in <a href="/wiki/Broch%C3%B3w,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Brochów, Masovian Voivodeship">Brochów</a>. His eighteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>, for whom he was named, was <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Skarbek" title="Fryderyk Skarbek">Fryderyk Skarbek</a>, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935-8">[6]</a> Chopin was the second child of Nicolas and Justyna and their only son; he had an elder sister, <a href="/wiki/Ludwika_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Ludwika Jędrzejewicz">Ludwika</a>, and two younger sisters, Izabela and Emilia, whose death at the age of 14 was probably from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018112-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> in the household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935-8">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg/220px-Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="2019"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 315px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg/220px-Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg/330px-Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg/440px-Miko%C5%82aj_Chopin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin's father, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chopin" title="Nicolas Chopin">Nicolas Chopin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ambro%C5%BCy_Mieroszewski" title="Ambroży Mieroszewski">Mieroszewski</a>, 1829</figcaption></figure> In October 1810, six months after Chopin's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Lyceum" title="Warsaw Lyceum">Warsaw Lyceum</a>, then housed in the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Palace" title="Saxon Palace">Saxon Palace</a>. Chopin lived with his family on the Palace grounds. His father played the flute and violin;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20105%E2%80%936-17">[14]</a> his mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc199841%E2%80%9342-18">[15]</a> Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20105%E2%80%936-17">[14]</a> Chopin may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_%C5%BBywny" title="Wojciech Żywny">Wojciech Żywny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B63-19">[16]</a> His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson19968-20">[17]</a> It quickly became apparent that he was a <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a>. By the age of seven he had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">polonaises</a>, in <a href="/wiki/G_minor" title="G minor">G minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/B-flat_major" title="B-flat major">B-flat major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201850%E2%80%9352-21">[18]</a> His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B63-19">[16]</a> In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazimierz Palace">Kazimierz Palace</a> (today the rectorate of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University">Warsaw University</a>). Chopin and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, he was sometimes invited to the <a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder Palace</a> as playmate to the son of the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia</a>; he played the piano for Konstantin Pavlovich and composed a march for him. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</a>, in his dramatic <a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">eclogue</a>, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201011%E2%80%9312-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG/260px-J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="2568"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 315px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG/260px-J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG" data-width="260" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG/390px-J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG/520px-J%C3%B3zef_Elsner.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Elsner" title="Józef Elsner">Józef Elsner</a> (after 1853)</figcaption></figure> From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_W%C3%BCrfel" title="Wilhelm Würfel">Wilhelm Würfel</a> during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> composer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Elsner" title="Józef Elsner">Józef Elsner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_University_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryderyk Chopin University of Music">Warsaw Conservatory</a>, studying <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B65-23">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-24">[n 4]</a> Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a>. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Tsar Alexander I</a>, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his <a href="/wiki/Rondo_in_C_minor_(Chopin)" title="Rondo in C minor (Chopin)">Rondo Op. 1</a>. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_musikalische_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung">Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung</a> praised his "wealth of musical ideas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201883%E2%80%9384-25">[21]</a> From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[n 5]</a> In 1824 and 1825, at <a href="/wiki/Szafarnia,_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Szafarnia, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Szafarnia</a>, he was a guest of <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Dziewanowski" title="Dominik Dziewanowski">Dominik Dziewanowski</a>, the father of a schoolmate. Here, for the first time, he encountered Polish rural <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B62-28">[23]</a> His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">spoofing</a> of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201019%E2%80%9320-29">[24]</a> In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to <a href="/wiki/Chopin_family_parlor" title="Chopin family parlor">lodgings just across the street from the university</a>, in the south annex of the <a href="/wiki/Czapski_Palace#History" title="Czapski Palace">Krasiński Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[n 6]</a> where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-33">[n 7]</a> Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: <a href="/wiki/Tytus_Woyciechowski" title="Tytus Woyciechowski">Tytus Woyciechowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_Bia%C5%82ob%C5%82ocki" title="Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki">Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matuszy%C5%84ski" title="Jan Matuszyński">Jan Matuszyński</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Fontana" title="Julian Fontana">Julian Fontana</a>. The latter two would become part of his Paris milieu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043-34">[27]</a> Chopin was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bohdan_Zaleski" title="Józef Bohdan Zaleski">Józef Bohdan Zaleski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Witwicki" title="Stefan Witwicki">Stefan Witwicki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043-34">[27]</a> Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B65-23">[20]</a> In 1829 the artist <a href="/wiki/Ambro%C5%BCy_Mieroszewski" title="Ambroży Mieroszewski">Ambroży Mieroszewski</a> executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.<a href="#cite_note-36">[n 8]</a> Letters from Chopin to Woyciechowski in the period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent homoerotic references to dreams and to offered kisses. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tytus_Woyciechowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tytus_Woyciechowski.jpg/260px-Tytus_Woyciechowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="408"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 332px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tytus_Woyciechowski.jpg/260px-Tytus_Woyciechowski.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Tytus_Woyciechowski.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tytus_Woyciechowski" title="Tytus Woyciechowski">Tytus Woyciechowski</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I am going to wash now; don't kiss me, I'm not washed yet. You? If I were smeared with the oils of Byzantium, you would not kiss me unless I forced you to it by magnetism. There's some kind of power in nature. Today you will dream of kissing me! I have got to pay you out for the horrible dream you gave me last night.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Frédéric Chopin to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1988102-37">[29]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Adam Zamoyski</a>, such expressions "were, and to some extent still are, common currency in Polish and carry no greater implication than the 'love'" concluding letters today. "The spirit of the times, pervaded by the Romantic movement in art and literature, favoured extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is unlikely that the two were ever lovers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201047-38">[30]</a> Chopin's biographer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Alan Walker</a> considers that, insofar as such expressions could be perceived as homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than a passing phase in Chopin's life, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018156-39">[31]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kallberg" title="Jeffrey Kallberg">Jeffrey Kallberg</a> notes that concepts of sexual practice and identity were very different in Chopin's time, so modern interpretation is problematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg200666-40">[32]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> argue that these are clear, or potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.<a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a> Probably in early 1829, Chopin met the singer <a href="/wiki/Konstancja_G%C5%82adkowska" title="Konstancja Gładkowska">Konstancja Gładkowska</a> and developed an intense affection for her, although it is not clear that he ever addressed her directly on the matter. In a letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers to his "ideal, whom I have served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying a word to her about my feelings; whom I dream of, who inspired the Adagio of my Concerto".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018153%E2%80%93155-43">[35]</a> All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Niecks" title="Frederick Niecks">Frederick Niecks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._1,_p._125-44">[36]</a> agree that this "ideal" was Gładkowska. After what would be Chopin's farewell concert in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, played by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album some affectionate lines bidding him farewell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018173%E2%80%93177-45">[37]</a> After Chopin left Warsaw, he and Gładkowska did not meet and apparently did not correspond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018177%E2%80%93178-46">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/440px-Chopin_concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/440px-Chopin_concert.jpg" data-width="440" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/660px-Chopin_concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/880px-Chopin_concert.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin plays for the <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Antoni Radziwiłł">Radziwiłłs</a>, 1829 (painting by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Siemiradzki</a>, 1887)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Travel_and_domestic_success">Travel and domestic success</h4></div> In September 1828, Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist <a href="/wiki/Feliks_Pawe%C5%82_Jarocki" title="Feliks Paweł Jarocki">Feliks Jarocki</a>, enjoying operas directed by <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Gaspare Spontini</a> and attending concerts by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Zelter" title="Carl Friedrich Zelter">Carl Friedrich Zelter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Antoni Radziwiłł">Antoni Radziwiłł</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> – himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his <a href="/wiki/Introduction_and_Polonaise_brillante_(Chopin)" title="Introduction and Polonaise brillante (Chopin)">Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano</a>, Op. 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201045-47">[39]</a> Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a> play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience that encouraged him to commence writing his first <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)" title="Études (Chopin)">Études</a> (1829–1832), exploring the capacities of his own instrument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201035-48">[40]</a> After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists". In the first of these concerts, he premiered his <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_%22L%C3%A0_ci_darem_la_mano%22_(Chopin)" class="mw-redirect" title='Variations on "Là ci darem la mano" (Chopin)'>Variations on "Là ci darem la mano"</a>, Op. 2 (variations on a duet from <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a>) for piano and orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201037%E2%80%9339-49">[41]</a> He returned to Warsaw in September 1829,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043-34">[27]</a> where he premiered his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)">Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor</a>, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B65-23">[20]</a> Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Jachimecki" title="Zdzisław Jachimecki">Zdzisław Jachimecki</a>, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937422-50">[42]</a> With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November 1830 Uprising</a> broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, "I curse the moment of my departure."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72_%C2%B61-51">[43]</a> When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: "Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72_%C2%B63-52">[44]</a> The journal is now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library of Poland</a>. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired <a href="/wiki/National_bard" class="mw-redirect" title="National bard">national bard</a> who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937422-50">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paris">Paris</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin,_by_Wodzinska.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG/290px-Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="391" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 391px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG/290px-Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG" data-width="290" data-height="391" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG/435px-Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG/580px-Chopin%2C_by_Wodzinska.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin at 25, by his fiancée <a href="/wiki/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska" title="Maria Wodzińska">Maria Wodzińska</a>, 1835</figcaption></figure> When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Chopin had intended to go to Italy, but violent unrest there made that a dangerous destination. His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa from Russian authorities resulted in his obtaining transit permission from the French. In later years he would quote the passport's endorsement "Passeport en passant par Paris à Londres" ("In transit to London via Paris"), joking that he was in the city "only in passing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018202-53">[45]</a> Chopin arrived in Paris on 5 October 1831; <a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a> he would never return to Poland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B66-55">[47]</a> thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Great_Emigration" title="Great Emigration">Great Emigration</a>. In France, he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport.<a href="#cite_note-57">[n 9]</a> Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants. He never felt fully comfortable speaking French or considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins. He always saw himself as a Pole, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Adam Zamoyski</a> wrote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010128-58">[49]</a> In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris, he was to become acquainted with, among many others, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hiller" title="Ferdinand Hiller">Ferdinand Hiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Alfred de Vigny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010106-59">[50]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Friedrich Kalkbrenner</a>, who introduced him to the piano manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pleyel" title="Camille Pleyel">Camille Pleyel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018219-60">[51]</a> This was the beginning of a long and close association between the composer and Pleyel's instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEigeldinger2001passim-61">[52]</a> Chopin was also acquainted with the poet <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010128-58">[49]</a> He also was more than once guest of Marquis <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Custine" title="Marquis de Custine">Astolphe de Custine</a>, one of his fervent admirers, playing his works in Custine's salon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018302_ff.,_309,_365-62">[53]</a> Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. A fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of the music historian Jim Samson, Chopin's "general <a href="/wiki/Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant">factotum</a> and copyist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B62-63">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Grzyma%C5%82a" title="Wojciech Grzymała">Albert Grzymała</a>, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010106%E2%80%93107-64">[55]</a> On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann198815%E2%80%9317-65">[56]</a> On 25 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Cadet, which drew universal admiration. The critic <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_F%C3%A9tis" title="François-Joseph Fétis">François-Joseph Fétis</a> wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Revue_et_gazette_musicale" class="mw-redirect" title="Revue et gazette musicale">Revue et gazette musicale</a>: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201088-66">[57]</a> After this concert, Chopin realised that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a> banking family, whose <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> also opened doors for him to other private <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a> (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263%E2%80%93264-67">[58]</a> By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832, he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72,_paras._4%E2%80%935-68">[59]</a> This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263%E2%80%93264-67">[58]</a> Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hedley" title="Arthur Hedley">Arthur Hedley</a> has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances – few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263%E2%80%93264-67">[58]</a> The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts indicates the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_concertos_(J._S._Bach)#Concertos_for_three_harpsichords" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)">concerto by J. S. Bach for three keyboards</a>; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Gutmann" title="Adolphe Gutmann">Adolphe Gutmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Charles-Valentin Alkan</a>, and Alkan's teacher <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume_Zimmermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmermann">Joseph Zimmermann</a> performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">7th symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012226_&_note_9-69">[60]</a> Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's <a href="/wiki/Hexameron_(musical_composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameron (musical composition)">Hexameron</a>; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>'s theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schlesinger" title="Maurice Schlesinger">Maurice Schlesinger</a>, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72_%C2%B65-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[n 10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg/240px-Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1741"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 305px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg/240px-Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg" data-width="240" data-height="305" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg/360px-Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg/480px-Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska" title="Maria Wodzińska">Maria Wodzińska</a>, self-portrait</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schadow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow">Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow</a>, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Lessing" title="Karl Friedrich Lessing">Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bendemann" title="Eduard Bendemann">Bendemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hildebrandt" title="Eduard Hildebrandt">Hildebrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn" title="Karl Ferdinand Sohn">Sohn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._1,_p._274-73">[63]</a> In 1835 Chopin went to <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a>, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, amongst which <a href="/wiki/Maria_Wodzi%C5%84ska" title="Maria Wodzińska">Maria</a>, whom he occasionally had given piano lessons in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018279-74">[64]</a> This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010118%E2%80%93119-75">[65]</a> The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer has been considered, along with Delacroix's, as among the best likenesses of Chopin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998137-76">[66]</a> In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Wieck</a>, and Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_(oratorio)" title="St. Paul (oratorio)">St. Paul</a>, and who considered him "a perfect musician".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010119%E2%80%93120-77">[67]</a> In July 1836 Chopin travelled to <a href="/wiki/Marienbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Marienbad">Marienbad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his <a href="/wiki/Ballade_No._1_(Chopin)" title="Ballade No. 1 (Chopin)">G minor Ballade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010126%E2%80%93127-78">[68]</a> At the end of 1836, he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes,_Op._27_(Chopin)#Nocturne_in_C-sharp_minor,_Op._27,_No._1" title="Nocturnes, Op. 27 (Chopin)">Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937423-79">[69]</a> The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962144-80">[70]</a> Chopin placed the letters he had received from Maria and her mother into a large envelope, wrote on it the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end of his life retained in a desk drawer this keepsake of the second love of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937423-79">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[n 11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franz_Liszt">Franz Liszt</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg/240px-Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="702"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg/240px-Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg/360px-Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg/480px-Franz-liszt-in-hungarian-costume-watercolour-by-josef-friehuber-1838.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kriehuber" title="Josef Kriehuber">Kriehuber</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Baillot" title="Pierre Baillot">Baillot</a>, etc. – also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Herz</a>, Liszt, Hiller, etc."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201131-83">[72]</a> Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Pleyel" title="Salle Pleyel">Salle Pleyel</a>, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132-84">[73]</a> The two became friends, and for many years lived close to each other in Paris, Chopin at 38 <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Chauss%C3%A9e-d%27Antin" title="Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin">Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin</a>, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Laffitte" title="Rue Laffitte">Rue Laffitte</a>, a few blocks away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151-85">[74]</a> They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organised by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Smithson" title="Harriet Smithson">Harriet Smithson</a>, during which they played <a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">George Onslow</a>'s Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Monument" title="Beethoven Monument">Beethoven Monument</a> in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132-84">[73]</a> Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love–hate relationship. <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151-85">[74]</a> and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201133-86">[75]</a> Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1988184-87">[76]</a> However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151-85">[74]</a> Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress <a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a>'s obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132-84">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_Sand">George Sand</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin, 28, at piano, from <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_and_George_Sand" title="Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand">joint portrait of Chopin and Sand</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151%E2%80%93152-88">[77]</a> she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B63-89">[78]</a> However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962141-90">[79]</a> It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010137%E2%80%93138-91">[80]</a> Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My Sorrow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010147-92">[81]</a> Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962151%E2%80%93161-93">[82]</a> In June 1837, Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel, where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker <a href="/wiki/James_Broadwood" title="James Broadwood">James Broadwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1992226-94">[83]</a> On his return to Paris his association with Sand began in earnest, and by July 1838 they had become lovers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B64-95">[84]</a> Sand, who was six years older than the composer and had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010154-96">[85]</a> The two spent a miserable winter on <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving Chopin's health and that of Sand's 15-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sand" title="Maurice Sand">Maurice</a>, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Mallefille" title="Félicien Mallefille">Félicien Mallefille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010159-97">[86]</a> After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010161%E2%80%93162-98">[87]</a> making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Valldemossa" title="Valldemossa">Valldemossa</a>, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B65-99">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 288px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_041.