CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>Google Scholar - Create alert</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_lgt:empty{display:none;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 56px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gs_alerts_ccl{max-width:800px;}.gs_alrt{padding:0.5em 0.8em}#gs_one_alert_table,#gs_list_alerts_table{width:100%;}#gs_one_alert_table th,#gs_one_alert_table td,#gs_list_alerts_table th,#gs_list_alerts_table td{font-weight:normal;vertical-align:middle;padding:8px;}#gs_one_alert_table{margin:16px 0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_one_alert_table{margin-top:8px;}#gs_one_alert_table th{padding-left:0;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;font-size:15px;}#gs_one_alert_table td{padding-right:0;}#gs_one_alert_table .gs_box{min-height:23px;line-height:normal;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border:1px solid #f1f1f1;border-radius:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:15px;}#gs_alert_table_header{font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;line-height:20px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_one_alert_table col{display:none;}.gs_el_tc #gs_one_alert_table th,.gs_el_tc #gs_one_alert_table td{display:block;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_one_alert_table th{padding:8px 0 0 0;text-align:left;}#gs_list_alerts_table th{font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px;}#gs_list_alerts_table th,#gs_list_alerts_table td{text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_list_alerts_table th:first-child,#gs_list_alerts_table td:first-child{padding-left:0;text-align:left;white-space:normal;}#gs_list_alerts_table th:last-child,#gs_list_alerts_table td:last-child{padding-right:0;}#gs_list_alerts_table td{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gs_list_alerts_table .gs_alerts_result_type{display:none;margin:0;padding:0;}.gs_alerts_cnf{margin-bottom:8px;}#gs_alerts_buttons{margin:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_alerts_buttons button{margin-right:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alerts_buttons button{min-width:180px;}#gs_alert_ctrls{margin-top:12px;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alert_ctrls{margin-top:8px;}.gs_alert_ctrl_row{font-weight:normal;vertical-align:middle;padding:12px 0px 4px 0px;text-align:left;}#gs_alert_ced_label{font-size:15px;margin-bottom:4px;}#gs_alert_em{padding-right:12px;}#gs_alert_cem{white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;}#gs_alert_cites{font-size:15px;}.gse_alrt_title{font-weight:normal;margin:0;font-size:17px;line-height:22px;}.gse_alrt_meta{color:#006621;line-height:18px;}.gse_alrt_sni{line-height:17px;}.gs_el_ph .gse_alrt_sni br,.gs_el_ta .gse_alrt_sni br{display:none}#gs_alert_scb{z-index:2;background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;padding-bottom:8px;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_alert_scb{border-bottom-color:#e5e5e5;}#gs_alert_prev_wrapper{position:relative;padding-top:8px;max-width:600px;padding-bottom:32px;}#gs_alert_most_rr{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;padding-bottom:24px;margin-bottom:24px;}#gs_alert_prev_lr.gs_sel{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;}#gs_alert_prev_lr{opacity:.5;pointer-events:none;}.gs_alert_one_res:not(:first-child){margin-top:16px;}.gs_alert_hidden_res{display:none;margin-top:16px;}.gs_vis .gs_alert_hidden_res{display:block;}.gs_alert_prev_sm,.gs_alert_prev_sf{margin-top:16px;display:inline-block;}.gs_vis .gs_alert_prev_sm{display:none;}.gs_alert_prev_sec_hdr,#gs_alert_ilr_span{margin:12px 0;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;}.gs_alert_prev_num_res{font-size:13px;color:#777;padding-left:12px;}#gs_alert_suggestion{margin:13px 24px;}.gs_dis #gs_alert_preview,.gs_anm_spin #gs_alert_preview{opacity:.15;}#gs_alert_spinning{height:10px;width:10px;border-radius:5px;color:#4d90fe;position:absolute;top:50px;left:50%;max-width:100%;margin-left:-5px;visibility:hidden;background-color:transparent;box-shadow:0 -18px 0 0,12.7px -12.7px 0 0,18px 0 0 0,12.7px 12.7px 0 0,0 18px 0 0,-12.7px 12.7px 0 0,-18px 0 0 0,-12.7px -12.7px 0 0;animation:dotSpin 1.5s infinite linear;}.gs_anm_spin #gs_alert_spinning{visibility:visible;}@keyframes dotSpin{0%,100%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 0,12.7px -12.7px 0 0,18px 0 0 0 ,12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,0 18px 0 -5px,-12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,-18px 0 0 -5px,-12.7px -12.72984px 0 -5px;}12.5%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 -5px,12.7px -12.7px 0 0,18px 0 0 0,12.7px 12.7px 0 0,0 18px 0 -5px,-12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,-18px 0 0 -5px,-12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px;}25%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 -5px,12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px,18px 0 0 0,12.7px 12.7px 0 0,0 18px 0 0,-12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,-18px 0 0 -5px,-12.7px -12.72984px 0 -5px;}37.5%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 -5px,12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px,18px 0 0 -5px,12.7px 12.7px 0 0,0 18px 0 0,-12.7px 12.7px 0 0,-18px 0 0 -5px,-12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px;}50%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 -5px,12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px,18px 0 0 -5px,12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,0 18px 