Submission guidelines | Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="General Information">General Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_How to Submit" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="How to Submit">How to Submit</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Affirmations at the Time of Submission" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Affirmations at the Time of Submission">Affirmations at the Time of Submission</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Open Practices" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Open Practices">Open Practices</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Statistical Guidelines" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Statistical Guidelines">Statistical Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Manuscript Style" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Manuscript Style">Manuscript Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Acknowledgments and Funding Information" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Acknowledgments and Funding Information">Acknowledgments and Funding Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Color Figures" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Color Figures">Color Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Editing Services" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Editing Services">Editing Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Competing Interests" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Competing Interests">Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Research involving human participants, their data or biological material" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Research involving human participants, their data or biological material">Research involving human participants, their data or biological material</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Research involving animals, their data or biological material" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Research involving animals, their data or biological material">Research involving animals, their data or biological material</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Informed consent" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Informed consent">Informed consent</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Other Questions" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Other Questions">Other Questions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#openAccessPublishing">Open access publishing</a> </li> <li> <a data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page mistakes to avoid link" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="click ifa checklist link" data-track-label="link" data-test="ifa-checklist-link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=13415">Mistakes to avoid during manuscript preparation</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2 id="Instructions for Authors" class="u-h3 eds-c-section-heading u-mb-16">Instructions for Authors</h2> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_General Information">General Information</h3> <p><em>Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience </em>(CABN) publishes theoretical, review and primary research articles concerned with behavior and brain processes in humans. This research can involve both normal participants as well as patients with brain injuries or processes that influence brain function, such as neurological disorders (including both healthy and disordered aging) and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and depression). In addition, articles that use animal models to address cognitive or affective processes involving behavioral, invasive, or imaging methods are also highly welcome. One of the main goals of CABN is to be the premier outlet for strongly psychologically motivated studies of brain-behavior relationships. Thus, the editors highly encourage papers with clear integration between psychological theory and the generation and interpretation of the neuroscientific data. Articles will be appropriate to the journal if they cover topics relating to: 1) cognition such as perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision-making; 2) topics concerning emotional processes, motivation, reward prediction and affective states; and 3) topics relating individual differences in relevant domains, including personality. In all cases, the editors will give highest priority to papers that report a combination of behavioral and neuroscientific methods to address these research topics. We also invite synthetic papers that make use of computational and other approaches to formal modeling. CABN also welcomes multi-study empirical articles or articles integrating multiple methods and approaches to understanding brain-behavior relationships.</p><p>Article Formats: As noted above, we are interested in publishing both original research articles and review papers. The review papers could either be in the form of conceptual reviews or quantitative reviews that address pressing issues in the literature and provide a useful synthesis of an existing research literature, or point to new directions for empirical work. In addition, we are interested in publishing novel theoretical formulations that are relevant to the content mission of CABN, as outlined above. Such theoretical articles should provide a novel approach to a question (or set of questions) relevant to the mission of CABN, and/or provide new directions for empirical research.</p><p>Article Length: CABN does not have a specific word limit for any of the article formats described above. However, succinctness in presentation and description often enhances the theoretical and empirical impact of an article and should be a guiding force in determining the length of a submitted article.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_How to Submit">How to Submit</h3> <p>Manuscripts are to be submitted electronically via ScholarOne:</p><p>If you have not submitted via the ScholarOne submission system before, then you will first be asked to create an account. Otherwise you can use your existing account.</p> <p> <a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cabn" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cabn </a> </p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Affirmations at the Time of Submission">Affirmations at the Time of Submission</h3> <p>To submit a manuscript, the corresponding author must affirm that:</p><p>(a) if the manuscript includes any copyrighted material the author understands that if the manuscript is accepted for publication s/he will be responsible for obtaining written permission to use that material; </p><p>(b) if any of the authors has a potential conflict of interest pertaining to the manuscript that conflict has been disclosed in a message to the Editor; </p><p>(c) the author(s) understand(s) that before a manuscript can be published in Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, the copyright to that manuscript must be transferred to the Psychonomic Society (see http://www.psychonomic.org/psp/access.html for details). </p><p>This does not include open access articles published in the journal, which are published under a difference license. Please see <a href="https://www.springer.com/journal/13414/submission-guidelines#openAccessPublishing">Open Access Publishing</a> for more information; </p><p>(d) The corresponding author is familiar with the Psychonomic Society’s Statistical Guidelines. Please see tab “Statistical Guidelines” below.</p> <h4>Declarations</h4> <p>All manuscripts must contain the following sections under the heading 'Declarations'.</p><p>If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the heading and write 'Not applicable' for that section.