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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Urban biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large-scale_reference_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large-scale_reference_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Large-scale reference books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Large-scale_reference_books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Large-scale reference books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Large-scale_reference_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_urban_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_urban_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>New urban history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_urban_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Western_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Western_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-Western cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Western_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images_and_cultural_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_and_cultural_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Images and cultural role</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Images_and_cultural_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Images and cultural role subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Images_and_cultural_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Urban history</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_urbana" title="Història urbana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història urbana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_las_ciudades" title="Historia de las ciudades – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de las ciudades" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiriaren_historia" title="Hiriaren historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiriaren historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_urbaine" title="Histoire urbaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire urbaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_das_cidades" title="Historia das cidades – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia das cidades" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27urbanistica" title="Storia dell'urbanistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'urbanistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה עירונית ואזורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה עירונית ואזורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നഗരത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഗരത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsgeschiedenis" title="Stadsgeschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stadsgeschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%B2" title="都市史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_das_cidades" title="História das cidades – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História das cidades" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Городская история – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Городская история" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urban history" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Развој градова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Развој градова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanhistoria" title="Urbanhistoria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urbanhistoria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Міська історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міська історія" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the academic discipline. For the history of cities, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_city" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the city">History of the city</a>.</div> <p> <b>Urban history</b> is a field of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> that examines the historical nature of <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, and the process of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. The approach is often multidisciplinary, crossing boundaries into fields like <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural history">architectural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">urban geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">business history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> were popular themes for 20th-century historians, often tied to an implicit model of <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>, or the transformation of rural traditional societies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of urbanization focuses on the processes of by which existing populations concentrate in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban localities</a> over time, and on the social, political, cultural and economic contexts of cities. Most urban scholars focus on the "metropolis," a large or especially important city.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much less attention to small cities, towns or (until recently) suburbs. However social historians find small cities much easier to handle because they can use census data to cover or sample the entire population. In the United States from the 1920s to the 1990s many of the most influential monographs began as one of the 140 PhD dissertations at Harvard University directed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger, Sr.">Arthur Schlesinger, Sr.</a> (1888-1965) or <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Oscar Handlin</a> (1915-2011).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field grew rapidly after 1970, leading one prominent scholar, <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Thernstrom" title="Stephan Thernstrom">Stephan Thernstrom</a>, to note that urban history apparently deals with cities, or with city-dwellers, or with events that transpired in cities, with attitudes toward cities – which makes one wonder what is <i>not</i> urban history.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_studies">Comparative studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparative studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_in_History" title="The City in History">The City in History</a></i> (1961).