0 0,-12.7px 12.7px 0 0,-18px 0 0 0,-12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px;}62.5%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 -5px,12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px,18px 0 0 -5px,12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,0 18px 0 -5px,-12.7px 12.7px 0 0,-18px 0 0 0,-12.7px -12.7px 0 0;}75%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 0,12.7px -12.7px 0 -5px,18px 0 0 -5px,12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,0 18px 0 -5px,-12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,-18px 0 0 0,-12.7px -12.7px 0;}87.5%{box-shadow:0 -18px 0 0,12.7px -12.7px 0 0,18px 0 0 -5px,12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,0 18px 0 -5px,-12.7px 12.7px 0 -5px,-18px 0 0 -5px,-12.7px -12.7px 0 0;}}</style><script>!function(GSP){var aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),h=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; h("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.aa=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.aa};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var ea=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},fa; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")fa=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ha;a:{var ia={a:!0},ja={};try{ja.__proto__=ia;ha=ja.a;break a}catch(a){}ha=!1}fa=ha?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var ka=fa,la=function(a,b){a.prototype=ea(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(ka)ka(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.qa=b.prototype};h("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); h("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var ma=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};h("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ma});var n=function(a){return a?a:ma};h("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);h("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); h("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);h("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);h("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ma});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var na=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var q=function(){this.C=this.C;this.H=this.H};q.prototype.C=!1;q.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.C};q.prototype.dispose=function(){this.C||(this.C=!0,this.K())};q.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};q.prototype.K=function(){if(this.H)for(;this.H.length;)this.H.shift()()};var oa=function(){};function r(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function v(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function w(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function x(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!w(a,b);(c?r:v)(a,b)};function z(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var qa=z("iPhone")||z("iPad")||z("iPod"),ra=z("iPhone")||z("Android")&&z("Mobile");function sa(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,oa:a.width,na:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.oa;b=b.na;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||ra)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var ta,ua=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); ta=ua?+ua[1]>0:z("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!z("Firefox")||z("Mobile")||z("Tablet")?qa||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function va(){if(wa==void 0){wa=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){wa=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",oa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",oa,a)}catch(b){}}return wa}var wa;var xa=new function(){this.pa="INPUT"};function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function ya(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+za++)}function Aa(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"}function Ba(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),g=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(g!="checkbox"&&g!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")} function Ca(a,b){a.innerHTML=b}var za=100,Da=/\S+/g,Ea=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Fa=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Ga(){return window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now()}function Ha(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Ia}var Ia=0;var E=function(){this.o=[];this.F={};this.S=this.I=0};E.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Ha(a);this.F[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.F[b]=this.o.length,++this.I)};E.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Ha(a);var b=this.F[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.F[a],--this.I*2<this.o.length&&!this.S&&Ja(this))};E.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.S;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.S&&this.I*2<b.length&&Ja(this)}};E.