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褉械写邪泻褑懈懈</span></span> <span class="content"> <div class="article_dashboard_space"><nobr> <div class="button"><img src="/images/icon_print.gif" width="13" height="10" border="0" alt="胁械褉褋懈褟 写谢褟 锌械褔邪褌懈" /> <a href="http://www.pravenc.ru/text/print/73090.html">锌械褔邪褌褜</a></div> <div class="button"><a href="http://188.254.92.189/wlib/wlib/html/_modules/search/_additional/find.php?iddb=150&ID=CNC/PRAVENC/73090" target="_blank"><img src="/images/bib_icon_h10.gif" width="9" height="10" border="0" alt="斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻邪" /></a> <a href="http://188.254.92.189/wlib/wlib/html/_modules/search/_additional/find.php?iddb=150&ID=CNC/PRAVENC/73090" target="_blank">斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻邪</a></div> <div class="info"> </div> </nobr> <div style="clear: both; height:0px;"></div> </div> <br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> <div class="article_text" > <h1 class="article_title" itemprop="title">袨褌 褉械写邪泻褑懈懈</h1> <div itemprop="content"><p> 芦袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟 褝薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟禄 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘屑 褋锌褉邪胁芯褔薪褘屑 懈蟹写邪薪懈械屑, 褋褌邪胁褟褖懈屑 锌械褉械写 褋芯斜芯泄 写胁械 蟹邪写邪褔懈: 1) 写邪褌褜 胁褋械芯斜褗械屑谢褞褖褍褞 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褞 锌芯 写胁褍褏褌褘褋褟褔械谢械褌薪械泄 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈 懈 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯屑褍 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褞 胁褋械谢械薪褋泻芯谐芯 袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁懈褟; 2) 芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌褜 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟 褋 写褉. 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻懈屑懈 泻芯薪褎械褋褋懈褟屑懈, 薪械褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻懈屑懈 褉械谢懈谐懈褟屑懈, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褋 褟胁谢械薪懈褟屑懈 薪邪褍泻懈, 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈, 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪, 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻懈, 褌邪泻 懈谢懈 懈薪邪褔械 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘屑懈 褋 褉械谢懈谐懈械泄. 袨褋芯斜芯械 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟 褍写械谢褟械褌 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈 胁 XX 胁., 褋胁械写械薪懈褟 芯 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁褍褞褌 胁 褋锌褉邪胁芯褔薪芯泄 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">小胁褟褖械薪薪芯械 袩懈褋邪薪懈械, 褋胁褟褖械薪薪邪褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 懈 斜懈斜谢械懈褋褌懈泻邪</span> 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪褘 褋褌邪褌褜褟屑懈 芯 谢懈褑邪褏, 薪邪蟹胁邪薪薪褘褏 胁 袘懈斜谢懈懈, 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈懈 懈 邪褉褏械芯谢芯谐懈懈 小胁褟褌芯泄 蟹械屑谢懈, 斜懈斜谢械泄褋泻芯屑 斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁懈懈, 斜懈斜谢械泄褋泻懈褏 泻芯写械泻褋邪褏, 械褉械褋褟褏, 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘褏 褋 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪薪懈械屑 袘懈斜谢懈懈, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褋褌邪褌褜褟屑懈 芯 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈褏 褝泻蟹械谐械褌邪褏. <span style="font-weight:bold;">小胁褟褌芯芯褌械褔械褋泻芯械 薪邪褋谢械写懈械</span> 褉邪褋褋屑芯褌褉械薪芯 胁 褋褌邪褌褜褟褏, 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪薪褘褏 芯褌褑邪屑 懈 褍褔懈褌械谢褟屑 笑械褉泻胁懈. 袟薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯械 屑械褋褌芯 胁 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈懈 褍写械谢褟械褌褋褟 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟屑 <span style="font-weight:bold;">锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪芯谐芯 写芯谐屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯, 芯褋薪芯胁薪芯谐芯, 薪褉邪胁褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯</span> 懈 <span style="font-weight:bold;">锌邪褋褌褘褉褋泻芯谐芯 斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁懈褟,</span> 邪 褌邪泻卸械 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯泄 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈,</span> 褉邪褋泻褉褘褌褘屑 胁 褌褉褍写邪褏 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈褏 斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁芯胁, 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄 泻谢邪褋褋懈褔械褋泻芯泄 懈 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯泄 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈. 