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, <i>The European City</i> (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, <i>The Early Modern City, 1450-1750</i> (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. <i>Edo and Paris</i> (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Architectural history is its own field but occasionally overlaps with urban history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political role of cities in helping state formation—and in staying independent—is the theme of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._P._Blockmans" class="mw-redirect" title="W. P. Blockmans">W. P. Blockmans</a>, eds., <i>Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, A.D. 1000 to 1800</i> (1994). Comparative elite studies—who was in power—are typified by <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Passerini" title="Luisa Passerini">Luisa Passerini</a>, Dawn Lyon, Enrica Capussotti and Ioanna Laliotou, eds. <i>Who Ran the Cities? City Elites and Urban Power Structures in Europe and North America, 1750-1940</i> (2008) .<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor activists and socialists often had national or international networks that circulated ideas and tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom#Urban_history" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom § Urban history</a></div> <p>In the 1960s, the historiography of Victorian towns and cities began to flourish in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much attention focused first on the Victorian city, with topics ranging from demography, public health, the working-class, and local culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades, topics regarding class, capitalism, and social structure gave way to studies of the cultural history of urban life, as well as the study of groups such as women, prostitutes, migrants from rural areas, and immigrants from the Continent and from the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban environment itself became a major topic, as studies of the material fabric of the city, and the structure of urban space, became more prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have almost always focused on London, but they have also studied small towns and cities from the medieval period, as well as the urbanization that attended the industrial revolution. In the second half of the 19th century, provincial centres such as Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester doubled in size and became regional capitals. They were all conurbations that included smaller cities and suburbs in their <a href="/wiki/Catchment_area" title="Catchment area">catchment area</a>. Available scholarly materials have become quite comprehensive today.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">American urban history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_biography">Urban biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urban biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban biography is the narrative history of a city and often reaches a general audience. Urban biographies cover the interrelationships among various dimensions, such as politics, demography, business, high culture, popular culture, housing, neighbourhoods, and ethnic groups. It covers <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal government</a> as well as physical expansion, growth and decline. Historians often focus on the largest and most dominant city—usually the national capital—which geographers call a "<a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate city</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some representative urban biographies are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows" title="Edwin G. Burrows">Edwin G. Burrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Mike Wallace</a>. <i>Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898</i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._G._Checkland" class="mw-redirect" title="S. G. Checkland">S. G. Checkland</a>, <i>The Upas Tree: Glasgow, 1875-1975</i> (1981)</li> <li>Geoffrey Cotterell, <i>Amsterdam, The Life of a City</i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Janet Abu-Lughod</a>, <i>Cairo; 1001 Years of City Victorious</i> (1971)</li> <li>Diane E. Davis, <i>Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century</i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_McLaughlin_Green" title="Constance McLaughlin Green">Constance McLaughlin Green</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Village_and_Capital,_1800-1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878">Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Christopher Hibbert</a>, <i>London, the Biography of a City</i> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>, <i>Barcelona</i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jones_(historian)" title="Colin Jones (historian)">Colin Jones</a>. <i>Paris: Biography of a City</i> (2004)</li> <li>Blake McKelvey. <i>Rochester</i> (4 vol, 1961), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="History of Rochester, New York">Rochester NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, <i>Jerusalem: The Biography</i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Louise_Pierce" title="Bessie Louise Pierce">Bessie Louise Pierce</a>, <i>A History of Chicago</i> (3 vol 1957), to 1893.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a>, <i>London: A Social History</i> (1998)</li> <li>Alexandra Ritchie, <i>Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin</i> (1998)</li> <li>James Scobie, <i>Buenos Aires: Plaza to Suburb</i> (1974)</li> <li>Ronald Taylor, <i>Berlin and its Culture: A Historical Portrait</i> (1997), considers literature, music, theater, painting, and decorative arts.