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.I}; var Ja=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.F;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Ha(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function F(a,b,c,d,e){Ka(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ma)}function G(a,b,c,d){Ka(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Na)}function Oa(a,b,c,d){function e(g){G(f,a,e,c);b(g)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;F(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function Pa(a){Qa?Qa.add(a):a()}var Ra=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(Ga())},33)};function Sa(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()} function Ta(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ma(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&va();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Na(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)}function Ka(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,m=0;m<g;m++)f(a,b[m],c,d,e)}function Ua(){Qa.notify();Qa=null}function Va(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(G(document,"readystatechange",Va),Ua())} var Qa,Wa=!!document.attachEvent,Xa=document.readyState;if(Wa?Xa!="complete":Xa=="loading")Qa=new E,Wa?F(document,"readystatechange",Va):Oa("DOMContentLoaded",Ua);function Ya(){Oa(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);F(document,"keydown",Za,!0)},!0,!0)}function Za(a){a.keyCode==9&&(x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),G(document,"keydown",Za,!0),Ya())}Ya();function $a(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);ab(f,function(){r(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){v(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function bb(a){a=H[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function ab(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=ya(a),m=bb(g);if(!m||m<bb(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=A(f);cb(db(f||a),!0);b&&b();I.push(function(l){H[g].pop();H[g].length||delete H[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var p=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(B){}else p&&a.contains(p)&&p.blur()}c&&c()});H[g]||(H[g]=[]);H[g].push(I.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,p=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||p&&ta)l=a;try{l.focus(),p&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(B){}},0)}} function J(a){cb((bb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function eb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;I.pop()(a)}function cb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;I.length>a;)eb(b||I.length>a+1)}function db(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=bb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var I=[],H={};F(document,"click",function(a){var b=I.length;b&&!Ta(a)&&b>db(a.target)&&eb(!0)});F(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!Ta(a)&&I.length&&eb()}); F(document,"focus",function(a){var b=I.length;if(b)for(var c=db(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in H)if(bb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Da)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=A(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){Sa(a);d.focus();break}else eb(!0),--b}},!0);var fb={},gb={},hb;try{hb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function K(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function ib(){var a=jb(),b=kb();b=lb(b);a=mb(a);a=nb(a)||"#";L=K(b);ob?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function nb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function pb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function qb(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return pb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function rb(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return pb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function sb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function mb(a){var b=qb();sb(b,a);return b}function lb(a){var b=L||K(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];sb(c,a);return c}function tb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!ub){var a=window.history.state;ub=!0;L=K(a);vb.notify()}wb=!1},0)}var vb=new E,L,ub=!1,wb=!0,ob="pushState"in window.history,xb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")xb=!1;else{var yb=.001*Date.now(),zb=GSP.eventId,Ab=!1,M,Bb=hb;if(!("nh"in fb)){var Cb=Bb&&Bb.getItem("nh"),Db;if(Cb)try{Db=JSON.parse(Cb)}catch(a){}gb.nh=Db}M=gb.nh;M instanceof Array||(M=[]);for(var Eb=M.length,Fb=0,Gb=0;Gb<Eb;Gb++){var Hb=M[Gb];if(Hb instanceof Array&&Hb.length==2){var Ib=Hb[1]==zb;Ab=Ab||Ib;Eb-Gb<=10&&+Hb[0]>yb-86400&&!Ib&&(M[Fb++]=Hb)}}M.length=Fb;M.push([yb,zb]);var Jb=M,Kb=hb;gb.nh=Jb;try{Kb&&Kb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Jb))}catch(a){}xb=Ab} var Lb=xb;"onpageshow"in window?F(window,"pageshow",tb):Pa(tb);F(window,ob?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,ub=!0,L=K(a),vb.notify())});function Mb(){Nb&&(G(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Nb),Nb=void 0)}function Ob(){var a=Pb();r(a,"gs_anm");r(a,"gs_vis");F(document,"click",Qb);clearTimeout(Rb);Rb=setTimeout(Qb,4E3);++Sb;setTimeout(Tb,0)}function Qb(){Sb||(G(document,"click",Qb),clearTimeout(Rb),Rb=void 0,Mb(),v(Pb(),"gs_vis"))}function Pb(){return A("gs_alrt")}function Tb(){Sb=0}var Rb,Sb=0,Nb;Pa(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Lb&&Ob(),F(window,"pagehide",function(){Sb=0;Qb();v(Pb(),"gs_anm")}))});function Ub(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),m=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";m&&m.indexOf(l+k)&&m.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function N(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var Vb=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.g=c===void 0?null:c;this.U=!1};Vb.