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cost</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Material cost"> <meta name="keywords" content="Material cost"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Material cost"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3837</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Material cost</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3837</span> Structural Cost of Optimized Reinforced Concrete Isolated Footing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammed%20S.%20Al-Ansari">Mohammed S. Al-Ansari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an analytical model to estimate the cost of an optimized design of reinforced concrete isolated footing base on structural safety. Flexural and optimized formulas for square and rectangular footingare derived base on ACI building code of design, material cost and optimization. The optimization constraints consist of upper and lower limits of depth and area of steel. Footing depth and area of reinforcing steel are to be minimized to yield the optimal footing dimensions. Optimized footing materials cost of concrete, reinforcing steel and formwork of the designed sections are computed. Total cost factor TCF and other cost factors are developed to generalize and simplify the calculations of footing material cost. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the model capability of estimating the material cost of the footing for a desired axial load. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Footing" title="Footing">Footing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Depth" title=" Depth"> Depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Concrete" title=" Concrete"> Concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Steel" title=" Steel"> Steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Formwork" title=" Formwork"> Formwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Optimization" title=" Optimization"> Optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Material%20cost" title=" Material cost"> Material cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cost%20Factors." title=" Cost Factors."> Cost Factors.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/structural-cost-of-optimized-reinforced-concrete-isolated-footing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4718</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3836</span> Low-Cost Eco-Friendly Building Material: A Case Study in Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=W.%20Z.%20Taffese">W. Z. Taffese</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a low-cost and eco-friendly building material named Agrostone panel. Africa-s urban population is growing at an annual rate of 2.8% and 62% of its population will live in urban areas by 2050. As a consequence, many of the least urbanized and least developed African countries- will face serious challenges in providing affordable housing to the urban dwellers. Since the cost of building materials accounts for the largest proportion of the overall construction cost, innovating low-cost building material is vital. Agrostone panel is used in housing projects in Ethiopia. It uses raw materials of agricultural/industrial wastes and/or natural minerals as a filler, magnesium-based chemicals as a binder and fiberglass as reinforcement. Agrostone panel reduces the cost of wall construction by 50% compared with the conventional building materials. The pros and cons of Agrostone panel as well as the use of other waste materials as a raw material to make the panel more sustainable, low-cost and better properties are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Agrostone%20Panel" title="Agrostone Panel">Agrostone Panel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Low-cost%20and%20sustainable%20Building%0AMaterials" title=" Low-cost and sustainable Building Materials"> Low-cost and sustainable Building Materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Agro-waste%20for%20construction" title=" Agro-waste for construction"> Agro-waste for construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/low-cost-eco-friendly-building-material-a-case-study-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">9810</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3835</span> A Conceptual Framework and a Mathematical Equation for Managing Construction-Material Waste and Cost Overruns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saidu%20Ibrahim">Saidu Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Winston%20M.%20W.%20Shakantu"> Winston M. W. Shakantu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The problem of construction material waste remains unresolved, as a significant percentage of the materials delivered to some project sites end up as waste which might result in additional project cost. Cost overrun is a problem which affects 90% of the completed projects in the world. The argument on how to eliminate it has been on-going for the past 70 years, but there is neither substantial improvement nor significant solution for mitigating its detrimental effects. Research evidence has proposed various construction cost overruns and material-waste management approaches; nonetheless, these studies failed to give a clear indication on the framework and the equation for managing construction material waste and cost overruns. Hence, this research aims to develop a conceptual framework and a mathematical equation for managing material waste and cost overrun in the construction industry. The paper adopts the desktop methodological approach. This involves comparing the causes of material waste and those of cost overruns from the literature to determine the possible relationship. The review revealed a relationship between material waste and cost overrun that; increase in material waste would result to a corresponding increase in the amount of cost overrun at both the pre-contract and the post contract stages of a project. It was found from the equation that achieving an effective construction material waste management must ensure a “Good Quality-of-Planning, Estimating, and Design Management” and a “Good Quality- of-Construction, Procurement and Site Management”; a decrease in “Design Complexity” which would reduce “Material Waste” and subsequently reduce the amount of cost overrun by 86.74%. The conceptual framework and the mathematical equation developed in this study are recommended to the professionals of the construction industry.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Conceptual%20framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cost%20overrun" title=" cost overrun"> cost overrun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=material%20waste" title=" material waste"> material waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=project%20stags." title=" project stags."> project stags.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/a-conceptual-framework-and-a-mathematical-equation-for-managing-construction-material-waste-and-cost-overruns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2769</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3834</span> Scheduled Maintenance and Downtime Cost in Aircraft Maintenance Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Remzi%20Saltoglu">Remzi Saltoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nazmia%20Humaira"> Nazmia Humaira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gokhan%20Inalhan"> Gokhan Inalhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>During aircraft maintenance scheduling, operator calculates the budget of the maintenance. Usually, this calculation includes only the costs that are directly related to the maintenance process such as cost of labor, material, and equipment. In some cases, overhead cost is also included. However, in some of those, downtime cost is neglected claiming that grounding is a natural fact of maintenance; therefore, it is not considered as part of the analytical decision-making process. Based on the normalized data, we introduce downtime cost with its monetary value and add its seasonal character. We envision that the rest of the model, which works together with the downtime cost, could be checked with the real life cases, through the review of MRO cost and airline spending in the particular and scheduled maintenance events.