</li></ul> <p>Historians have developed typologies of cities, emphasizing their geographic location and economic specialization. In the United States <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bridenbaugh" title="Carl Bridenbaugh">Carl Bridenbaugh</a> was a pioneer in historiography. He emphasized the major port cities on the East Coast, the largest of which were Boston and Philadelphia, each with fewer than 40,000 people at the time of the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians have covered the port cities up and down the East Coast, the Gulf Coast, and the West Coast, along with the river ports along the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri rivers. Industrialization began in New England, and several small cities have scholarly histories. The railroad cities of the West, stretching from Chicago to Kansas City to Wichita to Denver have been well treated. Blake McKelvey provides an encyclopedic overview of the functions of major cities in <i>The Urbanization of America, 1860-1915</i> (1963), and <i>The Emergence of Metropolitan America, 1915-1966</i> (1968) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Large-scale_reference_books">Large-scale reference books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Large-scale reference books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter Clark of the Urban History Center of the University of Leicester was the general editor (and Cambridge University Press the publisher) of a massive history of British cities and towns, running 2800 pages in 75 chapters by 90 scholars. The chapters deal not with biographies of individual cities, but with economic, social or political themes that cities had in common.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two highly influential, authoritative and comprehensive compendia of European urban history were also compiled by Barry Haynes of the Centre for Urban History at Leicester University in 1990 and 1991, published by Leicester University. These books made a significant contribution to the bibliographic review of urban history research and literature in both Eastern and Western Europe. </p><p>In the United States a very different approach was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> has sponsored large historical encyclopedias for many states and several cities, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Chicago" title="Encyclopedia of Chicago">Encyclopedia of Chicago</a> (2004; also online edition) and <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a> (1995, 2nd ed. 2010) They followed the model of an earlier encyclopedia of Cleveland<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relished the details about neighbourhoods, people, organizations and events, without imposing any overall theme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></div> <p>A new subgenre is the history of specific suburbs. Historians have concentrated on specific places, typically focusing on the origins of the suburb in relation to the central city, the pattern of growth, different functions (such as residential or industrial), local politics, as well as racial exclusion and gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main overview is <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Kenneth T. Jackson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Crabgrass_Frontier" title="Crabgrass Frontier">Crabgrass Frontier</a></i> (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people have assumed that early-20th-century suburbs were enclaves for middle-class whites, a concept that carries tremendous cultural influence yet is actually stereotypical. Many suburbs are based on a heterogeneous society of working-class and minority residents, many of whom share the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a> of upward social status via home ownership. Sies (2001) argues that it is necessary to examine how "suburb" is defined as well as the distinction made between cities and suburbs, geography, economic circumstances, and the interaction of numerous factors that move research beyond acceptance of stereotyping and its influence on scholarly assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_urban_history">New urban history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New urban history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "new urban history" emerged in the 1960s as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a> seeking to understand the "city as process" and, through quantitative methods, to learn more about the inarticulate masses in the cities, as opposed to the mayors and elites. Much of the attention is devoted to individual behaviour, and how the intermingling of classes and ethnic groups operated inside a particular city. Smaller cities are much easier to handle when it comes to tracking a sample of individuals over ten or 20 years. </p><p>Common themes include social and political changes, examinations of class formation, and racial/ethnic tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major early study was Stephan Thernstrom's <i>Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City</i> (1964), which used census records to study <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a>, 1850–1880. A seminal, landmark book, it sparked interest in the 1960s and 1970s in quantitative methods, census sources, "bottom-up" history, and the measurement of upward social mobility by different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other exemplars of the new urban history included </p> <ul><li>Kathleen Conzen, <i>Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860</i> (1976)</li> <li>David F. Crew. <i> Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860-1914</i> (1986)</li> <li>Alan Dawley, <i>Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn</i> (1975; 2nd ed. 2000)</li> <li>Michael B. Katz, <i>The People of Hamilton, Canada West</i> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Henry_Monkkonen" title="Eric Henry Monkkonen">Eric H. Monkkonen</a>, <i>The Dangerous Class: Crime and Poverty in Columbus Ohio 1860-1865</i> (1975)</li></ul> <p>There were no overarching social history theories that emerged developed to explain urban development. Inspiration from urban geography and sociology, as well as a concern with workers (as opposed to labour union leaders), families, ethnic groups, racial segregation, and women's roles, have proven useful. Historians now view the contending groups within the city as "agents" who shape the direction of urbanization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sub-field has flourished in Australia—where most people live in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demographic perspectives make use of the large volume of census data from the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than being strictly areas of geographical segmentation, spatial patterns and concepts of place