楔懈褉芯泻芯 芯褋胁械褖邪褞褌褋褟 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘械 胁芯锌褉芯褋褘 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪,</span> 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪褘, 锌械褉褋芯薪邪谢懈懈; 斜芯谢褜褕芯械 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 褍写械谢械薪芯 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟屑 笑械褉泻胁懈 懈 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪, 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪 懈 锌褉邪胁邪 懈 懈褏 褋芯芯褌薪械褋械薪懈褞 褋 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘屑 屑懈褉芯胁芯蟹蟹褉械薪懈械屑, 锌褉邪胁芯胁褘屑 邪褋锌械泻褌邪屑 褋械屑褜懈 懈 斜褉邪泻邪. 小褌邪褌褜懈 锌芯 <span style="font-weight:bold;">谢懈褌褍褉谐懈泻械</span> 芯褋胁械褖邪褞褌 懈褋褌芯褉懈褞 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻芯谐芯 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械薪懈褟, 褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈褟 屑械卸写褍 屑械褋褌薪褘屑懈 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪褘屑懈 褌褉邪写懈褑懈褟屑懈, 芯锌懈褋褘胁邪褞褌 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻懈械 褌械褉屑懈薪褘, 胁懈写褘 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪褘褏 褌械泻褋褌芯胁 懈 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻懈械 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪褘械 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻懈, 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪褍褞 褍褌胁邪褉褜 懈 芯斜谢邪褔械薪懈褟, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻芯泄 薪邪褍泻懈. 袙 褋褌邪褌褜褟褏 锌芯 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄 屑褍蟹褘泻械 褉邪褋褋泻邪蟹褘胁邪械褌褋褟 芯 褌懈锌邪褏 锌械褋薪芯锌械薪懈泄, 褉邪褋锌械胁邪褏, 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪褘褏 褌械褉屑懈薪邪褏, 邪胁褌芯褉邪褏 锌械褋薪芯锌械薪懈泄, 褌械芯褉械褌懈泻邪褏 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄 屑褍蟹褘泻懈, 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢褟褏, 懈褋锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褟褏 懈 锌械写邪谐芯谐邪褏, 写邪薪褘 芯斜蟹芯褉褘 锌械胁褔械褋泻懈褏 褌褉邪写懈褑懈泄 袙芯褋褌芯泻邪 懈 袟邪锌邪写邪, 锌械胁褔械褋泻懈褏 泻薪懈谐, 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪褘褏 懈 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪芯-褌械芯褉械褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻芯胁 懈 懈褏 懈蟹写邪薪懈泄, 褋懈褋褌械屑 薪芯褌邪褑懈懈, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘褏 褏芯褉芯胁. 小褌邪褌褜懈 锌芯 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯屑褍 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁褍</span> 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪褘 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 懈泻芯薪芯谐褉邪褎懈懈, 懈泻芯薪芯锌懈褋邪薪懈褟, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉褘, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 写邪褞褌 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈械 芯斜 芯褌写械谢褜薪褘褏 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 懈泻芯薪芯锌懈褋褑邪褏, 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉邪褏 懈 褋胁械褌褋泻懈褏 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋褑邪褏, 芯斜褉邪褖邪胁褕懈褏褋褟 胁 褋胁芯械屑 褌胁芯褉褔械褋褌胁械 泻 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻懈屑 褌械屑邪屑. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袗谐懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋褌邪褌褜懈</span> 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈懈 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪褘 褋胁褟褌褘屑, 胁褏芯写褟褖懈屑 胁 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘泄 袦械褋褟褑械褋谢芯胁 袪袩笑, 胁 袦械褋褟褑械褋谢芯胁褘 写褉. 锌芯屑械褋褌薪褘褏 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘褏 笑械褉泻胁械泄, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 屑褍褔械薪懈泻邪屑, 锌芯写胁懈卸薪懈泻邪屑 懈 写褉. 褋胁褟褌褘屑, 锌邪屑褟褌褜 芯 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 屑芯卸械褌 斜褘褌褜 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪邪 薪邪 芯褋薪芯胁械 写褉械胁薪懈褏 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻芯胁. 协褌懈 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈 写械谢褟褌褋褟 薪邪 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 褌懈锌芯胁, 芯褌屑械褔械薪薪褘褏 胁 褋褌邪褌褜褟褏 褋谢械写褍褞褖懈屑懈 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈褟屑懈: 锌邪屑. 蟹邪锌.– 锌邪屑褟褌懈 褋胁褟褌褘褏, 锌芯褔懈褌邪胁褕懈褏褋褟 胁 写褉械胁薪芯褋褌懈 胁 袟邪锌. 笑械褉泻胁懈 (写芯 XI 胁.); 锌邪屑. 谐褉械褔.– 锌邪屑褟褌懈, 褋芯写械褉卸邪褖懈械褋褟 胁 胁懈蟹邪薪褌懈泄褋泻懈褏 懈 谐褉械褔械褋泻懈褏 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻邪褏, 胁 褌. 褔. 薪芯胁芯屑褍褔械薪懈泻芯胁; 锌邪屑. 胁芯褋褌. (褋懈褉., 邪褉屑., 泻芯锌褌.) – 锌邪屑褟褌懈 锌芯褔懈褌邪胁褕懈褏褋褟 薪邪 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻芯屑 袙芯褋褌芯泻械 写褉械胁薪懈褏 褋胁褟褌褘褏, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢懈褋褜 胁 褋懈褉懈泄褋泻懈褏, 邪褉邪斜褋泻懈褏, 泻芯锌褌褋泻懈褏, 褝褎懈芯锌褋泻懈褏 懈 写褉. 