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aircraft%20maintenance" title="Aircraft maintenance">Aircraft maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=downtime" title=" downtime"> downtime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=downtime%20cost" title=" downtime cost"> downtime cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=maintenance%20cost." title=" maintenance cost."> maintenance cost.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/scheduled-maintenance-and-downtime-cost-in-aircraft-maintenance-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004075.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3833</span> A Zero-Cost Collar Option Applied to Materials Procurement Contracts to Reduce Price Fluctuation Risks in Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20L.%20Yim">H. L. Yim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20H.%20Lee"> S. H. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20K.%20Yoo"> S. K. Yoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20J.%20Kim"> J. J. Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study proposes a materials procurement contracts model to which the zero-cost collar option is applied for heading price fluctuation risks in construction.The material contract model based on the collar option that consists of the call option striking zone of the construction company(the buyer) following the materials price increase andthe put option striking zone of the material vendor(the supplier) following a materials price decrease. This study first determined the call option strike price Xc of the construction company by a simple approach: it uses the predicted profit at the project starting point and then determines the strike price of put option Xp that has an identical option value, which completes the zero-cost material contract.The analysis results indicate that the cost saving of the construction company increased as Xc decreased. This was because the critical level of the steel materials price increasewas set at a low level. However, as Xc decreased, Xpof a put option that had an identical option value gradually increased. Cost saving increased as Xc decreased. However, as Xp gradually increased, the risk of loss from a construction company increased as the steel materials price decreased. Meanwhile, cost saving did not occur for the construction company, because of volatility. This result originated in the zero-cost features of the two-way contract of the collar option. In the case of the regular one-way option, the transaction cost had to be subtracted from the cost saving. The transaction cost originated from an option value that fluctuated with the volatility. That is, the cost saving of the one-way option was affected by the volatility. Meanwhile, even though the collar option with zero transaction cost cut the connection between volatility and cost saving, there was a risk of exercising the put option. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Construction%20materials" title="Construction materials">Construction materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supply%20chain%20management" title=" Supply chain management"> Supply chain management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Procurement" title=" Procurement"> Procurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Payment" title=" Payment"> Payment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Collar%20option" title=" Collar option"> Collar option</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/a-zero-cost-collar-option-applied-to-materials-procurement-contracts-to-reduce-price-fluctuation-risks-in-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2482.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3832</span> A Fuzzy Satisfactory Optimization Method Based on Stress Analysis for a Hybrid Composite Flywheel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liping%20Yang">Liping Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Curran%20Crawford"> Curran Crawford</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jr.%20Ren"> Jr. Ren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhengyi%20Ren"> Zhengyi Ren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Considering the cost evaluation and the stress analysis, a fuzzy satisfactory optimization (FSO) method has been developed for a hybrid composite flywheel. To evaluate the cost, the cost coefficients of the flywheel components are obtained through calculating the weighted sum of the scores of the material manufacturability, the structure character, and the material price. To express the satisfactory degree of the energy, the cost, and the mass, the satisfactory functions are proposed by using the decline function and introducing a satisfactory coefficient. To imply the different significance of the objectives, the object weight coefficients are defined. Based on the stress analysis of composite material, the circumferential and radial stresses are considered into the optimization formulation. The simulations of the FSO method with different weight coefficients and storage energy density optimization (SEDO) method of a flywheel are contrasted. The analysis results show that the FSO method can satisfy different requirements of the designer and the FSO method with suitable weight coefficients can replace the SEDO method.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flywheel%20energy%20storage" title="Flywheel energy storage">Flywheel energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fuzzy" title=" fuzzy"> fuzzy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=stress%20analysis." title=" stress analysis. "> stress analysis. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/a-fuzzy-satisfactory-optimization-method-based-on-stress-analysis-for-a-hybrid-composite-flywheel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007605.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">963</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3831</span> Improvements in Material Handling: A Case Study of Cement Manufacturing Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Pancharya">A. Pancharya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The globalization of the Indian economy has thrown a great challenge to the Indian industries in respect of productivity, quality, cost, delivery etc. Achieving success• the global market has required fundamental shift in the way business is conducted and has dramatically affected virtually every aspect of process industry. The internal manufacturing process and supporting infrastructure should be such that it can compete successfully in global markets with better flexibility and delivery. The paper deals with a case study of a reputed process industry, some changes in the process has been suggested, which leads to reduction in labor cost and production cost.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Indian%20cement%20industry" title="Indian cement industry">Indian cement industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=material%20handling" title=" material handling"> material handling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=plant%20layout." title=" plant layout."> plant layout.