reveal the struggles for power of various social groups, including gender, class, race, and ethnic identity. The spatial patterns of residential and business areas give individual cities their distinct identities and, considering the social aspects attendant to the patterns, create a more complete picture of how those cities evolved, shaping the lives of their citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New techniques include the use of historical <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Western_cities">Non-Western cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-Western cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s extensive research has been done on the cities of the Ottoman Empire, where standardized record-keeping and centralized archives have facilitated work on <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Historians have explored the social bases of political factionalism, histories of elites and commoners, different family structures and gender roles, marginalized groups such as prostitutes and slaves, and relationships between Muslims and Christians and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly work is underway on African cities,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the Maoist ideology privileged the uprising of the peasants as the central force in Chinese history, which led to a neglect of urban history until the 1980s. Academics were then allowed to assert that peasant rebellions were often reactionary rather than revolutionary and that China's modernizers of the 1870s made significant advances, even if they were capitalists.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For over a century—since <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a> searched for and found ancient Troy<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—archaeologists and ancient historians have studied the cities of the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images_and_cultural_role">Images and cultural role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Images and cultural role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of the culture of specific cities and the role of cities in shaping national culture is a more recent development which provides nontraditional ways of "reading" cities. A representative class is Carl E. Schorske, <i>Fin-De-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture</i> (1980). The basis for some of this approach stems from a <a href="/wiki/Post-modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern">post-modern</a> theory including the cultural anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>. One example is Alan Mayne's <i>The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation in Three Cities, 1870-1914</i>(1993), a study of how slums were represented in the newspapers in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. The accounts provided dramatic life stories but failed to integrate the agendas and animosities of city officials, property owners, residents, and local businessmen. As a result, they did not reveal the true inner-city social structures. Nevertheless, the middle class accepted the image of and decided to act on the <a href="/wiki/Social_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction">social constructions</a>, leading to the reformers' demands for <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance" title="Slum clearance">slum clearance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Rosen and Tarr point out, environmental history has made great strides since the 1970s, but its focus is primarily on rural areas, leading to a neglect of urban issues such as air pollution, sewage, clean water—and the concentration of large numbers of horses.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians are beginning to integrate urban history and environmental history.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus far most of the attention concerns the negative impact on the environment, rather than how the environment shaped the urbanization process.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In literature, the city has long stood as one of the most potent symbols of human capacities and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the largest and most enduring creation of human imagination and hands, and as the largest and most sustained site of human association and interaction, the city has been seen as a marker of what humans are and of what they do. This signification has almost always been shaded with ambivalence. In old legends, epics, and utopias, cities (both actual and symbolic) appeared as places of exceptional but also contradictory meaning. The histories of Troy, Babel, Sodom, Babylon, and Rome were viewed, in Western cultures, as standing for human power, wisdom, creativity, and vision, but also for human presumption, perversion, and fated destruction. Images of the modern city restated this ambivalence with fresh intensity. Great modern cities like London, Paris, Berlin, and New York, have repeatedly been portrayed as sites of opportunity and peril, power and helplessness, vitality and decadence, creativity and perplexity. This contradictory face of the city has appeared so often in Western thought as to suggest an essential psychological and cultural anxiety about human civilization, an anxiety about humanity's relation to their created world and about "humanity" itself. This is especially true of the “modern” city, filled with human artifice and moral contradiction.