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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_academic_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_academic_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern academic libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_academic_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتبة أكاديمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة أكاديمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitetska_biblioteka" title="Univerzitetska biblioteka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitetska biblioteka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_universit%C3%A0ria" title="Biblioteca universitària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca universitària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysoko%C5%A1kolsk%C3%A1_knihovna" title="Vysokoškolská knihovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vysokoškolská knihovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek" title="Universitätsbibliothek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universitätsbibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clikooliraamatukogu" title="Ülikooliraamatukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülikooliraamatukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ακαδημαϊκές βιβλιοθήκες στην Ελλάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακαδημαϊκές βιβλιοθήκες στην Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_universitaria" title="Biblioteca universitaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca universitaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_biblioteko" title="Akademia biblioteko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akademia biblioteko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="کتابخانه‌های دانشگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه‌های دانشگاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_universitaire" title="Bibliothèque universitaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque universitaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="대학 도서관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대학 도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Sveučilišna knjižnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilišna knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_akademik" title="Perpustakaan akademik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpustakaan akademik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1sk%C3%B3lab%C3%B3kasafn" title="Háskólabókasafn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háskólabókasafn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרייה אקדמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרייה אקדמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fels%C5%91oktat%C3%A1si_k%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r" title="Felsőoktatási könyvtár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felsőoktatási könyvtár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Их сургуулийн номын сан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их сургуулийн номын сан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteitsbibliotheek" title="Universiteitsbibliotheek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteitsbibliotheek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="大学図書館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大学図書館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_akademicka" title="Biblioteka akademicka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblioteka akademicka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_acad%C3%AAmica" title="Biblioteca acadêmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca acadêmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotec%C4%83_universitar%C4%83" title="Bibliotecă universitară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bibliotecă universitară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Академическая библиотека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академическая библиотека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_akademike" title="Biblioteka akademike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biblioteka akademike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="අධ්‍යයන පුස්තකාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධ්‍යයන පුස්තකාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Academic library" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademick%C3%A1_kni%C5%BEnica_(vysoko%C5%A1kolsk%C3%A1_kni%C5%BEnica)" title="Akademická knižnica (vysokoškolská knižnica) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akademická knižnica (vysokoškolská knižnica)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Високошколска библиотека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Високошколска библиотека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieteellinen_kirjasto" title="Tieteellinen kirjasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieteellinen kirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademik_k%C3%BCt%C3%BCphane" title="Akademik kütüphane – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akademik kütüphane" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="تعلیمی کتب خانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تعلیمی کتب خانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%A0n_l%C3%A2m" title="Thư viện hàn lâm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư viện hàn lâm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut%C4%B1bxaneyo_akademik" title="Kutıbxaneyo akademik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kutıbxaneyo akademik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="学术图书馆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="学术图书馆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q856234#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6796" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a>, established in 1592</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>academic library</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> that is attached to a <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> institution, which supports the curriculum and the research of the university faculty and students.