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻邪褏, 胁芯褋褏芯写褟褖懈褏 泻 褝锌芯褏械 械写懈薪褋褌胁邪 袙褋械谢械薪褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈 (写芯 褋械褉. V 胁.). 袛薪懈 锌邪屑褟褌懈 褋胁褟褌褘褏, 褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪械屑褘械 胁 薪邪褔邪谢械 褋褌邪褌褜懈, 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌褋褟 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈 褋 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪芯泄 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻芯泄 袪袩笑 (褌邪泻懈械 写邪褌褘 褋褌芯褟褌 薪邪 锌械褉胁芯屑 屑械褋褌械), 薪芯 懈 褋芯谐谢邪褋薪芯 褌褉邪写懈褑懈褟屑, 芯褌褉邪卸械薪薪褘屑 胁 写褉械胁薪懈褏 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻邪褏 写褉. 笑械褉泻胁械泄. </p> <p> 袙 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈懈 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯 芯锌懈褋褘胁邪械褌褋褟 <span style="font-weight:bold;">袪褍褋褋泻邪褟 袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟 笑械褉泻芯胁褜.</span> 袨褌写械谢褜薪褘械 褋褌邪褌褜懈 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪褘 芯斜褖械褉褍褋褋泻懈屑 懈 屑械褋褌薪芯褔褌懈屑褘屑 褋胁褟褌褘屑, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 薪芯胁芯屑褍褔械薪懈泻邪屑 懈 懈褋锌芯胁械写薪懈泻邪屑 XX 胁., 胁褘写邪褞褖懈屑褋褟 邪褉褏懈械褉械褟屑, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘屑 褍褔械薪褘屑, 锌械写邪谐芯谐邪屑, 锌懈褋邪褌械谢褟屑, 锌褉芯锌芯胁械写薪懈泻邪屑, 屑懈褋褋懈芯薪械褉邪屑. 袛邪薪邪 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 芯斜芯 胁褋械褏 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪褘褏, 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 懈 锌褉芯褋胁械褌懈褌械谢褜褋泻懈褏 褑械薪褌褉邪褏 袪袩笑: 械锌邪褉褏懈褟褏, 胁懈泻邪褉懈邪褌褋褌胁邪褏, 写褍褏芯胁薪褘褏 褕泻芯谢邪褏, 屑懈褋褋懈芯薪械褉褋泻懈褏 褑械薪褌褉邪褏, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 芯 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁械 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉械泄, 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪胁褕懈褏 蟹邪 胁褋褞 懈褋褌芯褉懈褞 袪褍褋褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈. 袨褋芯斜芯械 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 褍写械谢械薪芯 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻邪屑 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪芯褋褌懈, 蟹芯写褔械褋褌胁邪 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 袩芯写褉芯斜薪芯 懈蟹谢芯卸械薪褘 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 懈 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯械 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈泄, 褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪邪褟 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪 谐谢邪胁 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪 胁 褉邪蟹薪褘械 锌械褉懈芯写褘. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袛褉械胁薪褟褟 笑械褉泻芯胁褜</span> 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪邪 斜芯谢褜褕懈屑 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋芯屑 邪谐懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈褏 懈 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褋褌邪褌械泄. 袙锌械褉胁褘械 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褜 褋屑芯卸械褌 锌芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌褜褋褟 褋 泻褉邪褌泻懈屑懈 卸懈褌懈褟屑懈 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 胁褋械褏 写褉械胁薪懈褏 褋胁褟褌褘褏, 斜芯谢褜褕芯谐芯 褔懈褋谢邪 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘褏 写械褟褌械谢械泄, 锌懈褋邪褌械谢械泄. 袨褋芯斜芯械 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 褍写械谢械薪芯 芯斜蟹芯褉薪褘屑 褋褌邪褌褜褟屑 芯 袙褋械谢械薪褋泻懈褏 小芯斜芯褉邪褏, 褍褔械薪懈褞 芯褌褑芯胁 笑械褉泻胁懈, 写褉械胁薪械泄 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻芯泄 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪芯褋褌懈. 袙锌械褉胁褘械 胁 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 芯褌械褔械褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 薪邪褍泻械 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯 芯褋胁械褖械薪褘 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯械 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 懈 写褍褏芯胁薪芯械 薪邪褋谢械写懈械 <span style="font-weight:bold;">锌芯屑械褋褌薪褘褏 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘褏 笑械褉泻胁械泄.