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.g&&this.g.stopPropagation();this.U=!0};var O=function(a){a.g&&Sa(a.g);a.U=!0};var P=function(a,b){this.V=a;this.ma=b},Wb=function(a,b,c){this.V=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Xb(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Ha(a),e=Yb[d];if(!e){e=Yb[d]=[];d=Zb(b[0].V);for(var f in d){var g=$b[f];g||(g=$b[f]=Object.create(null));for(var m in d[f]){var k=g[m];k||(k=g[m]=[]);k.push(a)}}ac(a,e,b[0],bc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)ac(a,e,b[f],cc)}}}function Q(a,b,c){dc(new Vb(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function S(a,b,c){var d=ec;typeof b==="string"&&(fc[0]=b,b=fc);var e=b.length;a=Zb(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var m=0;m<e;m++)d(f,g,b[m],c)}function Zb(a){typeof a==="string"&&(gc[0]=a,a=gc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function ec(a,b,c,d){var e=hc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&F(document,c,ic,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=hc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new E);a.add(d)}function ic(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);dc(new Vb(a.type,b,a))} function dc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!w(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!jc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!jc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function jc(a,b,c){var d=hc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.U}function ac(a,b,c,d){var e=c.V;c=c.ma;for(var f in c){var g=na(d,a,c[f]);S(e,f,g);b.push(new Wb(e,f,g))}}function bc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=kc(a,d)||a;a=lc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function cc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=kc(a,d);if(e){a=lc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function lc(a,b){var c=mc(b),d=nc[c];d||(d=nc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Ha(a);(d=oc[a])||(d=oc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function kc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=pc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=pc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function pc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=$b[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function mc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+qc++);return b}var hc=Object.create(null),gc=[""],fc=[""],$b=Object.create(null),Yb=Object.create(null),oc=Object.create(null),nc=Object.create(null),qc=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=ic;function rc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return w(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function sc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function tc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function uc(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return vc(a,b,rc(),c,!1)} function vc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=sc(b,d);f;f=tc(f,d))if(e=vc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=tc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var wc=["false","true","mixed"];var T=function(){this.D=Object.create(null)};T.prototype.clear=function(){this.D=Object.create(null)};T.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.D};T.prototype.get=function(a){return this.D[a]};T.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a);this.D[a]=b};T.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&delete this.D[a]};var xc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new E;this.Y=0;this.W=[b,a,function(){c.Y++||Ra(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.Y=0;c.o.notify()}};xc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||F.apply(null,this.W);this.o.add(a)};xc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||G.apply(null,this.W)};var yc=new xc("scroll"),zc=new xc("resize");var Ac=new E;function Bc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=sa();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:ta||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(w(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;x(a,c,d)}}e&&Ac.notify()}x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",qa);Bc();zc.addListener(Bc);F(window,["pageshow","load"],Bc);var Cc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.B=b;this.v=c;this.A=d;this.T=e;this.s=f;this.m=null},Dc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Ec=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};Ec.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};Ec.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j};var Fc=function(a){for(var b=U;b.j>a;)J(b.top().i)},Gc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].s>=b);++c);return c};Ec.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)}; Ec.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Hc(a,b){var c=a==U.j;U.j=a;b&&!L&&!K(window.history.state)&&ib();c||Ic()}function Jc(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=U.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.B&&c==e.v||(U.push(new Cc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.T+1:1,Date.now())),b=jb(),a=kb(),a=lb(a),b=mb(b),b=nb(b)||"#",L=K(a),ob?