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Urban_History" title="Journal of Urban History">Journal of Urban History</a> has been a leading quarterly journal with articles and reviews since 1975. The Urban History Association was founded in 1988 with 284 members; it now has over 400. It sponsored the "Sixth Biennial Urban History Association Conference" in New York, October 25–28, 2012. It awards prizes for the best book prize, best article, and best PhD dissertation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Dyos" title="Harold James Dyos">H.J. Dyos</a> (1921-1978) at the University of Leicester was the leading promoter of urban history in Britain, leading the way, especially into the study of Victorian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formed the Urban History Study Group in 1962; its newsletter became the <i>Urban History Yearbook</i> (1974-1991) and then the journal <i>Urban History</i> (1992–present). His edited volume on <i>The Study of Urban History</i> (1968) opened up the methodology and stimulated young scholars, as did the conferences he organized and the book series he edited. Dyos rejected the quantitative methods of the New Urban History because he was not interested in the individual people in the city, but in the larger social structure, such as the slum or the entire city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1993, the daily email discussion list <b>H-Urban</b> has enabled historians, graduate students and others interested in urban history and urban studies to communicate current research and research interests easily; to query and discuss new approaches, sources, methods, and tools of analysis; and to comment on contemporary historiography. The logs are open to searches, and membership is free. H-Urban seeks to inform historians on such matters as announcements, calls for papers, conferences, awards, fellowships, availability of new sources and archives, reports on new research, and teaching tools, including books, articles, works-in-progress, research reports, primary historical documents (for example, model ordinances, federal/state/local reports, addresses of city officials), syllabi, bibliographies, software, datasets, and multimedia publications or projects. It commissions its own book reviews. H-Urban has 2,856 subscribers (as of 2012) and is the oldest of the H-Net network of discussion lists.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of European urbanism in the 20th century is the focus of urbanHIST, a current Horizon 2020 European Joint Doctorate programme. It is based on the inherent multidisciplinary approach of the research field and the goal of gaining a pan-European perspective on planning history.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">American urban history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Urban_History_of_East_Central_Europe" title="Center for Urban History of East Central Europe">Center for Urban History of East Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Great_Depression" title="Cities in the Great Depression">Cities in the Great Depression</a>, (1929-1939), worldwide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age_Plains_City" title="Gilded Age Plains City">Gilded Age Plains City</a>, online resources for American Midwest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Center_of_Urban_History" title="Danish Center of Urban History">Danish Center of Urban History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">History of cities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Association" title="Town and Country Planning Association">Town and Country Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning#History" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_urban_studies_articles" title="Index of urban studies articles">Index of urban studies articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">List of oldest continuously inhabited cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of East Asia">Cities of East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">History of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berlin" title="History of Berlin">History of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chicago" title="History of Chicago">History of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">History of Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Naples" title="History of Naples">History of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paris" title="History of Paris">History of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia" title="History of Philadelphia">History of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vienna" title="History of Vienna">History of Vienna</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Frisch, "American urban history as an example of recent historiography." <i>History and Theory</i> (1979): 350-377. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504535">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Keene, "Ideas of the metropolis," <i>Historical Research</i> (2011) 84#225 pp 379-398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce M. Stave, ed., <i>The Making of Urban History: Historiography through Oral History</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0803908687">in Google</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond A. Mohl, "The History of the American City," in William H. Cartwright and Richard L. Watson Jr. eds., <i>Reinterpretation of American History and Culture</i> (1973) pp 165-205 quote p 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bairoch" title="Paul Bairoch">Paul Bairoch</a>, <i>Cities and Economic Development, From the Dawn of History to the Present</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They are reviewed in Wolfgang Reinhard, "New Contributions to Comparative Urban History," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a></i> (1997) 1#2 pp 176-181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Kostof" title="Spiro Kostof">Spiro Kostof</a>, <i>The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History</i> (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Frederic Cople Jaher, <i>The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles</i> (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelton Stromquist, "'Thinking globally; acting locally': Municipal Labour and Socialist Activism in Comparative Perspective, 1890–1920," <i>Labour History Review</i> (2009) 74#3 pp 233-256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary W. Davies, "The rise of urban history in Britain c. 1960-1978" (PhD dissertation, University of Leicester, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/29036/1/2014daviesgwphd.pdf">online, wWillith detailed bibliography pp 205-40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. J. Dyos, and Michael Wolff, eds. <i>Victorian City: Images and Realities</i> (2 vol. 1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Myers and Ian Grosvenor, "Birmingham Stories: Local Histories of Migration and Settlement and the Practice of History." <i>Midland History</i> (2011) 36#2 pp 149-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Gunn, "Urbanization" in Chris Williams, ed., <i>Eight Companion to 19th-Century Britain</i> (2007) pp 238-252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. M. Palliser, Peter Clark, and Martin Daunton, eds. <i>The Cambridge Urban History of Britain</i> (3 vol 2000), which reaches down to 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarrett_Nagle2000" class="citation book cs1">Garrett Nagle (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cq9uFL07Y6wC&pg=PA291"><i>Advanced Geography</i></a>. Oxford U.P. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199134076" title="Special:BookSources/9780199134076"><bdi>9780199134076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Geography&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780199134076&rft.au=Garrett+Nagle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcq9uFL07Y6wC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Bridenbaugh, <i>Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625-1742</i> (1938), and <i>Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743-1776</i> (1955)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. M. Palliser, ed., <i>The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. I, 600-1540</i> (2000); P. A. Clark, ed., <i>The Cambridge Urban History of Britain vol. II, 1540-1840</i>; M. J. Daunton, ed., <i>The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. III, 1840 1950.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See review by: Albert J. Schmidt, <i>Journal of Social History</i> (2003) 36#3 pp. 781-784 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3790746">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David D. Van Tassel and John J. Brabowski, eds., <i>The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</i> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth McManus and Philip J. Ethington, "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history," <i>Urban History</i> (2007) 34#2 pp 317-337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a> (1985). <i><a href="/wiki/Crabgrass_Frontier:_The_Suburbanization_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States">Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504983-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504983-7"><bdi>0-19-504983-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11785435">11785435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crabgrass+frontier%3A+The+suburbanization+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11785435&rft.isbn=0-19-504983-7&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Corbin Sies, "North American Suburbs, 1880-1950," <i>Journal of Urban History,</i> March 2001, Vol. 27 Issue 3, pp 313-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds. <i>Nineteenth-century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History</i> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Frisch, "<i>Poverty and Progress:</i> A Paradoxical Legacy," <i>Social Science History,</i> Spring 1986, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 15-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/159740411X">excerpt and text search</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Marsh and Lizabeth Cohen. "Old Forms, New Visions: New Directions in United States Urban History," <i>Pennsylvania History,</i> Winter 1992, Vol. 59 Issue 1, pp 21-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lionel Frost, and Seamus O'Hanlon, "Urban History and the Future of Australian Cities," <i>Australian Economic History Review</i> March 2009, Vol. 49 Issue 1, pp 1-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Lampard, <i>The Urbanizing World,</i> in <a href="/wiki/H._J._Dyos" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Dyos">H. J. Dyos</a> and Michael Wolff, eds., The Victorian City: Images and Realities, vol. 1 (1973), pp. 3–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Jackson, Jr.. "Alltagsgeschichte, Social Science History and the Study of Mundane Movements in 19th-Century Germany," <i>Historical Social Research</i> (1991) 16#1 pp23-47, explains the value of employment records, marriage contracts, vital records and continuous residency registers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Connolly, "Bringing the City Back in: Space and Place in the Urban History of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era," <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,</i> July 2002, Vol. 1 Issue 3, pp 258-278. The importance of the materiality of specific spaces and places is also treated in Ralph Kingston, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/berg/cash/2010/00000007/00000001/art00006">Mind over Matter? History and the Spatial Turn</a>," <i>Cultural and Social History,</i> 2010, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 111–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Gordon, "Lost in space, or confessions of an accidental geographer,"<i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Humanities_and_Arts_Computing" title="International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing">International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing</a></i> (2011) 5#1 pp 1-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Reilly, "Ottoman Syria: Social History Through an Urban Lens," <i>History Compass</i> (2012) 10#1 pp 70-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurent Fourchard, "Between World History and State Formation: New Perspectives On Africa's Cities," <i>Journal of African History</i> (2011) 52#2 pp 223-248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Burton, ed., <i>Urban History in Africa: The Urban Experience in Eastern Africa c. 1750–2000</i> (Nairobi: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharif Uddin Ahmed, ed., <i>Dhaka: Past, Present, Future</i> (1991) is Bangladesh history from an urban planning perspective</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Heitzman, "Middle Towns to Middle Cities in South Asia, 1800-2007," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (2008) 35#1 pp 15-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David D. Buck "The Study of Urban History in the People's Republic of China," <i>Urban History Yearbook</i> (1987), pp 61-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce M. Stave, "A Conversation with Zhou Lei: Urban History and Development in Beijing (Peking)," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (1988) 14#2 pp 254-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Traill, <i>Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit</i> (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Marc_van_de_Mieroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc van de Mieroop">Marc van de Mieroop</a> <i>The Ancient Mesopotamian City.