</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袛褉械胁薪懈械 袙芯褋褌芯褔薪褘械 (写芯褏邪谢泻懈写芯薪褋泻懈械) 笑械褉泻胁懈</span> 芯锌懈褋邪薪褘 胁 褋褌邪褌褜褟褏 锌芯 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈 懈 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯屑褍 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褞 袗褉屑褟薪褋泻芯泄 袗锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻芯泄 袚褉懈谐芯褉懈邪薪褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈, 协褎懈芯锌褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈, 小懈褉懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 袨褉褌芯写芯泻褋邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 袩邪褌褉懈邪褉褏邪褌邪 袗薪褌懈芯褏懈懈 懈 胁褋械谐芯 袙芯褋褌芯泻邪, 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 袩邪褌褉懈邪褉褏邪褌邪 胁褋械泄 袗褎褉懈泻懈 懈 袘谢懈卸薪械谐芯 袙芯褋褌芯泻邪 (袣芯锌褌褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈), 袙芯褋褌芯褔薪芯泄 小懈褉褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈, 袗褋褋懈褉懈泄褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈 袙芯褋褌芯泻邪. 楔懈褉芯泻芯 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪褘 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘械 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋芯斜褘褌懈褟, 胁懈写薪褘械 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘械 写械褟褌械谢懈, 斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁褘 懈 懈械褉邪褉褏懈, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈械 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉懈, 屑懈褋褋懈芯薪械褉褋泻懈械 褑械薪褌褉褘, 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻懈 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪芯褋褌懈 懈 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯谐芯 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 袨褋芯斜芯械 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 褍写械谢褟械褌褋褟 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯屑褍 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褞 懈 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪芯屑褍 写械谢械薪懈褞 褝褌懈褏 笑械褉泻胁械泄. </p> <p> 袙 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢邪褏 芯 <span style="font-weight:bold;">袪懈屑褋泻芯-泻邪褌芯谢懈褔械褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈</span> 芯褋胁械褖邪褞褌褋褟 胁械褉芯褍褔械薪懈械, 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌懈 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械薪懈褟, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪芯械 写械谢械薪懈械, 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘械 褋芯斜褘褌懈褟 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈, 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘械 懈蟹 锌芯褔懈褌邪械屑褘褏 褋胁褟褌褘褏, 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褘械 斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁褘, 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢懈, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 小芯斜芯褉褘, 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻懈, 芯褉写械薪邪 懈 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪. <span style="font-weight:bold;">袩褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褋泻懈械 褑械褉泻胁懈 懈 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟</span> 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪褘 褋褌邪褌褜褟屑懈 芯 胁械褉芯褍褔械薪懈懈, 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌褟褏 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械薪懈褟, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪芯谐芯 写械谢械薪懈褟, 泻褉褍锌薪褘褏 斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁邪褏, 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘褏 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈褟褏 袥褞褌械褉邪薪芯-袝胁邪薪谐械谢懈褔械褋泻懈褏, 袪械褎芯褉屑邪褌褋泻懈褏 褑械褉泻胁械泄, 袗薪谐谢懈泻邪薪褋泻芯泄 褑械褉泻胁懈 懈 写褉. 锌褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褋泻懈褏 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈泄. 小褌邪褌褜懈 锌芯 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褉械谢懈谐懈械胁械写械薪懈褞</span> 锌褉懈蟹胁邪薪褘 写邪褌褜 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈械 芯 褌褉邪写懈褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 (锌芯屑懈屑芯 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪) 懈 薪械褌褉邪写懈褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 褉械谢懈谐懈褟褏 懈 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏 褋械泻褌邪褏. 小褌邪褌褜懈 芯 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褋褌褉邪薪邪褏</span> 懈 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褋褍斜褗械泻褌邪褏 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 肖械写械褉邪褑懈懈</span> 褋芯写械褉卸邪褌 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢 芯 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯泄 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈懈, 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈懈 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪, 蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁械 芯 胁械褉芯懈褋锌芯胁械写邪薪懈褟褏, 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘械 – 褌邪泻卸械 褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪褘械 褉邪蟹写械谢褘, 薪邪锌褉. 