</p><p><em>To be used for life science journals + articles with biological applications</em></p><p><ul></p><p><li><strong>Funding</strong> (information that explains whether and by whom the research was supported)</li></p><p><li><strong>Conflicts of interest/Competing interests</strong> (include appropriate disclosures)</li></p><p><li><strong>Ethics approval</strong> (include appropriate approvals or waivers)</li></p><p><li><strong>Consent to participate</strong> (include appropriate statements)</li></p><p><li><strong>Consent for publication</strong> (include appropriate statements)</li></p><p><li><strong>Availability of data and materials</strong> (data transparency)</li></p><p><li><strong>Code availability</strong> (software application or custom code)</li></p><p><li><strong>Authors' contributions</strong> (optional: please review the submission guidelines from the journal whether statements are mandatory)</li></p><p></ul></p><p>Please see the relevant sections in the submission guidelines for further information as well as various examples of wording. Please revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Open Practices">Open Practices</h3> <p>Since its inception, the core mission of the Psychonomic Society has been to foster the science of cognition through the advancement and communication of basic research in experimental psychology and allied sciences. To promote replicable research practices, the policy of the Psychonomic Society is to publish papers in which authors follow standards for disclosing all important aspects of the research design and data analysis. The Society does not enforce any single reporting standard, but authors are encouraged to review and adopt guidelines described, for example, by the American Psychological Association (APA).</p><p>In 2017, the Society signed on to the Open Science Initiative’s Level 1 Transparency and Openness Guidelines. All authors are required to respond to the questions below, and in addition, all submitted manuscripts must include an Open Practices Statement immediately prior to the References section of the paper. The statement must specify (1) whether data and/or materials are available, and if so, where (as per Level 1 TOP guidelines, URLs are required to have a persistent identifier); and (2) whether any experiments were preregistered, and if so, which.</p><p>The following are examples of appropriate Open Practices Statements:</p><p>The data and materials for all experiments are available at (url for the site hosting the data and materials) and Experiment 1 was preregistered (url for the preregistration).</p><p>Data or materials for the experiments are available upon request, and none of the experiments was preregistered.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Statistical Guidelines">Statistical Guidelines</h3> <p>The Psychonomic Society’s Publications Committee and Ethics Committee and the Editors-in-Chief of the Society’s seven journals worked together (with input from others) to create these guidelines on statistical issues. These guidelines focus on the analysis and reporting of quantitative data. Many of the issues described below pertain to vulnerabilities in null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), in which the central question is whether or not experimental measures differ from what would be expected due to chance. Below we emphasize some steps that researchers using NHST can take to avoid exacerbating those vulnerabilities. Many of the guidelines are long-standing norms about how to conduct experimental research in psychology. Nevertheless, researchers may benefit from being reminded of some of the ways that poor experimental procedure and analysis can compromise research conclusions. Authors are asked to consider the following issues for each manuscript submitted for publication in a Psychonomic Society journal. Some of these issues are specific to NHST, but many of them apply to other approaches as well.</p><p>1. <em>It is important to address the issue of statistical power.</em> Statistical power refers to the sensitivity of a test to detect hypothetical true effects. Studies with low statistical power often produce ambiguous results. Thus it is highly desirable to have ample statistical power for effects that would be of interest to others and to report a priori power at several effect sizes (not post hoc power) for tests of your main hypotheses. Best practice is to determine what effects would be interesting (e.g., those that one would consider non-negligible, useful, or theoretically meaningful) and then to test a sufficient number of participants to attain adequate power to detect an effect of that size. There is no hard-and-fast rule specifying “adequate” power, and Editors may judge that other considerations (e.g., novelty, difficulty) justify a low-powered design. If there is no smallest effect size of interest for an a priori power analysis, then authors can report the effect size at which the design and test have 50% power. Alternatively an analysis might focus on estimation of an effect size rather than on a hypothesis test. In any case, the Method section should make clear what criteria were used to determine the sample size. The main points here are to (a) do what you reasonably can to design an experiment that allows a sensitive test and (b) explain how the number of participants was determined.</p><p>2. <em>Multiple NHST tests inflate null-hypothesis rejection rates.</em> Tests of statistical significance (e.g., t-tests, analyses of variance) should not be used repeatedly on different subsets of the same data set (e.g., on varying numbers of participants in a study) without statistical correction, because the Type I error rate increases across multiple tests.</p><p> A. One concern is the practice of testing a small sample of participants and then analyzing the data and deciding what to do next depending on whether the predicted effect (a) is statistically significant (stop and publish!), (b) clearly is not being obtained (stop, tweak, and start a new experiment), or (c) looks like it might become significant if more participants are added to the sample (test more participants, then reanalyze; repeat as needed). If this “optional stopping rule” has been followed without appropriate corrections, then report that fact and acknowledge that the Type I error rate is inflated by the multiple tests. Depending on the views of the Editor and reviewers, having used this stopping rule may not preclude publication, but unless appropriate corrections to the Type I error rate are made it will lessen confidence in the reported results. Note that Bayesian data analysis methods are less sensitive to problems related to optional stopping than NHST methods; see Rouder (2014) for a discussion and pointers to other literature.</p><p> B. It is problematic to analyze data and then drop some participants or some observations, re-run the analyses, and then report only the last set of analyses. If participants or observations were eliminated, then explicitly indicate why, when, and how this was done and either (a) report or synopsize the results of analyses that include all of the observations or (b) explain why such analyses would not be appropriate.</p><p> C. Covariate analyses should either be planned in advance (and in that case would benefit from preregistration) or be described as exploratory. It is inappropriate to analyze data without a covariate, then re-analyze those same data with a covariate and report only the latter analysis as confirmation of an idea. It may be appropriate to conduct multiple analyses in exploratory research, but it is important to report those analyses as exploratory and to acknowledge possible inflations of the Type I error rate.</p><p> D. If multiple dependent variables (DVs) are individually analyzed with NHST, the probability that at least one of them will be “significant” by chance alone grows with the number of DVs. Therefore it is important to inform readers of all of the DVs collected that are relevant to the study. For example, if accuracy, latency, and confidence were measured, but the paper focuses on the accuracy data, then report the existence of the other measures and (if possible) adjust the analyses as appropriate. Similarly, if several different measures were used to tap a construct, then it is important to report the existence of all of those indices, not just the ones that yielded significant effects (although it may be reasonable to present a rationale for why discounting or not reporting detailed results for some of the measures is justified). There is no need to report measures that were available to you (e.g., via a participant pool data base) but that are irrelevant to the study. The selection of variables would again benefit from preregistration; see the Psychonomic Society’s recent digital event on this issue: <a href="https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/4527-2/">https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/4527-2/</a>. </p><p>3. <em>Rich descriptions of the data help reviewers, the Editor, and other readers understand your findings.