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Ic())} function Kc(a){a=Lc(A(a));return!!a&&w(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&w(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function Mc(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=U.j&&!c;++d)c=!Kc(U.at(d).i);x(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=U.j;c>=1&&(c=U.at(c-1).i,d=Kc(c),x(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Kc(U.top().i)?"scroll":""} function Ic(){function a(){var y=c.clientHeight,t=+C.getAttribute("data-h");t||(g.style.maxHeight="none",t=f.offsetHeight);var u=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");t=Math.max((y-t)/2,10);y=Math.max(y-48-(u?u.offsetHeight:0)-2*t,10);u=Kc(e);f.style.top=u?"auto":t+"px";g.style.maxHeight=u?"none":y+"px";Nc(g)}var b=U.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=A(e),g=A(e+"-bdy"),m=1200+U.j,k=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.A,p=b.v,B=b.B,D=A("gs_md_s"),Y=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",C=Lc(f),R=window.pageYOffset,Pc=B&&B[0]!="#"&&!l,Qc=U.j>0?U.at(U.j-1).i:"",pa=!!H[e];Pc?(pa?x(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):Oc(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),Q("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&Oc(f,k,l,b),Q("gs-md-lded",k));pa&&e==Qc||ab(f,function(){(C||f).style.zIndex=m;Rc(Y);if(!pa){C&&r(C,"gs_vis");r(f,"gs_vis");x(f,"gs_abt",wb);x(D,"gs_abt",wb);Sc(e);if(U.j==0){var y=Mc;Ac.add(y);y()}else Mc();C&&g&&(a(),zc.addListener(a))}U.j==0&&(r(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-R+"px")},function(){pa|| (zc.removeListener(a),C&&v(C,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_abt"));for(var y=U.top()?U.top().T:0;U.top()&&U.top().i==e;){var t=U.top();N(t.m);t.m=null;U.pop()}if(U.top()){if(t=U.top().i,Rc(A(t).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),v(A(t),"gs_md_ins_vis"),pa){a:{t=U;for(var u=t.j;u>=0;u--)if(t.l[u].i==e){t=u;break a}t=-1}u=U.at(t);(C||f).style.zIndex=1200+t;Oc(f,k,u.A,u)}}else v(D,"gs_vis"),v(D,"gs_abt");U.j==-1?(Ac.remove(Mc),c.style.overflowY="",v(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,R)): Mc();Tc||(y>0?window.history.go(-y):ib())},Uc(f),Vc(f),Qc);Pc&&(N(b.m),b.m=null,Dc(b,Ub(B,p,function(y,t,u){b.m=null;u=(y=y==200&&u.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?t:Wc();Oc(f,k,u,b);if(y)for(y=e,u=0;u<U.l.length;++u){var La=U.at(u);y==La.i&&B==La.B&&p==La.v&&(La.A=t,u==U.j&&ib())}Q("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function Lc(a){a=a.parentNode;return w(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function Uc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function Vc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function Oc(a,b,c,d){x(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},m=0;m<f;m++){for(var k=mc(e[m]),l=nc[k],p=l?l.length:0,B=0;B<p;B++){var D=l[B],Y=Ha(D.constructor),C=g[Y];C||(C=g[Y]={});C[k]=!0;D&&typeof D.dispose=="function"&&D.dispose()}delete nc[k]}for(var R in g){R=+R;e=g[R];m=(f=oc[R])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<m;l++)p=f[l],p in e||(f[k++]=p);k?f.length=k:delete oc[R]}b.innerHTML=c;d.A=c;Sc(a.id);N(d.m);d.m=null} function Sc(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,Nc(a)}function Nc(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Aa(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function Xc(){return A("gs_md_err").innerHTML}function Wc(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+Xc()+"</div></div>"} function jb(){var a=U.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.B||void 0,p:a&&a.v?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.s||void 0}}function kb(){var a=U.top();return{n:a&&a.T||0,p:a&&a.v||"",h:a&&a.A||""}}function Rc(a){if(Yc!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");Yc&&v(b,Yc);(Yc=a)&&r(b,a)}}var Tc=0,Yc="",U=new Ec; vb.add(function(){var a=qb(),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++Tc;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=L||K(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Fa)||(d="");for(var m=Gc(U,e),k=m;k<U.l.length;++k){var l=U.at(k);if(e<l.s&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=m-1;l>=0;--l){var p=U.at(l);if(e>p.s&&p.i!=b)break}Fc(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)p=U.at(k).i,H[p]||Hc(l,!1);if(l=m<U.l.length)l=U.at(m),l=b==l.i&&d==l.B&&c==!!l.v&&e==l.s;l?Hc(m,!0):(a==0&&(Fc(-1),U=new Ec,e=Date.now()),c!=!!g&& (d=g="",f=Wc()),b=new Cc(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=U,e=b.s,a=Gc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).s,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),U.j=a,ib(),Ic())}else Fc(-1);--Tc});var Zc=function(a){q.call(this);this.G=a;this.R=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.R[c]=d.innerHTML)}};la(Zc,q);Zc.prototype.K=function(){N(this.m);this.G=this.m=null;q.prototype.K.call(this)}; Zc.prototype.ia=function(a){var b=this;O(a);if((a=this.G)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Ba(a);$c(this,!0);this.m=Ub(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;$c(b,!1);var f=b.G,g=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(g=g?A(g):null)g.innerHTML="";try{var m=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(C){}d=!1;m&&typeof m=="object"||(ad(g,Xc()),m={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(m.P||""));Q("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=m.L){var k=""+e;k.match(Ea)&&(window.location.href=k)}else{if(e=m.M)ad(g,e),d=!0;e=1E6;g&&g.innerHTML&&(k=g,e=g.getBoundingClientRect().top); g=f.elements;m=m.E;typeof m=="object"||(m=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.R){var p=g[l],B=void 0,D=""+(m[l]||""),Y=p.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");x(p.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!D);Y&&(Y.innerHTML=D||b.R[l]||"");D&&(B=p.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(k=p,e=B);d=d||!!D}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&J(f);k&&k.