芯 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯屑 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械 懈 屑褍蟹褘泻械. 袩褉懈 写邪薪薪褘褏 芯 褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 懈 褌. 锌. 褋褌芯懈褌 谐芯写, 薪邪 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 褝褌邪 褑懈褎褉邪 写邪薪邪 胁 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻邪褏 (泻褉芯屑械 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌芯胁 锌械褉械锌懈褋懈 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍褞褌褋褟 懈 写褉. 芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪褘械 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈, 胁 褌. 褔. 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘械). </p> <p> 袗谢褎邪胁懈褌薪褘泄 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌 锌芯写邪褔懈 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢邪 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 芯褋薪芯胁芯泄 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟 褋褌邪褌械泄 胁 褌芯屑械. 袩褉懈 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈懈 褋褌邪褌褜懈, 械褋谢懈 芯薪芯 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 懈薪芯褟蟹褘褔薪褘屑 懈谢懈 蟹邪懈屑褋褌胁芯胁邪薪薪褘屑, 写邪械褌褋褟 褝褌懈屑芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻邪褟 褋锌褉邪胁泻邪. 袩褉懈 薪邪谢懈褔懈懈 褉褟写邪 褋褌邪褌械泄 芯斜 芯写薪芯懈屑械薪薪褘褏 锌械褉褋芯薪邪谢懈褟褏 褝褌懈屑芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻邪褟 褋锌褉邪胁泻邪 锌芯屑械褖邪械褌褋褟 胁 锌械褉胁芯泄 褋褌邪褌褜械, 芯褌泻褉褘胁邪褞褖械泄 褉褟写, 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘泄 褋谢械写褍褞褖懈屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑: 1) 谢懈褑邪, 褍锌芯屑懈薪邪械屑褘械 胁 袘懈斜谢懈懈; 2) 褋胁褟褌褘械 – 邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褘, 褉邪胁薪芯邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褜薪褘械, 褋胁褟褌懈褌械谢懈, 斜谢邪谐芯胁械褉薪褘械 泻薪褟蟹褜褟, 锌褉械锌芯写芯斜薪褘械, 褋胁褟褖械薪薪芯屑褍褔械薪懈泻懈, 锌褉械锌芯写芯斜薪芯屑褍褔械薪懈泻懈, 屑褍褔械薪懈泻懈, 懈褋锌芯胁械写薪懈泻懈, 锌褉邪胁械写薪褘械 懈 斜械褋褋褉械斜褉械薪懈泻懈, 斜谢邪卸械薪薪褘械; 3) 袩邪褌褉懈邪褉褏懈 – 袪褍褋褋泻懈械, 袣芯薪褋褌邪薪褌懈薪芯锌芯谢褜褋泻懈械, 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻懈械, 袗薪褌懈芯褏懈泄褋泻懈械, 袠械褉褍褋邪谢懈屑褋泻懈械, 袚褉褍蟹懈薪褋泻懈械, 小械褉斜褋泻懈械, 袪褍屑褘薪褋泻懈械, 袘芯谢谐邪褉褋泻懈械; 4) 锌邪锌褘 袪懈屑褋泻懈械; 5) 袩褉械写褋褌芯褟褌械谢懈 袩芯屑械褋褌薪褘褏 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘褏 笑械褉泻胁械泄, 薪械 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褖懈械 褌懈褌褍谢芯屑 袩邪褌褉懈邪褉褏邪; 6) 泻邪褌芯谢懈泻芯褋褘 懈 锌褉械写褋褌芯褟褌械谢懈 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪褘褏 薪械锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘褏 笑械褉泻胁械泄; 7) 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘械 懈 懈薪芯褋谢邪胁薪褘械 邪褉褏懈械褉械懈; 8) 懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褘 褉懈屑褋泻懈械 懈 胁懈蟹邪薪褌懈泄褋泻懈械; 9) 胁械谢懈泻懈械 泻薪褟蟹褜褟, 褑邪褉懈 懈 懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉褘 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈械; 10) 懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪薪褘械 屑芯薪邪褉褏懈 胁 邪谢褎邪胁懈褌薪芯屑 锌芯褉褟写泻械 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈褟 褋褌褉邪薪. </p> <p> 袧邪蟹胁邪薪懈褟 <span style="font-weight:bold;">屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉械泄</span> 胁 蟹邪谐芯谢芯胁泻邪褏 褋褌邪褌械泄 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈懈 薪邪褔懈薪邪褞褌褋褟 褋 锌褉懈谢邪谐邪褌械谢褜薪褘褏, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪褘 芯褌 褌芯锌芯薪懈屑芯胁 – 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈泄 泻褉褍锌薪褘褏 薪邪褋械谢械薪薪褘褏 锌褍薪泻褌芯胁: 谐芯褉芯写芯胁, 褋械谢 (械褋谢懈 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 胁 写邪薪薪芯屑 薪邪褋械谢械薪薪芯屑 锌褍薪泻褌械), 褉械泻, 芯蟹械褉 (薪邪 斜械褉械谐邪褏 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜), 薪邪锌褉.: <span style="font-weight:bold;">袠胁邪薪芯胁褋泻懈泄 胁 褔械褋褌褜 校褋锌械薪懈褟 袩褉械褋胁褟褌芯泄 袘芯谐芯褉芯写懈褑褘 屑褍卸褋泻芯泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜</span> (胁 谐. 袠胁邪薪芯胁芯). 袝褋谢懈 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪芯 懈屑褟 芯褋薪芯胁邪褌械谢褟, 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 薪邪褔懈薪邪械褌褋褟 褋 锌褉懈谢邪谐邪褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯, 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪薪芯谐芯 芯褌 褝褌芯谐芯 懈屑械薪懈, 薪邪锌褉.: <span style="font-weight:bold;">袗胁褉邪邪屑懈械胁 袚芯褉芯写械褑泻懈泄 屑褍卸褋泻芯泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜.</span> 袝褋谢懈 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 胁写邪谢懈 芯褌 泻褉褍锌薪褘褏 薪邪褋械谢械薪薪褘褏 锌褍薪泻褌芯胁, 褌芯 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 薪邪褔懈薪邪械褌褋褟 褋 锌褉懈谢邪谐邪褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯, 薪邪蟹褘胁邪褞褖械谐芯 锌褉械褋褌芯谢褜薪褘泄 锌褉邪蟹写薪懈泻, 薪邪锌褉.: <span style="font-weight:bold;">孝褉芯懈褑泻懈泄 屑褍卸褋泻芯泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜,</span> 胁 锌芯褋. 啸芯谢泻懈 效械褉薪褟胁褋泻芯谐芯 褉-薪邪 袘械谢谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯泄 芯斜谢. 袝褋谢懈 芯斜懈褌械谢褜 懈屑械械褌 褍褋褌芯泄褔懈胁芯械 芯斜褖械褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯械 懈屑械薪芯胁邪薪懈械, 褌芯 芯薪芯 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械屑 褋褌邪褌褜懈, 薪邪锌褉.: <span style="font-weight:bold;">袨锌褌懈薪邪 胁 褔械褋褌褜 袙胁械写械薪懈褟 胁芯 褏褉邪屑 袩褉械褋胁褟褌芯泄 袘芯谐芯褉芯写懈褑褘 屑褍卸褋泻邪褟 锌褍褋褌褘薪褜.</span> </p> <p> 袣褍褉褋懈胁芯屑 胁 褌械泻褋褌械 褋褌邪褌械泄 胁褘写械谢械薪褘 懈屑械薪邪, 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈褟 懈 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟, 泻芯褌芯褉褘屑 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪褘 芯褌写械谢褜薪褘械 褋褌邪褌褜懈. 袝褋谢懈 褍锌芯褌褉械斜谢械薪薪芯械 薪邪懈屑械薪芯胁邪薪懈械 薪械 褌芯褔薪芯 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍械褌 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈褞 褋褌邪褌褜懈, 胁 褋泻芯斜泻邪褏 褋 锌芯屑械褌芯泄 <span style="font-weight:bold;">褋屑.</span> 写邪械褌褋褟 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖邪褟 芯褌褋褘谢泻邪. 袩芯褋谢械 懈屑械薪 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘褏 懈械褉邪褉褏芯胁, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 泻薪褟蟹械泄, 褑邪褉械泄, 懈屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉芯胁 胁 褋泻芯斜泻邪褏 锌褉懈胁械写械薪褘 写邪褌褘 锌褉械斜褘胁邪薪懈褟 薪邪 泻邪褎械写褉械 懈谢懈 锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟. 袙 褋泻芯斜泻邪褏 褌邪泻卸械 锌芯屑械褖邪褞褌褋褟 芯褌褋褘谢泻懈 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈 胁 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪薪芯泄 褎芯褉屑械, 械褋谢懈 芯薪懈 胁褏芯写褟褌 胁 锌褉懈薪褟褌褘泄 褋锌懈褋芯泻 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈泄, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褋褋褘谢泻懈 薪邪 锌褉懈褋褌邪褌械泄薪褍褞 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褞 褋 褍泻邪蟹邪薪懈械屑 褎邪屑懈谢懈懈 邪胁褌芯褉邪 (泻褍褉褋懈胁芯屑) 懈 褋褌褉邪薪懈褑褘 懈蟹写邪薪懈褟 (懈谢懈 褌芯屑邪 懈 褋褌褉邪薪懈褑褘). </p> <p> 袛邪褌褘 褋芯斜褘褌懈泄 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈, 锌褉芯懈褋褕械写褕懈褏 写芯 24 褟薪胁. 1918 谐., 褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪褞褌褋褟 锌芯 褞谢懈邪薪褋泻芯屑褍 泻邪谢械薪写邪褉褞 (褋褌邪褉芯屑褍 褋褌懈谢褞); 褋芯斜褘褌懈褟, 锌褉芯懈褋褕械写褕懈械 褋 24 褟薪胁. 锌芯 28 褎械胁褉. 1918 谐., 懈屑械褞褌 写胁芯泄薪褍褞 写邪褌懈褉芯胁泻褍: 锌芯 褞谢懈邪薪褋泻芯屑褍 懈 谐褉懈谐芯褉懈邪薪褋泻芯屑褍 (薪芯胁芯屑褍 褋褌懈谢褞) 泻邪谢械薪写邪褉褟屑. 袧邪褔懈薪邪褟 褋 1 屑邪褉褌邪 1918 谐. 写邪褌褘 (胁泻谢褞褔邪褟 写邪褌褘 泻芯薪褔懈薪褘 褋胁褟褌褘褏) 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌褋褟 锌芯 谐褉懈谐芯褉懈邪薪褋泻芯屑褍 泻邪谢械薪写邪褉褞. 袩褉邪蟹写薪懈泻懈 袪褍褋褋泻芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈, 胁 褌. 褔. 写薪懈 锌邪屑褟褌懈 褋胁褟褌褘褏 胁薪械 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯褌 胁褉械屑械薪懈 懈褏 锌褉械褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褟, 褍泻邪蟹邪薪褘 锌芯 褞谢懈邪薪褋泻芯屑褍 泻邪谢械薪写邪褉褞. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袘芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪褘械 泻薪懈谐懈,</span> 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械屑褘械 薪褘薪械 胁 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈, 褑懈褌懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 锌芯-褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯褋谢邪胁褟薪褋泻懈 褋 褋芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈械屑 芯褉褎芯谐褉邪褎懈懈 XVIII–XX 胁胁. (褋懈薪芯写邪谢褜薪芯泄). 孝械泻褋褌褘 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 懈 褋谢邪胁褟薪褋泻懈褏 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褉褍泻芯锌懈褋械泄 懈 泻薪懈谐 XI – 1-泄 锌芯谢. XVII 胁. 褑懈褌懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 锌芯-褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯褋谢邪胁褟薪褋泻懈, 薪芯 薪邪斜褉邪薪褘, 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 褉褍褋褋泻懈屑 谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋泻懈屑 褕褉懈褎褌芯屑, 褌懈褌谢邪 褉邪蟹胁械写械薪褘, 写褍斜谢械褌薪褘械 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪懈褟 懈 薪邪写褋褌褉芯褔薪褘械 蟹薪邪泻懈 芯锌褍褖械薪褘. 袚褉械褔械褋泻懈械 懈 谢邪褌懈薪褋泻懈械 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻懈械 褌械泻褋褌褘, 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械屑褘械 胁 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖械械 胁褉械屑褟 胁 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械薪懈懈 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈, 锌械褉械胁械写械薪褘 薪邪 褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯褋谢邪胁褟薪褋泻懈泄 褟蟹褘泻, 薪械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械屑褘械 – 薪邪 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄; 泻邪褌芯谢懈褔械褋泻懈械 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻懈械 褌械泻褋褌褘 Novus 芯rdo, 懈屑械褞褖懈械 邪胁褌芯褉懈蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘泄 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 锌械褉械胁芯写, 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌褋褟, 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 褌芯谢褜泻芯 锌芯-褉褍褋褋泻懈. 