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/improvements-in-material-handling-a-case-study-of-cement-manufacturing-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4895</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3830</span> Binary Programming for Manufacturing Material and Manufacturing Process Selection Using Genetic Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saleem%20Z.%20Ramadan">Saleem Z. Ramadan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The material selection problem is concerned with the determination of the right material for a certain product to optimize certain performance indices in that product such as mass, energy density, and power-to-weight ratio. This paper is concerned about optimizing the selection of the manufacturing process along with the material used in the product under performance indices and availability constraints. In this paper, the material selection problem is formulated using binary programming and solved by genetic algorithm. The objective function of the model is to minimize the total manufacturing cost under performance indices and material and manufacturing process availability constraints. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Optimization" title="Optimization">Optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Material%20selection" title=" Material selection"> Material selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Process%20selection" title=" Process selection"> Process selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Genetic%20algorithm." title=" Genetic algorithm."> Genetic algorithm.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/binary-programming-for-manufacturing-material-and-manufacturing-process-selection-using-genetic-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1599</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3829</span> Static/kinetic Friction Behaviour of a Clutch Facing Material: Effects of Temperature and Pressure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Chaikittiratana">A. Chaikittiratana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Koetniyom"> S. Koetniyom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Lakkam"> S. Lakkam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The feasibility of applying a simple and cost effective sliding friction testing apparatus to study the friction behaviour of a clutch facing material, effected by the variation of temperature and contact pressure, was investigated. It was found that the method used in this work was able to give a convenient and cost effective measurement of friction coefficients and their transitions of a clutch facing material. The obtained results will be useful for the development process of new facing materials.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Static%2Fkinetic%20friction" title="Static/kinetic friction">Static/kinetic friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sliding%20friction%20testing%20apparatus" title=" sliding friction testing apparatus"> sliding friction testing apparatus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=contact%20pressure%20and%20temperature%20dependent%20of%20friction%20coefficients." title=" contact pressure and temperature dependent of friction coefficients."> contact pressure and temperature dependent of friction coefficients.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/statickinetic-friction-behaviour-of-a-clutch-facing-material-effects-of-temperature-and-pressure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3828</span> Production Line Layout Planning Based on Complexity Measurement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Guoliang%20Fan">Guoliang Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aiping%20Li"> Aiping Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nan%20Xie"> Nan Xie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liyun%20Xu"> Liyun Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Xuemei%20Liu"> Xuemei Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Mass customization production increases the difficulty of the production line layout planning. The material distribution process for variety of parts is very complex, which greatly increases the cost of material handling and logistics. In response to this problem, this paper presents an approach of production line layout planning based on complexity measurement. Firstly, by analyzing the influencing factors of equipment layout, the complexity model of production line is established by using information entropy theory. Then, the cost of the part logistics is derived considering different variety of parts. Furthermore, the function of optimization including two objectives of the lowest cost, and the least configuration complexity is built. Finally, the validity of the function is verified in a case study. The results show that the proposed approach may find the layout scheme with the lowest logistics cost and the least complexity. Optimized production line layout planning can effectively improve production efficiency and equipment utilization with lowest cost and complexity.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Production%20line" title="Production line">Production line</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=layout%20planning" title=" layout planning"> layout planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=complexity%20measurement" title=" complexity measurement"> complexity measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mass%20customization." title=" mass customization."> mass customization.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/production-line-layout-planning-based-on-complexity-measurement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1089</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3827</span> Material Saving Strategies, Technologies and Effects on Return on Sales</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jasna%20Prester">Jasna Prester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Najla%20Podrug"> Najla Podrug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Davor%20Filipovi%C4%87"> Davor Filipović</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Manufacturing companies invest a significant amount of sales into material resources for production. In our sample, 58% of sales is used for manufacturing inputs, while only 24% of sales is used for salaries. This means that if a company is looking to reduce costs, the greater potential is in reduction of material costs than downsizing. This research shows that manufacturing companies in Croatia did realize material savings in last three years. It is also shown by which technologies they achieved materials cost savings. Through literature research, we found research gap as to which technologies reduce material consumption. As methodology of research four regression analyses are used to prove our findings.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=materials%20savings%20strategies" title=" materials savings strategies"> materials savings strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=technologies" title=" technologies"> technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=return%20on%20sales." title=" return on sales. "> return on sales. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/material-saving-strategies-technologies-and-effects-on-return-on-sales" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3826</span> Wafer Fab Operational Cost Monitoring and Controlling with Cost per Equivalent Wafer Out</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ian%20Kree">Ian Kree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Davina%20Chin%20Lee%20Yien"> Davina Chin Lee Yien</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents Cost per Equivalent Wafer Out, which we find useful in wafer fab operational cost monitoring and controlling. It removes the loading and product mix effect in the cost variance analysis. The operation heads, therefore, could immediately focus on identifying areas for cost improvement. Without this, they would have to measure the impact of the loading variance and product mix variance between actual and budgeted prior to make any decision on cost improvement. Cost per Equivalent Wafer Out, thereby, increases efficiency in wafer fab operational cost monitoring and controlling.