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a>, there are an estimated 3,700 academic libraries in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class reading materials, intended to supplement lectures by the instructor and housed in academic libraries, have historically known as "reserves". Before electronic resources became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Modern academic libraries provide access to electronic resources. </p><p>Academic libraries must determine a focus for collection development since comprehensive collections are not feasible. Librarians do this by identifying the needs of the faculty, student body, the mission and academic programs of the college or university. When there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries, these are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche</a> collections. These collections are often the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">special collection</a> department and they may include original papers, manuscripts, artwork, and artifacts written or created by a single author or about a specific subject. </p><p>There is a great deal of variation among academic libraries based on their size, resources, collections, and services. The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a>, which houses over 20 million volumes, is the largest strictly academic library in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Danish Royal Library</a>—a combined <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national</a> and academic library—has a larger collection at about 37 million volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-Aarsberetning2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aarsberetning2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> operates the largest academic library system in the world, managing about 41 million volumes across 100 libraries on ten campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable example is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> which has academic libraries distributed throughout its twelve member countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Academic_library" title="Talk:Academic library">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg/220px-The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg/330px-The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg/440px-The_Maughan_Library_-_2017-09-16-3_alt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5884" data-file-height="3897" /></a><figcaption>The Round Reading Room at <a href="/wiki/Maughan_Library" title="Maughan Library">Maughan Library</a>, the main academic library of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_1694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leiden_1694.jpg/220px-Leiden_1694.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leiden_1694.jpg/330px-Leiden_1694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Leiden_1694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>University Library Leiden in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, founded in 1694</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg/220px-Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg/330px-Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg/440px-Old_Keio_University_Library_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>The Old Library at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Libraries date back to the ancient world. The earliest academic libraries include the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> and the library at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda University</a>, which apparently burned for months because of the sheer number of manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States">States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="University libraries in the United States">University libraries in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_library_at_Umich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Law_library_at_Umich.jpg/220px-Law_library_at_Umich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Law_library_at_Umich.jpg/330px-Law_library_at_Umich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Law_library_at_Umich.jpg/440px-Law_library_at_Umich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The Law Library at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg/220px-George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg/330px-George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg/440px-George_Peabody_Library_-_24513595561.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4943" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody_Library" title="George Peabody Library">George Peabody Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first colleges in the United States were largely intended to train clergy members. The libraries associated with these institutions largely consisted of donated books on the subjects of theology and the classics. In 1766, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> had the most volumes held followed by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, which had 4,000 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to these libraries was restricted to faculty members and a few students: the only staff was a part-time faculty member or the president of the college.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priority of the library was to protect the books, not to allow patrons to use them. In 1849, Yale was open 30 hours a week, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> was open nine hours a week, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> four, and <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a> only three.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd_1998,_p._34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd_1998,_p._34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students instead created <a href="/wiki/Literary_society" title="Literary society">literary societies</a> and assessed entrance fees for building a small collection of usable volumes, often over what the university library held.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd_1998,_p._34_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd_1998,_p._34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Bibliographical_Society_of_America" title="Bibliographical Society of America">Bibliographical Society of America</a> was founded to foster the study of books and manuscripts. Academic librarians were the majority of members.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA) was formed with members including <a href="/wiki/Melvil_Dewey" title="Melvil Dewey">Melvil Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ammi_Cutter" title="Charles Ammi Cutter">Charles Ammi Cutter</a>. Libraries re-prioritized to improve access to materials and found funding increasing due to increased demand for said materials.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic libraries today vary regarding the extent to which they accommodate those not affiliated with their parent universities. Some offer reading and borrowing privileges to members of the public on payment of an annual fee; such fees can vary greatly. The benefits usually do not extend to such services as computer usage other than to search the catalog or Internet access. Alumni and students of cooperating local universities may be given discounts or other considerations when arranging for borrowing privileges. On the other hand, some universities' libraries are restricted to students, faculty, and staff. Even in this case, they may make it possible for others to borrow materials through <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a> programs. </p><p>Libraries of <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant universities</a> generally are more accessible to the public. In some cases, they are official government document repositories and are required to be open to the public. Still, public members are generally charged fees for borrowing privileges and usually are not allowed to access everything they would be able to as students. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, a private <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, is the largest academic library in the world with over 20 million volumes, 400 million manuscripts, 10 million photographs, and one million maps.