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&k.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var $c=function(a,b){a=a.G;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;x(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},ad=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Pb().action=d.match(Ea)?d:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=A("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(xa.pa),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Mb();x(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Ob()}};Xb(Zc,[new P(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:Zc.prototype.ia})]);var bd=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];S(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=(w(b,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(w(b,"gs_par")?1:0),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;c=bd[+d][c];d=!0;d=d===void 0?!1:d;x(b,"gs_sel",c==1);x(b,"gs_par",c==2);b.setAttribute("aria-checked",wc[c]);d||b.setAttribute("data-s",""+c);Q("gs-change",b,a.g)});S(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(O(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});S([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.g.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(O(a),b.click())});var cd=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),dd="",ed=null;function fd(){ed=null}function gd(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):ed&&a==ed.src||((ed=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(fd,1E3))}function hd(){var a=rb(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;gd(a)}Pa(function(){dd=Lb?"&bn=1":"";Lb&&hd()}); F(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(dd="&bn=1",hd())}); F(document,cd,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ dd,gd(b))}},!1,!0);S(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var V=function(a){this.i=ya(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.J=ya(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};V.prototype.N=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return a!==void 0?uc(b,b,a):null};V.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.N(a);if(w(A(this.J),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.J);$a(this.i,function(){r(b,"gs_sel")},function(){v(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};V.prototype.close=function(){J(this.i)};V.prototype.ba=function(a){O(a);w(A(this.J),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.g.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; V.prototype.X=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)O(a),this.open(b==38)};V.prototype.da=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.X(a)};Xb(V,[new P(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new P(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":V.prototype.ba,keydown:V.prototype.X}),new P(".gs_md_d",{keydown:V.prototype.da})]);var W=function(a){V.call(this,a);this.ka=ya(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.la=ya(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};la(W,V);W.prototype.N=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};W.prototype.ea=function(a){id(this,a)};W.prototype.O=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||id(this,a)}; var id=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ka),e=a.N();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.la).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&jd(e,!1),jd(c,!0));O(b);a.close();Q("gs-change",d,b.g)},jd=function(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};Xb(W,[new P(".gs_md_ris",{}),new P(".gs_md_li",{click:W.prototype.ea,keydown:W.prototype.O})]);S("#gs_lp","click",function(a){O(a);Jc("gs_lp_d")});S("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){O(a);J("gs_lp_d")});var kd=function(a){this.Z=ya(a)};kd.prototype.O=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.Z);d=uc(d,b,c==38)||uc(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Aa(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Z){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=tc(d,c)||sc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],w(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(O(a),d.focus())};Xb(kd,[new P(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new P(".gs_md_li",{keydown:kd.prototype.O})]);S("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){O(a);Jc("gs_hdr_drw")});S("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){O(a);J("gs_hdr_drw")});S("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){O(a);sa()==1?(a=document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href,a.match(Ea)&&(window.location.href=a)):$a("gs_hdr_act_d")});S("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=uc(c,c,b==38))O(a),b.focus()}}); S("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){G(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";x(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&ta&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];F(window,f,b)}});S("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){x(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); S("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){O(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();Q("input",b,a.g)});S("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){O(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");$a("gs_hdr_frm",function(){v(b,"gs_hdr_src");r(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){r(b,"gs_hdr_src");v(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});S(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&J(a)});var X=function(){},ld,md;X.prototype.ca=function(a){a.g.button||(O(a),nd(a))};X.prototype.fa=function(a){od(a)&&(O(a),nd(a))};X.prototype.ga=function(a){od(a)&&O(a)};X.prototype.ha=function(a){if(!a.g.button){O(a);var b=a.g;b&&(pd=b.clientX||0,qd=b.clientY||0,F(document,rd,sd,!0),clearTimeout(ld),ld=setTimeout(td,2E3));nd(a)}}; X.prototype.ja=function(a){O(a);if(ud){var b=a.g;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)vd=b.clientX,wd=b.clientY,F(document,xd,yd,!0),clearTimeout(md),md=setTimeout(zd,2E3)}nd(a)}; var od=function(a){a=a.g.