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cost%20Control" title="Cost Control">Cost Control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cost%20Variance" title=" Cost Variance"> Cost Variance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Operational%20Expenditure" title=" Operational Expenditure"> Operational Expenditure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Semiconductor." title="Semiconductor.">Semiconductor.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/wafer-fab-operational-cost-monitoring-and-controlling-with-cost-per-equivalent-wafer-out" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3825</span> The Design Optimization for Sound Absorption Material of Multi-Layer Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Un-Hwan%20Park">Un-Hwan Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jun-Hyeok%20Heo"> Jun-Hyeok Heo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=In-Sung%20Lee"> In-Sung Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tae-Hyeon%20Oh"> Tae-Hyeon Oh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dae-Kyu%20Park"> Dae-Kyu Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Sound absorbing material is used as automotive interior material. Sound absorption coefficient should be predicted to design it. But it is difficult to predict sound absorbing coefficient because it is comprised of several material layers. So, its targets are achieved through many experimental tunings. It causes a lot of cost and time. In this paper, we propose the process to estimate the sound absorption coefficient with multi-layer structure. In order to estimate the coefficient, physical properties of each material are used. These properties also use predicted values by Foam-X software using the sound absorption coefficient data measured by impedance tube. Since there are many physical properties and the measurement equipment is expensive, the values predicted by software are used. Through the measurement of the sound absorption coefficient of each material, its physical properties are calculated inversely. The properties of each material are used to calculate the sound absorption coefficient of the multi-layer material. Since the absorption coefficient of multi-layer can be calculated, optimization design is possible through simulation. Then, we will compare and analyze the calculated sound absorption coefficient with the data measured by scaled reverberation chamber and impedance tubes for a prototype. If this method is used when developing automotive interior materials with multi-layer structure, the development effort can be reduced because it can be optimized by simulation. So, cost and time can be saved.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Optimization%20design" title="Optimization design">Optimization design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=multi-layer%20nonwoven" title=" multi-layer nonwoven"> multi-layer nonwoven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sound%20absorption%20coefficient" title=" sound absorption coefficient"> sound absorption coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=scaled%20reverberation%20chamber" title=" scaled reverberation chamber"> scaled reverberation chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=impedance%20tubes." title=" impedance tubes."> impedance tubes.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/the-design-optimization-for-sound-absorption-material-of-multi-layer-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1000</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3824</span> Reliability-Based Life-Cycle Cost Model for Engineering Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reza%20Lotfalian">Reza Lotfalian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sudarshan%20Martins"> Sudarshan Martins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Peter%20Radziszewski"> Peter Radziszewski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The effect of reliability on life-cycle cost, including initial and maintenance cost of a system is studied. The failure probability of a component is used to calculate the average maintenance cost during the operation cycle of the component. The standard deviation of the life-cycle cost is also calculated as an error measure for the average life-cycle cost. As a numerical example, the model is used to study the average life-cycle cost of an electric motor.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Initial%20Cost" title="Initial Cost">Initial Cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Life-cycle%20cost" title=" Life-cycle cost"> Life-cycle cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Maintenance%20Cost" title=" Maintenance Cost"> Maintenance Cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reliability." title=" Reliability."> Reliability.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/reliability-based-life-cycle-cost-model-for-engineering-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3823</span> Formation and Evaluation of Lahar/HDPE Hybrid Composite as a Structural Material for Household Biogas Digester</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lady%20Marianne%20E.%20Polinga">Lady Marianne E. Polinga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Candy%20C.%20Mercado"> Candy C. Mercado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Camilo%20A.%20Polinga"> Camilo A. Polinga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This study was an investigation on the suitability of Lahar/HDPE composite as a primary material for low-cost smallscale biogas digesters. While sources of raw materials for biogas are abundant in the Philippines, cost of the technology has made the widespread utilization of this resource an indefinite proposition. Aside from capital economics, another problem arises with space requirements of current digester designs. These problems may be simultaneously addressed by fabricating digesters on a smaller, household scale to reach a wider market, and to use materials that may accommodate optimization of overall design and fabrication cost without sacrificing operational efficiency. This study involved actual fabrication of the Lahar/HDPE composite at varying composition and geometry, subsequent mechanical and thermal characterization, and implementation of Statistical Analysis to find intrinsic relationships between variables. From the results, Lahar/HDPE composite was found to be feasible for use as digester material from both mechanical and economic standpoints. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biogas%20digester" title="Biogas digester">Biogas digester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Composite" title=" Composite"> Composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=High%20density%0D%0Apolyethylene" title=" High density polyethylene"> High density polyethylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lahar." title=" Lahar."> Lahar.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/formation-and-evaluation-of-laharhdpe-hybrid-composite-as-a-structural-material-for-household-biogas-digester" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3822</span> An Overview on Aluminum Matrix Composites: Liquid State Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20P.%20Jordan">S. P. Jordan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Christian"> G. Christian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20P.