</em> Thus it is important to report appropriate measures of variability around means and around effects (e.g., confidence intervals or Baysesian credible intervals), and ideally plot the raw data or descriptions of the data (e.g., violin plots, box plots, scatterplots).</p><p>4. <em>Cherry picking experiments, conditions, DVs, or observations can be misleading.</em> Give readers the information they need to gain an accurate impression of the reliability and size of the effect in question. </p><p> A. Conducting multiple experiments with the same basic procedure and then reporting only the subset of those studies that yielded significant results (and putting the other experiments in an unpublished “file drawer”) can give a misleading impression of the size and replicability of an effect. If several experiments testing the same hypothesis with the same or very similar methods have been conducted and have varied in the pattern of significant and null effects obtained (as would be expected, if only due to chance), then you should report both the significant and the non-significant findings. Reporting the non-significant findings can actually strengthen evidence for the existence of an effect when meta-analytical techniques pool effect sizes across experiments. It is not generally necessary to report results from exploratory pilot experiments (although their existence might be mentioned), such as when pilot experiments were used to estimate effect size, provided the final experiment is sufficiently informative. In contrast, it is not appropriate to run multiple low-powered pilot experiments on a given topic and then report only the experiments that reject the null hypothesis.</p><p> B. Deciding whether or not to report data from experimental conditions post hoc, contingent on the outcome of NHST, inflates the Type I error rate. Therefore, please inform readers of all of the conditions tested in the study. If, for example, 2nd, 4th, and 6th graders were tested in a study of memory development then it is appropriate to report on all three of those groups, even if one of them yielded discrepant data. This holds even if there are reasons to believe that some data should be discounted (e.g., due to a confound, a ceiling or floor effect in one condition, etc.). Here again, anomalous results do not necessarily preclude publication (after all, even ideal procedures yield anomalous results sometimes by chance). Failing to report the existence of a condition that did not yield the expected data can be misleading.</p><p> C. Deciding to drop participants or observations post hoc contingent on the outcome of NHST inflates the Type I error rate. Best practice is to set inclusion/exclusion criteria in advance (and pre-register where appropriate) and stick to them, but if that is not done then whatever procedure was followed should be reported.</p><p>5. <em>Be careful about using null results to infer “boundary conditions” for an effect.</em> A single experiment that does not reject the null hypothesis may provide only weak evidence for the absence of an effect. Too much faith in the outcome of a single experiment can lead to hypothesizing after the results are known (HARKing), which can lead to theoretical ideas being defined by noise in experimental results. Unless the experimental evidence for a boundary condition is strong, it may be more appropriate to consider a non-significant experimental finding as a Type II error. Such errors occur at a rate that reflects experimental power (e.g., if power is .80, then 20% of exact replications would be expected to fail to reject the null). Bayesian tests may provide stronger evidence for the null hypothesis than is possible through frequentist statistics. </p><p>6. <em>Authors should use statistical methods that best describe and convey the properties of their data.</em> The Psychonomic Society does not require authors to use any particular data analysis method. The following sections highlight some important considerations.</p><p> A. Statistically significant findings are not a prerequisite for publication in Psychonomic Society journals. Indeed, too many significant findings relative to experimental power can indicate bias. Sometimes strong evidence for null or negligible effects can be deeply informative for theorizing and for identifying boundary conditions of an effect.</p><p> B. In many scientific investigations the goal of an experiment is to measure the magnitude of an effect with some degree of precision. In such a situation stronger scientific arguments may be available through confidence or credible intervals (of parameter values or of standardized effect sizes). Moreover, some of the bias issues described above can be avoided by designing experiments to measure effects to a desired degree of precision (range of confidence interval). Confidence intervals must be interpreted with care, see the Psychonomic Society’s digital event on this issue: <a href="https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/confidence-intervals-digital-event-december-2015/">https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/confidence-intervals-digital-event-december-2015/</a>.</p><p> C. The Psychonomic Society encourages the use of data analysis methods other than NHST when appropriate. For example, Bayesian data analysis methods avoid some of the problems described above. They can be used instead of traditional NHST methods for both hypothesis testing and estimation. The Psychonomic Society’s recent digital event on Bayesian methods may be helpful here: <a href="https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/bayesinpsych-a-digital-event-on-the-role-of-bayesian-statistics-and-modelling-in-psychology/">https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/bayesinpsych-a-digital-event-on-the-role-of-bayesian-statistics-and-modelling-in-psychology/</a>. </p><p><strong>Last Word</strong> </p><p>Ultimately, journal Editors work with reviewers and authors to promote good scientific practice in publications in Psychonomic Society journals. A publication decision on any specific manuscript depends on much more than the above guidelines, and individual Editors and reviewers may stress some points more than others. Nonetheless, all else being equal submissions that comply with these guidelines will be better science and be more likely to be published than submissions that deviate from them. </p><p><strong>Resources</strong></p><p>There are many excellent sources for information on statistical issues. Listed below are some that the 2019 Publications Committee and Editors recommend.</p><p>• Confidence Intervals</p><p>o Masson, M. J., & Loftus, G. R. (2003). Using confidence intervals for graphically based data interpretation. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 57, 203-220. doi:10.1037/h0087426</p><p>o Morey, R. D., Hoekstra, R., Rouder, J. N., Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2016). The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 23, 103-123.</p><p>• Effect Size Estimates</p><p>o Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14246-5.</p><p>o Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., & Richler, J. J. (2011). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 2-18.</p><p>o Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J. (2012). Effect sizes for research: Univariate and multivariate applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group</p><p>• Meta-analysis</p><p>o Cumming, G. (2012). Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. New York, NY US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.