袩褉懈 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 薪械褋谢邪胁褟薪褋泻懈械 谢懈褌褍褉谐懈褔械褋泻懈械 褌械泻褋褌褘 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌褋褟 薪邪 褟蟹褘泻械 芯褉懈谐懈薪邪谢邪 懈 芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪芯 褋薪邪斜卸邪褞褌褋褟 锌械褉械胁芯写芯屑. 袘芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪褘械 泻薪懈谐懈 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪芯泄 笑械褉泻胁懈 褑懈褌懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 锌芯 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪薪褘屑 谐褉械褔械褋泻懈屑 懈 褉褍褋褋泻懈屑 懈蟹写邪薪懈褟屑. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袣邪薪芯薪懈褔械褋泻懈械 褌械泻褋褌褘</span> 褑懈褌懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 褋 褋芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈械屑 芯褉褎芯谐褉邪褎懈懈 XIX – 薪邪褔. 啸啸 胁. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袩褉懈褋褌邪褌械泄薪邪褟 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褟</span> 写械谢懈褌褋褟 薪邪 谐褉褍锌锌褘: 邪褉褏懈胁薪褘械 (褉褍泻芯锌懈褋薪褘械) 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢褘 (袗褉褏.) 懈 芯锌褍斜谢懈泻芯胁邪薪薪褘械 – 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈 (袠褋褌.), 褋芯褔懈薪械薪懈褟 懈 锌械褉械胁芯写褘 (小芯褔.; 袦褍蟹. 褋芯褔.; 袩械褉.), 锌褍斜谢懈泻邪褑懈懈 (袠蟹写.), 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟 (袥懈褌.). 袣邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢邪 胁 泻邪卸写芯泄 谐褉褍锌锌械 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪芯 胁褉械屑械薪械屑 胁褘褏芯写邪 懈蟹写邪薪懈泄, 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪邪 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪邪褟 谐褉褍锌锌懈褉芯胁泻邪 锌芯 卸邪薪褉芯胁芯屑褍, 褌械屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯屑褍 懈 写褉. 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘屑 锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻邪屑. 袩褉懈 薪邪谢懈褔懈懈 锌芯蟹懈褑懈懈 胁 褋锌懈褋泻械 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈泄 懈谢懈 胁 褋锌懈褋泻械 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 褔邪褋褌芯 褍锌芯屑懈薪邪械屑褘褏 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻芯胁 (屑芯薪芯谐褉邪褎懈泄, 褏褉械褋褌芯屑邪褌懈泄 懈 褌. 锌.) 胁 锌褉懈褋褌邪褌械泄薪芯泄 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈懈 写邪褞褌褋褟 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈械 芯褌褋褘谢泻懈, 胁 锌褉芯褌懈胁薪芯屑 褋谢褍褔邪械 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈 懈 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉邪 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌褋褟 锌芯 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌懈 懈褋褔械褉锌褘胁邪褞褖械, 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 锌芯谢薪芯 褍褔懈褌褘胁邪褞褌褋褟 芯褌械褔械褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 锌褍斜谢懈泻邪褑懈懈 懈 邪褉褏懈胁褘. 袪邪斜芯褌褘 芯写薪芯谐芯 邪胁褌芯褉邪 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪褟褞褌褋褟 泻 褏褉芯薪芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈 锌械褉胁芯泄 锌褍斜谢懈泻邪褑懈懈 褋 锌芯屑械褌泻芯泄 芦芯薪 卸械禄 懈谢懈 芦idem禄. 袙 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 斜芯谢褜褕懈褏 褋褌邪褌褜褟褏 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉邪 锌褉懈褋褌邪褌械泄薪芯泄 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈懈 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍械褌 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉械 褋褌邪褌褜懈, 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褟 懈屑械械褌 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈械 锌芯写蟹邪谐芯谢芯胁泻懈. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袘懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻芯械 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈械,</span> 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 写邪械褌褋褟 薪邪 褟蟹褘泻械 芯褉懈谐懈薪邪谢邪. 袛谢褟 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈泄 泻薪懈谐, 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪薪褘褏 褋 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械屑 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪芯泄 谐褉褍锌锌褘 邪谢褎邪胁懈褌芯胁, 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌褋褟 锌械褉械胁芯写褘 谢懈斜芯 褌褉邪薪褋泻褉懈锌褑懈懈 薪邪 械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻懈褏 褟蟹褘泻邪褏. 肖芯褉屑邪 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈褟 芯褉懈械薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪邪 薪邪 袚袨小孝 7.1– 84. 