%20Jeffs"> S. P. Jeffs</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern composite materials are increasingly being chosen in replacement of heavier metallic material systems within many engineering fields including aerospace and automotive industries. The increasing push towards satisfying environmental targets are fuelling new material technologies and manufacturing processes. This paper will introduce materials and manufacturing processes using metal matrix composites along with manufacturing processes optimized at Alvant Ltd., based in Basingstoke in the UK which offers modern, cost effective, selectively reinforced composites for light-weighting applications within engineering. An overview and introduction into modern optimized manufacturing methods capable of producing viable replacements for heavier metallic and lower temperature capable polymer composites are offered. A review of the capabilities and future applications of this viable material is discussed to highlight the potential involved in further optimization of old manufacturing techniques, to fully realize the potential to lightweight material using cost-effective methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aluminum%20matrix%20composites" title="Aluminum matrix composites">Aluminum matrix composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=light-weighting" title=" light-weighting"> light-weighting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hybrid%20squeeze%20casting" title=" hybrid squeeze casting"> hybrid squeeze casting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=strategically%20placed%20reinforcements." title=" strategically placed reinforcements."> strategically placed reinforcements.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/an-overview-on-aluminum-matrix-composites-liquid-state-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">722</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3821</span> Time and Cost Efficiency Analysis of Quick Die Change System on Metal Stamping Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rudi%20Kurniawan%20Arief">Rudi Kurniawan Arief</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Manufacturing cost and setup time are the hot topics to improve in Metal Stamping industry because material and components price are always rising up while costumer requires to cut down the component price year by year. The Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) is one of many methods to reduce waste in stamping industry. The Japanese Quick Die Change (QDC) dies system is one of SMED systems that could reduce both of setup time and manufacturing cost. However, this system is rarely used in stamping industries. This paper will analyze how deep the QDC dies system could reduce setup time and the manufacturing cost. The research is conducted by direct observation, simulating and comparing of QDC dies system with conventional dies system. In this research, we found that the QDC dies system could save up to 35% of manufacturing cost and reduce 70% of setup times. This simulation proved that the QDC die system is effective for cost reduction but must be applied in several parallel production processes.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Press%20die" title="Press die">Press die</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metal%20stamping" title=" metal stamping"> metal stamping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=quick%20die%20change" title=" quick die change"> quick die change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=QDC%20system" title=" QDC system"> QDC system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=single%20minute%20exchange%20die" title=" single minute exchange die"> single minute exchange die</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=manufacturing%20cost%20saving" title=" manufacturing cost saving"> manufacturing cost saving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SMED." title=" SMED."> SMED.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/time-and-cost-efficiency-analysis-of-quick-die-change-system-on-metal-stamping-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3820</span> Sound Absorption of Arenga Pinnata Natural Fiber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lindawati%20Ismail">Lindawati Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohd.%20Imran%20Ghazali"> Mohd. Imran Ghazali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shahruddin%20Mahzan"> Shahruddin Mahzan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ahmad%20Mujahid%20Ahmad%20Zaidi"> Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Arenga pinnata is an abundantly natural fiber that can be used for sound proof material. However, the scientific data of acoustics properties of Arenga pinnata was not available yet. In this study the sound absorption of pure arenga pinnata was measured. The thickness of Arenga pinnata was varied in 10 mm, 20 mm, 30mm, and 40mm. This work was carried out to investigate the potential of using Arenga pinnata fiber as raw material for sound absorbing material. Impedance Tube Method was used to measure sound absorption coefficient (α). The Measurements was done in accordance with ASTM E1050-98, that is the standard test method for impedance and absorption of acoustical materials using a tube, two microphones and a digital frequency analysis system . The results showed that sound absorption coefficients of Arenga pinnata were good from 2000 Hz to 5000 Hz within the range of 0.75 – 0.90. The optimum sound absorption coefficient was obtained from the thickness of 40 mm. These results indicated that Arenga pinnata fiber is promising to be used as raw material of sound absorbing material with low cost, light, and biodegradable.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sound%20absorption" title="Sound absorption">Sound absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arenga%20pinnata" title=" Arenga pinnata"> Arenga pinnata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=raw%20material." title=" raw material."> raw material.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/sound-absorption-of-arenga-pinnata-natural-fiber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3619</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3819</span> Construction Unit Rate Factor Modelling Using Neural Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Balimu%20Mwiya">Balimu Mwiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mundia%20Muya"> Mundia Muya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chabota%20Kaliba"> Chabota Kaliba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Peter%20Mukalula"> Peter Mukalula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Factors affecting construction unit cost vary depending on a country’s political, economic, social and technological inclinations. Factors affecting construction costs have been studied from various perspectives. Analysis of cost factors requires an appreciation of a country’s practices. Identified cost factors provide an indication of a country’s construction economic strata. The purpose of this paper is to identify the essential factors that affect unit cost estimation and their breakdown using artificial neural networks. Twenty five (25) identified cost factors in road construction were subjected to a questionnaire survey and employing SPSS factor analysis the factors were reduced to eight. The 8 factors were analysed using neural network (NN) to determine the proportionate breakdown of the cost factors in a given construction unit rate. NN predicted that political environment accounted 44% of the unit rate followed by contractor capacity at 22% and financial delays, project feasibility and overhead & profit each at 11%. Project location, material availability and corruption perception index had minimal impact on the unit cost from the training data provided. Quantified cost factors can be incorporated in unit cost estimation models (UCEM) to produce more accurate estimates. This can create improvements in the cost estimation of infrastructure projects and establish a benchmark standard to assist the process of alignment of work practises and training of new staff, permitting the on-going development of best practises in cost estimation to become more effective.