</p><p>o Littell, J. H., Corcoran, J., & Pillai, V. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.</p><p>• Bayesian Data Analysis</p><p>o Kruschke, J. K. (2011). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R and BUGS. San Diego, CA US: Elsevier Academic Press.</p><p>o Kruschke, J. K. (2013). Bayesian estimation supersedes the t test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 573-603. </p><p>o McElreath, R. (2015). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan. Chapman and Hall/CRC.</p><p>o Rouder, J. N. (2014). Optional stopping: No problem for Bayesians. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 21, 301-308.</p><p>• Power Analysis</p><p>o Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. (See <a href="http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/abteilungen/aap/gpower3/">http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/abteilungen/aap/gpower3/</a>)</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Manuscript Style">Manuscript Style</h3> <p>Manuscripts are to adhere to the conventions described in the <em>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</em> (7th ed.). See www.apastyle.org/ for information on APA style, or type “APA style” into a search engine to find numerous online sources of information about APA style. Here we highlight only the most fundamental aspects of that style.</p><p><ul></p><p> <li>Layout: All manuscripts are to have 1” margins with page numbers in the upper right corner of each page.</p><p>Title Page: The title page must include the authors’ names and affiliations and the corresponding author’s address, telephone number, and e-mail address. </p><p>Abstract: There must be an abstract of no more than 250 words. </p><p>Sections: Manuscript should be divided into sections (and perhaps subsections) appropriate for their content (e.g., introduction/background, Method, Results, etc.), as per APA style. </p><p>Acknowledgments: The Author Note should include sources of financial support and any possible conflicts of interest. If desirable, contributions of different authors may be briefly described here.</p><p>Figures and Tables: Figures and tables are to be designed as per APA style.</p><p>Location of Figures, Tables, and Footnotes: In submitted manuscripts, figures and tables can be embedded in the body of the text and footnotes can be placed at the bottom of the page on which the footnoted material is referenced. Note that this is a departure from APA style; if you prefer you can submit the manuscript with the figures, tables, and footnotes at the end, but it is slightly easier for reviewers if these elements appear near the text that refers to them. When a paper is accepted, in the final version that the author submits for production each figure and table must be on a separate page near the end of the manuscript and all footnotes must be listed on a footnote page, as per the APA Publication Manual. </p><p>Citations and References: These should conform to APA style.</li></ul></p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Acknowledgments and Funding Information">Acknowledgments and Funding Information</h3> <p>Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc. should be placed in a separate section before the reference list. The names of funding organizations should be written in full. In addition, please provide the funding information in a separate step of the submission process in the peer review system. Funder names should preferably be selected from the standardized list you will see during submission. If the funding institution you need is not listed, it can be entered as free text. Funding information will be published as searchable metadata for the accepted article, whereas acknowledgements are published within the paper.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Color Figures">Color Figures</h3> <p>Authors are encouraged to use color in figures if they believe that doing so improves the clarity of those figures. With the approval of the Editor, color can be used in the online version of the journal at no cost to authors. Moreover, as of 2011, the Editor has a limited budget for printing hard copy articles with color figures at no expense to authors. The Editor makes the final decision as to whether or not an article will be printed in hard copy with color: The greater the scientific value of using color the more likely an Editor will approve its use. Also, authors can pay for printed production of their articles with color figures; the current fee is $1,150 per article (regardless of the number of color figures). Many of the articles submitted to CABN are ones that need to make use of color figures in order to most clearly present the data. As with most journals, we must charge for the publication of color pictures in the print version of articles. However, if authors wish, they may opt to publish a black and white version of pictures/tables in the print version (as long as they are understandable to readers) and publish color versions in the on-line versions of articles.</p><p>Whether used only online or both in print and online, color figures should (insofar as is possible) be designed such that grayscale versions are interpretable. This is important because readers may wish to print or photocopy articles in grayscale.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Editing Services">Editing Services</h3> <h4>English</h4> <p>How can you help improve your manuscript for publication?</p><p>Presenting your work in a well-structured manuscript and in well-written English gives it its best chance for editors and reviewers to understand it and evaluate it fairly. Many researchers find that getting some independent support helps them present their results in the best possible light. The experts at Springer Nature Author Services can help you with manuscript preparation—including <strong>English language editing, developmental comments, manuscript formatting, figure preparation, translation</strong>, and more.</p><p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022&utm_id=ref2022">Get started and save 15%</a></p><p>You can also use our free <a href="https://www.aje.com/grammar-check/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022+GC&utm_id=Grammar+Check">Grammar Check</a> tool for an evaluation of your work.</p><p>Please note that using these tools, or any other service, is not a requirement for publication, nor does it imply or guarantee that editors will accept the article, or even select it for peer review.</p> <h4>Chinese (中文)</h4> <p>您怎么做才有助于改进您的稿件以便顺利发表？</p><p>如果在结构精巧的稿件中用精心组织的英语展示您的作品，就能最大限度地让编辑和审稿人理解并公正评估您的作品。许多研究人员发现，获得一些独立支持有助于他们以尽可能美好的方式展示他们的成果。Springer Nature Author Services 的专家可帮助您准备稿件，具体包括<strong>润色英语表述、添加有见地的注释、为稿件排版、设计图表、翻译</strong>等。</p><p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022&utm_id=ref2022">开始使用即可节省 15% 的费用</a></p><p>您还可以使用我们的<a href="https://www.aje.com/grammar-check/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022+GC&utm_id=Grammar+Check">免费语法检查工具</a>来评估您的作品。</p><p>请注意，使用这些工具或任何其他服务不是发表前必须满足的要求，也不暗示或保证相关文章定会被编辑接受（甚至未必会被选送同行评审）。</p> <h4>Japanese (日本語)</h4> <p>発表に備えて、論文を改善するにはどうすればよいでしょうか？</p><p>内容が適切に組み立てられ、質の高い英語で書かれた論文を投稿すれば、編集者や査読者が論文を理解し、公正に評価するための最善の機会となります。多くの研究者は、個別のサポートを受けることで、研究結果を可能な限り最高の形で発表できると思っています。Springer Nature Author Servicesのエキスパートが、<strong>英文の編集、建設的な提言、論文の書式、図の調整、翻訳</strong>など、論文の作成をサポートいたします。</p><p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022&utm_id=ref2022">今なら15％割引でご利用いただけます</a></p><p>原稿の評価に、無料<a href="https://www.aje.com/grammar-check/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022+GC&utm_id=Grammar+Check">の文法チェック</a>ツールもご利用いただけます。</p><p>これらのツールや他のサービスをご利用いただくことは、論文を掲載するための要件ではありません。また、編集者が論文を受理したり、査読に選定したりすることを示唆または保証するものではないことにご注意ください。</p> <h4>Korean (한국어)</h4> <p>게재를 위해 원고를 개선하려면 어떻게 해야 할까요?</p><p>여러분의 작품을 체계적인 원고로 발표하는 것은 편집자와 심사자가 여러분의 연구를 이해하고 공정하게 평가할 수 있는 최선의 기회를 제공합니다. 많은 연구자들은 어느 정도 독립적인 지원을 받는 것이 가능한 한 최선의 방법으로 자신의 결과를 발표하는 데 도움이 된다고 합니다. Springer Nature Author Services 전문가들은 <strong>영어 편집, 발전적인 논평, 원고 서식 지정, 그림 준비, 번역</strong> 등과 같은 원고 준비를 도와드릴 수 있습니다.</p><p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022&utm_id=ref2022">지금 시작하면 15% 할인됩니다.