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, academic libraries have been more recently developed than in other nations. The first academic library in Canada, opened in 1789, was in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckman,_M._2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckman,_M._2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic libraries were significantly small during the 19th century and up until the 1950s, when Canadian academic libraries began to grow steadily as a result of greater importance being placed on education and research.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckman,_M._2010_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckman,_M._2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, academic libraries in Canada began to grow as a direct result of larger student enrollments, increased graduate programs, higher budget allowance, and general advocacy of the importance of these libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this growth and the Ontario New Universities Library Project that occurred during the early 1960s, five new universities were established in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> that all included fully cataloged collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckman,_M._2010_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckman,_M._2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of libraries was widespread throughout Canada and was furthered by grants provided by the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Council" title="Canada Council">Canada Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council">Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council</a>, which sought to enhance library collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckman,_M._2010_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckman,_M._2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many academic libraries were constructed after World War II, a majority of the Canadian academic libraries that were built before 1940 that had not been updated to modern lighting, air conditioning, etc., are either no longer in use or are on the verge of decline.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of college and university libraries increased from 31 in 1959–1960 to 105 in 1969–1970.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the growth of academic libraries in Canada during the 1960s, there was a brief period of sedation, which directly resulted from some significant budgetary issues.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canada_Council_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canada_Council-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These academic libraries were faced with cost issues relating to the recently developed service of <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary lending</a> and the high costs of periodicals on acquisition budgets, which affected overall acquisition budgeting and ultimately public collections.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canada_Council_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canada_Council-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian academic libraries faced consistent problems relating to insufficient supplies and an overall lack of coordination among collections.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic libraries within Canada might not have flourished or continued to be strengthened without the help of outside organizations. The <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Council_of_University_Libraries" title="Ontario Council of University Libraries">Ontario Council of University Libraries</a> (OCUL) was established in 1967 to promote unity among Canadian academic libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ontario College and University Library Association (OCULA) is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Library_Association" title="Ontario Library Association">Ontario Library Association</a> (OLA) and is concerned with representing academic librarians regarding issues shared in the academic library setting.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior,_National_Library_of_Finland,_2019_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5522" data-file-height="3930" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland" title="National Library of Finland">National Library of Finland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the earliest academic libraries in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (founded in 1602), the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a> (founded in 1592), and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University_Library" title="Vilnius University Library">Vilnius University Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (founded in 1570). </p><p>Unlike U.S. academic libraries, many academic libraries in Europe do not have open stacks like American academic libraries do, which can also apply to an institution's general collections. Although some European academic libraries utilize a classification system similar to or based upon the <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal Classification</a> (DDC) used in the U.S., European academic libraries sometimes develop their own systems to organize their collections.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_academic_libraries">Modern academic libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern academic libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG/220px-Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG/330px-Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG/440px-Bolus_Herbarium_Library_top_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="3521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bolus_Herbarium" title="Bolus Herbarium">Bolus Herbarium Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Academic libraries have transformed in the 21st century to focus less on physical collection development, information access, and digital resources. Today's academic libraries typically provide access to subscription-based online resources, including research databases and <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a> collections, in addition to physical books and journals. Academic libraries also offer space for students to work and study, in groups or individually, on "silent floors" and reference and research help services, sometimes including virtual reference services.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some academic libraries lend out technology such as video cameras, iPads, and calculators. Many academic libraries have remodeled to reflect this changing focus as <a href="/wiki/Learning_commons" title="Learning commons">learning commons</a>. Academic libraries and learning commons often house tutoring, <a href="/wiki/Writing_center" title="Writing center">writing centers</a>, and other academic services. </p><p>A major focus of modern academic libraries is <a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">information literacy</a> instruction, with most American academic libraries employing a person or department of people dedicated primarily to instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many academic institutions offer faculty status to librarians, and librarians are often expected to publish research in their field. Academic librarian positions in the United States usually require an MLIS degree from an ALA-accredited institution.