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Construction%20cost%20factors" title="Construction cost factors">Construction cost factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=roadworks" title=" roadworks"> roadworks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zambian%20Construction%20Industry." title=" Zambian Construction Industry."> Zambian Construction Industry.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/construction-unit-rate-factor-modelling-using-neural-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000298.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3826</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3818</span> Improving the Reusability and Interoperability of E-Learning Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20Del%20Corso">D. Del Corso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Tartaglia"> A. Tartaglia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Tresso"> E. Tresso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Cambiolo"> M. Cambiolo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20Forno"> L. Forno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Morrone"> G. Morrone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A key requirement for e-learning materials is reusability and interoperability, that is the possibility to use at least part of the contents in different courses, and to deliver them trough different platforms. These features make possible to limit the cost of new packages, but require the development of material according to proper specifications. SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) is a set of guidelines suitable for this purpose. A specific adaptation project has been started to make possible to reuse existing materials. The paper describes the main characteristics of SCORM specification, and the procedure used to modify the existing material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SCORM" title="SCORM">SCORM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=e-learning" title=" e-learning"> e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=standard" title=" standard"> standard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=educational%0Aeffectiveness" title=" educational effectiveness"> educational effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=assessment" title=" assessment"> assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=methodology" title=" methodology"> methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=open%20access." title=" open access."> open access.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/improving-the-reusability-and-interoperability-of-e-learning-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7383.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3817</span> Main Elements of Soft Cost in Green Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nurul%20Zahirah%20M.A.">Nurul Zahirah M.A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Zainul%20Abidin"> N. Zainul Abidin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Green buildings have been commonly cited to be more expensive than conventional buildings. However, limited research has been conducted to clearly identify elements that contribute to this cost differential. The construction cost of buildings can be typically divided into “hard" costs and “soft" cost elements. Using a review analysis of existing literature, the study identified six main elements in green buildings that contribute to the general cost elements that are “soft" in nature. The six elements found are insurance, developer-s experience, design cost, certification, commissioning and energy modeling. Out of the six elements, most literatures have highlighted the increase in design cost for green design as compared to conventional design due to additional architectural and engineering costs, eco-charettes, extra design time, and the further need for a green consultant. The study concluded that these elements of soft cost contribute to the green premium or cost differential of green buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Green%20building" title="Green building">Green building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cost%20differential" title=" cost differential"> cost differential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=soft%20cost" title=" soft cost"> soft cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=intangible%0Acost." title=" intangible cost."> intangible cost.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/main-elements-of-soft-cost-in-green-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2778</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3816</span> Model Development for Allocation of Raw Material in Timber Processing Industry in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muh.%20Hisjam">Muh. Hisjam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nancy%20Oktyajati"> Nancy Oktyajati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wakhid%20A.%20Jauhari"> Wakhid A. Jauhari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wahyudi%20Sutopo"> Wahyudi Sutopo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This research is intended to develop a raw material allocation model in timber processing industry in Perum Perhutani Unit I, Central Java, Indonesia. The model can be used to determine the quantity of allocation of timber between chain in the supply chain to select supplier considering factors that are log price and the distance. In determining the quantity of allocation of timber between chains in the supply chain, the model considers the optimal inventory in each chain. Whilst the optimal inventory is determined based on demand forecast, the capacity and safety stock. Problem solving allocation is conducted by developing linear programming model that aims to minimize the total cost of the purchase, transportation cost and storage costs at each chain. The results of numerical examples show that the proposed model can generate savings of the purchase cost of 20.84% and select suppliers with mileage closer.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Allocation%20model" title="Allocation model">Allocation model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=linear%20programming" title=" linear programming"> linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=purchase%0D%0Acosts" title=" purchase costs"> purchase costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=storage%20costs" title=" storage costs"> storage costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=suppliers" title=" suppliers"> suppliers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=transportation%20costs." title=" transportation costs."> transportation costs.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/model-development-for-allocation-of-raw-material-in-timber-processing-industry-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3815</span> Methodology of Estimating Assembly Cost by MODAPTS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Heung%20Jae%20Cho">Heung Jae Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jae%20Il%20Park"> Jae Il Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents the development of an MODAPTS based cost estimating system to help designers in estimating the manufacturing cost of a assembly products which is belonged from the workers in working fields. Competitiveness of manufacturing cost is getting harder because of the development of Information and telecommunication, but also globalization. Therefore, the accuracy of the assembly cost estimation is getting important. DFA and MODAPTS is useful method for measuring the working hour. But these two methods are used just as a timetable. Therefore, in this paper, we suggest the process of measuring the working hours by MODAPTS which includes the working field-s accurate information. In addition, we adduce the estimation method of accuracy assembly cost with the real information. This research could be useful for designers that can estimate the assembly cost more accurately, and also effective for the companies that which are concerned to reduce the product cost.