</a></p><p>또한 당사의 무료<a href="https://www.aje.com/grammar-check/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=Springer&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022+GC&utm_id=Grammar+Check"> 문법 검사</a>도구를 사용하여 여러분의 연구를 평가할 수 있습니다.</p><p>이러한 도구 또는 기타 서비스를 사용하는 것은 게재를 위한 필수 요구사항이 아니며, 편집자가 해당 논문을 수락하거나 피어 리뷰에 해당 논문을 선택한다는 것을 암시하거나 보장하지는 않습니다.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Competing Interests">Competing Interests</h3> <p><strong>Authors</strong> are requested to disclose interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Interests within the last 3 years of beginning the work (conducting the research and preparing the work for submission) should be reported. Interests outside the 3-year time frame must be disclosed if they could reasonably be perceived as influencing the submitted work. Disclosure of interests provides a complete and transparent process and helps readers form their own judgments of potential bias. This is not meant to imply that a financial relationship with an organization that sponsored the research or compensation received for consultancy work is inappropriate. </p><p><strong>Editorial Board Members and Editors</strong> are required to declare any competing interests and may be excluded from the peer review process if a competing interest exists. In addition, they should exclude themselves from handling manuscripts in cases where there is a competing interest. This may include – but is not limited to – having previously published with one or more of the authors, and sharing the same institution as one or more of the authors. Where an Editor or Editorial Board Member is on the author list we recommend they declare this in the competing interests section on the submitted manuscript. If they are an author or have any other competing interest regarding a specific manuscript, another Editor or member of the Editorial Board will be assigned to assume responsibility for overseeing peer review. These submissions are subject to the exact same review process as any other manuscript. Editorial Board Members are welcome to submit papers to the journal. These submissions are not given any priority over other manuscripts, and Editorial Board Member status has no bearing on editorial consideration.</p><p>Interests that should be considered and disclosed but are not limited to the following:</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> Research grants from funding agencies (please give the research funder and the grant number) and/or research support (including salaries, equipment, supplies, reimbursement for attending symposia, and other expenses) by organizations that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. </p><p><strong>Employment:</strong> Recent (while engaged in the research project), present or anticipated employment by any organization that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. This includes multiple affiliations (if applicable). </p><p><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Stocks or shares in companies (including holdings of spouse and/or children) that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript; consultation fees or other forms of remuneration from organizations that may gain or lose financially; patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by publication of this manuscript.</p><p>It is difficult to specify a threshold at which a financial interest becomes significant, any such figure is necessarily arbitrary, so one possible practical guideline is the following: "Any undeclared financial interest that could embarrass the author were it to become publicly known after the work was published."</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> In addition, authors are requested to disclose interests that go beyond financial interests that could impart bias on the work submitted for publication such as professional interests, personal relationships or personal beliefs (amongst others). Examples include, but are not limited to: position on editorial board, advisory board or board of directors or other type of management relationships; writing and/or consulting for educational purposes; expert witness; mentoring relations; and so forth. </p><p>Primary research articles require a disclosure statement. Review articles present an expert synthesis of evidence and may be treated as an authoritative work on a subject. Review articles therefore require a disclosure statement. Other article types such as editorials, book reviews, comments (amongst others) may, dependent on their content, require a disclosure statement. If you are unclear whether your article type requires a disclosure statement, please contact the Editor-in-Chief.</p><p>Please note that, in addition to the above requirements, funding information (given that funding is a potential competing interest (as mentioned above)) needs to be disclosed upon submission of the manuscript in the peer review system. This information will automatically be added to the Record of CrossMark, however it is <strong>not added</strong> to the manuscript itself. Under ‘summary of requirements’ (see below) funding information should be included in the ‘<strong>Declarations</strong>’ section.</p> <h4>Summary of requirements</h4> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Funding’ and/or ‘Competing interests’. Other declarations include Ethics approval, Consent, Data, Material and/or Code availability and Authors’ contribution statements.</p><p>Please see the various examples of wording below and revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs. </p><p>When all authors have the same (or no) conflicts and/or funding it is sufficient to use one blanket statement.</p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when funding has been received:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li>Partial financial support was received from [...]</li></p><p><li>The research leading to these results received funding from […] under Grant Agreement No[…].</li></p><p><li>This study was funded by […]</li></p><p><li>This work was supported by […] (Grant numbers […] and […]</li></p><p></ul></p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when there is no funding:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li>The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.</li></p><p><li>No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.</li></p><p><li>No funding was received for conducting this study.</li></p><p><li>No funds, grants, or other support was received.</li></p><p></ul></p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when there are interests to declare:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Author A has received research support from Company A. Author B has received a speaker honorarium from Company W and owns stock in Company X. Author C is consultant to company Y.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> Author C is an unpaid member of committee Z.</li></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> The authors declare they have no financial interests.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> Author A is on the board of directors of Y and receives no compensation as member of the board of directors.</li></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Author A received a speaking fee from Y for Z. Author B receives a salary from association X. X where s/he is the Executive Director.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> none.</li></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Author A and B declare they have no financial interests. Author C has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Company M and Company N. Dr. C has received speaker honorarium and research funding from Company M and Company O. Author D has received travel support from Company O.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> Author D has served on advisory boards for Company M, Company N and Company O.</li></p><p></ul></p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when authors have nothing to declare:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li>The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.