</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999) and John Hyslop, <i>Inka Settlement Planning</i>. (U. of Texas Press, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Alan Mayne, " Representing The Slum," <i>Urban History Yearbook</i> (1990), Vol. 17, pp 66-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Meisn Rosen, and Joel Arthur Tarr, "The importance of an urban perspective in environmental history," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (1994) 20#3 pp 299-310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geneviève Massard-Guilbaud, and Peter Thorsheim, "Cities, Environments, and European History," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (2007) 33#5 pp 691-701, introduces a special issue with case studies from Austria, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lezlie Morinière, "Environmentally Influenced Urbanisation: Footprints Bound for Town?" <i>Urban Studies</i> (2012) 49#2 pp 435-450, examines 147 studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Schorske, "The Idea of the City in European Thought: Voltaire to Spengler," in <i>The Historian and the City</i>, ed. Oscar Handlin and John Burchard (Harvard U.P., 1963)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Lewis Mumford, "Utopia, The City, and The Machine," <i>Daedalus</i> (Spring 1965): 271-92; Philip Fisher, "City Matters: City Minds," <i>The Worlds of Victorian Fiction</i>, ed. Jerome Buckley (Cambridge, Mass., 1975); Burton Pike, <i>The Image of the City in Modern Literature</i> (Princeton, 1981), Marshall Berman, <i>All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity</i> (New York, 1982); David Harvey, <i>Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization</i> (Baltimore, 1985); Judith Walkowitz, <i>City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London</i> (Chicago, 1992); Graeme Gilloch, <i>Myth and Metropolis: Walter Benjamin and the City</i> (Cambridge, Eng., 1996); Peter Fritzsche, <i>Reading Berlin 1900</i> (Cambridge, Mass., 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uha.udayton.edu/">UHA website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312054102/http://uha.udayton.edu/">Archived</a> 2015-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; its semiannual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uha.udayton.edu/news.html">newsletters are online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.J. Dyos, <i>Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in Urban History</i> edited by David Cannadine and David Reeder (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_J._Mandelbaum" title="Seymour J. Mandelbaum">Seymour J. Mandelbaum</a>, "H. J. Dyos and British Urban History," <i>The Economic History Review</i> (1985) 38#3 pp. 437–447, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596999">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langinnovate.msu.edu/~urban/">H-Urban website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helene Bihlmaier, "urbanHIST: a multidisciplinary research and training programme on the history of European urbanism in the twentieth century." <i>Planning Perspectives</i> (2020): 1-9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02665433.2020.1770622">online</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_urban_history#Further_reading" title="American urban history">American urban history § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Abbott, Carl. "Urban History for Planners," <i>Journal of Planning History,</i> Nov 2006, Vol. 5 Issue 4, pp 301–313</li> <li>Armus, Diego and John Lear. "The trajectory of Latin American urban history," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (1998) 24#3 pp 291–301</li> <li>Beachy, Robert and Ralf Roth, eds. <i>Who Ran the Cities?: City Elites and Urban Power Structures in Europe and North America, 1750-1940</i> (2007)</li> <li>Bennett, Larry. <i>The Third City: Chicago and American Urbanism</i>. (U of Chicago Press, 2015), 241 pp</li> <li>Borsay, Peter. <i>The eighteenth-century town: a reader in English urban history 1688-1820</i> (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li>Clark, Peter, and Paul Slack. <i>English Towns in Transition 1500-1700</i> (1976)</li> <li>Davies, Gary W. "The rise of urban history in Britain c. 1960-1978" (PhD dissertation, University of Leicester, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/29036/1/2014daviesgwphd.pdf">online, With detailed bibliography pp 205-40</a></li> <li>Denecke, Dietrich, and Gareth Shaw, eds. <i>Urban historical geography: recent progress in Britain and Germany</i> (Cambridge UP, 1988).</li> <li>Emmen, Edith. <i>The Medieval Town</i> (1979)</li> <li>Emerson, Charles. <i>1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War</i> (2013) 526pp short essays on 21 major world cities in 1913, including London, Washington, Winnipeg, and Constantinople etc.</li> <li>Engeli, Christian, and Horst Matzerath. <i>Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ">in GoogleBooks</a></li> <li>Epstein, S. E. ed. <i>Town and Country in Europe, 1300-1800</i> (2001), a major anthology of scholarly articles</li> <li>Frost, Lionel, and Seamus O'Hanlon. "Urban history and the future of Australian cities." <i>Australian Economic History Review</i> (2009) 49#1 pp: 1-18.</li> <li>Gillette Jr., Howard, and Zane L. Miller, eds. <i> American Urbanism: A Historiographical Review</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/american-urbanism-a-historiographical-review-by-howard-gillette-jr-zane-l-miller.jsp">online</a></li> <li>Goldfield, David. ed. <i>Encyclopedia of American Urban History</i> (2 vol 2006); 1056pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-American-Urban-History-Volume/dp/0761928847/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a>, <i>Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization</i> (1985), a Marxist approach</li> <li>Handlin, Oscar, and John Burchard, eds. <i>The Historian and the City</i> (Harvard U.P., 1963)</li> <li>Haynes, Barry. <i>Register of European Urban History</i> (Leicester University, 1991)</li> <li>Haynes, Douglas E., and Nikhil Rao. "Beyond the Colonial City: Re-Evaluating the Urban History of India, ca. 1920–1970." <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i> (2013) 36#3 pp: 317–335. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2013.814617">Online</a></li> <li>Hays, Samuel P. "From the History of the City to the History of the Urbanized Society," <i>Journal of Urban History,</i> (1993) 19#1 pp 3–25.</li> <li>Isin, Engin F. "Historical sociology of the city' in Gerard Delanty & Engin F. Isin, eds. <i>Handbook of historical sociology</i> (2003). pp. 312–325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/15374/1/Isin_2003a.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lees, Andrew. "Historical perspectives on cities in modern Germany: recent literature." <i>Journal of Urban History</i> 5.4 (1979): 411–446.</li> <li>Lees, Andrew. "Cities, Society, and Culture in Modern Germany: Recent Writings by Americans on the Großstadt." <i>Journal of Urban History</i> 25.5 (1999): 734–744.</li> <li>Lees, Lynn Hollen. "The Challenge of Political Change: Urban History in the 1990s," <i>Urban History,</i> (1994), 21#1 pp. 7–19.</li> <li>McKay, John P. <i>Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe</i> (1976)</li> <li>McManus, Ruth, and Philip J. Ethington, "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history," <i>Urban History,</i> Aug 2007, Vol. 34 Issue 2, pp 317–337</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_McShane" title="Clay McShane">McShane, Clay</a>. "The State of the Art in North American Urban History," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (2006) 32#4 pp 582–597, identifies a loss of influence by such writers as Lewis Mumford, Robert Caro, and Sam Warner, a continuation of the emphasis on narrow, modern time periods, and a general decline in the importance of the field. Comments by Timothy Gilfoyle and Carl Abbott contest the latter conclusion.</li> <li>Miller, Jaroslav. "‘In each town I find a triple harmony’: idealizing the city and the language of community in early modern (East) Central European urban historiography." <i>Urban History</i> (2012) 39#1 pp: 3-19.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Pike" title="Burton Pike">Piker, Burton</a>, <i>The Image of the City in Modern Literature</i> (1981)</li> <li>Mohl, Raymond. "Urban History," in D. R. Woolf, ed. <i>A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing</i> (1988) pp 907–14</li> <li>Nicholas, David M. <i>The growth of the medieval city: from late antiquity to the early fourteenth century</i> (Routledge, 2014); <i>The later medieval city: 1300-1500</i> (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li>Platt, Harold L. <i>Building the Urban Environment: Visions of the Organic City in the United States, Europe, and Latin America</i> (Temple University Press, 2015). 301 pp.</li> <li>Reulecke, Jürgen; Huck, Gerhard; Sutcliffe, Anthony. "Urban History Research in Germany: Its Development and Present Condition," <i>Urban History Yearbook</i> (1981) pp 39–54</li> <li>Rodger, Richard. "Taking Stock: Perspectives on British Urban History," <i>Urban History Review</i> (2003) 32#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-111270439/taking-stock-perspectives-on-british-urban-history">online</a></li> <li>Roth, Ralf, and Marie-Noëlle Polino, eds. <i>The City and the Railway in Europe</i> (Ashgate, 2003), 287 pages</li> <li>Ruiz, Teofilo. "Urban Historical Geography and the Writing of Late Medieval Urban History," in Carol Lansing and Edward D. English, eds., <i>A Companion to the Medieval World</i> (2010) pp 397–412</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw,_Gareth1988" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Gareth, ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8E5_2SGZhCIC"><i>Urban Historical Geography: Recent Progress in Britain and Germany</i></a>. Cambridge U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521343626" title="Special:BookSources/9780521343626"><bdi>9780521343626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Historical+Geography%3A+Recent+Progress+in+Britain+and+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780521343626&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8E5_2SGZhCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wang, Q. Edward. "Urban History in China: Editor's Introduction." <i>Chinese Studies in History</i> (2014) 47#3 pp: 3–6. Special issue on Chinese cities <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2753/CSH0009-4633470300">Online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planninghistory.org/about.html#ip">International Planning History Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fau.usp.br/iphs/">The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2012 website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphs2014.dcp.ufl.edu/">The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2014 website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~urban/">H-URBAN, daily email discussion group on urban history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scale.cs.uoguelph.ca/history/urban/mod01.html">Gilbert A. Stelter, "Introduction to the Study of Urban History" (1996)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312054102/http://uha.udayton.edu/">The Urban History Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/urbanhistory/">Centre for Urban History, University of Leicester, U.K.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ua.ac.be/csg/">Centre for Urban History, University of Antwerp, Belgium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvivcenter.org/">Center for Urban History of East Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://host.research.vub.be/">Historical Research into Urban Transformation Processes, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels, Belgium)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&oldid=1216107238">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_history&oldid=1216107238</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fields_of_history" title="Category:Fields of history">Fields of history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_history" title="Category:Local history">Local history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_city" title="Category:History by city">History by city</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 March 2024, at 02:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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