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cost%20estimation" title="Cost estimation">Cost estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=DFA" title=" DFA"> DFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MODAPTS" title=" MODAPTS"> MODAPTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Assembly%20cost" title=" Assembly cost"> Assembly cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/methodology-of-estimating-assembly-cost-by-modapts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3984</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3814</span> Energy Saving Stove for Stew Coconut Sugar </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ruedee%20Niyomrath">Ruedee Niyomrath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The purposes of this research is aim to build the energy saving stove for stew coconut sugar. The research started from explores ceramic raw materials in local area, create the appropriate mixture of ceramic raw materials for construction material of stove, and make it by ceramic process. It includes design and build the energy saving stove, experiment the efficiency of energy saving stove as to thermal efficiency, energy saving, performance of time, and energy cost efficiency, transfer the knowledge for community, stove manufacturers, and technicians. The findings must be useful to the coconut sugar enterprises producing, to reduce the cost of production, preserve natural resources, and environments.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ceramic%20raw%20material" title="Ceramic raw material">Ceramic raw material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Energy%20saving%20stove" title=" Energy saving stove"> Energy saving stove</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Stove%20design" title=" Stove design"> Stove design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Performance%20of%20stove" title=" Performance of stove"> Performance of stove</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Stove%20for%20stew%20coconut%20sugar." title=" Stove for stew coconut sugar. "> Stove for stew coconut sugar. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/energy-saving-stove-for-stew-coconut-sugar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1639</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3813</span> Investigation of Multiple Material Gate Impact on Short Channel Effects and Reliability of Nanoscale SOI MOSFETs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Paniz%20Tafakori">Paniz Tafakori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ali%20A.%20Orouji"> Ali A. Orouji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper the features of multiple material gate silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs are presented and compared with single material gate silicon-on-insulator MOSFET structures. The results indicate that the multiple material gate structures reduce short channel effects such as drain induce barrier lowering, hot electron effect and better current characteristics in comparison with single material structures <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Short-channel%20effects%20%28SCEs%29" title="Short-channel effects (SCEs)">Short-channel effects (SCEs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dual%20material%20gate%0A%28DMG%29" title=" Dual material gate (DMG)"> Dual material gate (DMG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Triple%20material%20gate%20%28TMG%29" title=" Triple material gate (TMG)"> Triple material gate (TMG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pentamerous%20material%20gate%0A%28PMG%29." title=" Pentamerous material gate (PMG)."> Pentamerous material gate (PMG).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/investigation-of-multiple-material-gate-impact-on-short-channel-effects-and-reliability-of-nanoscale-soi-mosfets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2006</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3812</span> Integrated Evaluation of Green Design and Green Manufacturing Processes Using a Mathematical Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yuan-Jye%20Tseng">Yuan-Jye Tseng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shin-Han%20Lin"> Shin-Han Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this research, a mathematical model for integrated evaluation of green design and green manufacturing processes is presented. To design a product, there can be alternative options to design the detailed components to fulfill the same product requirement. In the design alternative cases, the components of the product can be designed with different materials and detailed specifications. If several design alternative cases are proposed, the different materials and specifications can affect the manufacturing processes. In this paper, a new concept for integrating green design and green manufacturing processes is presented. A green design can be determined based the manufacturing processes of the designed product by evaluating the green criteria including energy usage and environmental impact, in addition to the traditional criteria of manufacturing cost. With this concept, a mathematical model is developed to find the green design and the associated green manufacturing processes. In the mathematical model, the cost items include material cost, manufacturing cost, and green related cost. The green related cost items include energy cost and environmental cost. The objective is to find the decisions of green design and green manufacturing processes to achieve the minimized total cost. In practical applications, the decision-making can be made to select a good green design case and its green manufacturing processes. In this presentation, an example product is illustrated. It shows that the model is practical and useful for integrated evaluation of green design and green manufacturing processes.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supply%20chain%20management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=green%20supply%20chain" title=" green supply chain"> green supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=green%20design" title=" green design"> green design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=green%20manufacturing" title=" green manufacturing"> green manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mathematical%20model." title=" mathematical model."> mathematical model.