</li></p><p><li>The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.</li></p><p><li>All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.</li></p><p><li>The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.</li></p><p></ul></p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Research involving human participants, their data or biological material">Research involving human participants, their data or biological material</h3> <h4>Ethics approval</h4> <p>When reporting a study that involved human participants, their data or biological material, authors should include a statement that confirms that the study was approved (or granted exemption) by the appropriate institutional and/or national research ethics committee (including the name of the ethics committee) and certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/">1964 Declaration of Helsinki</a> and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. If doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration or comparable standards, the authors must explain the reasons for their approach, and demonstrate that an independent ethics committee or institutional review board explicitly approved the doubtful aspects of the study. If a study was granted exemption from requiring ethics approval, this should also be detailed in the manuscript (including the reasons for the exemption).</p> <h4>Retrospective ethics approval</h4> <p>If a study has not been granted ethics committee approval prior to commencing, retrospective ethics approval usually cannot be obtained and it may not be possible to consider the manuscript for peer review. The decision on whether to proceed to peer review in such cases is at the Editor's discretion.</p> <h4>Ethics approval for retrospective studies</h4> <p>Although retrospective studies are conducted on already available data or biological material (for which formal consent may not be needed or is difficult to obtain) ethics approval may be required dependent on the law and the national ethical guidelines of a country. Authors should check with their institution to make sure they are complying with the specific requirements of their country.</p> <h4>Ethics approval for case studies</h4> <p>Case reports require ethics approval. Most institutions will have specific policies on this subject. Authors should check with their institution to make sure they are complying with the specific requirements of their institution and seek ethics approval where needed. Authors should be aware to secure informed consent from the individual (or parent or guardian if the participant is a minor or incapable) See also section on <strong>Informed Consent</strong>.</p> <h4>Cell lines</h4> <p>If human cells are used, authors must declare in the manuscript: what cell lines were used by describing the source of the cell line, including when and from where it was obtained, whether the cell line has recently been authenticated and by what method. If cells were bought from a life science company the following need to be given in the manuscript: name of company (that provided the cells), cell type, number of cell line, and batch of cells.</p><p>It is recommended that authors check the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/?term=cell%20line%20status%20misidentified%5bAttribute%5d">NCBI database</a> for misidentification and contamination of human cell lines. This step will alert authors to possible problems with the cell line and may save considerable time and effort.</p><p>Further information is available from the <a href="http://iclac.org/about-iclac/">International Cell Line Authentication Committee</a> (ICLAC).</p><p>Authors should include a statement that confirms that an institutional or independent ethics committee (including the name of the ethics committee) approved the study and that informed consent was obtained from the donor or next of kin.</p> <h4>Research Resource Identifiers (RRID)</h4> <p>Research Resource Identifiers (RRID) are persistent unique identifiers (effectively similar to a DOI) for research resources. This journal encourages authors to adopt RRIDs when reporting key biological resources (antibodies, cell lines, model organisms and tools) in their manuscripts.</p><p><strong>Examples:</strong></p><p><strong>Organism: </strong> <em>Filip1</em><sup><em>tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi</em></sup> <strong> RRID:MMRRC_055641-UCD</strong></p><p><strong>Cell Line:</strong> RST307 cell line <strong>RRID:CVCL_C321</strong></p><p><strong>Antibody:</strong> Luciferase antibody DSHB Cat# LUC-3, <strong>RRID:AB_2722109</strong></p><p><strong>Plasmid:</strong> mRuby3 plasmid <strong>RRID:Addgene_104005</strong></p><p><strong>Software:</strong> ImageJ Version 1.2.4 <strong>RRID:SCR_003070</strong></p><p>RRIDs are provided by the <a href="https://scicrunch.org/resources">Resource Identification Portal</a>. Many commonly used research resources already have designated RRIDs. The portal also provides authors links so that they can quickly <a href="https://scicrunch.org/resources/about/resource">register a new resource</a> and obtain an RRID.</p> <h4>Clinical Trial Registration</h4> <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of a clinical trial is "any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes". The WHO defines health interventions as “A health intervention is an act performed for, with or on behalf of a person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain, promote or modify health, functioning or health conditions” and a health-related outcome is generally defined as a change in the health of a person or population as a result of an intervention.</p><p>To ensure the integrity of the reporting of patient-centered trials, authors must register prospective clinical trials (phase II to IV trials) in suitable publicly available repositories. For example <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.clinicaltrials.gov</a> or any of the primary registries that participate in the <a href="https://www.who.int/clinical-trials-registry-platform">WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform</a>.</p><p>The trial registration number (TRN) and date of registration should be included as the last line of the manuscript abstract.</p><p>For clinical trials that have not been registered prospectively, authors are encouraged to register retrospectively to ensure the complete publication of all results. The trial registration number (TRN), date of registration and the words 'retrospectively registered’ should be included as the last line of the manuscript abstract.</p> <h4>Standards of reporting</h4> <p>Springer Nature advocates complete and transparent reporting of biomedical and biological research and research with biological applications. Authors are recommended to adhere to the minimum reporting guidelines hosted by the <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/">EQUATOR Network</a> when preparing their manuscript.</p><p>Exact requirements may vary depending on the journal; please refer to the journal’s Instructions for Authors.</p><p>Checklists are available for a number of study designs, including:</p><p>Randomised trials <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort/">(CONSORT)</a> and Study protocols <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standard-protocol-items-for-clinical-trials/">(SPIRIT)</a></p><p>Observational studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/">(STROBE)</a></p><p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma/">(PRISMA)</a> and protocols <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma-protocols/">(Prisma-P)</a></p><p>Diagnostic/prognostic studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/">(STARD)</a> and <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/tripod-statement/">(TRIPOD)</a></p><p>Case reports <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/care/">(CARE)</a></p><p>Clinical practice guidelines <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/the-agree-reporting-checklist-a-tool-to-improve-reporting-of-clinical-practice-guidelines/">(AGREE)</a> and <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/right-statement/">(RIGHT)</a></p><p>Qualitative research <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/srqr/">(SRQR)</a> and <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/coreq/">(COREQ)</a></p><p>Animal pre-clinical studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/improving-bioscience-research-reporting-the-arrive-guidelines-for-reporting-animal-research/">(ARRIVE)</a></p><p>Quality improvement studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/squire/">(SQUIRE)</a></p><p>Economic evaluations <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/cheers/">(CHEERS)</a></p> <h4>Summary of requirements</h4> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Ethics approval’.