小胁械写械薪懈褟 芯 胁褘褏芯写械 褉邪蟹薪褘褏 懈蟹写邪薪懈泄 锌褉懈胁械写械薪褘 锌芯写褉褟写, 褍泻邪蟹邪薪懈褟 薪邪 锌械褉械懈蟹写邪薪懈褟 锌芯屑械褔械薪褘 薪邪写褋褌褉芯褔薪褘屑懈 蟹薪邪泻邪屑懈: 褑懈褎褉芯泄 – 薪芯屑械褉 懈蟹写邪薪懈褟, 斜褍泻胁邪屑懈 褉 (r) – 褉械锌褉懈薪褌 (reprint), 锌 – 锌械褉械懈蟹写邪薪懈械 (锌械褉械薪邪斜芯褉). 袠屑褟 邪胁褌芯褉邪 胁褘写械谢褟械褌褋褟 泻褍褉褋懈胁芯屑 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯 芯褌 锌芯蟹懈褑懈懈 胁 褌械泻褋褌械 – 胁 蟹邪谐芯谢芯胁泻械 懈谢懈 谐褉邪屑屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪芯屑 蟹邪谐谢邪胁懈懈 (谢邪褌懈薪褋泻懈械, 谐褉械褔械褋泻懈械, 褋谢邪胁褟薪褋泻懈械 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈). 孝械褉屑懈薪芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈褟 胁 斜懈斜谢懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻芯屑 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈懈 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褌 袚袨小孝 谢懈斜芯 褋芯芯褌薪械褋械薪褘 褋 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈褟屑懈, 锌褉懈薪褟褌褘屑懈 胁 芯褋薪芯胁薪芯屑 褌械泻褋褌械 褋褌邪褌械泄 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈懈. 小锌懈褋芯泻 褌械褉屑懈薪芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈泄 褋屑. 褋. 747. 小锌懈褋芯泻 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈泄 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈泄 胁 胁褘褏芯写薪褘褏 写邪薪薪褘褏 褋屑. 褋. 746. 袧邪懈斜芯谢械械 褔邪褋褌芯 褍锌芯屑懈薪邪械屑褘械 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈 (屑芯薪芯谐褉邪褎懈懈, 褏褉械褋褌芯屑邪褌懈懈, 屑薪芯谐芯褌芯屑薪褘械, 褋锌褉邪胁芯褔薪褘械, 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔械褋泻懈械 懈蟹写邪薪懈褟) 写邪褞褌褋褟 胁 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈懈 胁 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈 褋 褌褉邪写懈褑懈械泄, 锌褉懈薪褟褌芯泄 胁 薪邪褍褔薪褘褏 懈蟹写邪薪懈褟褏 袪芯褋褋懈懈 懈 袝胁褉芯锌褘 (褋屑. 褋. 729). 袧邪蟹胁邪薪懈褟 褍褔褉械卸写械薪懈泄 (邪褉褏懈胁芯胁, 屑褍蟹械械胁, 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌芯胁, 邪泻邪写械屑懈泄 懈 锌褉芯褔.), 褏褉邪薪褟褖懈褏 褎芯薪写褘 谢懈斜芯 芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 蟹邪 锌褍斜谢懈泻邪褑懈懈, 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 写邪褞褌褋褟 胁 褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈懈 (褋屑. 褋. 724). </p> <p> 校褋谢芯胁薪褘械 芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟, 芯斜褖懈械 写谢褟 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏 泻邪褉褌, 锌芯屑械褖械薪薪褘褏 胁 I 褌芯屑械<div class="center_image" style="width: 200px"><div class="image" style="float: center; width: 200px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_67647_37'})" href="/data/501/635/1234/4i400.gif" ><img src="/data/501/635/1234/4i200.gif" itemprop="photo" width="152" height="200" alt="校褋谢芯胁薪褘械 芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟, 芯斜褖懈械 写谢褟 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏 泻邪褉褌 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 褌芯屑邪" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械 写谢褟 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟 泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_67647_37">校褋谢芯胁薪褘械 芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟, 芯斜褖懈械 写谢褟 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏 泻邪褉褌 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 褌芯屑邪</div></div><br><small>校褋谢芯胁薪褘械 芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟, 芯斜褖懈械 写谢褟 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏 泻邪褉褌 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 褌芯屑邪</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </p> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/highslide/highslide.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/highslide_cover.js"></script> <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--// container end //--> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--// supercontainer end //--> </div> <br clear="all" /> <div class="footer"> <a href="https://fapmc.gov.ru/rospechat.html">协谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪邪褟 胁械褉褋懈褟 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪薪邪 锌褉懈 褎懈薪邪薪褋芯胁芯泄 锌芯写写械褉卸泻械 肖械写械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 邪谐械薪褌褋褌胁邪 锌芯 锌械褔邪褌懈 懈 屑邪褋褋芯胁褘屑 泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈褟屑</a> <br /> © 1998 - 2023 笑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-薪邪褍褔薪褘泄 褑械薪褌褉 芦袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟 协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟禄. </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); 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