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/integrated-evaluation-of-green-design-and-green-manufacturing-processes-using-a-mathematical-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1862</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3811</span> Thermo Mechanical Design and Analysis of PEM Fuel cell Plate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saravana%20Kannan%20Thangavelu">Saravana Kannan Thangavelu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel and oxidant gas delivery plate, or fuel cell plate, is a key component of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. To manufacture low-cost and high performance fuel cell plates, advanced computer modeling and finite element structure analysis are used as virtual prototyping tools for the optimization of the plates at the early design stage. The present study examines thermal stress analysis of the fuel cell plates that are produced using a patented, low-cost fuel cell plate production technique based on screen-printing. Design optimization is applied to minimize the maximum stress within the plate, subject to strain constraint with both geometry and material parameters as design variables. The study reveals the characteristics of the printed plates, and provides guidelines for the structure and material design of the fuel cell plate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Design%20optimization" title="Design optimization">Design optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=FEA" title=" FEA"> FEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PEM%20fuel%20cell" title=" PEM fuel cell"> PEM fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thermal%20stress" title=" Thermal stress"> Thermal stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/thermo-mechanical-design-and-analysis-of-pem-fuel-cell-plate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3810</span> The Optimal Design for Grip Force of Material Handling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=V.%20Tawiwat">V. Tawiwat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Sarawut"> S. Sarawut</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Applied a mouse-s roller with a gripper to increase the efficiency for a gripper can learn to a material handling without slipping. To apply a gripper, we use the optimize principle to develop material handling by use a signal for checking a roller mouse that rotate or not. In case of the roller rotates means that the material slips. A gripper will slide to material handling until the roller will not rotate. As this experiment has test material handling for comparing a grip force that uses to material handling of the 10-human with the applied gripper. We can summarize that human exert the material handling more than the applied gripper. Because of the gripper can exert more befit to material handling than human and may be a minimum force to lift a material without slipping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Optimize" title="Optimize">Optimize</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gripper" title=" Gripper"> Gripper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mouse%27s%20Roller" title=" Mouse's Roller"> Mouse's Roller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Minimum%20Force." title=" Minimum Force."> Minimum Force.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/the-optimal-design-for-grip-force-of-material-handling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1554</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3809</span> Possible Number of Dwelling Units Using Waste Plastic Bottle for Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dibya%20Jivan%20Pati">Dibya Jivan Pati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kazuhisa%20Iki"> Kazuhisa Iki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Riken%20Homma"> Riken Homma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unlike other metro cities of India, Bhubaneswar–the capital city of Odisha, is expected to reach 1-million-mark population by now. The demands of dwelling unit requirement mostly among urban poor belonging to Economically Weaker section (EWS) and Low Income groups (LIG) is becoming a challenge due to high housing cost and rents. As a matter of fact, it’s also noted that, with increase in population, the solid waste generation also increases subsequently affecting the environment due to inefficiency in collection of waste by local government bodies. Methods of utilizing Solid Waste - especially in form of Plastic bottles, Glass bottles and Metal cans (PGM) are now widely used as an alternative material for construction of low-cost building by Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in developing countries like India to help the urban poor afford a shelter. The application of disposed plastic bottle used in construction of single dwelling significantly reduces the overall cost of construction to as much as 14% compared to traditional construction material. Therefore, considering its cost-benefit result, it’s possible to provide housing to EWS and LIGs at an affordable price. In this paper, we estimated the quantity of plastic bottles generated in Bhubaneswar which further helped to estimate the possible number of single dwelling unit that can be constructed on yearly basis so as to refrain from further housing shortage. The estimation results will be practically used for planning and managing low-cost housing business by local government and NGOs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=dwelling%20unit" title=" dwelling unit"> dwelling unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=plastic%20bottle" title=" plastic bottle"> plastic bottle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solid%20waste%20generation" title=" solid waste generation"> solid waste generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=groups." title=" groups."> groups.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/possible-number-of-dwelling-units-using-waste-plastic-bottle-for-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005339.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1085</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3808</span> Chaotic Dynamics of Cost Overruns in Oil and Gas Megaprojects: A Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=O.%20J.%20Olaniran">O. J. Olaniran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20E.%20D.%20Love"> P. E. D. Love</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20J.%20Edwards"> D. J. Edwards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=O.%20Olatunji"> O. Olatunji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Matthews"> J. Matthews</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cost overruns are a persistent problem in oil and gas megaprojects. Whilst the extant literature is filled with studies on incidents and causes of cost overruns, underlying theories to explain their emergence in oil and gas megaprojects are few. Yet, a way to contain the syndrome of cost overruns is to understand the bases of ‘how and why’ they occur. Such knowledge will also help to develop pragmatic techniques for better overall management of oil and gas megaprojects. The aim of this paper is to explain the development of cost overruns in hydrocarbon megaprojects through the perspective of chaos theory. The underlying principles of chaos theory and its implications for cost overruns are examined and practical recommendations proposed. In addition, directions for future research in this fertile area provided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chaos%20theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=oil%20and%20gas" title=" oil and gas"> oil and gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cost%20overruns" title=" cost overruns"> cost overruns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=megaprojects." title=" megaprojects."> megaprojects.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002818/chaotic-dynamics-of-cost-overruns-in-oil-and-gas-megaprojects-a-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002818/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002818/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a 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btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2337</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Material%20cost&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Material%20cost&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Material%20cost&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Material%20cost&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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