</p><p>Examples of statements to be used when ethics approval has been obtained:</p><p>• All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of A (No. ...).</p><p>• This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University B (Date.../No. ...).</p><p>• Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of University C. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p><p>• The questionnaire and methodology for this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics committee of the University of D (Ethics approval number: ...).</p><p>Examples of statements to be used for a retrospective study:</p><p>• Ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee of University A in view of the retrospective nature of the study and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care.</p><p>• This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. We consulted extensively with the IRB of XYZ who determined that our study did not need ethical approval. An IRB official waiver of ethical approval was granted from the IRB of XYZ.</p><p>• This retrospective chart review study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of University B approved this study.</p><p>Examples of stetements to be used when no ethical approval is required/exemption granted:</p><p>• This is an observational study. The XYZ Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. </p><p>• The data reproduced from Article X utilized human tissue that was procured via our Biobank AB, which provides de-identified samples. This study was reviewed and deemed exempt by our XYZ Institutional Review Board. The BioBank protocols are in accordance with the ethical standards of our institution and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. </p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Research involving animals, their data or biological material">Research involving animals, their data or biological material</h3> <p>Research involving animals and their data or biological material</p><p>The welfare of animals (vertebrate and higher invertebrate) used for research, education and testing must be respected. Authors should supply detailed information on the ethical treatment of their animals in their submission. For that purpose they may use the <a href="http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines">ARRIVE</a> checklist which is designed to be used when submitting manuscripts describing animal research.</p><p>For studies involving client-owned animals, authors must also document informed consent from the client or owner and adherence to a high standard (best practice) of veterinary care.</p><p>Authors are recommended to comply with:</p><p>• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PP-003-En.pdf">Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction</a> and consult the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search">IUCN red list index of threatened species</a>.</p><p>• <a href="https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.php">Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a></p><p>When reporting results authors should indicate:</p><p>• … that the studies have been approved by a research ethics committee at the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted. Please provide the name of ethics committee and relevant permit number;</p><p>• … whether the legal requirements or guidelines in the country and/or state or province for the care and use of animals have been followed. </p><p>Researchers from countries without any legal requirements or guidelines voluntarily should refer to the following sites for guidance:</p><p>– <a href="https://animalresearchtomorrow.org/en/basel-declaration">The Basel Declaration</a> describes fundamental principles of using animals in biomedical research</p><p>– <a href="http://iclas.org/committees/ethics-and-animal-welfare-committee">The International Council for Laboratory Animal Science</a> (ICLAS) provides ethical guidelines for researchers as well as editors and reviewers</p><p>– The <a href="https://www.asab.org/ethics/">Association for the study of Animal Behaviour</a> describes ethical guidelines for the treatment of animals in research and teaching</p><p>– The <a href="https://accountablejournalism.org/ethics-codes/consensus-author-guidelines-on-animal-ethics-and-welfare-for-editors">International Association of Veterinary Editors’ Consensus Author Guidelines on Animal Ethics</a> provide guidelines for authors on animal ethics and welfare</p><p>Researchers may wish to consult the most recent (ethical) guidelines available from relevant taxon-oriented professional societies.</p><p>If a study was granted exemption or did not require ethics approval, this should also be detailed in the manuscript.</p><p><strong>Summary of requirements</strong></p><p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Ethics approval’.</p><p><em>Examples of statements to be used when ethics approval has been obtained:</em></p><p>• All procedures involving animals were in compliance with the European Community Council Directive of 24 November 1986, and ethical approval was granted by the Kocaeli University Ethics Committee (No. 29 12 2014, Kocaeli, Turkey).</p><p>• All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ARVO Statement for Use of Animals in Ophthalmic Vision and Research. The ethical principles established by the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publications No. 8523, revised 2011) were followed. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (Protocol No. 06174/14) of FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal.</p><p>• This study involved a questionnaire-based survey of farmers as well as blood sampling from their animals. The study protocol was assessed and approved by Haramaya University, research and extension office. Participants provided their verbal informed consent for animal blood sampling as well as for the related survey questions. Collection of blood samples was carried out by veterinarians adhering to the regulations and guidelines on animal husbandry and welfare.</p><p>• All brown bear captures and handling were approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments, Uppsala, Sweden (Application C18/15) and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with Swedish laws and regulations.</p><p>• The ethics governing the use and conduct of experiments on animals were strictly observed, and the experimental protocol was approved by the University of Maiduguri Senate committee on Medical Research ethics. Proper permit and consent were obtained from the Maiduguri abattoir management, before the faecal samples of the cattle and camels slaughtered in this abattoir were used for this experiment.</p><p><em>Examples of statements to be used when no ethical approval is required/exemption granted:</em></p><p>• No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species.</p><p>• As the trappings of small mammals were conducted as part of regular pest control measures in accordance with the NATO Standardized Agreement 2048 "Deployment Pest and Vector Surveillance and Control ", no approval by an ethics committee was required. </p><p>• All experiments have been conducted as per the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. However, the insect species used in this study is reared for commercial production of raw silk materials, as a part of agro-based industry. Therefore, use of this animal in research does not require ethical clearance. We have obtained permission from the office of Research officer sericulture, Baripada, Orissa, India for the provision of infrastructure and support for rearing of silkworm both in indoor and outdoor conditions related to our study to promote sericulture practices.