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> sewing, from <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_and_George_Sand" title="Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand">joint portrait of Chopin and Sand</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors on the island have seen me ... The first said I was dead, the second that I am dying, and the third that I'm going to die"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962164-100">[89]</a> He also had problems having his <a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel piano</a> sent to him, having to rely in the meantime on a piano made in <a href="/wiki/Palma,_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Majorca">Palma</a> by Juan Bauza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea201820%E2%80%9321-101">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[n 12]</a> The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Paris in December, just shortly before Chopin and Sand left the island. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending you my <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(Chopin)" title="Preludes (Chopin)">Preludes</a> [Op. 28]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B64-95">[84]</a> Chopin was also able to undertake work while in Majorca on his <a href="/wiki/Ballade_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Ballade No. 2 (Chopin)">Ballade No. 2</a>, Op. 38; on two Polonaises, Op. 40; and on the <a href="/wiki/Scherzo_No._3_(Chopin)" title="Scherzo No. 3 (Chopin)">Scherzo No. 3</a>, Op. 39.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010168-106">[94]</a> Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201016-107">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[n 13]</a> The group travelled first to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B65-99">[88]</a> While in Marseilles, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ during a requiem mass for the tenor <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Nourrit" title="Adolphe Nourrit">Adolphe Nourrit</a> on 24 April 1839, playing a transcription of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a> Die Sterne (D. 939).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1988200,_letter_to_Fontana_of_25_April_1839-110">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[n 14]</a> George Sand gives a description of Chopin's playing in a letter of 28 April 1839: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Chopin sacrificed himself by playing the organ at the Elevation – and what an organ! Anyhow our boy made the best of it by using the less discordant stops, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate and glowing tone that Nourrit used, but with a plaintive sound as soft as an echo from another world. Two or three at most among those present felt its meaning and had tears in their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962177,_letter_from_George_Sand_to_Carlotta_Marliani,_Marseilles,_28_April_1839-113">[99]</a></blockquote> In May 1839, they headed to Sand's estate at <a href="/wiki/Nohant-Vic" title="Nohant-Vic">Nohant</a> for the summer, where they spent most of the following summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A74_%C2%B61-114">[100]</a> (In 1842 he and Sand moved to the <a href="/wiki/Square_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Square d'Orléans">Square d'Orléans</a>, living in adjacent buildings.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A74_%C2%B64-115">[101]</a> On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Grande_symphonie_fun%C3%A8bre_et_triomphale" title="Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale">Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale</a>, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A74_%C2%B61-114">[100]</a> During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_in_A-flat_major,_Op._53_(Chopin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 (Chopin)">Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010197-116">[102]</a> Sand compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an inspiration, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes amid tormented weeping and complaining, with hundreds of changes in concept – only to return finally to the initial idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424-117">[103]</a> Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Viardot" title="Pauline Viardot">Pauline Viardot</a>, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010197-116">[102]</a> Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999315-118">[104]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline">Decline</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Health of Frédéric Chopin">Health of Frédéric Chopin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg/220px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="563"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg/220px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg/330px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg/440px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Gratia" title="Charles Louis Gratia">Gratia</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010212-119">[105]</a> He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven 7th Symphony arrangement at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Érard</a>'s on 1 March 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddie20138-120">[106]</a> Late in 1844, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall%C3%A9" title="Charles Hallé">Charles Hallé</a> visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010227-121">[107]</a> Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a> Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Chopin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 3 (Chopin)">Op. 58 sonata</a>. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010233-123">[109]</a> Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter <a href="/wiki/Solange_Dudevant" title="Solange Dudevant">Solange</a> and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Cl%C3%A9singer" title="Auguste Clésinger">Auguste Clésinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B62-124">[110]</a> The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson1996194-125">[111]</a> Moreover, Chopin was indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, including her enthusiasm for the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February Revolution</a> of 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018552%E2%80%93554-126">[112]</a> As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child". In letters to third parties she vented her impatience, referring to him as a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424-117">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg200656-127">[113]</a> In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich actress and a prince in weak health – could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin. In Chopin's presence, Sand read the manuscript aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified by its implications, writing that "Madame Sand was perfectly at ease and Chopin could hardly stop making admiring comments".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018529-128">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2003%C2%A78-129">[115]</a> That year their relationship ended following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B63-130">[116]</a> Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] had not had the misfortune of meeting G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would have lived to be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die two years later at thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini had died in Paris in 1842 at the age of 81.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998403-131">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tour_of_Great_Britain">Tour of Great Britain</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg/220px-Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg/220px-Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg/330px-Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg/440px-Jane_stirling_par_deveria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stirling" title="Jane Stirling">Jane Stirling</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria" title="Achille Devéria">Devéria</a>, c. 1830</figcaption></figure> Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018556-132">[118]</a> In February 1848, with the cellist <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Franchomme" title="Auguste Franchomme">Auguste Franchomme</a>, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Chopin)" title="Cello Sonata (Chopin)">Cello Sonata Op. 65</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424-117">[103]</a> In April, during the 1848 Revolution in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and numerous receptions in great houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424-117">[103]</a> This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stirling" title="Jane Stirling">Jane Stirling</a> and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B63-130">[116]</a> In London, Chopin took lodgings at <a href="/wiki/Dover_Street" title="Dover Street">Dover Street</a>, where the firm of <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Broadwood and Sons">Broadwood</a> provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at <a href="/wiki/Stafford_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Stafford House">Stafford House</a>, the audience included <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were the author <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> and the singer <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind" title="Jenny Lind">Jenny Lind</a>. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guinea</a> per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1992227%E2%80%93229-133">[119]</a> A few days later, he performed for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jane_Carlyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Carlyle">Jane</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carlyle%27s_House" title="Carlyle's House">their home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[120]</a> On 28 August he played at a concert in Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, sharing the stage with <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Alboni" title="Marietta Alboni">Marietta Alboni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Salvi" title="Lorenzo Salvi">Lorenzo Salvi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018579%E2%80%93581-135">[121]</a> In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Johnstone_Castle" title="Johnstone Castle">Johnstone Castle</a> in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1993-136">[122]</a> She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was "closer to the grave than the nuptial bed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010279Letter_of_30_October_1848-137">[123]</a> He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010276%E2%80%93278-138">[124]</a> and another in Edinburgh at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull198953-139">[125]</a> In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament – "a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424-117">[103]</a> Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. This gesture proved to be a mistake, as most of the participants were more interested in the dancing and refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998383-140">[126]</a> By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 45 kg (99 lb), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B64-141">[127]</a> At the end of November Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of <a href="/wiki/Delfina_Potocka" title="Delfina Potocka">Delfina Potocka</a>, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Chaillot" title="Chaillot">Chaillot</a>, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova. He was visited here by Jenny Lind in June 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010283%E2%80%93286-142">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Health of Frédéric Chopin">Health of Frédéric Chopin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Heart of Frédéric Chopin">Heart of Frédéric Chopin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg/330px-Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg/330px-Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg/495px-Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg/660px-Ostatnie_chwile_Fryderyka_Chopina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin on His Deathbed, by <a href="/wiki/Teofil_Kwiatkowski" title="Teofil Kwiatkowski">Teofil Kwiatkowski</a>, 1849, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stirling" title="Jane Stirling">Jane Stirling</a>. From left: <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Je%C5%82owicki" title="Aleksander Jełowicki">Aleksander Jełowicki</a>; Chopin's sister <a href="/wiki/Ludwika_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Ludwika Jędrzejewicz">Ludwika</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marcelina_Czartoryska" title="Marcelina Czartoryska">Marcelina Czartoryska</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Grzyma%C5%82a" title="Wojciech Grzymała">Wojciech Grzymała</a>; <a href="/wiki/Teofil_Kwiatkowski" title="Teofil Kwiatkowski">Teofil Kwiatkowski</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_death_mask_(collection_of_Jack_Gibbons).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/170px-Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/170px-Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/255px-Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/340px-Chopin_death_mask_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_death_mask,_side_view_(collection_of_Jack_Gibbons).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/170px-Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/170px-Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/255px-Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg/340px-Chopin_death_mask%2C_side_view_%28collection_of_Jack_Gibbons%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Chopin's death mask, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Cl%C3%A9singer" title="Auguste Clésinger">Clésinger</a> (photos: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gibbons" title="Jack Gibbons">Jack Gibbons</a>)</div></div></div></div> With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, he took an apartment at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Baudard_de_Saint-James" title="Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James">Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[n 15]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, with rent possibly supported by Jane Stirling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018613-144">[129]</a> After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B64-141">[127]</a> Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010291%E2%80%93293-145">[130]</a> On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died a few minutes before 2 a.m. He was 39. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Fr. <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Je%C5%82owicki" title="Aleksander Jełowicki">Aleksander Jełowicki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[131]</a> Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> and a cast of his left hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010293-147">[132]</a> The funeral, held at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Église de la Madeleine">Church of the Madeleine</a> in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders, as many people were expected to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010294-148">[133]</a> Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._2,_p._323-324-149">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Mozart)" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Mozart's Requiem</a> was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano <a href="/wiki/Jeanne-Ana%C3%AFs_Castellan" title="Jeanne-Anaïs Castellan">Jeanne-Anaïs Castellan</a>, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Dupont" title="Alexis Dupont">Alexis Dupont</a>, and the bass <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lablache" title="Luigi Lablache">Luigi Lablache</a>; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist was <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lef%C3%A9bure-W%C3%A9ly" title="Alfred Lefébure-Wély">Alfred Lefébure-Wély</a>. The funeral procession to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Czartoryski</a>. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018620%E2%80%93622-150">[135]</a> At the graveside, the Funeral March from <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)">Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2</a> was played, in <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Henri_Reber" title="Napoléon Henri Reber">Reber</a>'s instrumentation.<span_lang="fr"_style="font-style:_normal,_">[[Revue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris|Revue_et_gazette_musicale]][[Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text]],_4_November_1847_151-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999412%E2%80%93413,_translation_of_%22Funeral_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin%22,_in_<span_title=%22French-language_text%22><span_lang=%22fr%22_style=%22font-style:_normal,_%22>%5B%5BRevue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris%7CRevue_et_gazette_musicale%5D%5D%5B%5BCategory:Articles_containing_French-language_text%5D%5D,_4_November_1847-151">[136]</a> Chopin's tombstone, featuring the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muse</a> of music, <a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a>, weeping over a broken <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger and installed on the anniversary of his death in 1850. The expenses of the monument, amounting to 4,500 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018623%E2%80%93624-152">[137]</a> As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Heart of Frédéric Chopin">his heart</a> (which had been removed by his doctor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cruveilhier" title="Jean Cruveilhier">Jean Cruveilhier</a> and preserved in alcohol in a vase) back to Poland in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson1996193-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018618-154">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[n 16]</a> She also took a collection of 200 letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018633-158">[142]</a> Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been topics of debate. His death certificate gave the cause as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and his physician, Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010286-159">[143]</a> Other possibilities advanced have included <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajkaGozdzikWitt200377-160">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency">alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzemko1994771-161">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubbaYoung1998-162">[146]</a> A visual examination of Chopin's preserved heart (the jar was not opened), conducted in 2014 and first published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Medicine">American Journal of Medicine</a> in 2017, suggested that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a> caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittMarchwicaDobosz2018-163">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKie2017-164">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruszewicz2014-165">[149]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_by_genre" title="List of compositions by Frédéric Chopin by genre">List of compositions by Frédéric Chopin by genre</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_by_opus_number" title="List of compositions by Frédéric Chopin by opus number">List of compositions by Frédéric Chopin by opus number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballades_(Chopin)" title="Ballades (Chopin)">Ballades (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)" title="Études (Chopin)">Études (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazurkas_(Chopin)" title="Mazurkas (Chopin)">Mazurkas (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes (Chopin)">Nocturnes (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonaises_(Chopin)" title="Polonaises (Chopin)">Polonaises (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(Chopin)" title="Preludes (Chopin)">Preludes (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scherzos_(Chopin)" title="Scherzos (Chopin)">Scherzos (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltzes_(Chopin)" title="Waltzes (Chopin)">Waltzes (Chopin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_compositions_(Chopin)" title="Miscellaneous compositions (Chopin)">Miscellaneous compositions (Chopin)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chopin%27s_compositions_for_piano_and_orchestra" title="Chopin's compositions for piano and orchestra">Chopin's compositions for piano and orchestra</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgi_Latsabidze_Plays_Mazurka_Op._17,_No._4.oga" title="File:Giorgi Latsabidze Plays Mazurka Op. 17, No. 4.oga">Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17, No. 4</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="266" data-mwtitle="Giorgi_Latsabidze_Plays_Mazurka_Op._17,_No._4.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Giorgi_Latsabidze_Plays_Mazurka_Op._17%2C_No._4.oga" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Giorgi_Latsabidze_Plays_Mazurka_Op._17%2C_No._4.oga/Giorgi_Latsabidze_Plays_Mazurka_Op._17%2C_No._4.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Latso" title="Giorgi Latso">Giorgi Latso</a>, piano</div></div><hr><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Muriel-Nguyen-Xuan-Chopin-valse-opus64-1.ogg" title="File:Muriel-Nguyen-Xuan-Chopin-valse-opus64-1.ogg">Waltz in D-flat major, Op. 64, No. 1 (so-called Minute Waltz)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Muriel-Nguyen-Xuan-Chopin-valse-opus64-1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Muriel-Nguyen-Xuan-Chopin-valse-opus64-1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Muriel-Nguyen-Xuan-Chopin-valse-opus64-1.ogg/Muriel-Nguyen-Xuan-Chopin-valse-opus64-1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Muriel Nguyen Xuan, piano</div></div><hr><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_10_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg" title="File:Frederic Chopin - Opus 10 - Twelve Grand Etudes - c minor.ogg">Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (so-called Revolutionary)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="165" data-mwtitle="Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_10_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_10_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_10_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg/Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_10_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Goldstein" title="Martha Goldstein">Martha Goldstein</a> playing an 1851 <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Érard</a> piano</div></div><hr><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_Prelude_Op_28_N_15_Giorgi_Latsabidze_performs.ogg" title="File:Chopin Prelude Op 28 N 15 Giorgi Latsabidze performs.ogg">Prelude in D-flat major, Op. 28, No. 15 (so-called Raindrop)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="315" data-mwtitle="Chopin_Prelude_Op_28_N_15_Giorgi_Latsabidze_performs.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Chopin_Prelude_Op_28_N_15_Giorgi_Latsabidze_performs.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Chopin_Prelude_Op_28_N_15_Giorgi_Latsabidze_performs.ogg/Chopin_Prelude_Op_28_N_15_Giorgi_Latsabidze_performs.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Latso" title="Giorgi Latso">Giorgi Latso</a>, piano</div></div><hr><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor,_op._39_(Martha_Argerich,_1962).flac" title="File:Frédéric Chopin - Scherzo no. 3 in C-sharp minor, op. 39 (Martha Argerich, 1962).flac">Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39 in C-sharp minor</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="392" data-mwtitle="Frédéric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor,_op._39_(Martha_Argerich,_1962).flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor%2C_op._39_%28Martha_Argerich%2C_1962%29.flac/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor%2C_op._39_%28Martha_Argerich%2C_1962%29.flac.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor%2C_op._39_%28Martha_Argerich%2C_1962%29.flac/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor%2C_op._39_%28Martha_Argerich%2C_1962%29.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_-_Scherzo_no._3_in_C-sharp_minor%2C_op._39_%28Martha_Argerich%2C_1962%29.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a>, piano</div></div><hr><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokanson_-_Chopin_Ballade_in_F_minor_No_4_Op_52_90th_Birthday_Concert_without_applause.oga" title="File:Hokanson - Chopin Ballade in F minor No 4 Op 52 90th Birthday Concert without applause.oga">Ballade No. 4, Op. 52 in F minor</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="677" data-mwtitle="Hokanson_-_Chopin_Ballade_in_F_minor_No_4_Op_52_90th_Birthday_Concert_without_applause.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Hokanson_-_Chopin_Ballade_in_F_minor_No_4_Op_52_90th_Birthday_Concert_without_applause.oga" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Hokanson_-_Chopin_Ballade_in_F_minor_No_4_Op_52_90th_Birthday_Concert_without_applause.oga/Hokanson_-_Chopin_Ballade_in_F_minor_No_4_Op_52_90th_Birthday_Concert_without_applause.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Hokanson" title="Randolph Hokanson">Randolph Hokanson</a>, piano</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range <a href="/wiki/Chopin%27s_compositions_for_piano_and_orchestra" title="Chopin's compositions for piano and orchestra">beyond solo piano music</a>, as either <a href="/wiki/Piano_concerto" title="Piano concerto">piano concertos</a>, songs or <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980298-166">[150]</a> Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his students. He was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a>'s development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A76_para_7-167">[151]</a> Chopin's early works are in the style of the "brilliant" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Ignaz Moscheles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Friedrich Kalkbrenner</a>, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of <a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish folk music">Polish folk music</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a>. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his <a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">fioriture</a>) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modes</a> and features of the music of his native country, such as <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A76_paras_1%E2%80%934-168">[152]</a> Chopin took the new salon genre of the <a href="/wiki/Nocturne" title="Nocturne">nocturne</a>, invented by the Irish composer <a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">John Field</a>, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">ballades</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012%22Ballade%22-169">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzi</a> as individual concert pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitterman199428-170">[154]</a> He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1994138-171">[155]</a> He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude">étude</a>, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi, and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1980304%E2%80%93305-172">[156]</a> Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. <a href="/wiki/Mazurkas_(Chopin)" title="Mazurkas (Chopin)">Chopin's mazurkas</a>, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">mazurek</a>), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, "it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b177-173">[157]</a> The series of seven <a href="/wiki/Polonaises_(Chopin)" title="Polonaises (Chopin)">polonaises</a> published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998115-174">[158]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Waltzes_(Chopin)" title="Waltzes (Chopin)">waltzes</a> were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a162-175">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles,_opus_numbers_and_editions">Titles, opus numbers and editions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopinamqsop53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopinamqsop53.jpg/420px-Chopinamqsop53.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="543"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 420px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopinamqsop53.jpg/420px-Chopinamqsop53.jpg" data-width="420" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopinamqsop53.jpg/630px-Chopinamqsop53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopinamqsop53.jpg/840px-Chopinamqsop53.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Autographed musical quotation from <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_in_A-flat_major,_Op._53_(Chopin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 (Chopin)">Polonaise Op. 53</a>, signed 25 May 1845</figcaption></figure> Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._10,_No._12_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)">Revolutionary Étude</a> (Op. 10, No. 12), and the <a href="/wiki/Minute_Waltz" title="Minute Waltz">Minute Waltz</a> (Op. 64, No. 1). However, except for his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005264-176">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012%22Chopin,_Fryderyk_Franciszek_(Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois)%22-177">[161]</a> There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedleyBrown1980294-178">[162]</a> The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg20014%E2%80%938-179">[163]</a> The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt%C3%A5hlbrand2016-180">[164]</a> In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Polish_songs_(Chopin)" title="Polish songs (Chopin)">17 Polish songs</a> that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt%C3%A5hlbrand2016-180">[164]</a> Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The most up-to-date catalogue is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a> at its Internet Chopin Information Centre. The older Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Kobyla%C5%84ska" title="Krystyna Kobylańska">Krystyna Kobylańska</a>, is still considered an important scholarly reference. The most recent catalogue of posthumously published works is that of the <a href="/wiki/Chopin_National_Edition" title="Chopin National Edition">National Edition of the Works of Fryderyk Chopin</a>, represented by the initials 'WN'.<a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a> Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999166%E2%80%93167-182">[166]</a> His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_ValEhrlich1998127-183">[167]</a> The first collected edition was by <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> (1878–1902).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_ValEhrlich1998129-184">[168]</a> Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works is the version named after <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a> (although he died before the work had begun),<a href="#cite_note-Higgins-185">[169]</a> published between 1949 and 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Samson-186">[170]</a> However, scholarly opinion has moved against this edition.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins-185">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samson-186">[170]</a> The more recent <a href="/wiki/Chopin_National_Edition" title="Chopin National Edition">Polish National Edition</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ekier" title="Jan Ekier">Jan Ekier</a> and published between 1967 and 2010, is recommended to contestants of the <a href="/wiki/International_Chopin_Piano_Competition" title="International Chopin Piano Competition">Chopin Competition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[171]</a> Both editions contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980306-188">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[173]</a> Chopin published his music in France, England, and the German states (i.e. he worked with as many as three separate publishers for each piece or set of pieces) due to the copyright laws of the time. Thus there are often three different "first editions" of each work. Each edition is different from the others; Chopin edited them separately, and at times he did some revision to the music while editing it. Furthermore, Chopin provided his publishers with varying sources, including autographs, annotated proofsheets, and scribal copies. Only recently have these differences gained greater recognition.<a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_and_harmony">Form and harmony</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piano-Chopin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piano-Chopin.jpg/370px-Piano-Chopin.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 370px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piano-Chopin.jpg/370px-Piano-Chopin.jpg" data-width="370" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piano-Chopin.jpg/555px-Piano-Chopin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piano-Chopin.jpg/740px-Piano-Chopin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Recreation of composer's last residence in <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Salon Frédéric Chopin">Salon Frédéric Chopin</a>, Paris.<a href="#cite_note-191">[175]</a> <a href="#cite_note-192">[n 17]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980298-166">[150]</a> The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be "merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980305-193">[176]</a> After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and cello; "instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchings1968137-194">[177]</a> Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrase</a> as a structural unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995262%E2%80%93278-195">[178]</a> J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzi stand supreme", and adds that "the <a href="/wiki/Barcarole_(Chopin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcarole (Chopin)">Barcarolle</a> Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a161%E2%80%93162-196">[179]</a> Temperley opines that these works, which contain "immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail", are based on an extended "departure and return" form; "the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980304-197">[180]</a> Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward <a href="/wiki/Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">ternary</a> or episodic form, sometimes with a <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b177-173">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980304-197">[180]</a> The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example, Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b179-198">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonaises_(Chopin)" title="Polonaises (Chopin)">Chopin's polonaises</a> show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Żywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments, and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReissBrown198051-199">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes (Chopin)">His nocturnes</a> are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field, whom Chopin met in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018232%E2%80%93233-200">[183]</a> Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer), which heightens their dramatic character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1980258-201">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)" title="Études (Chopin)">Chopin's études</a> are largely in straightforward ternary form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160-202">[185]</a> He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263-203">[186]</a> – for instance playing double <a href="/wiki/Third_(chord)" title="Third (chord)">thirds</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._6_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 25, No. 6 (Chopin)">Op. 25, No. 6</a>), playing in octaves (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._10_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 25, No. 10 (Chopin)">Op. 25, No. 10</a>), and playing repeated notes (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._10,_No._7_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 10, No. 7 (Chopin)">Op. 10, No. 7</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160%E2%80%93161-204">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(Chopin)" title="Preludes (Chopin)">The preludes</a>, many of which are very brief, were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a161-205">[188]</a> Inspired by J. S. Bach's <a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a>, Chopin's preludes move up the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</a> (rather than Bach's <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen199583-206">[189]</a> The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers. This is suggested by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hamilton" title="Kenneth Hamilton">Kenneth Hamilton</a>, who has noted a 1922 recording by <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a> in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._10,_No._5_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 10, No. 5 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 10 No. 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008101%E2%80%93102-207">[190]</a> The two mature <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Chopin)" title="Piano sonatas (Chopin)">Chopin piano sonatas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)">No. 2</a>, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin combined within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique – "a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A79_%C2%B62-208">[191]</a> This sonata has been considered as showing the influences of both Bach and Beethoven. The Prelude from Bach's <a href="/wiki/BWV_1012" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 1012">Suite No. 6 in D major for cello</a> (BWV 1012) is quoted;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeikin1994175-209">[192]</a> and there are references to the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._12_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 12 (Beethoven)"> Sonata Opus 26</a> by Beethoven, which, like Chopin's Op. 35, has a funeral march as its slow movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeikin1994161-210">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetty1999289-211">[194]</a> The last movement of Chopin's Op. 35, a brief (75-bar) <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">perpetuum mobile</a> in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995294%E2%80%93297-212">[195]</a> The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, "worthy of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>" according to Samson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A79_%C2%B62-208">[191]</a> Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. In his works, Temperley says, "novel harmonic effects often result from the combination of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">appoggiaturas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Passing_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing notes">passing notes</a> with melodic figures of accompaniment", and <a href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadence (music)">cadences</a> are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (<a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_sixth" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan sixth">neapolitan sixths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diminished_seventh" title="Diminished seventh">diminished sevenths</a>) or by sudden shifts to remote keys. <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">Chord progressions</a> sometimes anticipate the shifting <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> of later composers such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980302%E2%80%93303-213">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique_and_performance_style">Technique and performance style</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Op_62-1ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Op_62-1ms.jpg/440px-Op_62-1ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="224"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 76px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Op_62-1ms.jpg/440px-Op_62-1ms.jpg" data-width="440" data-height="76" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Op_62-1ms.jpg/660px-Op_62-1ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Op_62-1ms.jpg/880px-Op_62-1ms.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Extract from Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes,_Op._62_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes, Op. 62 (Chopin)">Nocturne Op. 62 no. 1</a> (1846, composer's manuscript)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png/440px-Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5350" data-file-height="2352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png/440px-Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png" data-width="440" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png/660px-Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png/880px-Chopin_op_62-1_pr.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The same passage (1881 <a href="/wiki/G._Schirmer_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="G. Schirmer Inc.">Schirmer</a> edition). The examples show Chopin's typical use of <a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">trills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">grace notes</a>, and detailed <a href="/wiki/Pedal_(piano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal (piano)">pedalling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> instructions.</figcaption></figure> In 1841 <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Escudier" title="Léon Escudier">Léon Escudier</a> wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1994136-214">[197]</a> Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of a very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm."<a href="#cite_note-215">[198]</a> He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity."<a href="#cite_note-216">[199]</a> The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of <a href="/wiki/Grace_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace notes">grace notes</a>, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEigeldinger198818%E2%80%9320-217">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bellman" title="Jonathan Bellman">Jonathan Bellman</a> writes that modern concert performance style – set in the "<a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatory</a>" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings – militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellman2000149%E2%80%93150-218">[201]</a> The composer himself said to a pupil that "concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art".<a href="#cite_note-219">[202]</a> Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as "always crescendo to a high note", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellman2000153%E2%80%93154-220">[203]</a> Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin "has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn".<a href="#cite_note-221">[204]</a> Hiller wrote that "What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers."<a href="#cite_note-222">[205]</a> Chopin's music is frequently played with <a href="/wiki/Tempo_rubato" title="Tempo rubato">rubato</a>, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2011-223">[206]</a> There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> comments that "most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggiation</a> of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil <a href="/wiki/Karol_Mikuli" title="Karol Mikuli">Karol Mikuli</a>, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995413-224">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG/370px-Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="370" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4146" data-file-height="3020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 370px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG/370px-Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG" data-width="370" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG/555px-Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG/740px-Chopin_Museum_in_Warsaw_03.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin's last (<a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel</a>) piano, used in 1848–49 (<a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Museum" title="Fryderyk Chopin Museum">Fryderyk Chopin Museum</a>, Warsaw)</figcaption></figure> Chopin's pupil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friederike_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friederike Müller (page does not exist)">Friederike Müller</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friederike_M%C3%BCller_(Pianistin)" class="extiw" title="de:Friederike Müller (Pianistin)">de</a>] wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full <a href="/wiki/Forte_(dynamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forte (dynamic)">forte</a> or softest <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">piano</a>. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this <a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">legato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">cantabile</a> style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He – or she – does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Ritardando" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritardando">ritardandos</a> [...] and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-Streicher1949138-225">[208]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3></div> When living in Warsaw, Chopin composed and played on an instrument built by the piano-maker <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Buchholtz" title="Fryderyk Buchholtz">Fryderyk Buchholtz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[n 18]</a> Later in Paris Chopin purchased a piano from <a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel</a>. He rated Pleyel's pianos as "non plus ultra" ("nothing better").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAud%C3%A9on2016-230">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> befriended Chopin in Paris and described the sound of Chopin's Pleyel as being "the marriage of crystal and water".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt186391-231">[213]</a> While in London in 1848, Chopin mentioned his pianos in his letters: "I have a large drawing-room with three pianos, a Pleyel, a <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood_%26_Sons" title="John Broadwood & Sons">Broadwood</a> and an <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Erard</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAud%C3%A9on2016-230">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_identity">Polish identity</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; float:right; font-size:85%; width:40em; max-width:25%; min-width: 25em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The "Polish character" of Chopin's work is unquestionable; not because he also wrote polonaises and mazurkas ... which forms ... were often stuffed with alien ideological and literary contents from the outside. ... As an artist he looked for forms that stood apart from the literary-dramatic character of music which was a feature of Romanticism, as a Pole he reflected in his work the very essence of the tragic break in the history of the people and instinctively aspired to give the deepest expression of his nation ... For he understood that he could invest his music with the most enduring and truly Polish qualities only by liberating art from the confines of dramatic and historical contents. This attitude toward the question of "national music" – an inspired solution to his art – was the reason why Chopin's works have come to be understood everywhere outside of Poland ... Therein lies the strange riddle of his eternal vigour. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a>, 1923<a href="#cite_note-232">[214]</a></cite> </div> With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of <a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">nationalism</a>. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1988114-233">[215]</a></blockquote> The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by <a href="/wiki/Carolyne_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein" title="Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein">Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke1966856%E2%80%93861-234">[216]</a> states that Chopin "must be ranked among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt1863149-235">[217]</a> Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kleofas_Ogi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kleofas Ogiński">Michał Kleofas Ogiński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Lessel" title="Franciszek Lessel">Franciszek Lessel</a>, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolos1960439%E2%80%93442-236">[218]</a> Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from "urbanised" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts by Jachimecki and others to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski1999113%E2%80%93121-237">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronising,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010344%E2%80%93345-238">[220]</a> and comments that Chopin "felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert, and Field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010346-239">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995361%E2%80%93363-240">[222]</a> A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood199957-241">[223]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Memorials to Frédéric Chopin">Memorials to Frédéric Chopin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG/310px-Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="413" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 413px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG/310px-Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG" data-width="310" data-height="413" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG/465px-Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG/620px-Pillar_containing_Chopin%27s_heart.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monument on a pillar in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Cross Church, Warsaw">Holy Cross Church, Warsaw</a>, enclosing (at bottom) Chopin's heart</figcaption></figure> Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160-202">[185]</a> He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831 – "the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons" – and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a162-175">[159]</a> While his illness and his love affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that "his lack of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byronic</a> flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries such as Liszt and Henri Herz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchings1968137-194">[177]</a> Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognised by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)" title="Carnaval (Schumann)">Carnaval</a>, and Chopin later dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Ballade_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Ballade No. 2 (Chopin)">Ballade No. 2 in F major</a> to Schumann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018291-242">[224]</a> Elements of Chopin's music can be found in many of Liszt's later works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1988184-87">[76]</a> Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012229%E2%80%93230-243">[225]</a> In Paris, Chopin had a number of pupils, including Friedericke Müller, who left memoirs of his teaching<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018422%E2%80%93423-244">[226]</a> and the prodigy <a href="/wiki/Carl_Filtsch" title="Carl Filtsch">Carl Filtsch</a>, to whom both Chopin and Sand became dedicated, Chopin giving him three lessons a week; Filtsch was the only pupil to whom Chopin gave lessons in composition, and, exceptionally, he on several occasions shared a concert platform with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018464%E2%80%93467-245">[227]</a> Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Mikuli" title="Karol Mikuli">Karol Mikuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mathias" title="Georges Mathias">Georges Mathias</a>, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their students, some of whom (such as <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Koczalski" title="Raoul Koczalski">Raoul Koczalski</a>) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include <a href="/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk" title="Louis Moreau Gottschalk">Louis Moreau Gottschalk</a>, Édouard Wolff, and Pierre Zimmermann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellman2000150%E2%80%93151-246">[228]</a> Debussy dedicated <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)" title="Études (Debussy)">his own 1915 piano Études</a> to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Conservatoire">Paris Conservatoire</a>, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Durand_(publisher)" title="Jacques Durand (publisher)">Jacques Durand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeldon200955%E2%80%9362-247">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_(1_of_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg/220px-Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="4724"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg/220px-Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg/330px-Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg/440px-Pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_%C5%81azienkach_%281_of_1%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Monument_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Frédéric Chopin Monument in Warsaw">Frédéric Chopin Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Łazienki Park</a>, Warsaw, designed by <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Szymanowski" title="Wacław Szymanowski">Wacław Szymanowski</a></figcaption></figure> Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moritz Moszkowski</a>; but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b180-248">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980307-249">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a> was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Zverev" title="Nikolai Zverev">Nikolai Zverev</a> drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers1996134-250">[232]</a> In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky" title="Leopold Godowsky">Leopold Godowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojtkiewicz2013-251">[233]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[234]</a> Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet <a href="/wiki/Les_Sylphides" title="Les Sylphides">Chopiniana</a>, choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Michel Fokine</a> and orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a> commissioned additional orchestrations – from Stravinsky, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lyadov" title="Anatoly Lyadov">Anatoly Lyadov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tcherepnin" title="Nikolai Tcherepnin">Nikolai Tcherepnin</a> – for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin1996546%E2%80%93547-253">[235]</a> Other noted composers have created orchestrations for the ballet, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Douglas" title="Roy Douglas">Roy Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Alexander Gretchaninov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jacob" title="Gordon Jacob">Gordon Jacob</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[236]</a> whose score is lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZank2005266-255">[237]</a> Musicologist Erinn Knyt writes: "In the nineteenth century Chopin and his music were commonly viewed as effeminate, androgynous, childish, sickly, and 'ethnically other.