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},nd=function(a){Q("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.g)},td=function(){G(document,rd,sd,!0);clearTimeout(ld);ld=void 0},sd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-pd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-qd)<10?(Sa(a),a.type=="click"&&td()):td()},zd=function(){G(document,xd,yd,!0);clearTimeout(md);md=void 0},yd=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-vd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-wd)<10?(Sa(a),a.type=="click"&&zd()):zd()},pd=0,qd=0,rd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],ud=z("Android")&&!z("Chrome"),vd=0,wd=0,xd=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];Xb(X,[new P(".gs_press",{click:X.prototype.ca,keydown:X.prototype.fa,keyup:X.prototype.ga,mousedown:X.prototype.ha,touchstart:X.prototype.ja})]);function Ad(a){Bd.style.left=Cd&&Dd===Ed?a.left+"px":"auto";Bd.style.width=Cd?a.width+"px":"auto";Q("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Fd(){var a=Gd.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Bd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&qa)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Ed;var f=Cd!=d||Dd!==Ed!=e;b!==Dd&&(Dd=b,Bd.style.transform=b===Ed?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Cd=d,x(Hd,"gs_sth_vis",d),x(Hd,"gs_sth_trk",e),Ad(a),Gd.style.height=Cd?c+"px":"auto")} function Id(){Cd&&Ad(Gd.getBoundingClientRect())}var Ed,Hd,Gd,Bd,Cd=!1,Dd;Pa(function(){if(Hd=A("gs_sth"))Gd=Hd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Bd=Hd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),yc.addListener(Fd),zc.addListener(Id),Fd()});(function(a){Pa(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:aa(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())v(b.value,"gs_invis")});var Jd=/\S+@\S+\.\S+/;new T;new T;function Kd(){var a=A("gs_alert_query");return a?a.value:""}function Ld(){return A("gs_alert_email_input")}function Md(){return A("gs_alert_hem")}function Nd(){return A("gs_alert_prev_wrapper")}function Od(){return A("gs_alert_ilr")}function Pd(){var a=A("gs_alert_em"),b=Ld().value,c=a.getAttribute("data-em"),d=c.replace,e=document.createElement("p");e.textContent=b;c=d.call(c,"%1$s",e.innerHTML);a.innerHTML=c;Md().value=b;J("gs_alert_ced")} function Qd(){var a=Kd(),b=Md(),c=A("gs_alert_create_alert_btn"),d=A("gs_alert_cites");c.disabled=!b.value||!a&&!d}function Rd(){var a=Od();a&&(a.disabled=!Kd()&&!a.checked)}function Sd(a){var b=A("gs_alert_dup_ilr");b&&(a=a.checked,Od().checked=a,b.checked=a,(b=A("gs_alert_prev_lr"))&&x(b,"gs_sel",a))}var Td,Ud,Vd=0,Wd;Wd=(rb(window.location.search).alert_query||"").replace(/\+/g," ");var Z=null; function Xd(a,b){Z=null;if(Kd()!=Wd)clearTimeout(Td),Yd();else{var c=300-(Ga()-Vd);if(c>0)clearTimeout(Ud),Ud=setTimeout(function(){return Xd(a,b)},c);else{c=Nd();v(c,"gs_anm_spin");v(c,"gs_dis");Vd=0;Ud=void 0;Ca(A("gs_alert_preview"),a==200?b:Xc());c=A("gs_alert_ilr_span");var d=Od();c&&d&&Sd(d)}}} function Yd(){Td=void 0;var a=Kd();if(Wd!=a||!Z){var b=A("gs_alert_em").getAttribute("data-uap");b+="&alert_query="+encodeURIComponent(a);Wd=a;r(Nd(),"gs_anm_spin");Vd||(Vd=Ga());clearTimeout(Ud);Ud=void 0;N(Z);Z=Ub(b,"",Xd)}}function Zd(a){if(Kd()!=Wd||a)N(Z),Z=null,r(Nd(),"gs_dis"),clearTimeout(Td),a?(Td=void 0,Yd()):Td=setTimeout(Yd,500)}S("#gs_alert_query",["input","keydown","change"],function(a){Qd();Rd();var b=a.type=="keydown"&&a.g.keyCode==13;b&&Sa(a.g);Zd(b)}); F(window,"pageshow",function(){setTimeout(function(){Kd()!=Wd&&(Qd(),Rd(),Zd(!0))},0)});F(window,"pagehide",function(){clearTimeout(Td);Td=void 0;clearTimeout(Ud);Ud=void 0;Vd=0;N(Z);Z=null});S(".gs_alert_prev_sm","click",function(a){x(a.target.parentElement,"gs_vis",!0)});S(".gs_alert_prev_sf","click",function(a){x(a.target.parentElement.parentElement,"gs_vis",!1)});S("#gs_alert_ilr","click",function(a){Sd(a.currentTarget)});S("#gs_alert_dup_ilr","click",function(a){Sd(a.currentTarget)}); S("#gs_alert_cem","click",function(){Ld().value=Md().value;A("gs_alert_ced").setAttribute("data-ifc","gs_alert_email_input");Jc("gs_alert_ced")});S("#gs_alert_email_save_btn","click",Pd);S("#gs_alert_email_input",["input","keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=Ld(),c=A("gs_alert_email_save_btn");b=Jd.test(b.value);c.disabled=!b;b&&a.type=="keyup"&&a.g.keyCode==13&&Pd()}); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"Zn1BZ_rcCfO_y9YPm4_bqAY"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_alert_ced" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_alert_ced-t" data-wfc="gs_alert_ced-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_alert_ced-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_alert_ced" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_alert_ced-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Change