</p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Informed consent">Informed consent</h3> <p>All individuals have individual rights that are not to be infringed. Individual participants in studies have, for example, the right to decide what happens to the (identifiable) personal data gathered, to what they have said during a study or an interview, as well as to any photograph that was taken. This is especially true concerning images of vulnerable people (e.g. minors, patients, refugees, etc) or the use of images in sensitive contexts. In many instances authors will need to secure written consent before including images.</p><p>Identifying details (names, dates of birth, identity numbers, biometrical characteristics (such as facial features, fingerprint, writing style, voice pattern, DNA or other distinguishing characteristic) and other information) of the participants that were studied should not be published in written descriptions, photographs, and genetic profiles unless the information is essential for scholarly purposes and the participant (or parent/guardian if the participant is a minor or incapable or legal representative) gave written informed consent for publication. Complete anonymity is difficult to achieve in some cases. Detailed descriptions of individual participants, whether of their whole bodies or of body sections, may lead to disclosure of their identity. Under certain circumstances consent is not required as long as information is anonymized and the submission does not include images that may identify the person.</p><p>Informed consent for publication should be obtained if there is any doubt. For example, masking the eye region in photographs of participants is inadequate protection of anonymity. If identifying characteristics are altered to protect anonymity, such as in genetic profiles, authors should provide assurance that alterations do not distort meaning.</p><p>Exceptions where it is not necessary to obtain consent: </p><p> • Images such as x rays, laparoscopic images, ultrasound images, brain scans, pathology slides unless there is a concern about identifying information in which case, authors should ensure that consent is obtained. </p><p> • Reuse of images: If images are being reused from prior publications, the Publisher will assume that the prior publication obtained the relevant information regarding consent. Authors should provide the appropriate attribution for republished images.</p><p><strong>Consent and already available data and/or biologic material</strong></p><p>Regardless of whether material is collected from living or dead patients, they (family or guardian if the deceased has not made a pre-mortem decision) must have given prior written consent. The aspect of confidentiality as well as any wishes from the deceased should be respected. </p><p><strong>Data protection, confidentiality and privacy</strong> </p><p>When biological material is donated for or data is generated as part of a research project authors should ensure, as part of the informed consent procedure, that the participants are made aware what kind of (personal) data will be processed, how it will be used and for what purpose. In case of data acquired via a biobank/biorepository, it is possible they apply a broad consent which allows research participants to consent to a broad range of uses of their data and samples which is regarded by research ethics committees as specific enough to be considered “informed”. However, authors should always check the specific biobank/biorepository policies or any other type of data provider policies (in case of non-bio research) to be sure that this is the case.</p> <h4>Consent to Participate</h4> <p>For all research involving human subjects, freely-given, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 16) and a statement to this effect should appear in the manuscript. In the case of articles describing human transplantation studies, authors must include a statement declaring that no organs/tissues were obtained from prisoners and must also name the institution(s)/clinic(s)/department(s) via which organs/tissues were obtained. For manuscripts reporting studies involving vulnerable groups where there is the potential for coercion or where consent may not have been fully informed, extra care will be taken by the editor and may be referred to the Springer Nature Research Integrity Group.</p> <h4>Consent to Publish</h4> <p>Individuals may consent to participate in a study, but object to having their data published in a journal article. Authors should make sure to also seek consent from individuals to publish their data prior to submitting their paper to a journal. This is in particular applicable to case studies. A consent to publish form can be found</p> <p> <a href="https://media.springer.com/full/springer-instructions-for-authors-assets/docx/1670615_SN_Consent form for publication.docx" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to journal's information for authors document download from html">here. (Download docx, 36 kB) <svg width="12" height="14" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-download-rounded"></use> </svg> </a> </p> <h4>Summary of requirements</h4> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Consent to participate’ and/or ‘Consent to publish’. Other declarations include Funding, Competing interests, Ethics approval, Consent, Data and/or Code availability and Authors’ contribution statements.</p><p>Please see the various examples of wording below and revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs. </p><p>Sample statements for <strong>"Consent to participate"</strong>:</p><p>Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.</p><p>Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians.</p><p>Written informed consent was obtained from the parents.</p><p>Verbal informed consent was obtained prior tothe interview.</p><p>Sample statements for <strong>“Consent to publish”</strong>:</p><p>The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Figure(s) 1a, 1b and 1c.</p><p>The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal.</p><p>Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs.</p><p>Sample statements if identifying information about participants is available in the article:</p><p>Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.</p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p><p>Images will be removed from publication if authors have not obtained informed consent or the paper may be removed and replaced with a notice explaining the reason for removal.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Other Questions">Other Questions</h3> <p>If you have questions not answered above, please direct them to the Editor of the journal in question: </p><p>Diego A. Pizzagalli </p><p>Harvard University</p><p>Cambridge, MA, USA</p><p><a href="mailto:dap@mclean.harvard.edu">dap@mclean.harvard.edu</a></p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section data-track-component="journal-submission-guidelines"> <h2 id="openAccessPublishing" class="u-h3 eds-c-section-heading u-mb-16">Open access publishing</h2> <div> <p>To find out more about publishing your work Open Access in <em>Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience</em>, including information on fees, funding and licences, visit our <a href="/journal/13415/how-to-publish-with-us" data-track="click_how_to_publish" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page oa publishing link" data-track-action="click OA publishing link">Open access publishing page</a>.</p> <div class="u-mt-24 u-mb-48" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="app-journal-navigation-expander"> <h2>Journal navigation</h2> <nav data-test="journal-nav-no-js" class="app-navigation__expander-enhanced-but-no-js " data-app-navigation-expander-nav aria-label="journal navigation content"> <ul class="app-navigation__menu"> <li> <h3>About 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