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnyt2017280-256">[238]</a> Music historian Jeffrey Kallberg says that in Chopin's time, "listeners to the genre of the piano nocturne often couched their reactions in feminine imagery", and he cites many examples of such reactions to Chopin's nocturnes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1992104%E2%80%93106-257">[239]</a> One reason for this may be "demographic" – there were more female than male piano players, and playing such "romantic" pieces was seen by male critics as a female domestic pastime. Such genderization was not commonly applied to other genres among Chopin's works, such as the scherzo or the polonaise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1992106%E2%80%93107-258">[240]</a> The cultural historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> has cited the demonstrations by pianist and writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a>, in the latter's book The Romantic Generation, of Chopin's skills in "planning, polyphony, and sheer harmonic creativity", as effectively overthrowing any legend of Chopin "as a swooning, 'inspired', small-scale salon composer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid1995-259">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995284%E2%80%93285,_358%E2%80%93359,_452%E2%80%93453-260">[242]</a> Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the <a href="/wiki/International_Chopin_Piano_Competition" title="International Chopin Piano Competition">International Chopin Piano Competition</a>, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-261">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a> lists over eighty societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music.<a href="#cite_note-262">[244]</a> The Institute site also lists over 1500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of March 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[245]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> notes that "Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era." The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Pabst" title="Pavel Pabst">Paul Pabst</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes,_Op._62_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes, Op. 62 (Chopin)">Nocturne in E major, Op. 62, No. 2</a>. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman" title="Ignaz Friedman">Ignaz Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benno_Moiseiwitsch" title="Benno Moiseiwitsch">Benno Moiseiwitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xaver_Scharwenka" title="Xaver Scharwenka">Xaver Scharwenka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hofmann" title="Josef Hofmann">Josef Hofmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_de_Pachmann" title="Vladimir de Pachmann">Vladimir de Pachmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Rosenthal" title="Moriz Rosenthal">Moriz Rosenthal</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-264">[246]</a> A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by James Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMethuen-Campbell1981241%E2%80%93267-265">[247]</a> Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): <a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Ax" title="Emanuel Ax">Emanuel Ax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Moravec" title="Ivan Moravec">Ivan Moravec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jo%C3%A3o_Pires" title="Maria João Pires">Maria João Pires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Tharaud" title="Alexandre Tharaud">Alexandre Tharaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yundi" title="Yundi">Yundi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Krystian_Zimerman" title="Krystian Zimerman">Krystian Zimerman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[248]</a> The Warsaw Chopin Society organises the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.<a href="#cite_note-267">[249]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="In_literature,_stage,_film_and_television">In literature, stage, film and television</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Memorials to Frédéric Chopin">Memorials to Frédéric Chopin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg/220px-Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg/220px-Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg/330px-Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg/440px-Pere-Lachaise_Chopin_grave.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chopin's grave, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, and he has also featured in works of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[250]</a> There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see <a href="#Bibliography">bibliography</a> for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events: <a href="/wiki/Chopin_(opera)" title="Chopin (opera)">Chopin</a> (1901). The music – based on Chopin's own – was assembled by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Orefice" title="Giacomo Orefice">Giacomo Orefice</a>, with a libretto by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiolo_Orvieto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiolo Orvieto (page does not exist)">Angiolo Orvieto</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiolo_Orvieto" class="extiw" title="it:Angiolo Orvieto">it</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbrook2002-269">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanza2001-270">[252]</a> Chopin's life has been fictionalised in numerous films.<a href="#cite_note-271">[253]</a> As early as 1919, Chopin's relationships with three women – his youth sweetheart Mariolka, then Polish singer Sonja Radkowska, and later George Sand – were portrayed in the German silent film <a href="/wiki/Nocturne_of_Love_(1919_film)" title="Nocturne of Love (1919 film)">Nocturno der Liebe</a> (1919).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoister200262-272">[254]</a> The 1945 biographical film <a href="/wiki/A_Song_to_Remember" title="A Song to Remember">A Song to Remember</a> earned <a href="/wiki/Cornel_Wilde" title="Cornel Wilde">Cornel Wilde</a> an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included La valse de l'adieu (1928) by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Roussel" title="Henry Roussel">Henry Roussel</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blanchar" title="Pierre Blanchar">Pierre Blanchar</a> as Chopin; <a href="/wiki/Impromptu_(1991_film)" title="Impromptu (1991 film)">Impromptu</a> (1991), starring <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and <a href="/wiki/Chopin:_Desire_for_Love" title="Chopin: Desire for Love">Chopin: Desire for Love</a> (2002).<a href="#cite_note-273">[255]</a> Chopin's life was covered in a 1999 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_(British_TV_programme)" title="Omnibus (British TV programme)">Omnibus</a> documentary by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mischa_Scorer" title="Mischa Scorer">Mischa Scorer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[256]</a> in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Prosseda" title="Roberto Prosseda">Roberto Prosseda</a> for Italian television,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2016600%E2%80%93601-275">[257]</a> and in a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010).<a href="#cite_note-276">[258]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> English: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃɒpæ̃, ˈʃɒpæn/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃoʊpæn, ʃoʊˈpæn/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁedeʁik fʁɑ̃swa ʃɔpɛ̃]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[frɨˈdɛrɨk fraɲˈt͡ɕiʂɛk ˈʂɔpɛn]</a>. Though none of Chopin's family spelled their surname in the <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonised</a> form Szopen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018289-3">[2]</a> the latter spelling has been used by many Poles since his own day, including by his poet contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Cyprian Norwid</a> in the poem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopin%27s_Piano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chopin's Piano (page does not exist)">Chopin's Piano</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepian_Szopena" class="extiw" title="pl:Fortepian Szopena">pl</a>] (Fortepian Szopena). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> According to his letter of 16 January 1833 to the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Polonaise_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris">Société historique et littéraire polonaise</a> (Polish Literary Society) in Paris, he was "born 1 March 1810 at the village of Żelazowa Wola in the Province of Mazowsze".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962116-10">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The Conservatory was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>; hence Chopin is counted among the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw#Notable_alumni" title="University of Warsaw">university's alumni</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> At <a href="/wiki/Szafarnia,_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Szafarnia, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Szafarnia</a> (in 1824 – perhaps his first solo travel away from home – and in 1825), <a href="/wiki/Duszniki-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Duszniki-Zdrój">Duszniki</a> (1826), <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (1827), and <a href="/wiki/Sanniki,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Sanniki, Masovian Voivodeship">Sanniki</a> (1828).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzklener20108-26">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The Krasiński Palace, now known as the Czapski Palace, is now the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw">Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts</a>. In 1960 the <a href="/wiki/Chopin_Family_Parlor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin Family Parlor">Chopin family parlour</a> (salonik Chopinów), a room once occupied by the Chopin household in the Palace, was opened as a museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMieleszko1971-30">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> An 1837–39 resident here, the artist-poet <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Cyprian Norwid</a>, would later write a poem, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopin%27s_Piano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chopin's Piano (page does not exist)">Chopin's Piano</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepian_Szopena" class="extiw" title="pl:Fortepian Szopena">pl</a>]", about the instrument's <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestration</a> by Russian troops during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising#Influence_on_art_and_literature" title="January Uprising">January 1863 Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubowski1979514%E2%80%93515-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The originals perished in World War II. Only photographs survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhnke2010-35">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> A French passport used by Chopin is shown at the website "Chopin – musicien français"<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> For Schlesinger's international network see Conway(2012), pp. 185–187, 238–239<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012-71">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> A photo of the letters packet survives, though the originals seem to have been lost during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018307-81">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The Bauza piano eventually entered the collection of <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Landowska" title="Wanda Landowska">Wanda Landowska</a> in Paris<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea2018168-102">[91]</a> and was seized following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Fall of Paris</a> in 1940 and transported by the invaders to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea2018230-103">[92]</a> It was returned to France in 1946, but subsequently went missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea2018295-104">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Two neighbouring apartments at the Valldemossa monastery, each long hosting a Chopin museum, have been claimed to be the retreat of Chopin and Sand, and to hold Chopin's Pleyel piano. In 2011 a Spanish court on Majorca, partly by ruling out a piano that had been built after Chopin's visit there – probably after his death – decided which was the correct apartment.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Nourrit's body was being escorted via Marseilles to his funeral in Paris, following his suicide in Naples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers193925-111">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> See the photo in the article on <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin#Europe" title="Memorials to Frédéric Chopin">memorials to Frédéric Chopin</a>, of the plaque on the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Baudard_de_Saint-James" title="Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James">Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James</a>, commemorating Chopin's death there. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> In 1879 the heart was sealed within a pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Cross Church, Warsaw">Holy Cross Church</a>, behind a tablet carved by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marconi" title="Leonard Marconi">Leonard Marconi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[140]</a> During the German invasion of Warsaw in World War II, the heart was removed for safekeeping and held in the quarters of the German commander, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a>. It was later returned to the church authorities, but it was not deemed safe yet to put it back in its former resting place. It was taken to the town of <a href="/wiki/Milan%C3%B3wek" title="Milanówek">Milanówek</a>, where the casket was opened and the heart was viewed (its large size was noted). It was stored in St. Hedwig's Church there. On 17 October 1945, the 96th anniversary of Chopin's death, it was returned to its place in Holy Cross Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2014-156">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> The piano in the picture, a <a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel</a> from the period 1830–1849, was not Chopin's. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> In 2018 a copy of Chopin's Buchholtz piano was first presented publicly at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw">Teatr Wielki, Warsaw</a> – Polish National Opera<a href="#cite_note-227">[210]</a> and was used by Warsaw Chopin Institute for <a href="/wiki/The_1st_International_Chopin_Competition_on_Period_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="The 1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments">their First International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[211]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018289-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018289_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewski2003–2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomaszewski, Mieczysław (2003–2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124032210/https://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/persons/text/id/6726">"Juliusz Słowacki"</a>. chopin.nifc.pl (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/persons/text/id/6726">the original</a> on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chopin.nifc.pl&rft.atitle=Juliusz+S%C5%82owacki&rft.date=2003%2F2018&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chopin.nifc.pl%2Fchopin%2Fpersons%2Ftext%2Fid%2F6726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995284-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1995284_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedleyBrown1980292-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedleyBrown1980292_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedleyBrown1980">Hedley & Brown 1980</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104–5-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20104%E2%80%935_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECholmondeley1998-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECholmondeley1998_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECholmondeley1998_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCholmondeley1998">Cholmondeley 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962116-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1962116_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1962">Chopin 1962</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20103-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20103_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201821-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker201821_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§1_¶1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B61_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §1 ¶1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018112-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018112_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMysłakowskiSikorsky" class="citation web cs1">Mysłakowski, Piotr; Sikorsky, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102165448/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/persons/detail/id/6368">"Emilia Chopin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Narodowy Instytut Fryderyka Chopina</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/persons/detail/id/6368">the original</a> on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Narodowy+Instytut+Fryderyka+Chopina&rft.atitle=Emilia+Chopin&rft.aulast=Mys%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Sikorsky%2C+Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chopin.nifc.pl%2Fchopin%2Fpersons%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F6368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20105–6-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20105%E2%80%936_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski20105%E2%80%936_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc199841–42-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzulc199841%E2%80%9342_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzulc1998">Szulc 1998</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§1_¶3-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B63_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B63_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §1 ¶3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson19968-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson19968_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson1996">Samson 1996</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201850–52-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker201850%E2%80%9352_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 50–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201011–12-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201011%E2%80%9312_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§1_¶5-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B65_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B65_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B65_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §1 ¶5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201883–84-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker201883%E2%80%9384_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzklener20108-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzklener20108_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzklener2010">Szklener 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§1_¶2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B62_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §1 ¶2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201019–20-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201019%E2%80%9320_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMieleszko1971-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMieleszko1971_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMieleszko1971">Mieleszko 1971</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubowski1979514–515-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakubowski1979514%E2%80%93515_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJakubowski1979">Jakubowski 1979</a>, pp. 514–515. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201043_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhnke2010-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhnke2010_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnke2010">Kuhnke 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1988102-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1988102_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1988">Chopin 1988</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201047-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201047_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018156-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018156_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg200666-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg200666_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg2006">Kallberg 2006</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizà2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pizà, Antoni (13 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turia.uv.es//index.php/ITAMAR/article/view/23608/0">"Overture: Love is a Pink Cake or Queering Chopin in Times of Homophobia"</a>. Itamar. Revista de investigación musical: Territorios para el arte. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2386-8260">2386-8260</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328121607/https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/ITAMAR/article/view/23608">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itamar.+Revista+de+investigaci%C3%B3n+musical%3A+Territorios+para+el+arte&rft.atitle=Overture%3A+Love+is+a+Pink+Cake+or+Queering+Chopin+in+Times+of+Homophobia&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft.issn=2386-8260&rft.aulast=Piz%C3%A0&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturia.uv.es%2F%2Findex.php%2FITAMAR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23608%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weber, Moritz (13 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turia.uv.es//index.php/ITAMAR/article/view/23609/0">"AKT I / ACTO I / ACT I Männer / Hombres / Men Chopins Männer / Los hombres de Chopin / Chopin's Men"</a>. Itamar. Revista de investigación musical: Territorios para el arte (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2386-8260">2386-8260</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031308/https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/ITAMAR/article/view/23609">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itamar.+Revista+de+investigaci%C3%B3n+musical%3A+Territorios+para+el+arte&rft.atitle=AKT+I+%2F+ACTO+I+%2F+ACT+I+M%C3%A4nner+%2F+Hombres+%2F+Men+Chopins+M%C3%A4nner+%2F+Los+hombres+de+Chopin+%2F+Chopin%27s+Men&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft.issn=2386-8260&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturia.uv.es%2F%2Findex.php%2FITAMAR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23609%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018153–155-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018153%E2%80%93155_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 153–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._1,_p._125-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._1,_p._125_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiecks1902">Niecks 1902</a>, vol. 1, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018173–177-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018173%E2%80%93177_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 173–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018177–178-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018177%E2%80%93178_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201045-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201045_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201035-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201035_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201037–39-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201037%E2%80%9339_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 37–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937422-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937422_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937422_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJachimecki1937">Jachimecki 1937</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§2_¶1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72_%C2%B61_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §2 ¶1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§2_¶3-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72_%C2%B63_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §2 ¶3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018202-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018202_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmanWróblewska-Straus2007" class="citation journal cs1">Helman, Zofia; Wróblewska-Straus, Hanna (2007). "The Date of Chopin's Arrival in Paris". Musicology Today. 4. Sciendo: 95–103. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1734-1663">1734-1663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musicology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Chopin%27s+Arrival+in+Paris&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1734-1663&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rft.au=Wr%C3%B3blewska-Straus%2C+Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§1_¶6-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A71_%C2%B66_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §1 ¶6. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangavant" class="citation web cs1">Langavant, Emmanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaph16.free.fr/chopin//chopin7.htm">"Passeport français de Chopin"</a>. Chopin – musicien français website. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chopin+%E2%80%93+musicien+fran%C3%A7ais+website&rft.atitle=Passeport+fran%C3%A7ais+de+Chopin&rft.aulast=Langavant&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaph16.free.fr%2Fchopin%2F%2Fchopin7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010128-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010128_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010128_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010106-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010106_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018219-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018219_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEigeldinger2001passim-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEigeldinger2001passim_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEigeldinger2001">Eigeldinger 2001</a>, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018302_ff.,_309,_365-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018302_ff.,_309,_365_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 302 ff., 309, 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§3_¶2-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B62_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §3 ¶2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010106–107-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010106%E2%80%93107_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann198815–17-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann198815%E2%80%9317_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1988">Schumann 1988</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201088-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201088_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263–264-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263%E2%80%93264_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263%E2%80%93264_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263%E2%80%93264_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedley2005">Hedley 2005</a>, pp. 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§2,_paras._4–5-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72,_paras._4%E2%80%935_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §2, paras. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012226_&_note_9-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012226_&_note_9_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, p. 226 & note 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§2_¶5-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A72_%C2%B65_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §2 ¶5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._1,_p._274-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._1,_p._274_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiecks1902">Niecks 1902</a>, vol. 1, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018279-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018279_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010118–119-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010118%E2%80%93119_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998137-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzulc1998137_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzulc1998">Szulc 1998</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010119–120-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010119%E2%80%93120_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010126–127-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010126%E2%80%93127_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937423-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937423_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937423_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJachimecki1937">Jachimecki 1937</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962144-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1962144_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1962">Chopin 1962</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018307-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018307_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201131-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201131_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall-Swadley2011">Hall-Swadley 2011</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201132_84-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall-Swadley2011">Hall-Swadley 2011</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchonberg1987">Schonberg 1987</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201133-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Swadley201133_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall-Swadley2011">Hall-Swadley 2011</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1988184-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1988184_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1988184_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1988">Walker 1988</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151–152-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987151%E2%80%93152_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchonberg1987">Schonberg 1987</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§3_¶3-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B63_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §3 ¶3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962141-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1962141_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1962">Chopin 1962</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010137–138-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010137%E2%80%93138_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010147-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010147_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962151–161-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1962151%E2%80%93161_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1962">Chopin 1962</a>, pp. 151–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZałuskiZałuski1992226-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1992226_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1992">Załuski & Załuski 1992</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§3_¶4-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B64_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B64_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §3 ¶4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010154-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010154_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010159-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010159_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010161–162-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010161%E2%80%93162_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§3_¶5-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B65_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A73_%C2%B65_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §3 ¶5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962164-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1962164_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1962">Chopin 1962</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea201820–21-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKildea201820%E2%80%9321_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKildea2018">Kildea 2018</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea2018168-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKildea2018168_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKildea2018">Kildea 2018</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea2018230-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKildea2018230_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKildea2018">Kildea 2018</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKildea2018295-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKildea2018295_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKildea2018">Kildea 2018</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010168-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010168_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201016-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski201016_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovan2011" class="citation web cs1">Govan, Fiona (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8296219/Row-over-Chopins-Majorcan-residence-solved-by-piano.html">"Row over Chopin's Majorcan residence solved by piano"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8296219/Row-over-Chopins-Majorcan-residence-solved-by-piano.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Row+over+Chopin%27s+Majorcan+residence+solved+by+piano&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Govan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fspain%2F8296219%2FRow-over-Chopins-Majorcan-residence-solved-by-piano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1988200,_letter_to_Fontana_of_25_April_1839-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1988200,_letter_to_Fontana_of_25_April_1839_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1988">Chopin 1988</a>, p. 200, letter to Fontana of 25 April 1839. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers193925-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers193925_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers1939">Rogers 1939</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopin1962177,_letter_from_George_Sand_to_Carlotta_Marliani,_Marseilles,_28_April_1839-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopin1962177,_letter_from_George_Sand_to_Carlotta_Marliani,_Marseilles,_28_April_1839_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopin1962">Chopin 1962</a>, p. 177, letter from George Sand to Carlotta Marliani, Marseilles, 28 April 1839. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§4_¶1-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A74_%C2%B61_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A74_%C2%B61_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §4 ¶1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§4_¶4-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A74_%C2%B64_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §4 ¶4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010197-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010197_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010197_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJachimecki1937424_117-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJachimecki1937">Jachimecki 1937</a>, p. 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999315-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999315_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood1999">Atwood 1999</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010212-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010212_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddie20138-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddie20138_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddie2013">Eddie 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010227-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010227_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Sara Reardon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/31/AR2011013104713.html">"Chopin's hallucinations may have been caused by epilepsy"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 31 January 2011, accessed 10 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010233-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010233_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§5_¶2-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B62_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §5 ¶2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson1996194-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson1996194_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson1996">Samson 1996</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018552–554-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018552%E2%80%93554_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 552–554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg200656-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg200656_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg2006">Kallberg 2006</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018529-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018529_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 529. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2003§8-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2003%C2%A78_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2003">Miller 2003</a>, §8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§5_¶3-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B63_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B63_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §5 ¶3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998403-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzulc1998403_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzulc1998">Szulc 1998</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018556-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018556_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 556. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZałuskiZałuski1992227–229-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1992227%E2%80%93229_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1992">Załuski & Załuski 1992</a>, pp. 227–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming2004" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Mark, ed. (2004). "Chopin, Frédérick". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nvdx-4-CzoC">The Carlyle Encyclopedia</a>. Madison and Teaneck, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3792-0"><bdi>978-0-8386-3792-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick&rft.btitle=The+Carlyle+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Madison+and+Teaneck%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3792-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Nvdx-4-CzoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018579–581-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018579%E2%80%93581_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 579–581. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZałuskiZałuski1993-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1993_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZa%C5%82uskiZa%C5%82uski1993">Załuski & Załuski 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010279Letter_of_30_October_1848-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010279Letter_of_30_October_1848_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 279, Letter of 30 October 1848. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010276–278-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010276%E2%80%93278_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 276–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull198953-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull198953_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurnbull1989">Turnbull 1989</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998383-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzulc1998383_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzulc1998">Szulc 1998</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§5_¶4-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B64_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A75_%C2%B64_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §5 ¶4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010283–286-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010283%E2%80%93286_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 283–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018613-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018613_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 613. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010291–293-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010291%E2%80%93293_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, pp. 291–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJełowicki" class="citation web cs1">Jełowicki, Aleksander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chopin.nifc.pl/en/chopin/list/401_priest-aleksander-jelowicki-to-ksawera-grocholska">"Letter to Ksawera Grocholska"</a>. chopin.nifc.pl. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chopin.nifc.pl&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Ksawera+Grocholska&rft.aulast=Je%C5%82owicki&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchopin.nifc.pl%2Fen%2Fchopin%2Flist%2F401_priest-aleksander-jelowicki-to-ksawera-grocholska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010293-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010293_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010294-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010294_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._2,_p._323-324-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiecks1902vol._2,_p._323-324_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiecks1902">Niecks 1902</a>, vol. 2, p. 323-324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018620–622-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018620%E2%80%93622_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 620–622. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999412–413,_translation_of_"Funeral_of_Frédéric_Chopin",_in_<span_title="French-language_text"><span_lang="fr"_style="font-style:_normal,_">[[Revue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris|Revue_et_gazette_musicale]][[Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text]],_4_November_1847-151'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999412%E2%80%93413,_translation_of_%22Funeral_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin%22,_in_<span_title=%22French-language_text%22><span_lang=%22fr%22_style=%22font-style:_normal,_%22>%5B%5BRevue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris%7CRevue_et_gazette_musicale%5D%5D%5B%5BCategory:Articles_containing_French-language_text%5D%5D,_4_November_1847_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood1999">Atwood 1999</a>, pp. 412–413, translation of "Funeral of Frédéric Chopin", in <a href="/wiki/Revue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris" title="Revue et gazette musicale de Paris">Revue et gazette musicale</a>, 4 November 1847. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018623–624-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018623%E2%80%93624_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 623–624. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson1996193-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson1996193_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson1996">Samson 1996</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018618-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018618_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 618. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/warsaw/sightseeing/churches/Holy-Cross-Church_21356v">"Holy Cross Church (Kościół Św. Krzyża)"</a>. In Your Pocket. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Your+Pocket&rft.atitle=Holy+Cross+Church+%28Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82+%C5%9Aw.+Krzy%C5%BCa%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourpocket.com%2Fpoland%2Fwarsaw%2Fsightseeing%2Fchurches%2FHoly-Cross-Church_21356v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2014-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2014_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2014">Ross 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018633-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018633_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 633. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010286-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2010286_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2010">Zamoyski 2010</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajkaGozdzikWitt200377-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajkaGozdzikWitt200377_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajkaGozdzikWitt2003">Majka, Gozdzik & Witt 2003</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzemko1994771-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzemko1994771_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzemko1994">Kuzemko 1994</a>, p. 771. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubbaYoung1998-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubbaYoung1998_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubbaYoung1998">Kubba & Young 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittMarchwicaDobosz2018-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittMarchwicaDobosz2018_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittMarchwicaDobosz2018">Witt, Marchwica & Dobosz 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKie2017-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKie2017_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKie2017">McKie 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruszewicz2014-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPruszewicz2014_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPruszewicz2014">Pruszewicz 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980298-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980298_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980298_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§6_para_7-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A76_para_7_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §6 para 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§6_paras_1–4-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A76_paras_1%E2%80%934_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §6 paras 1–4. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012"Ballade"-169'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012%22Ballade%22_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012">Kennedy et al. 2012</a>, "Ballade". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitterman199428-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitterman199428_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitterman1994">Ritterman 1994</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1994138-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg1994138_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg1994">Kallberg 1994</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1980304–305-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1980304%E2%80%93305_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1980">Ferguson 1980</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b177-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998b177_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998b177_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998b">Jones 1998b</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1998115-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzulc1998115_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzulc1998">Szulc 1998</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a162-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a162_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a162_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998a">Jones 1998a</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005264-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedley2005264_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedley2005">Hedley 2005</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012"Chopin,_Fryderyk_Franciszek_(Frédéric_François)"-177'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012%22Chopin,_Fryderyk_Franciszek_(Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois)%22_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012">Kennedy et al. 2012</a>, "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek (Frédéric François)". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedleyBrown1980294-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedleyBrown1980294_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedleyBrown1980">Hedley & Brown 1980</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg20014–8-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg20014%E2%80%938_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg2001">Kallberg 2001</a>, pp. 4–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStåhlbrand2016-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt%C3%A5hlbrand2016_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt%C3%A5hlbrand2016_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSt%C3%A5hlbrand2016">Ståhlbrand 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmialekTrochimczyk2015" class="citation book cs1">Smialek, William; Trochimczyk, Maja (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910847554">Frédéric Chopin: A Research and Information Guide</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88157-6"><bdi>978-0-203-88157-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910847554">910847554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin%3A+A+Research+and+Information+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910847554&rft.isbn=978-0-203-88157-6&rft.aulast=Smialek&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Trochimczyk%2C+Maja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F910847554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999166–167-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood1999166%E2%80%93167_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood1999">Atwood 1999</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_ValEhrlich1998127-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_ValEhrlich1998127_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_ValEhrlich1998">De Val & Ehrlich 1998</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_ValEhrlich1998129-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_ValEhrlich1998129_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_ValEhrlich1998">De Val & Ehrlich 1998</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-Higgins-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1981" class="citation journal cs1">Higgins, Thomas (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746559">"Whose Chopin?"</a>. 19th-Century Music. 5 (1): 67–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746559">10.2307/746559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-2076">0148-2076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746559">746559</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Whose+Chopin%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-75&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0148-2076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746559&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samson-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samson_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samson_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1992" class="citation book cs1">Samson, Jim (30 October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMj2p1NxKIwC">Chopin: The Four Ballades</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38615-9"><bdi>978-0-521-38615-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin%3A+The+Four+Ballades&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38615-9&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMj2p1NxKIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621194533/https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/media.chopin2020.pl/c38344d9c15a43779f60bfde310cdb08.pdf">Rules of The Eighteenth International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/media.chopin2020.pl/c38344d9c15a43779f60bfde310cdb08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+of+The+Eighteenth+International+Fryderyk+Chopin+Piano+Competition&rft.pub=Fryderyk+Chopin+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com%2Fmedia.chopin2020.pl%2Fc38344d9c15a43779f60bfde310cdb08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980306-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980306_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkier" class="citation web cs1">Ekier, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/institutions/text/cat/1/page/2/id/1527">"Foundation for the National Edition of the Works of Fryderyk Chopin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809202325/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/institutions/text/cat/1/page/2/id/1527">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foundation+for+the+National+Edition+of+the+Works+of+Fryderyk+Chopin&rft.pub=Fryderyk+Chopin+Institute&rft.aulast=Ekier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chopin.nifc.pl%2Fchopin%2Finstitutions%2Ftext%2Fcat%2F1%2Fpage%2F2%2Fid%2F1527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chopinonline.ac.uk/cfeo/contexts/historical-background/">"Historical Background"</a>. Chopin's First Editions Online. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chopin%27s+First+Editions+Online&rft.atitle=Historical+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chopinonline.ac.uk%2Fcfeo%2Fcontexts%2Fhistorical-background%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotheque-polonaise-paris-shlp.fr/index.php?id_page=221">"Les Musées"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Library_in_Paris" title="Polish Library in Paris">Bibliotheque Polonaise de Paris</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheque+Polonaise+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Les+Mus%C3%A9es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotheque-polonaise-paris-shlp.fr%2Findex.php%3Fid_page%3D221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980305-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980305_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchings1968137-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchings1968137_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchings1968137_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutchings1968">Hutchings 1968</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995262–278-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1995262%E2%80%93278_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, pp. 262–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a161–162-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a161%E2%80%93162_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998a">Jones 1998a</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980304-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980304_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980304_197-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b179-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998b179_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998b">Jones 1998b</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReissBrown198051-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReissBrown198051_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReissBrown1980">Reiss & Brown 1980</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018232–233-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018232%E2%80%93233_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1980258-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1980258_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1980">Brown 1980</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998a">Jones 1998a</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedley2005263_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedley2005">Hedley 2005</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160–161-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a160%E2%80%93161_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998a">Jones 1998a</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998a161-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998a161_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998a">Jones 1998a</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen199583-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen199583_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008101–102-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008101%E2%80%93102_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2008">Hamilton 2008</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2001§9_¶2-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A79_%C2%B62_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2001%C2%A79_%C2%B62_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamson2001">Samson 2001</a>, §9 ¶2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeikin1994175-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeikin1994175_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeikin1994">Leikin 1994</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeikin1994161-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeikin1994161_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeikin1994">Leikin 1994</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetty1999289-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetty1999289_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetty1999">Petty 1999</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995294–297-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1995294%E2%80%93297_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, pp. 294–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980302–303-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980302%E2%80%93303_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, pp. 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1994136-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg1994136_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg1994">Kallberg 1994</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFEigeldinger1988">Eigeldinger 1988</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFEigeldinger1988">Eigeldinger 1988</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEigeldinger198818–20-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEigeldinger198818%E2%80%9320_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEigeldinger1988">Eigeldinger 1988</a>, pp. 18–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellman2000149–150-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellman2000149%E2%80%93150_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellman2000">Bellman 2000</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFBellman2000">Bellman 2000</a>, p. 150; the pupil was Emilie von Gretsch. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellman2000153–154-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellman2000153%E2%80%93154_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellman2000">Bellman 2000</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFEigeldinger1988">Eigeldinger 1988</a>, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFBellman2000">Bellman 2000</a>, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2011-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatham2011_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatham2011">Latham 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995413-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1995413_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Streicher1949138-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-Streicher1949138_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM%C3%BCller-Streicher1949">Müller-Streicher 1949</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajorekZasztoft1991" class="citation journal cs1">Majorek, Czeslaw; Zasztoft, Leszek (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368794">"Popularyzacja nauki w Krolestwie Polskim w latach 1864–1905"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_Quarterly" title="History of Education Quarterly">History of Education Quarterly</a>. 31 (1): 109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F368794">10.2307/368794</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/368794">368794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147032747">147032747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Popularyzacja+nauki+w+Krolestwie+Polskim+w+latach+1864%E2%80%931905&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147032747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F368794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F368794&rft.aulast=Majorek&rft.aufirst=Czeslaw&rft.au=Zasztoft%2C+Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F368794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muzeum.nifc.pl/pl/muzeum/aktualnosci/955">"Narodowy Instytut Fryderyka Chopina"</a>. muzeum.nifc.pl. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muzeum.nifc.pl&rft.atitle=Narodowy+Instytut+Fryderyka+Chopina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuzeum.nifc.pl%2Fpl%2Fmuzeum%2Faktualnosci%2F955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2018" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Michael (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michael-moran.org/2018/01/31/1st-international-chopin-competition-on-period-instruments/">"1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments. 2–14 September 2018"</a>. Classical Music Festivals and Competitions in Poland and Germany – with occasional unrelated detours. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Music+Festivals+and+Competitions+in+Poland+and+Germany+%E2%80%93+with+occasional+unrelated+detours&rft.atitle=1st+International+Chopin+Competition+on+Period+Instruments.+2%E2%80%9314+September+2018&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichael-moran.org%2F2018%2F01%2F31%2F1st-international-chopin-competition-on-period-instruments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudéon2016-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAud%C3%A9on2016_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAud%C3%A9on2016_230-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAud%C3%A9on2016">Audéon 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt186391-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiszt186391_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiszt1863">Liszt 1863</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Cited from Szymanowski's 1923 essay, "Fryderyk Chopin"; <a href="#CITEREFDownes2001">Downes 2001</a>, p. 63 and n. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1988114-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1988114_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1988">Schumann 1988</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke1966856–861-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke1966856%E2%80%93861_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1966">Cooke 1966</a>, pp. 856–861. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt1863149-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiszt1863149_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiszt1863">Liszt 1863</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolos1960439–442-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolos1960439%E2%80%93442_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolos1960">Golos 1960</a>, pp. 439–442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski1999113–121-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilewski1999113%E2%80%93121_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilewski1999">Milewski 1999</a>, pp. 113–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010344–345-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010344%E2%80%93345_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2010">Taruskin 2010</a>, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010346-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010346_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2010">Taruskin 2010</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995361–363-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1995361%E2%80%93363_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, pp. 361–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood199957-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood199957_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood1999">Atwood 1999</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018291-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018291_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012229–230-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012229%E2%80%93230_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018422–423-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018422%E2%80%93423_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 422–423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2018464–467-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2018464%E2%80%93467_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2018">Walker 2018</a>, pp. 464–467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellman2000150–151-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellman2000150%E2%80%93151_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellman2000">Bellman 2000</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeldon200955–62-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeldon200955%E2%80%9362_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeldon2009">Wheeldon 2009</a>, pp. 55–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1998b180-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1998b180_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998b">Jones 1998b</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980307-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980307_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers1996134-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowers1996134_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowers1996">Bowers 1996</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojtkiewicz2013-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWojtkiewicz2013_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWojtkiewicz2013">Wojtkiewicz 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_Chopin,_W474_(Villa-Lobos,_Heitor)" class="extiw" title="scores:Hommage à Chopin, W474 (Villa-Lobos, Heitor)">Hommage à Chopin</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin1996546–547-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin1996546%E2%80%93547_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin1996">Taruskin 1996</a>, pp. 546–547. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abt.org/entry/the-mystery-of-the-missing-music/">"The Mystery of the Missing Music"</a>. SideBarre. <a href="/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre" title="American Ballet Theatre">American Ballet Theatre</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SideBarre&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Missing+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abt.org%2Fentry%2Fthe-mystery-of-the-missing-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZank2005266-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZank2005266_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZank2005">Zank 2005</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnyt2017280-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnyt2017280_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnyt2017">Knyt 2017</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1992104–106-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg1992104%E2%80%93106_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg1992">Kallberg 1992</a>, pp. 104–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallberg1992106–107-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallberg1992106%E2%80%93107_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallberg1992">Kallberg 1992</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid1995-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaid1995_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaid1995">Said 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1995284–285,_358–359,_452–453-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1995284%E2%80%93285,_358%E2%80%93359,_452%E2%80%93453_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1995">Rosen 1995</a>, pp. 284–285, 358–359, 452–453. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://konkurs.chopin.pl/en/about/competition">"About Competition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707105707/http://konkurs.chopin.pl/en/about/competition">Archived</a> 7 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Chopin Competition website, accessed 12 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/institutions/search/cat/1/page/1">"Institutions related to Chopin – Associations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032942/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/institutions/search/cat/1/page/1">Archived</a> 6 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fryderyk Chopin Institute website, accessed 5 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/youtube/search">"Chopin on YouTube"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120345/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/youtube/search">Archived</a> 30 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fryderyk Chopin Institute website, accessed 27 March 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/classical-music/chopin">"Chopin"</a>, British Library website, accessed 22 December 2013. Recordings accessible free online throughout the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMethuen-Campbell1981241–267-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMethuen-Campbell1981241%E2%80%93267_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMethuen-Campbell1981">Methuen-Campbell 1981</a>, pp. 241–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Anthony Tommasini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Allan Kozinn</a>, Steve Smith, Vivien Schweitzer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/arts/music/28chopinweb.html">"1 Composer, 2 Centuries, Many Picks"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 27 May 2010, accessed 28 December 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprix.chopin.pl/hist_en.html">Grand Prix du Disque Frédéric Chopin website</a>, accessed 2 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Andrzej Hejmej, tr. Philip Stoeckle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122073940/http://www.chopin.pl/chopin_literature.en.html">"Chopin and his music in literature"</a>, Chopin.pl website (archived), accessed 28 March 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbrook2002-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshbrook2002_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshbrook2002">Ashbrook 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanza2001-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanza2001_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLanza2001">Lanza 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100908130750/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/filmography/search/page/1">"Fryderyk Chopin – Information Centre – Filmography"</a>. en.chopin.nifc.pl. chopin.nifc.pl. 2003–2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/filmography/search/page/1">the original</a> on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.chopin.nifc.pl&rft.atitle=Fryderyk+Chopin+%E2%80%93+Information+Centre+%E2%80%93+Filmography&rft.date=2003%2F2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chopin.nifc.pl%2Fchopin%2Ffilmography%2Fsearch%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoister200262-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoister200262_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoister2002">Soister 2002</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Iwona Sowińska, tr. Philip Stoeckle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chopin.pl/chopin_films.en.html#1">"Chopin goes to the movies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023044224/http://www.chopin.pl/chopin_films.en.html#1#1">Archived</a> 23 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in chopin.pl website, accessed 4 January 2014. The site gives details of numerous other films featuring Chopin. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Church1999" class="citation news cs1">Michael Church (13 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/an-exile-from-the-modern-world-1093449.html">"An exile from the modern world"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=An+exile+from+the+modern+world&rft.date=1999-05-13&rft.au=Michael+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fan-exile-from-the-modern-world-1093449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2016600–601-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2016600%E2%80%93601_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2016">Thompson 2016</a>, pp. 600–601. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v9qpb">"Chopin – The Women Behind The Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Chopin+%E2%80%93+The+Women+Behind+The+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00v9qpb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbrook2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ashbrook" title="William Ashbrook">Ashbrook, William</a> (2002) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O008022">"Chopin (opera by Orefice)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin+%28opera+by+Orefice%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Ashbrook&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O008022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood1999" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, William G. (1999). The Parisian Worlds of Frédéric Chopin. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07773-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07773-5"><bdi>978-0-300-07773-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parisian+Worlds+of+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07773-5&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudéon2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Audéon, Hervé (2016). "L'œuvre de Frédéric Kalkbrenner (1785–1849) et ses rapports avec Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849)". In Hug, Vanya (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peterlang.com/view/9783035108637/9783035108637.00007.xml">Chopin et son temps / Chopin and his time</a> (in French). Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-2000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-2000-9"><bdi>978-3-0343-2000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27%C5%93uvre+de+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Kalkbrenner+%281785%E2%80%931849%29+et+ses+rapports+avec+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin+%281810%E2%80%931849%29&rft.btitle=Chopin+et+son+temps+%2F+Chopin+and+his+time&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-2000-9&rft.aulast=Aud%C3%A9on&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterlang.com%2Fview%2F9783035108637%2F9783035108637.00007.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellman2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bellman" title="Jonathan Bellman">Bellman, Jonathan</a> (Autumn 2000). "Chopin and His Imitators: Notated Emulations of the 'True Style' of Performance". <a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a>. 24 (2): 149–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746839">10.2307/746839</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-2076">0148-2076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746839">746839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Chopin+and+His+Imitators%3A+Notated+Emulations+of+the+%27True+Style%27+of+Performance&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-160&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0148-2076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746839&rft.aulast=Bellman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Faubion_Bowers" title="Faubion Bowers">Bowers, Faubion</a> (1996). Scriabin: A Biography. Mineola: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28897-0"><bdi>978-0-486-28897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scriabin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Mineola&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-486-28897-0&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Faubion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, Maurice (1980). "Nocturne". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 13. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nocturne&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCholmondeley1998" class="citation web cs1">Cholmondeley, Rose (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chopin-society.org.uk/articles/chopin-birthday.htm">"The mystery of Chopin's birthday"</a>. The Chopin Society UK. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chopin+Society+UK&rft.atitle=The+mystery+of+Chopin%27s+birthday&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Cholmondeley&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chopin-society.org.uk%2Farticles%2Fchopin-birthday.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopin1988" class="citation book cs1">Chopin, Frédéric (1988). <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Voynich" title="Ethel Voynich">Voynich, E. L.</a> (ed.). Chopin's Letters. Compiled by Henryk Opieński. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25564-4"><bdi>978-0-486-25564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin%27s+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25564-4&rft.aulast=Chopin&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopin1962" class="citation book cs1">Chopin, Fryderyk (1962). Selected Correspondence of Fryderyk Chopin. Translated by Hedley, Arthur. Compiled by Bronisław Edward Sydow. London: <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Correspondence+of+Fryderyk+Chopin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Chopin&rft.aufirst=Fryderyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Conway_(music_historian)" title="David Conway (music historian)">Conway, David</a> (2012). Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01538-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01538-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewry+in+Music%3A+Entry+to+the+Profession+from+the+Enlightenment+to+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01538-8&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1966" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Charles (1966). "Chopin and Liszt with a Ghostly Twist". <a href="/wiki/Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a>. 22 (2) (Winter 1965 – Winter 1966 ed.): 855–861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F894930">10.2307/894930</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/894930">894930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=Chopin+and+Liszt+with+a+Ghostly+Twist&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=855-861&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F894930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F894930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">De Val, Dorothy; Ehrlich, Cyril. "Repertory and Canon". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 115–134.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2001" class="citation book cs1">Downes, Stephen (2001). "Eros and PanEuropeanism". In <a href="/wiki/Harry_White_(musicologist)" title="Harry White (musicologist)">White, Harry</a>; Murphy, Michael (eds.). Musical Constructions of Nationalism: Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture 1800–1945. Cork: <a href="/wiki/Cork_University_Press" title="Cork University Press">Cork University Press</a>. pp. 51–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-322-9"><bdi>978-1-85918-322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eros+and+PanEuropeanism&rft.btitle=Musical+Constructions+of+Nationalism%3A+Essays+on+the+History+and+Ideology+of+European+Musical+Culture+1800%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=51-71&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85918-322-9&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddie2013" class="citation book cs1">Eddie, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08qhAgAAQBAJ">Charles Valentin Alkan: His Life and His Music</a>. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9364-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-9364-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Valentin+Alkan%3A+His+Life+and+His+Music&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9364-8&rft.aulast=Eddie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08qhAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEigeldinger1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Eigeldinger" title="Jean-Jacques Eigeldinger">Eigeldinger, Jean-Jacques</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107049901">Chopin: Pianist and Teacher As Seen By His Pupils</a>. Translated by Naomi Shochet. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36709-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36709-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36709-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin%3A+Pianist+and+Teacher+As+Seen+By+His+Pupils&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36709-7&rft.aulast=Eigeldinger&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781107049901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEigeldinger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Eigeldinger, Jean-Jacques (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/85212477.pdf">"Chopin and Pleyel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a>. 29 (3): 389–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fearlyj%2FXXIX.3.389">10.1093/earlyj/XXIX.3.389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519183">3519183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Chopin+and+Pleyel&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-396&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fearlyj%2FXXIX.3.389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3519183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eigeldinger&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F85212477.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ferguson_(composer)" title="Howard Ferguson (composer)">Ferguson, Howard</a> (1980). "Study". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 18. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 304–305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Study&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=304-305&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolos1960" class="citation journal cs1">Golos, George S. (October 1960). "Some Slavic Predecessors of Chopin". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a>. 46 (4): 437–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FXLVI.4.437">10.1093/mq/XLVI.4.437</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/740748">740748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Some+Slavic+Predecessors+of+Chopin&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=437-447&rft.date=1960-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FXLVI.4.437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F740748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Golos&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall-Swadley2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall-Swadley, Janita R., ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrivAkWuo8cC">The Collected Writings of Franz Liszt: F. Chopin</a>. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6409-3"><bdi>978-1-4616-6409-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Writings+of+Franz+Liszt%3A+F.+Chopin&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6409-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrivAkWuo8cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hamilton" title="Kenneth Hamilton">Hamilton, Kenneth</a> (2008). After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and Modern Performance. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517826-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517826-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517826-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Golden+Age%3A+Romantic+Pianism+and+Modern+Performance&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517826-5&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedley2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hedley" title="Arthur Hedley">Hedley, Arthur</a> (2005). "Chopin, Frédéric (François)". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (15th ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> pp. 263–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+%28Fran%C3%A7ois%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=263-264&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hedley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedleyBrown1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hedley" title="Arthur Hedley">Hedley, Arthur</a>; Brown, Maurice (1980). "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek [Frédéric François]". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 4. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 292–298, sections 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Fryderyk+Franciszek+%5BFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Fran%C3%A7ois%5D&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=292-298%2C+sections+1-6&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Hedley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Brown%2C+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchings1968" class="citation book cs1">Hutchings, A.G.B. (1968). "The Romantic Era". In Robertson, Alec; Stevens, Denis (eds.). The Pelican History of Music 3: Classical and Romantic. Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 99–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020494-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020494-0"><bdi>978-0-14-020494-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Romantic+Era&rft.btitle=The+Pelican+History+of+Music+3%3A+Classical+and+Romantic&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=99-139&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-14-020494-0&rft.aulast=Hutchings&rft.aufirst=A.G.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJachimecki1937" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Jachimecki" title="Zdzisław Jachimecki">Jachimecki, Zdzisław</a> (1937). "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek". <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Academy of Learning">Polska Akademia Umiejętności</a>. pp. 420–426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Fryderyk+Franciszek&rft.btitle=Polski+s%C5%82ownik+biograficzny&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=420-426&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Jachimecki&rft.aufirst=Zdzis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakubowski1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jakubowski, Jan Zygmunt, ed. (1979). Literatura polska od średniowiecza to pozytywizmu [Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowe_Wydawnictwo_Naukowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe">Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-00201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-00201-5"><bdi>978-83-01-00201-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literatura+polska+od+%C5%9Bredniowiecza+to+pozytywizmu&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-83-01-00201-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Jones, J. Barrie (1998a). "Piano music for concert hall and salon c. 1830–1900". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 151–175.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Jones, J. Barrie (1998b). "Nationalism". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 176–191.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallberg2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kallberg" title="Jeffrey Kallberg">Kallberg, Jeffrey</a> (Summer 2001). "Chopin's March, Chopin's Death". <a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a>. 25 (1): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fncm.2001.25.1.3">10.1525/ncm.2001.25.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncm.2001.25.1.3">10.1525/ncm.2001.25.1.3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Chopin%27s+March%2C+Chopin%27s+Death&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fncm.2001.25.1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fncm.2001.25.1.3%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kallberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Kallberg, Jeffrey (2006) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVVqMCoeJIkC&pg=PA50">"Small fairy voices: sex, history and meaning in Chopin"</a>. In Rink, John; <a href="/wiki/Jim_Samson" title="Jim Samson">Samson, Jim</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=id=UVVqMCoeJIkC">Chopin Studies 2</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03433-3"><bdi>978-0-521-03433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Small+fairy+voices%3A+sex%2C+history+and+meaning+in+Chopin&rft.btitle=Chopin+Studies+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03433-3&rft.aulast=Kallberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVVqMCoeJIkC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (e-book version of 1994 publication)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallberg1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kallberg, Jeffrey (Summer 1992). "The Harmony of the Tea Table: Gender and Ideology in the Piano Nocturne". <a href="/wiki/Representations" title="Representations">Representations</a>. 39 (39): 102–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2928597">10.2307/2928597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928597">2928597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representations&rft.atitle=The+Harmony+of+the+Tea+Table%3A+Gender+and+Ideology+in+the+Piano+Nocturne&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=102-133&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2928597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2928597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kallberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Kallberg, Jeffrey. "Small 'forms': in defence of the prelude". In <a href="#CITEREFSamson1994">Samson (1994)</a>, pp. 124–144.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a>; Kennedy, Joyce; Rutherford-Johnson, Tim, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001">The Oxford Dictionary of Music</a> (6 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-57810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-57810-8"><bdi>978-0-199-57810-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-199-57810-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildea2018" class="citation book cs1">Kildea, Paul (2018). Chopin's Piano: In Search of the Instrument that Transformed Music (1 ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-65222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-65222-2"><bdi>978-0-393-65222-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin%27s+Piano%3A+In+Search+of+the+Instrument+that+Transformed+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-65222-2&rft.aulast=Kildea&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnyt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Knyt, Erinn E. (2017). "Ferruccio Busoni and the 'Halfness' of Frédéric Chopin". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a>. 34 (2): 241–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2017.34.02.241">10.1525/jm.2017.34.02.241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26414211">26414211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=Ferruccio+Busoni+and+the+%27Halfness%27+of+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-280&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2017.34.02.241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26414211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knyt&rft.aufirst=Erinn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubbaYoung1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kubba, Adam; Young, Madeleine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085703/http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/developpement/shared/developpement/mdev/soutienauxcours0809/rainhorn_sante/Kubba.Chopin.pdf">"The Long Suffering of Frederic Chopin"</a> (PDF). Chest. 113 (1): 210–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.113.1.210">10.1378/chest.113.1.210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9440592">9440592</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/developpement/shared/developpement/mdev/soutienauxcours0809/rainhorn_sante/Kubba.Chopin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=The+Long+Suffering+of+Frederic+Chopin&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=210-216&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.113.1.210&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9440592&rft.aulast=Kubba&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Young%2C+Madeleine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraduateinstitute.ch%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fiheid%2Ffiles%2Fsites%2Fdeveloppement%2Fshared%2Fdeveloppement%2Fmdev%2Fsoutienauxcours0809%2Frainhorn_sante%2FKubba.Chopin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnke2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuhnke, Monica (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cennebezcenne.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/CBU_2010_1-s-08-12_KUHNKE.pdf">"Oryginalne kopie, czyli historia portretów rodziny Chopinów"</a> [Original Copies, or the History of the Portraits of the Chopin Family] (PDF). Cenne Bezcenne Utracone (in Polish). 62 (1): 8–12. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cenne+Bezcenne+Utracone&rft.atitle=Oryginalne+kopie%2C+czyli+historia+portret%C3%B3w+rodziny+Chopin%C3%B3w&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-12&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kuhnke&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcennebezcenne.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FCBU_2010_1-s-08-12_KUHNKE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122020235/http://www.nimoz.pl/upload/wydawnictwa/cenne_bezcenne_utracone/2010_1/Strony_48.pdf">English summary</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzemko1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzemko, J. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294992">"Chopin's Illnesses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</a>. 87 (12): 769–772. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294992">1294992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853308">7853308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Chopin%27s+Illnesses&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=769-772&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7853308&rft.aulast=Kuzemko&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanza2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lanza, Andrea (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20420">"Orefice, Giacomo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orefice%2C+Giacomo&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Lanza&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.20420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Latham, Alison (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-5796">"Rubato"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Music">Oxford Companion to Music</a> online. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957903-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rubato&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Music+online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957903-7&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199579037.001.0001%2Facref-9780199579037-e-5796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Leikin, Anatole. "The Sonatas". In <a href="#CITEREFSamson1994">Samson (1994)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiszt1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt, Franz</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofchopin00lisziala/page/n3/mode/2up?q=crystal">Life of Chopin</a>. Translated by Cook, Martha Walker (4th ed.). Boston, Massachusets: Oliver Ditson Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/418834">418834</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Chopin&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusets&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oliver+Ditson+Co.&rft.date=1863&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F418834&rft.aulast=Liszt&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofchopin00lisziala%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dcrystal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajkaGozdzikWitt2003" class="citation journal cs1">Majka, Lucyna; Gozdzik, Joanna; Witt, Michał (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romania-muzical.ro/info/boala%20chopin.pdf">"Cystic fibrosis – a probable cause of Frédéric Chopin's suffering and death"</a> (PDF). Journal of Applied Genetics. 44 (1): 77–84. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590184">12590184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Genetics&rft.atitle=Cystic+fibrosis+%E2%80%93+a+probable+cause+of+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin%27s+suffering+and+death&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-84&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12590184&rft.aulast=Majka&rft.aufirst=Lucyna&rft.au=Gozdzik%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Witt%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romania-muzical.ro%2Finfo%2Fboala%2520chopin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2017" class="citation news cs1">McKie, Robin (4 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/nov/05/frederic-chopin-pickled-heart-solves-riddle-of-early-death">"Examination of Chopin's pickled heart solves riddle of his early death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Examination+of+Chopin%27s+pickled+heart+solves+riddle+of+his+early+death&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2017%2Fnov%2F05%2Ffrederic-chopin-pickled-heart-solves-riddle-of-early-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMethuen-Campbell1981" class="citation book cs1">Methuen-Campbell, James (1981). Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-02884-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-575-02884-5"><bdi>978-0-575-02884-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin+Playing+from+the+Composer+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-575-02884-5&rft.aulast=Methuen-Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMieleszko1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mieleszko, Jadwiga (1971). Pałac Czapskich [Czapski Palace] (in Polish). Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowe_Wydawnictwo_Naukowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe">Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pa%C5%82ac+Czapskich&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Mieleszko&rft.aufirst=Jadwiga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilewski1999" class="citation journal cs1">Milewski, Barbara (Autumn 1999). "Chopin's Mazurkas and the Myth of the Folk". <a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a>. 23 (2): 113–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746919">10.2307/746919</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746919">746919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Chopin%27s+Mazurkas+and+the+Myth+of+the+Folk&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-135&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746919%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Milewski&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucasta_Miller" title="Lucasta Miller">Miller, Lucasta</a> (21 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jun/21/featuresreviews.guardianreview4">"The composer who never grew up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+composer+who+never+grew+up&rft.date=2003-06-21&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lucasta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fjun%2F21%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Streicher1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller-Streicher, Friedericke (1949). "Aus dem Tagebuch einer Wiener Chopin-Schülerin (1839–1841, 1844–1845)" [From the Diary of a Viennese Student of Chopin (1839–1841, 1844–1845)]. Chopin-Almanach zur hundertsten Wiederkehr des Todesjahres von Fryderyk Chopin [Chopin Almanac for the Hundredth Anniversary of the Death of Fryderyk Chopin] (in German). Potsdam: <a href="/wiki/Akademische_Verlagsgesellschaft_Athenaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion">Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion</a>. pp. 134–142. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460555146">460555146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aus+dem+Tagebuch+einer+Wiener+Chopin-Sch%C3%BClerin+%281839%E2%80%931841%2C+1844%E2%80%931845%29&rft.btitle=Chopin-Almanach+zur+hundertsten+Wiederkehr+des+Todesjahres+von+Fryderyk+Chopin&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.pages=134-142&rft.pub=Akademische+Verlagsgesellschaft+Athenaion&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460555146&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Streicher&rft.aufirst=Friedericke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiecks1902" class="citation book cs1">Niecks, Frederick (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4973/4973-h/4973-h.htm">Frederick Chopin as a Man and Musician</a> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Novello_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Novello & Co.">Novello & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22702671">22702671</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Chopin+as+a+Man+and+Musician&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Novello+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22702671&rft.aulast=Niecks&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4973%2F4973-h%2F4973-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetty1999" class="citation journal cs1">Petty, Wayne C. (Spring 1999). "Chopin and the Ghost of Beethoven". <a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a>. 22 (3): 281–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746802">10.2307/746802</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746802">746802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Chopin+and+the+Ghost+of+Beethoven&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-299&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Petty&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruszewicz2014" class="citation news cs1">Pruszewicz, Marek (22 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29915863">"The mystery of Chopin's death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+mystery+of+Chopin%27s+death&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft.aulast=Pruszewicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29915863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReissBrown1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reiss, Jozef; Brown, Maurice (1980). "Polonaise". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 15. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 49–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polonaise&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49-52&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=Jozef&rft.au=Brown%2C+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Ritterman, Janet. "Piano music and the public concert, 1800-1850". In <a href="#CITEREFSamson1994">Samson (1994)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1939" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Francis (1939). "Adolphe Nourrit". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a>. 25 (1): 11–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FXXV.1.11">10.1093/mq/XXV.1.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/738696">738696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Adolphe+Nourrit&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-25&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FXXV.1.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F738696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (1995). The Romantic Generation. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77933-4"><bdi>978-0-674-77933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+Generation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-77933-4&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (5 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/chopins-heart">"Chopin's Heart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Chopin%27s+Heart&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fchopins-heart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1998" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, David, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521474702">The Cambridge Companion to the Piano</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47986-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47986-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47986-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Piano&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47986-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521474702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, Edward</a> (12 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v17/n18/edward-said/bach-s-genius-schumann-s-eccentricity-chopin-s-ruthlessness-rosen-s-gift">"Bach's Genius, Schumann's Eccentricity, Chopin's Ruthlessness, Rosen's Gift"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 17 (18). Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Bach%27s+Genius%2C+Schumann%27s+Eccentricity%2C+Chopin%27s+Ruthlessness%2C+Rosen%27s+Gift&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=18&rft.date=1995-12-12&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv17%2Fn18%2Fedward-said%2Fbach-s-genius-schumann-s-eccentricity-chopin-s-ruthlessness-rosen-s-gift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Samson" title="Jim Samson">Samson, Jim</a>, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521404907">The Cambridge Companion to Chopin</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47752-9"><bdi>978-0-521-47752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Chopin&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47752-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521404907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Samson" title="Jim Samson">Samson, Jim</a> (1996). Chopin. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-16495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-16495-1"><bdi>978-0-198-16495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-198-16495-1&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Samson" title="Jim Samson">Samson, Jim</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051099">"Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.51099">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Fryderyk+Franciszek&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.51099&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000051099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpianists00scho">Great Pianists</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpianists00scho/page/151">151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-63837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-63837-5"><bdi>978-0-671-63837-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Pianists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-671-63837-5&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpianists00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann, Robert</a> (1988). Pleasants, Henry (ed.). Schumann on Music: A Selection from the Writings. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25748-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25748-8"><bdi>978-0-486-25748-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann+on+Music%3A+A+Selection+from+the+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25748-8&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoister2002" class="citation book cs1">Soister, John T. (2002). Conrad Veidt on Screen: A Comprehensive Illustrated Filmography. Jefferson, North Carolina and London: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4511-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-4511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conrad+Veidt+on+Screen%3A+A+Comprehensive+Illustrated+Filmography&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4511-0&rft.aulast=Soister&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStåhlbrand2016" class="citation web cs1">Ståhlbrand, Robert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pianosociety.com/cms/index.php?section=636">"Chopin's Works – Complete list"</a>. Piano Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421090538/https://www.pianosociety.com/pages/chopinworks/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chopin%27s+Works+%E2%80%93+Complete+list&rft.pub=Piano+Society&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=St%C3%A5hlbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pianosociety.com%2Fcms%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3D636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzklener2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szklener, Artur (2010). "Fryckowe lato: czyli wakacyjne muzykowanie Chopina" [Fritz's Summers: Chopin's Musical Vacations]. Magazyn Chopin: Miesięcznik Narodowego Instytutu Fryderyka Chopina (in Polish) (4): 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magazyn+Chopin%3A+Miesi%C4%99cznik+Narodowego+Instytutu+Fryderyka+Chopina&rft.atitle=Fryckowe+lato%3A+czyli+wakacyjne+muzykowanie+Chopina&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Szklener&rft.aufirst=Artur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzulc1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tad_Szulc" title="Tad Szulc">Szulc, Tad</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chopininparislif00szul">Chopin in Paris: the Life and Times of the Romantic Composer</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82458-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82458-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82458-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin+in+Paris%3A+the+Life+and+Times+of+the+Romantic+Composer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82458-1&rft.aulast=Szulc&rft.aufirst=Tad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchopininparislif00szul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (1996). Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816250-6"><bdi>978-0-19-816250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky+and+the+Russian+Traditions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816250-6&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (2010). Music in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538483-3"><bdi>978-0-19-538483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538483-3&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperley1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley" title="Nicholas Temperley">Temperley, Nicholas</a> (1980). "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek [Frédéric François]". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 4. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 298–307, sections 7–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Fryderyk+Franciszek+%5BFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Fran%C3%A7ois%5D&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=298-307%2C+sections+7-14&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Brian Christopher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/608937">"Fryderyk Chopin by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda (review)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a>. 72 (3): 600–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.2016.0042">10.1353/not.2016.0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193316471">193316471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=Fryderyk+Chopin+by+Angelo+Bozzolini+and+Roberto+Prosseda+%28review%29&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=600-601&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnot.2016.0042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193316471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Brian+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F608937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1989" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Michael T.R.B. (1989). Monuments and Statues of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Chambers_(publisher)" title="Chambers (publisher)">Chambers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-550-20050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-550-20050-1"><bdi>978-0-550-20050-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+and+Statues+of+Edinburgh&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-550-20050-1&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (1988). Franz Liszt: The Virtuoso Years 1811–1847. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-15278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-15278-0"><bdi>978-0-571-15278-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+Virtuoso+Years+1811%E2%80%931847&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-571-15278-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (2018). Fryderyk Chopin: A Life and Times. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-34855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-34855-8"><bdi>978-0-571-34855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fryderyk+Chopin%3A+A+Life+and+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-571-34855-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeldon2009" class="citation book cs1">Wheeldon, Marianne (2009). Debussy's Late Style. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35239-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%27s+Late+Style&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35239-2&rft.aulast=Wheeldon&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittMarchwicaDobosz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Witt, Michał; Marchwica, Wojciech; Dobosz, Tadeusz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13353-018-0456-3.pdf">"Disease not genetic but infectious: multiple tuberculomas and fibrinous pericarditis as symptoms pathognomonic for tuberculosis of Frederic Chopin"</a> (PDF). Journal of Applied Genetics. 59 (4): 471–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13353-018-0456-3">10.1007/s13353-018-0456-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30047032">30047032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51718815">51718815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Genetics&rft.atitle=Disease+not+genetic+but+infectious%3A+multiple+tuberculomas+and+fibrinous+pericarditis+as+symptoms+pathognomonic+for+tuberculosis+of+Frederic+Chopin&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-473&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51718815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30047032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13353-018-0456-3&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Marchwica%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Dobosz%2C+Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252Fs13353-018-0456-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtkiewicz2013" class="citation web cs1">Wojtkiewicz, Mariola (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023044226/http://www.chopin.pl/reception_works.en.html">"The Impact of Chopin's Music on the Work of 19th and 20th Century Composers"</a>. Chopin.pl. Translated by Ossowski, Jerzy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chopin.pl/reception_works.en.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chopin.pl&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Chopin%27s+Music+on+the+Work+of+19th+and+20th+Century+Composers&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wojtkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Mariola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chopin.pl%2Freception_works.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZałuskiZałuski1992" class="citation journal cs1">Załuski, Iwo; Załuski, Pamela (May 1992). "Chopin in London". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>. 133 (1791): 226–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1193699">10.2307/1193699</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1193699">1193699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Chopin+in+London&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1791&rft.pages=226-230&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1193699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1193699%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Za%C5%82uski&rft.aufirst=Iwo&rft.au=Za%C5%82uski%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZałuskiZałuski1993" class="citation journal cs1">Załuski, Iwo; Załuski, Pamela (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Chopin's+Scottish+autumn.-a014234524">"Chopin's Scottish Autumn"</a>. Contemporary Review (1 July 1993). Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Chopin%27s+Scottish+Autumn&rft.issue=1+July+1993&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Za%C5%82uski&rft.aufirst=Iwo&rft.au=Za%C5%82uski%2C+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FChopin%27s%2BScottish%2Bautumn.-a014234524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski, Adam</a> (2010). Chopin: Prince of the Romantics. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-735182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-735182-4"><bdi>978-0-00-735182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin%3A+Prince+of+the+Romantics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-00-735182-4&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>First published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Zamoyski, Adam (1979). Chopin: A Biography. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-216089-7"><bdi>0-00-216089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-00-216089-7&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZank2005" class="citation book cs1">Zank, Stephen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKGNUoSTprsC">Maurice Ravel: A Guide to Research</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1618-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-1618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maurice+Ravel%3A+A+Guide+to+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1618-3&rft.aulast=Zank&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKGNUoSTprsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Azoury, Pierre (1999). Chopin through His Contemporaries. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30971-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30971-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30971-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopin+through+His+Contemporaries&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30971-7&rft.aulast=Azoury&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Frédéric Chopin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" class="extiw" title="c:Frédéric Chopin">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" class="extiw" title="q:Frédéric Chopin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Polish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="pl" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> 2010 documentary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM9mb1cUsHQ">Chopin: the Women behind the Music</a>, available on YouTube, 90 minutes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/chopin">"Discovering Chopin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Chopin&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fchopin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28Chopin+AND+%28Fryderyk+OR+Fr%2Ad%2Aric%29%29">Works by or about Frédéric Chopin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/life/calendar">Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125133246/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/life/calendar">Archived</a> 25 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on official site of the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Fryderyk Chopin Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortepian.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/pianos/show/piano/10">Chopin's last piano (Pleyel 14810)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teatrwielki.pl/en/activity/opera-gallery/exhibitions-of-201718/chopins-pianos/">Chopin's pianos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201348/https://teatrwielki.pl/en/activity/opera-gallery/exhibitions-of-201718/chopins-pianos/">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iccpi.eu/en//The">1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chopin.nifc.pl/en/chopin/listy">Chopin's correspondence</a></li></ul> Music scores <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Chopin,_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Chopin, Frédéric">Free scores by Frédéric Chopin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chopin.lib.uchicago.edu/">Chopin Early Editions</a>, a collection of over 400 first and early printed editions of musical compositions by Frédéric Chopin published before 1881</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfeo.org.uk/jsp/browsecollection.jsp">Chopin's First Editions Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104170812/http://www.cfeo.org.uk/jsp/browsecollection.jsp">Archived</a> 4 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> features an interface that allows three navigable scores to be open simultaneously in frames to facilitate comparison.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 7px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="7" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frédéric_Chopin&oldid=1258724610">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frédéric_Chopin&oldid=1258724610</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:18 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%BE%E1%8D%90%E1%8A%95" title="ፍሬዴሪክ ሾፐን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍሬዴሪክ ሾፐን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freo%C3%B0eric_Chopin" title="Freoðeric Chopin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Freoðeric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فريدريك شوبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريك شوبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%84_%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ֆրետերիք Շոփէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրետերիք Շոփէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_%C5%9Eopen" title="Frederik Şopen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frederik Şopen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86" title="فردریک شوپن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فردریک شوپن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="ফ্রেদেরিক শোপাঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রেদেরিক শোপাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фрыдэрык Шапен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдэрык Шапен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Фрыдэрык Шапэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрыдэрык Шапэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="फ्रेडरिक शोपें – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रेडरिक शोपें" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Φρεντερίκ Σοπέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρεντερίκ Σοπέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86" title="فردریک شوپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردریک شوپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E9%82%A6" title="蕭邦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蕭邦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A4%D9%BE%D8%A3%D9%86" title="فردریک شؤپأن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فردریک شؤپأن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%B0%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%AC_%EC%87%BC%ED%8C%BD" title="프레데리크 쇼팽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레데리크 쇼팽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ֆրեդերիկ Շոպեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրեդերիկ Շոպեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="फ़्रेडरिक चॉपिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रेडरिक चॉपिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="פרדריק שופן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדריק שופן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шопен, Фредерик – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шопен, Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრიდერიკ შოპენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდერიკ შოპენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фридерик Шопен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фридерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шопен, Фредерик – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шопен, Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Chopin" title="Fridericus Chopin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Chopin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frideriks_%C5%A0op%C4%93ns" title="Frideriks Šopēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frideriks Šopēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫ്രെഡെറിക് ഷൊപിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രെഡെറിക് ഷൊപിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="फ्रेदरिक शोपें – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रेदरिक शोपें" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრედერიკ შოპენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრედერიკ შოპენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فريدريك شوبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك شوبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖရက်ဒရစ် ရှိုပန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရက်ဒရစ် ရှိုပန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" title="フレデリック・ショパン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレデリック・ショパン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шопен, Фредерик – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шопен, Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Chopin" title="Frederic Chopin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frederic Chopin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шопен, Фредерик – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шопен, Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9" title="ਫਰਾਦਾਰੀਕ ਸ਼ੋਪੁਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਾਦਾਰੀਕ ਸ਼ੋਪੁਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86" title="فریڈرک شوپن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرک شوپن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86" title="فرېډریک چوپېن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرېډریک چوپېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frejrik_Shuopah" title="Frejrik Shuopah – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Frejrik Shuopah" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерік Шопен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фредерік Шопен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шопен, Фридерик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шопен, Фридерик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois_Chopin" title="Frédéric François Chopin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Frédéric François Chopin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" title="Fryderyk Chopin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fryderyk Chopin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرێدریک شۆپان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرێدریک شۆپان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Francois_Chopin" title="Frederic Francois Chopin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Frederic Francois Chopin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரடெரிக் சொப்பின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரடெரிக் சொப்பின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridirik_Copan" title="Fridirik Copan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fridirik Copan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фредерик Шопен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фредерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="เฟรเดริก ชอแป็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟรเดริก ชอแป็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фридерик Шопен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фридерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шопен, Фридерик – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Шопен, Фридерик" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фридерик Шопен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фридерик Шопен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86" title="فریڈرک شوپن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فریڈرک شوپن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0open_Friderik" title="Šopen Friderik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šopen Friderik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E9%82%A6" title="蕭邦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蕭邦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E9%82%A6" title="蕭邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蕭邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="פרעדעריק שאפען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרעדעריק שאפען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E9%82%A6" title="蕭邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蕭邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiks_%C5%A0opens" title="Frederiks Šopens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Frederiks Šopens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%82%96%E9%82%A6" title="弗雷德里克·肖邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗雷德里克·肖邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Frédéric Chopin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:18 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ng8f6","wgBackendResponseTime":262,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.570","walltime":"3.198","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29531,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":601406,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41502,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":467712,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2660.097 1 -total"," 23.48% 624.611 256 Template:Sfn"," 11.47% 304.996 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.96% 291.434 18 Template:Refn"," 10.15% 270.073 44 Template:Cite_book"," 9.64% 256.441 21 Template:Navbox"," 9.04% 240.588 1 Template:Infobox_classical_composer"," 7.59% 201.988 1 Template:Chopin"," 4.90% 130.407 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.99% 106.243 2 Template:IPA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.540","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26582280,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshbrook2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwood1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudéon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowers1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCholmondeley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopin1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConway2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_ValEhrlich1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEigeldinger1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEigeldinger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolos1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall-Swadley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedleyBrown1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmanWróblewska-Straus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchings1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJachimecki1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakubowski1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJełowicki\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallberg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallberg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKildea2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnyt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubbaYoung1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhnke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzemko1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangavant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanza2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeikin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiszt1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajkaGozdzikWitt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajorekZasztoft1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMethuen-Campbell1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Church1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMieleszko1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilewski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMysłakowskiSikorsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Streicher1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiecks1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetty1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPizà2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruszewicz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReissBrown1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitterman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchonberg1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmialekTrochimczyk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoister2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStåhlbrand2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzklener2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzulc1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaruskin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaruskin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemperley1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomaszewski2003–2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeldon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittMarchwicaDobosz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWojtkiewicz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamoyski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZank2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZałuskiZałuski1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZałuskiZałuski1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BBC composer page\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chopin\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Grove\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite LPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chopin, Frederic\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Grove Music subscription\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMSLP\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox classical composer\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 30,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Musical nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 6,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 18,\n [\"Romantic music\"] = 1,\n [\"Romanticism\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 256,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 33,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","23.2"],["?","320","19.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.9"],["pairs","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.4"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","280","17.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-vgd46","timestamp":"20241122140403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1268","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1268","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-01T09:18:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T07:18:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e8\/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg","headline":"Polish composer and pianist (1810\u20131849)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>