email</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_alert_ced-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div id="gs_alert_ced_label">Email</div><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="email_for_op" value="" id="gs_alert_email_input" maxlength="100" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div class="gs_md_btns"><button type="button" id="gs_alert_email_save_btn" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Save</span></span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_hdr_dso gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a href="/schhp?hl=en" id="gs_hdr_bck" role="button" class="gs_btnALT gs_hdr_mbo gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><h1 class="gs_hdr_mbo" dir="ltr">Create alert</h1></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_ab" class=" gs_nta gs_nph"><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw">Alerts</div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"></div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_alerts_ccl"><form method="post" id="create_alert_form" action="/scholar_alerts?view_op=alert_op_result&alert_params=%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5&hl=en"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0LO5jKkcyzf8Tju42XL0qrotqE"><input type="hidden" name="email_for_op" id="gs_alert_hem" value=""><div id="gs_alert_ctrls"><div class="gs_alert_ctrl_row"><span id="gs_alert_em" data-em="Alert email: <b>%1$s</b>" data-uap="/scholar_alerts?view_op=update_alert_preview&alert_params=%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5&hl=en">Alert email: <b></b></span><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_alert_cem" role="button">Change email</a></div><div id="gs_sth"><div id="gs_alert_scg" class="gs_sth_g"></div><div id="gs_alert_scb" class="gs_sth_b"><div class="gs_alert_ctrl_row"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="alert_query" value=""Chih-Lin Hu"" id="gs_alert_query" placeholder="Create an alert about…" maxlength="250" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span class="gs_gray"></span></div><div class="gs_alert_ctrl_row"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="alert_preview_top_rm" id="gs_alert_ilr" value="1"><label for="gs_alert_ilr">Include less relevant results</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_alert_ctrl_row"><button type="submit" id="gs_alert_create_alert_btn" name="create_alert_btn" class=" gs_btn_cre gs_btn_lsb gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Create alert</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></form><div id="gs_alert_prev_wrapper"><div id="gs_alert_spinning"></div><div id="gs_alert_preview"><h3 class="gs_alert_prev_sec_hdr"><span>Most relevant results</span><span class="gs_alert_prev_num_res">2 results in the last year.</span></h3><div id="gs_alert_most_rr"><div><div class="gs_alert_one_res"><h3 class="gse_alrt_title"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10674612/&hl=en&sa=X&d=17948367634995014214&ei=Zn1BZ9TiCaPBy9YP5qaIiAU&scisig=AFWwaeb5r3Ltk7OaYmQVUluWAfS6&oi=scholaralrt" class="gse_alrt_title">Constructing a Wi-SUN FAN based smart city-a real time AI traffic event positioning and representing system</a></h3><div class="gse_alrt_meta">CY Yeh, YY Zheng, YZ Zheng, JY Tu, CL Hu - 2024 International Conference on …, 2024</div><div class="gse_alrt_sni">Road traffic safety has always been a focal issue. In the context of smart cities built <br> upon the Internet of Things (IoT), this study employs the Wi-SUN FAN platform, <br> artificial intelligence object detection models, edge computing architecture, and real-time …<br></div></div><div class="gs_alert_one_res"><h3 class="gse_alrt_title"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/edge/2024/684900z016/1ZMdYek4MCI&hl=en&sa=X&d=1586796263736868780&ei=Zn1BZ9TiCaPBy9YP5qaIiAU&scisig=AFWwaeY8snyqeO1c1HuDQY2Tta5Z&oi=scholaralrt" class="gse_alrt_title">IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing and Communications (EDGE 2024) Program Committee</a></h3><div class="gse_alrt_meta">S Abrishami, A Adebayo, O Ascigil, M Assuncao…</div><div class="gse_alrt_sni">… on Edge Computing and Communications (EDGE 2024) Program Committee Saeid <br> Abrishami, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Abdulhamid Adebayo, IBM Research Onur <br> Ascigil, Lancaster University Marcos Assuncao, ETS Montreal Nitin Auluck, Indian …<br></div></div></div></div><h3 class="gs_alert_prev_sec_hdr"><span id="gs_alert_ilr_span"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="include_lr" id="gs_alert_dup_ilr" value=""><label for="gs_alert_dup_ilr">Less relevant results</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></span><span class="gs_alert_prev_num_res">1 result in the last month.</span></h3><div><div id="gs_alert_prev_lr"><div class="gs_alert_one_res"><h3 class="gse_alrt_title"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel8/10733347/10733557/10733645.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&d=3983619605021502584&ei=Zn1BZ7rjCd-uy9YP_77UiA8&scisig=AFWwaebbr2RbgcGZRmhdgyY8Nj2F&oi=scholaralrt" class="gse_alrt_title">Ryma Abbassi Higher Institute of Communication Technologies Wissem Abbes REGIM Fatma Abdelkefi High School of Communications of Tunis (SUPCOM) Nicola …</a></h3><div class="gse_alrt_meta">R Aguero, RL Aguiar, MAI UPC, DT Ahmed…</div><div class="gse_alrt_sni">… University of Jeddah <b>Chih</b>-<b>Lin</b> <b>Hu</b> …</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>