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_search_engines_and_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet search engines and libraries">Internet search engines and libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Library assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Libraries_Group" title="Research Libraries Group">Research Libraries Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Libraries_UK" title="Research Libraries UK">Research Libraries UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trends_in_library_usage" title="Trends in library usage">Trends in library usage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Science_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurzonJennie_Quinonez-Skinner2009" class="citation book cs1">Curzon, Susan; Jennie Quinonez-Skinner (9 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120044390"><i>Academic Libraries</i></a>. pp. 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FE-ELIS3-120044525">10.1081/E-ELIS3-120044525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9712-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9712-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-9712-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+College+%26+Research+Libraries+%28ACRL%29&rft.atitle=Changing+Roles+of+Academic+and+Research+Libraries&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Facrl%2Fissues%2Fvalue%2Fchangingroles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.matterport.com/show/?m=mrgPRqkpgsj">"3D Tour of 5th Floor (silent floor) of USF Libraries Tampa," University of South Florida Libraries Digital Heritage and Humanities Collection (accessed 22 August 2021).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Planning_and_Review_Committee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Research Planning and Review Committee, ACRL (5 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/1805/11853/1/ACRL_2016_2016.pdf">"2018 top trends in academic libraries: A review of the trends and issues affecting academic libraries in higher education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>College & Research Libraries News</i>. <b>79</b> (6): 286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.79.6.286">10.5860/crln.79.6.286</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries+News&rft.atitle=2018+top+trends+in+academic+libraries%3A+A+review+of+the+trends+and+issues+affecting+academic+libraries+in+higher+education&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=286&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5860%2Fcrln.79.6.286&rft.aulast=Research+Planning+and+Review+Committee&rft.aufirst=ACRL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iupui.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1805%2F11853%2F1%2FACRL_2016_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/educationcareers/libcareers/type/academic">"Academic Libraries"</a>. <i>Education & Careers</i>. American Library Association. 21 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+%26+Careers&rft.atitle=Academic+Libraries&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Feducationcareers%2Flibcareers%2Ftype%2Facademic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_library&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bazillion, Richard J. & Braun, Connie (1995) <i>Academic Libraries as High-tech Gateways: a guide to design and space decisions</i>. Chicago: American Library Association <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838906567" title="Special:BookSources/0838906567">0838906567</a></li> <li>--do.-- --do.-- 2nd ed. --do.-- 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/083890792X" title="Special:BookSources/083890792X">083890792X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205104/http://www.arbido.ch/fr/artikel_detail.php?m=3&id=1560&n=121">Jürgen Beyer, « Comparer les bibliothèques universitaires », <i>Arbido newsletter</i> 2012:8</a></li> <li>Ellsworth, Ralph E. (1973) <i>Academic library buildings: a guide to architectural issues and solutions</i> 530 pp. Boulder: Associated University Press</li> <li>Giustini, Dean (2011, 3 May) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512080605/http://blogs.ubc.ca/dean/2011/05/canadian-academic-libraries-use-of-social-media-2011-update/">Canadian academic libraries' use of social media, 2011 update</a> [Web log post].</li> <li>Hamlin, Arthur T. (1981). <i>The University Library in the United States: Its Origins and Development.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812277951" title="Special:BookSources/9780812277951">9780812277951</a></li> <li>Hunt, C. J. (1993) "Academic library planning in the United Kingdom", in: <i>British Journal of Academic Librarianship</i>; vol. 8 (1993), pp. 3–16</li> <li>Shiflett, Orvin Lee (1981). <i>Origins of American Academic Librarianship.</i> Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Pub. Corp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893910822" title="Special:BookSources/9780893910822">9780893910822</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaitMartzoukouReid2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tait, Elizabeth; Martzoukou, Konstantina; Reid, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalcomms.2016.70">"Libraries for the future: the role of IT utilities in the transformation of academic libraries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave Communications">Palgrave Communications</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 16070. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalcomms.2016.70">10.1057/palcomms.2016.70</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=Libraries+for+the+future%3A+the+role+of+IT+utilities+in+the+transformation+of+academic+libraries&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=16070&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalcomms.2016.70&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Martzoukou%2C+Konstantina&rft.au=Reid%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fpalcomms.2016.70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+library" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, Sue, ed. (1995) <i>Building libraries for the information age: based on the proceedings of a symposium on The Future of Higher Educational Libraries at the King's Manor, York 11–12 April 1994</i>. York: Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904761-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-904761-49-5">0-904761-49-5</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_libraries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Academic libraries">Academic libraries</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Library_nav" title="Template:Library nav">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries" title="Category:Libraries">Category:Libraries</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_science" title="Category:Library science">Category:Library science</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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